MIGRATIONS. Time Period Reason for migrationSourceDestination 1930sEnvironmental/forcedGreat Plains...
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Transcript of MIGRATIONS. Time Period Reason for migrationSourceDestination 1930sEnvironmental/forcedGreat Plains...
MIGRATIONS
Time Period
Reason for migration Source Destination
1930s Environmental/forced Great Plains region of U.S.
People left because of severe dust storms
Western U.S.
Many went to California to start over (jobs)
DUST BOWL
MARIEL BOAT LIFTNegative perceptions in U.S. when it was discovered that many of the Cuban exiles had been released from Cuban jails and mental health facilities. 125,000 Cubans made it to Florida.
Time Period
Reason for migration Source Destination
1980s Economic/voluntary
Political/voluntary
Cuba
Castro allowed people to leave
People wanted to leave communist dictatorship
U.S. (Florida)
Democracy, jobs, close proximity
(caused problems here because many were from jails/asylums)
MARIEL BOATLIFT
In 1838 and 1839, as part of Andrew Jackson's Indian removal policy, the Cherokee nation was forced to give up its lands east of the Mississippi River and to migrate to an area in present-day Oklahoma. The Cherokee people called this journey the "Trail of Tears," because of its devastating effects. The migrants faced hunger, disease, and exhaustion on the forced march. Over 4,000 out of 15,000 of the Cherokees died.
Time Period
Reason for migration Source Destination
1838 - 1839
Cultural/Political/ Forced
Tennessee
Andrew Jackson’s Indian Removal Policy
Cherokee forced to give up lands east of Mississippi River
Oklahoma
Cherokee had to relocate west of Mississippi River
(over 4,000 died along migration route)
CHEROKEE TRAIL OF TEARS
HMONG
Indigenous group originally hailing from Mongolia thousands of years ago. Over the centuries, they moved south into China, where they were thought of as “barbarians” and persecuted. Many Hmong were killed and much of the population relocated into Southeast Asia. (Hmong diaspora) Still considerable numbers of Hmong in southern China today. Most native Hmong live in Laos as well as in refugee camps in Thailand.
HMONG
Hmong allied with the U.S. during the Vietnam War. When the U.S. left the region in the early 1970s, many Hmong were persecuted in Laos and Vietnam. Many fled to Thailand. Several Christian groups in the U.S. decided to adopt Hmong families. These Hmong immigrants brought over their next of kin, and now large settlements of Hmong are located in California, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and North Carolina. Hmong are also located in Australia and France.
Time Period
Reason for migration Source Destination
1970s-present (post Vietnam War)
Cultural/Political/ Forced
Economic/Voluntary
Laos/Vietnam/ Thailand
After Vietnam War, many Hmong persecuted for sympathizing with U.S.
U.S. (California, Minnesota, Wisconsin)
Adopted by Christian families
Jobs
Chain Migration
HMONG
West and East Pakistan were carved out of areas in India with Muslim majorities. Upon independence from Great Britain in 1947, it was decided that India would divide into two countries in an effort to resolve conflicts between Hindus and Muslims. India was created for Hindus and Pakistan for Muslims. Mass migrations (about 15 million people) of each religious group followed.
Time Period
Reason for migration Source Destination
Late 1940s/ Early 1950s
Cultural/Political/ Forced
India created for Hindus
Pakistan created for Muslims
Indians who were Muslim
Pakistanis who were Hindu
Pakistan (East or West)
India
HINDUS TO INDIAMUSLIMS TO PAKISTAN
BRITISH EMPIRE BY 1919
British relocated Indian people as indentured servants. They worked on sugar plantations and in coal mines.
