The Millennium Development The Millennium Development Goals and PerformanceGoals and Performance

Millennium Development Goals WebsiteMillennium Development Goals Website http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/

Performance Indicators: See “Global Monitoring Report 2009:http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTGLOBALMONITOR/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTGLOBALMONITOR/

EXTGLOMONREP2009/0,,menuPK:5924413~pagePK:64168427~piPK:64168435~theSitePK:5924405,00.htmlEXTGLOMONREP2009/0,,menuPK:5924413~pagePK:64168427~piPK:64168435~theSitePK:5924405,00.html

Carleton University, ECON 3510Carleton University, ECON 3510

May 23, 2012May 23, 2012Archibald R. M. RitterArchibald R. M. Ritter

The Millennium Development Goals

Introduction:UN Millennium Declaration (UN September 2000.)committed its signatories to strive to

reduce poverty, improve health, promote peace, improve Human Rights, and improve the environment.

Specific measurable targets, to be achieved by 2015;Most OECD and lower income countries were signatories

A Focus on the Neediest Countries is given A Focus on the Neediest Countries is given top priority. top priority. This included: This included:

– 38 countries in Africa, 38 countries in Africa, – 4 in East Asia/Pacific; 4 in East Asia/Pacific; – 2 in South Asia;2 in South Asia;– 6 Arab States; 6 Arab States; – 4 Latin American and Caribbean States, 4 Latin American and Caribbean States,

and and – 5 in East 5 in East Europe. Europe.

How can they escape their poverty traps? How can they escape their poverty traps?

• How can they escape their poverty traps? How can they escape their poverty traps? This is easy to state but hard to implement.This is easy to state but hard to implement.

• IncludedIncluded in the in the relevant policy areas relevant policy areas are are Investing in human developmentInvesting in human development;;

Helping Helping small farmers small farmers raise their productivity raise their productivity and thence their incomes;and thence their incomes;

Investment in Investment in infrastructure in lagging areasinfrastructure in lagging areas;;

Promote non-traditional and especially Promote non-traditional and especially small-small-scale enterprisescale enterprise (informal sector ) (informal sector )

Emphasize Emphasize social equity social equity and strengthen the and strengthen the “voice” of marginalized peoples (aboriginal “voice” of marginalized peoples (aboriginal peoples, rural peoples, and women and girls in peoples, rural peoples, and women and girls in some countries.) some countries.)

Environmental SustainabilityEnvironmental Sustainability

Millennium Development Goals and Targets Millennium Development Goals and Targets for 2015for 2015– Goal 1: Goal 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and HungeEradicate Extreme Poverty and Hungerr

Target 1Target 1: 50% reduction : 50% reduction in extreme poverty (Income in extreme poverty (Income below $1.00 per day.)below $1.00 per day.)

Target 2: 50% reduction in hunger.Target 2: 50% reduction in hunger.

– Goal 2: Goal 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education Achieve Universal Primary Education Target 3: Target 3: 100% coverage 100% coverage for primary education for for primary education for Males and FemalesMales and Females

– Goal 3: Goal 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Promote Gender Equality and Empower WomenWomen

Target 4: Eliminate gender disparities in education. Target 4: Eliminate gender disparities in education.

– Goal 4: Goal 4: Reduce Child Mortality Reduce Child Mortality Target 5 : Target 5 : reduce it by 67%.reduce it by 67%.

– Goal 5: Goal 5: Improve Maternal HealthImprove Maternal HealthTarget 6: Target 6: reduce it by 75%.reduce it by 75%.

– Goal 6: Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other DiseasesDiseases

Target 7: Reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS by 2015.Target 7: Reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS by 2015.

Target 8: Halt and reduce incidence of Malaria and other Target 8: Halt and reduce incidence of Malaria and other major diseases.major diseases.

– Goal 7: Goal 7: Ensure Environmental SustainabilityEnsure Environmental SustainabilityTarget 9: Reduce by 50% those lacking access to safe Target 9: Reduce by 50% those lacking access to safe water.water.

