Millennium Development Goals Millennium Development Goals A South – Asian PerspectiveA South – Asian Perspective

August 13, 2005August 13, 2005

By: Dr. Yasmeen Sabeeh Qazi By: Dr. Yasmeen Sabeeh Qazi Senior Program AdvisorSenior Program AdvisorPackard Foundation Packard Foundation

GENESIS & SYNTHESIS:GENESIS & SYNTHESIS: MDGs emerged as an agreed Development Agenda in MDGs emerged as an agreed Development Agenda in

September 2000 in UN sponsored Millennium SummitSeptember 2000 in UN sponsored Millennium Summit

147 World leaders agreed to a global compact – MDGs147 World leaders agreed to a global compact – MDGs

Further supported by G8 countries in 2003Further supported by G8 countries in 2003

Considered as a quantifiable “Development Agenda” Considered as a quantifiable “Development Agenda” emerging from the series of conferences in 1990s on emerging from the series of conferences in 1990s on Development Development

ESSENCE:ESSENCE: Eight GoalsEight Goals Each goal - a specific commitment to reverse the spread Each goal - a specific commitment to reverse the spread

of poverty and disease by 2015of poverty and disease by 2015 Supported by an “Action Plan” with 18 quantifiable Supported by an “Action Plan” with 18 quantifiable

targets combating:targets combating:• PovertyPoverty• HungerHunger• DiseaseDisease• Illiteracy Illiteracy • Environmental DegradationEnvironmental Degradation• Discrimination against womenDiscrimination against women

Goals assign clear responsibilities to rich countries to Goals assign clear responsibilities to rich countries to

provide developing countriesprovide developing countries More Aid More Aid Fairer terms of tradeFairer terms of trade Meaningful Debt Relief Meaningful Debt Relief UNDP Human Development Report 2003 provides most UNDP Human Development Report 2003 provides most

comprehensive analysis to date of: comprehensive analysis to date of: Status of Global Campaign Status of Global Campaign Concrete Policy ReformsConcrete Policy Reforms Resource commitments needed to make these goals a Resource commitments needed to make these goals a

reality by 2015reality by 2015

Challenges:Challenges:

More than a billion people still struggle to survive on less More than a billion people still struggle to survive on less than a dollar a day than a dollar a day

Most of them lack access to basic health services & safe Most of them lack access to basic health services & safe drinking waterdrinking water

Globally one child out of five does not complete primary Globally one child out of five does not complete primary

schoolschool

In much of the developing world, the HIV/AIDS pandemic In much of the developing world, the HIV/AIDS pandemic continues to spread uncheckedcontinues to spread unchecked

Nearly 800 million people or 15% of world’s population, Nearly 800 million people or 15% of world’s population, suffer from chronic hungersuffer from chronic hunger

Challenges:Challenges: If current trend continues, South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa will not If current trend continues, South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa will not

meet the target by 2015meet the target by 2015

In Sub-Saharan Africa, a child has only a one-in-three chances of In Sub-Saharan Africa, a child has only a one-in-three chances of completing primary schoolcompleting primary school

And one-in four school aged children in South Asia are not being And one-in four school aged children in South Asia are not being educatededucated

Half a million women die in pregnancy or childbirth each year ,or one Half a million women die in pregnancy or childbirth each year ,or one every minute of a day every minute of a day

A woman in Sub-Saharan Africa is 100 times more likely to die in A woman in Sub-Saharan Africa is 100 times more likely to die in pregnancy or childbirth than is a women in Western Europepregnancy or childbirth than is a women in Western Europe

South – Asian Perspective:South – Asian Perspective:

South Asia with GNI per capita at $460 is home to nearly South Asia with GNI per capita at $460 is home to nearly 40% of world’s poor living on less than dollar a day40% of world’s poor living on less than dollar a day

Since 1990, region has experienced rapid GDP growth, Since 1990, region has experienced rapid GDP growth, averaging 5.4% a year averaging 5.4% a year

