Middle-Class Reform Chapter 9:i
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Transcript of Middle-Class Reform Chapter 9:i
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Middle-Class ReformChapter 9:i
[Image source: America - Pathways to the Present, page 260.]
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The reforms movement was largely rooted in religious faith
of Protestant revivalists.
[Image source: Eyes of the Nation, page 102.]
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Charles Grandison Finney, a former
attorney, sparked
revivals in upper-state New York. [Image source:
http://www.cc.oberlin.edu/~EOG/images/CharlesGrandisonFinney.html]
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Lyman Beecher, a
revivalist from New England,
taught that good people
would make a good country.
[Image source: http://www.npg.si.edu/exh/brady/gallery/07gal.html]
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Rev. Beecher became the
patriarch of a great clan that
included . . .[Image source:
http://newman.baruch.cuny.edu/digital/2001/beecher/images/beecher_002.jpg]
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preacher and lecturer Henry Ward Beecher,
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writer and antislavery
activist Harriet Beecher Stowe,
[Image source: http://www.npg.si.edu/img2/brush/big/bigstow.jpg]
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who wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin, and
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Catherine Beecher, a key figure
in women’s education.
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Transcendentalism taught that the process of spiritual discovery and insight would lead a person to profound
truths beyond human reason.
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Poet Ralph Waldo Emerson,
the leading Transcendentalist
of his day, was convinced that people could transcend the
material world.[Image source: http://www.uua.org/info/Emerson-RalphWaldo.jpg]
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Fellow Transcendentalist
Henry David Thoreau explored
the value of leisure and the
benefits of living closely with
nature.[http://cgee.hamline.edu/see/thoreau/thor_head.gif]
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Thoreau published a collection of
essays in 1854 describing his experiment in living simply.
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Thoreau’s imprisonment for his opposition to America’s war with Mexico was described in an essay
entitled “Civil Disobedience”.
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America’s consumption of alcoholic
beverages per capita peaked in the early-
1800s.[http://www.librarycompany.org/Ardent%20Spirits/temperance-BrandyDrops.GIF]
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[Image source: America - Pathways to the Present, page 285.]
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Alcohol Consumption,1800-1860
[Image source: America - Pathways to the Present, page 261.]
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Reformers, opposed to
alcohol consumption, preached the value of self-control and
self-discipline.[Image source: America - Pathways to the
Present, page 283.]
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[Image source: http://entomology.unl.edu/beekpg/tidings/btid1999/temperance.jpg]
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Under the leadership of
Horace Mann, Massachusetts
pioneered school reform, making public education free.
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Mann believed that education could be used to promote self-
discipline and good citizenship.
[Image source: America - Pathways to the Present, page 262.]
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Many children learned through a popular series of textbooks called the McGuffy’s
Readers.
[Image source: http://www.trincoll.edu/depts/library/watkinson/collections/images/children_1.jpg]
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William McGuffy promoted
evangelical Protestant values
such as thrift, obedience,
honesty, and temperance.
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Schools were often segregated by race as well as sex.
[Image source: America - Pathways to the Present, page 382.]
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School Enrollment, 1840-1870
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Schoolteacher Dorothea Dix submitted a
detailed report to the state of Massachusetts revealing the
shocking conditions
found in most prisons. [Image source:
http://www.scc.rutgers.edu/njwomenshistory/Period_3/images/dix.jpg]
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Miss Dix’s efforts resulted states establishing separate institutions
for the mentally ill.
[Image source: http://darkspire.org/asylums/harrisburg_pa/daddix.gif]
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Some reformers tried to create utopian communties dedicated to perfection in
social and political conditions.
[Image source: America - Pathways to the Present, page 263.]
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Scottish industrialist Robert Owen envisioned a community where
well-educated, hardworking people
would share property in common.
[Image source: http://images.google.com/images?num=20&hl=en&q=Robert+Owen]
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Owen established New Harmony, Indiana.
[Image source: http://www.msdmv.k12.in.us/mvjhs/staff/Teacher's%20Web%20Sites/Orisky/harm.gif]
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Bronson Alcott, the father of
Louisa May Alcott, . . .
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in association with the novelist
Nathaniel Hawthorne,
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founded Brook Farm in 1841.
[Image source: America - Pathways to the Present, page 263.]
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Most utopian communities
were religiously oriented, such as the Ephrata
Cloisters in Pennsylvania,
founded in 1732, . . .
[Image source: http://www2.cr.nps.gov/tps/tpsgraphics/cloisters.jpg]
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the Oneida community in Putney, Vermont, . . .
[Image source: http://libwww.syr.edu/digital/images/o/OneidaCommunityPhotos/710.jpg]
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[Image source: http://www.borg.com/~mcholli/graphics/oneida29.jpg]
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Zoar community in Ohio, . . .
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and the Amana
Colonies in Iowa.
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The Shakers were an offshoot of the Quakers.
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N. O. Nelson
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