Target 10: Incorporate Sustainable Development Target 10: Incorporate Sustainable Development practices in all policies and programs’practices in all policies and programs’

– Goal 8: Goal 8: A Global Partnership for A Global Partnership for DevelopmentDevelopment

Target 12: Open rule-based International trading Target 12: Open rule-based International trading and financial systems’and financial systems’

Target 13: Special treatment for the poorest Target 13: Special treatment for the poorest countries re trade, debt, technology transfercountries re trade, debt, technology transfer

Target 14: Special treatment for remote and land-Target 14: Special treatment for remote and land-locked countries.locked countries.

Target 14: Debt relief where needed.Target 14: Debt relief where needed.

Target 15: Special access to pharmaceuticals for Target 15: Special access to pharmaceuticals for poorest countries.poorest countries.

Target 18: Special access to IT for poorest Target 18: Special access to IT for poorest countriescountries

Implementing the Millennium Implementing the Millennium Development Goals and TargetsDevelopment Goals and Targets

For Low Income Countries:For Low Income Countries:– focus on general poverty reduction and meeting focus on general poverty reduction and meeting

“Basic Human Needs”“Basic Human Needs”– emphasize achievable goals and implementable emphasize achievable goals and implementable

policies;policies;– focus on resource mobilizationfocus on resource mobilization

For Middle Income Developing Countries:For Middle Income Developing Countries:– focus efforts on intractable pockets of povertyfocus efforts on intractable pockets of poverty

For IFIs:For IFIs:– put the Millennium Goals at he centre of their put the Millennium Goals at he centre of their

analytical, advisory, and financing activities;analytical, advisory, and financing activities;– support effective policy making in developing support effective policy making in developing

countries.countries.

For Donor Countries:For Donor Countries:– developing countries should “own” their developing countries should “own” their

strategies for meeting the millenium goals, but strategies for meeting the millenium goals, but with with supportsupport from donor countries; from donor countries;

– more and better utilized more and better utilized aidaid;;– trade liberalization trade liberalization for exports of interest to for exports of interest to

developing countries;developing countries;– end protectionist subsidiesend protectionist subsidies

Note: the world failed in this endeavour at Note: the world failed in this endeavour at the Doha Round of trade negotiations the Doha Round of trade negotiations

For NGOs: For NGOs: – participate in the design of strategies, participate in the design of strategies,

participate in implementation as appropriateparticipate in implementation as appropriate– serve as “watchdogs” re target and goal serve as “watchdogs” re target and goal

fulfillment.fulfillment.

Evaluation of MDG ApproachEvaluation of MDG Approach

1.1. Are targets and goals realistic?Are targets and goals realistic? I Is it too s it too ambitious? ambitious?

2.2. Focus on measurable targets is laudable for Focus on measurable targets is laudable for focusing energies.focusing energies.

3.3. Emphasis on poorest countries is appropriate;Emphasis on poorest countries is appropriate;

4. Will the focus on these targets lead to 4. Will the focus on these targets lead to improvements or deformations of national improvements or deformations of national objectives?objectives?

5. Will the MD approach help improve 5. Will the MD approach help improve coordination among donors, IFIs and coordination among donors, IFIs and national governments?national governments?

6. Little is actually said re. Governance, despite 6. Little is actually said re. Governance, despite its importance for the high priority its importance for the high priority countries.countries.

7. Implementation: need for secondary and 7. Implementation: need for secondary and higher education is ignored.higher education is ignored.

8. What about demography and population 8. What about demography and population growth?growth?

MDG MonitorMDG Monitorhttp://www.mdgmonitor.org/map.cfm?http://www.mdgmonitor.org/map.cfm?goal=&indicator=&cd=goal=&indicator=&cd=

NDG IndicatorsNDG Indicatorshttp://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Host.aspx?Content=Data/Trends.htmhttp://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Host.aspx?Content=Data/Trends.htm

““Gapminder” presentation of Gapminder” presentation of MDGsMDGs

• http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Host.aspx?Content=Data/Trends.htmhttp://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Host.aspx?Content=Data/Trends.htm

• Then go to “Data” then “ Gapminder”Then go to “Data” then “ Gapminder”

Performance re Millennium Performance re Millennium Development Goals, Development Goals, 1990-20081990-2008

Goal 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and HungerTarget 1: 50% reduction in extreme poverty (Income below $1.00 per day.)Target 2: 50% reduction in hunger.