This growth has helped to reduce the consumption This growth has helped to reduce the consumption poverty rate substantially poverty rate substantially

India has reduced poverty rate by 5 – 10 % since 1990India has reduced poverty rate by 5 – 10 % since 1990 Only exception is Pakistan where poverty has stagnated Only exception is Pakistan where poverty has stagnated

at around 33% using national poverty linesat around 33% using national poverty lines Challenges remain on measurement of consistent Challenges remain on measurement of consistent

poverty trends & has created a debate on measuring poverty trends & has created a debate on measuring poverty trends in the 1990spoverty trends in the 1990s

Encouraging success in reduction of Encouraging success in reduction of mortality in children under five mortality in children under five

Rates has reduced substantially between Rates has reduced substantially between 1990 and 2002 – from 130 to 95 per 1000 1990 and 2002 – from 130 to 95 per 1000 live birth live birth

Especially IMR is significantly reduced in Especially IMR is significantly reduced in Bangladesh; from 144 to 73 per 1000 live Bangladesh; from 144 to 73 per 1000 live birthsbirths

MDG 1 :MDG 1 : Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Eradicate extreme poverty and hungerTarget 1:Target 1: Halve, between 1990 & 2015 the proportion Halve, between 1990 & 2015 the proportion of people whose income is less than one of people whose income is less than one

dollar a day dollar a day

People living on less than 1 dollar a day in South Asia is 428 million (31.1%) People living on less than 1 dollar a day in South Asia is 428 million (31.1%) in 2001 compared to 462 million (40.1%) in 1990in 2001 compared to 462 million (40.1%) in 1990

People living on less than 2 dollar a day in South Asia is 1,059 million People living on less than 2 dollar a day in South Asia is 1,059 million (76.9%) compared to 958 million (85.5%) in 1990(76.9%) compared to 958 million (85.5%) in 1990

Greatest number of poor people live in South Asia, but the proportion of poor Greatest number of poor people live in South Asia, but the proportion of poor is highest in Sub – Saharan Africa, where slow economic growth has left is highest in Sub – Saharan Africa, where slow economic growth has left millions at the margins of survivalmillions at the margins of survival

If projected growth remains on track, global poverty rates will fall to 12.7 If projected growth remains on track, global poverty rates will fall to 12.7 percent- less than half the 1990 level- and 363 million more people will avert percent- less than half the 1990 level- and 363 million more people will avert extreme povertyextreme poverty

Source: World Bank DataSource: World Bank Data

MDG 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty & MDG 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty & HungerHunger

Target 2:Target 2: Halve between 1990 & 2015 the proportions of Halve between 1990 & 2015 the proportions of people who suffer from hungerpeople who suffer from hunger

Malnutrition plays a role in more than half of all child deathsMalnutrition plays a role in more than half of all child deaths Prevalence rates of underweight children have been falling in Prevalence rates of underweight children have been falling in

most regions, but too slowly to achieve 2015 targetsmost regions, but too slowly to achieve 2015 targets In many regions the number of hungry people continues to In many regions the number of hungry people continues to

growgrow In South Asia however, progress in the prevalence rates of In South Asia however, progress in the prevalence rates of

underweight children have been fast, the malnutrition rates underweight children have been fast, the malnutrition rates declining by 25% declining by 25%

However the rates of malnutrition in general population However the rates of malnutrition in general population remains high in South Asiaremains high in South Asia

MDG 2: Achieve Universal Primary MDG 2: Achieve Universal Primary EducationEducation

Target 3:Target 3: Ensure that, by 2015 children every where, boys Ensure that, by 2015 children every where, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schoolingschooling

According to World Bank study, only 37 of 155 developing According to World Bank study, only 37 of 155 developing countries analyzed have achieved universal primary education countries analyzed have achieved universal primary education

Based on 1990s trends, another 32 are likely to achieve that Based on 1990s trends, another 32 are likely to achieve that goal goal