Time Period
Reason for migration Source Destination
Post 1860
Economic/Voluntary
Forced (Indentured Servants)
India (many people therefore many workers)
South Africa
Guyana
(and other colonies of Britain)
INDIANS TO SOUTH AFRICA/GUYANA
CONVICTS IN AUSTRALIA
• During the 1700s-1800s, British going through Industrial Revolution
• High poverty, social injustice, child labor, and long working hours lead to high crime rates
• Pressure on correctional facilities in Great Britain
• Send large number of convicts to Australian penal colonies (settlements used to exile prisoners)
• Note: many also went there willingly due to gold rush from 1851-1871
Convicts were put to work on these colonies
Time Period
Reason for migration Source Destination
1800s
Economic/Voluntary
Political/Forced
England (Great Britain)
Gold Rush
Industrial Revolution led to poverty and high crime in British cities so many criminals relocated
Australia
Australia set up as a penal colony for Great Britain
CONVICTS TO AUSTRALIA
GUEST WORKERS IN
EUROPE
Many of the Muslim migrants to Germany are from Turkey
Large-scale migration of Turkish citizens to West Germany developed during the Wirtschaftswunder ("economic miracle") of the 1960s and 1970s. West Germany suffered an acute labor shortage because of the economic boom, in 1961, the Bundesrepublik and officials at the Turkish Republic negotiated a trade of labor. Turkish workers were invited to move to Germany to fill in this void, particularly to work in the factories to do simple repetitive tasks.
Turkish citizens soon became the largest group of Gastarbeiter—literally, guest workers—in West Germany, laboring alongside Italians, Yugoslavs, Spaniards, Greeks and other immigrants.
Time Period
Reason for migration Source Destination
1960s-present
Economic/Voluntary Turkey
People left for better jobs
Chain migration – followed friends/ family
Germany
Labor shortage led to policy of guest workers
TURKS TO GERMANY
Many of the Muslim migrants to France and Britain are from their former African colonies.
Time Period
Reason for migration Source Destination
1960s-present
Economic/Voluntary North Africa (Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco)
People left for better jobs
Chain migration – followed friends/ family
France
Labor shortage led to policy of guest workers
Former colonizer so common language
NORTH AFRICANS TO FRANCE
Time Period
Reason for migration Source Destination
1858
Post 1997
Economic/Voluntary
Political/Voluntary
Gold Rush
Hong Kong (feared transfer of Hong Kong from Britain to China)
Canada (part of Commonwealth)
Vancouver (chain migration)
CHINESE TO VANCOUVER
OVERVIEW OF JAPANESE-BRAZILIAN CONNECTION
• After Japan industrialized (Meiji Restoration of late 1800s/early 1900s, population growth skyrocketed and many left to look for opportunities elsewhere
• A common destination for Japanese was Brazil to pursue jobs on coffee plantations
• Now Japan is being faced with a declining population and major labor shortages
• What is Japan’s attitude toward foreigners?
• Ideal nation-state (majority of people in Japan are Japanese)
Nicholas Wada, right, and classmates at West Homi Elementary School, where about half the students are Japanese-Brazilians.
“AN ENCLAVE OF BRAZILIANS IS TESTING INSULAR JAPAN”
• “Facing labor shortages back in 1990, but ever wary of allowing in foreigners, Japan made an exception for Japanese Brazilians. With their Japanese roots, names and faces, these children and grandchildren of Japanese emigrants to Brazil would fit more easily in a society fiercely closed to outsiders, or so the reasoning went… Immigration is an unpopular and politically delicate topic… Children born in Japan of foreign parents do not automatically get citizenship…In the beginning, the Japanese did not understand why the Japanese Brazilians played loud music, failed to sort their trash perfectly, and did not seem bothered about arriving late to appointments… Japanese shop owners follow around Japanese-Brazilian customers because they think they’ll shoplift… In schools, foreign children are often bullied.”
Time Period
Reason for migration Source Destination
Early 1900s
Post 1990s
Economic/Voluntary
Economic/Voluntary
Japan
Brazil (Japanese Brazilians)
Brazil (pursue jobs on coffee plantations)
Japan (population declining so facing labor shortage)
JAPANESE/BRAZIL
• Buddhist spiritual leader of Tibet
• “His holiness”
• 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso
• Claims to be head of state in Tibet
• In exile in India
DALAI LAMA
Time Period
Reason for migration Source Destination
Post 1959
Political/Forced Tibet (China)
(Under communist rule)
India (Government in exile set up by Dalai Lama)
TIBETANS TO INDIA
•The Tibetan Government in Exile views current PRC rule in Tibet as illegitimate, motivated solely by the natural resources and strategic value of Tibet, and in gross violation of both Tibet's historical status as an independent country and the right of Tibetan people to self-determination.