Goal 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education Target 3: 100% coverage for primary education for Males and Females

Goal 4: Reduce Child Mortality Target 5 : reduce it by 67%.

Goal 5: Improve Maternal HealthTarget 6: reduce it by 75%.

Goal 7: Ensure Environmental SustainabilityTarget 9: Reduce by 50% those lacking access to safe water.

Conclusions re MDG PerformanceConclusions re MDG Performance

– Goal 1: Goal 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and HungeEradicate Extreme Poverty and HungerrTarget 1: 50% reduction in extreme poverty (Income below Target 1: 50% reduction in extreme poverty (Income below $US1.25pc (PPP) per day.)$US1.25pc (PPP) per day.)

– Modest results; from 57.6% to 50.9%Modest results; from 57.6% to 50.9%– A minority of countries on trackA minority of countries on track

Target 2: Target 2: • 50% reduction in hunger50% reduction in hunger..

– Goal 2: Goal 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education Achieve Universal Primary Education Target 3: 100% coverage for primary education for Males and Target 3: 100% coverage for primary education for Males and FemalesFemales

– Some Improvement but modestSome Improvement but modest

– Goal 3: Goal 3: Promote Gender Equality Promote Gender Equality and Empower and Empower WomenWomen

Target 4: Eliminate gender disparities in educationTarget 4: Eliminate gender disparities in education..– Very Good though below target Very Good though below target

– Goal 4: Goal 4: Reduce Child Mortality Reduce Child Mortality Target 5 : reduce it by 67%.Target 5 : reduce it by 67%.

– Improved but below target; Improved but below target; – from 183 to 146 per 1,000 live birthsfrom 183 to 146 per 1,000 live births

– Goal 5: Goal 5: Improve Maternal HealthImprove Maternal HealthTarget 6: reduce it by 75%.Target 6: reduce it by 75%.

– Little progress,Little progress,

– From 920 to 900 per 100,000 live birthsFrom 920 to 900 per 100,000 live births

– Goal 6: Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other DiseasesDiseases

Target 7: Reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS by 2015.Target 7: Reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS by 2015.

Target 8: Halt and reduce incidence of Malaria and Target 8: Halt and reduce incidence of Malaria and other major diseases.other major diseases.

– Goal 7: Goal 7: Ensure Environmental SustainabilityEnsure Environmental SustainabilityTarget 9: Reduce by 50% those lacking access to safe Target 9: Reduce by 50% those lacking access to safe water.water.

– Reasonable improvement on water but below targetReasonable improvement on water but below target– from 49% coverage to 58%from 49% coverage to 58%– Record worse for sanitationRecord worse for sanitation– Poor record regarding forestationPoor record regarding forestation

– Goal 8: Goal 8: A Global Partnership for DevelopmentA Global Partnership for DevelopmentTarget 12: Open rule-based International trading and financial Target 12: Open rule-based International trading and financial systems’systems’

– Doha round of negotiations stalled, probably permanentlyDoha round of negotiations stalled, probably permanently– Some trade liberalizationSome trade liberalization

Target 13: Special treatment for the poorest countries re Target 13: Special treatment for the poorest countries re trade, debt, technology transfertrade, debt, technology transfer

– Some tariff and NTB reductionSome tariff and NTB reduction

Target 14: Special treatment for remote and land-locked Target 14: Special treatment for remote and land-locked countries. countries.

Target 14: Debt relief where needed. Target 14: Debt relief where needed. – Significant debt reliefSignificant debt relief

Target 15: Special access to pharmaceuticals for poorest Target 15: Special access to pharmaceuticals for poorest countries?countries?

Target 18: Special access to IT for poorest countries?Target 18: Special access to IT for poorest countries?