But 70 countries risk not reaching the goal unless progress is But 70 countries risk not reaching the goal unless progress is acceleratedaccelerated

South Asia has chronically low enrollment & completion rates South Asia has chronically low enrollment & completion rates and completion rates in Middle East and North Africa and completion rates in Middle East and North Africa stagnated in 1990sstagnated in 1990s

Primary Completion rate average primary School onlyPrimary Completion rate average primary School only

MDG 3: Promote Gender Equality and MDG 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women:Empower Women:

Target 4:Target 4: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and to all secondary education, preferably by 2005, and to all levels of education no later than 2015levels of education no later than 2015

The differences between boys and girls schooling are The differences between boys and girls schooling are greatest in regions with the lowest primary school greatest in regions with the lowest primary school completion rates and lowest average incomescompletion rates and lowest average incomes

In South Asia girls enrollment in Primary schools is 12 In South Asia girls enrollment in Primary schools is 12 points lower than boyspoints lower than boys

And only 61% of girls complete primary school compared And only 61% of girls complete primary school compared with 86% of boys with 86% of boys

Gender disparity at school is still serious in many Sub-Gender disparity at school is still serious in many Sub-Saharan African and South Asian countriesSaharan African and South Asian countries

Beyond schooling the gender disparity in literacy is Beyond schooling the gender disparity in literacy is widespread, impinging on women empowermentwidespread, impinging on women empowerment

Gender disparity in labor market is observed throughout Gender disparity in labor market is observed throughout the world in different proportionthe world in different proportion

Of the 109 countries with data for late 1990s,only 18 had Of the 109 countries with data for late 1990s,only 18 had a share of women equal or slightly higher than that of a share of women equal or slightly higher than that of menmen

Over the last decade there has been only a small Over the last decade there has been only a small progress, globally, in gender equality in wage progress, globally, in gender equality in wage employment in the non – agriculture sectoremployment in the non – agriculture sector

Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary educationeducation

MDG 4: Reduce Child MortalityMDG 4: Reduce Child MortalityTarget 5Target 5 : : Reduce by two thirds, between 1990 and Reduce by two thirds, between 1990 and

2015, the under five Mortality rate2015, the under five Mortality rate

Child mortality is closely linked to povertyChild mortality is closely linked to poverty In 2002, the average under five mortality rates were:In 2002, the average under five mortality rates were: -121 deaths per 1000 live births in low- income countries-121 deaths per 1000 live births in low- income countries - 40 in lower middle income countries - 40 in lower middle income countries - 22 in upper-middle-income countries- 22 in upper-middle-income countries - 7 or less in high-income countries- 7 or less in high-income countries

In 2002 : 48 countries had child mortality rates greater than 100 and In 2002 : 48 countries had child mortality rates greater than 100 and 15 countries have greater than 20015 countries have greater than 200

Mortality rates for children under 5 dropped by 15 percent since Mortality rates for children under 5 dropped by 15 percent since 1990, but the rates remain high in developing countries1990, but the rates remain high in developing countries

More than 10 million children die each year in More than 10 million children die each year in the developing world, vast majority from the developing world, vast majority from preventable causespreventable causes

In developing countries 1 child in 10 dies before In developing countries 1 child in 10 dies before its 5its 5thth birthday, compared with 1 in 143 in high – birthday, compared with 1 in 143 in high – income countriesincome countries

At current rates of progress only a few countries At current rates of progress only a few countries will likely to achieve this MDG of reducing child will likely to achieve this MDG of reducing child mortality to one – third of their 1990 levelsmortality to one – third of their 1990 levels

Just as child deaths are the result of many Just as child deaths are the result of many causes, reducing child mortality will require causes, reducing child mortality will require multiple, complimentary interventionsmultiple, complimentary interventions

Under– Five mortality rateUnder– Five mortality rate

MDG 5: Improve Maternal Health MDG 5: Improve Maternal Health Target 6 :Target 6 : Reduce by three quarters, between 1990Reduce by three quarters, between 1990

and 2015, the maternal mortality ratioand 2015, the maternal mortality ratio Worldwide, more than 50 million women suffer from poor Worldwide, more than 50 million women suffer from poor

reproductive health and serious pregnancy – related illnesses and reproductive health and serious pregnancy – related illnesses and disabilitydisability

Every year more than 500,000 women die from complications of Every year more than 500,000 women die from complications of pregnancy and child birth.pregnancy and child birth.

Most of these deaths occur in Asia, but the risk of dying is highest Most of these deaths occur in Asia, but the risk of dying is highest in Africain Africa

In developing countries, only about half of deliveries are attended In developing countries, only about half of deliveries are attended by professional health staffby professional health staff

In South East Asia currently 35% births are attended by skilled In South East Asia currently 35% births are attended by skilled attendantsattendants

The extreme risk of dying from pregnancy or The extreme risk of dying from pregnancy or child birth in South East Asia is 1 in 140child birth in South East Asia is 1 in 140

Lifetime Risk of Maternal Death, 2000Lifetime Risk of Maternal Death, 2000

MDG 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and MDG 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseasesother diseases

Target 7 :Target 7 : Have halted by 2015 & begun to reverse the Have halted by 2015 & begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDSspread of HIV/AIDS

In 2003, 36 million adults and 2 million children were living In 2003, 36 million adults and 2 million children were living with HIV/AIDS with HIV/AIDS

66% of these cases are in Sub-Saharan Africa66% of these cases are in Sub-Saharan Africa Almost a million new cases in South & East Asia , where Almost a million new cases in South & East Asia , where

more than 7 million people are living with HIV/AIDSmore than 7 million people are living with HIV/AIDS HIV strikes at youth - women are particularly vulnerable HIV strikes at youth - women are particularly vulnerable More than half of those newly infected with HIV are between More than half of those newly infected with HIV are between

15 and 24 year old - 13% for males and 6% for females15 and 24 year old - 13% for males and 6% for females East Asia have the lowest rates of known infected casesEast Asia have the lowest rates of known infected cases

Youths Living with HIV/AIDSYouths Living with HIV/AIDS

Target 7 :Target 7 : Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverseHave halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseasesthe incidence of malaria and other major diseases

WHO estimates that 300 – 500 million cases of Malaria WHO estimates that 300 – 500 million cases of Malaria occur every year, leading to 1.1 million deathsoccur every year, leading to 1.1 million deaths

90% of all cases occur in Sub-Saharan Africa & may 90% of all cases occur in Sub-Saharan Africa & may account for as much as 25% of child mortality account for as much as 25% of child mortality

Tuberculosis kills around 2 million people a year, most of Tuberculosis kills around 2 million people a year, most of them 15-45 years old them 15-45 years old

Each year there are about 3 million new cases in South Each year there are about 3 million new cases in South East AsiaEast Asia

Incidence of TuberculosisIncidence of Tuberculosis

MDG 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability MDG 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability

Target 9:Target 9: Integrate the principles of sustainable Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes & development into country policies and programmes & reverse the losses of environmental resourcesreverse the losses of environmental resources

Forest cover 20% of land in South Asia and about 30% Forest cover 20% of land in South Asia and about 30% of all land around the world of all land around the world

Forest shrank by 95 million hectares in the last decade, Forest shrank by 95 million hectares in the last decade, the minimum change is however in South Asia, Middle the minimum change is however in South Asia, Middle East & North AfricaEast & North Africa

Total Total EnergyEnergy Use Use

Carbon Dioxide EmissionsCarbon Dioxide Emissions

Target 10 :Target 10 : Halve by 2015 the proportion of people without Halve by 2015 the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitationsustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation

Access to safe water has improved in last decade but in 2000, Access to safe water has improved in last decade but in 2000, 1.2 billion people still lacked access to an improved water 1.2 billion people still lacked access to an improved water sourcesource

Out of this, 40% are in East Asia & Pacific and 25% in Sub-Out of this, 40% are in East Asia & Pacific and 25% in Sub-Saharan AfricaSaharan Africa

Meeting MDGs will require providing about 1.5 billion people Meeting MDGs will require providing about 1.5 billion people with access to safe water and 2 billion with access to basic with access to safe water and 2 billion with access to basic sanitation facilities between 2000 and 2015sanitation facilities between 2000 and 2015

Population with access to an improved water Population with access to an improved water source (%)source (%)

Target 11 :Target 11 : Have achieved by 2020 a significant Have achieved by 2020 a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellersimprovement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers

Slums are the stage to the most acute scenarios of urban Slums are the stage to the most acute scenarios of urban poverty, physical & environmental deprivationpoverty, physical & environmental deprivation

Approx. one-third of the Urban Population globally live in Approx. one-third of the Urban Population globally live in these conditionsthese conditions

Where available, trend data indicate that this problem is Where available, trend data indicate that this problem is worsening worsening

In case of no major interventions it is expected that 924 million In case of no major interventions it is expected that 924 million slum dwellers in 2001 will grow to 1.5 billion by 2020 [UN-slum dwellers in 2001 will grow to 1.5 billion by 2020 [UN-HABITAT]HABITAT]

MDG 8: Build a Global Partnership for DevelopmentMDG 8: Build a Global Partnership for Development Goal 8 complements the first 7 goals and has 7 targetsGoal 8 complements the first 7 goals and has 7 targets (12-18)(12-18) It calls for an open, rule-based trading and financial systemIt calls for an open, rule-based trading and financial system More generous AID to countries committed to poverty More generous AID to countries committed to poverty

reduction reduction Relief for debt problems of developing countriesRelief for debt problems of developing countries It draws attention to problems of least developed land locked It draws attention to problems of least developed land locked

countries & small island states countries & small island states Calls for co-operation with private sector to address youth Calls for co-operation with private sector to address youth

unemploymentunemployment Ensure access to affordable, essential drugsEnsure access to affordable, essential drugs Make available the benefits of new technologiesMake available the benefits of new technologies Monterrey Consensus: In March 2002, leaders from Monterrey Consensus: In March 2002, leaders from

developing and high income countries agreed on new developing and high income countries agreed on new strategies for attacking global poverty in Monterrey, Mexicostrategies for attacking global poverty in Monterrey, Mexico

Commitment was made to increase official development Commitment was made to increase official development assistance in real term by about 16 billion a year by 2006assistance in real term by about 16 billion a year by 2006

What will it take to achieve the What will it take to achieve the Millennium Development Goals?Millennium Development Goals?

Political will , commitment & focusPolitical will , commitment & focus

Monitoring the processMonitoring the process

Economies need to grow to provide jobs & more income for poor Economies need to grow to provide jobs & more income for poor peoplepeople

Health & Education system must deliver services to everyone, Health & Education system must deliver services to everyone, men & women, rich & poormen & women, rich & poor

Infrastructure has to work and be accessible to allInfrastructure has to work and be accessible to all

Policies need to empower people to participate in the development processPolicies need to empower people to participate in the development process

Fortify partnerships with private sector to complement & supplement Fortify partnerships with private sector to complement & supplement government programsgovernment programs

Prioritization and context setting in development work at each country levelPrioritization and context setting in development work at each country level

Overcoming financial, human and institutional resource constraintsOvercoming financial, human and institutional resource constraints

Increased resources & new financial commitments by the wealthiest nationsIncreased resources & new financial commitments by the wealthiest nations

While sustained growth would be necessary for poverty reduction, While sustained growth would be necessary for poverty reduction, concomitant improvement in institutional delivery mechanisms will be concomitant improvement in institutional delivery mechanisms will be essential for achieving progress in all other dimensions of MDGs.essential for achieving progress in all other dimensions of MDGs.

Thank YouThank You . . . . . .