Micropy Bab 2

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INTRODUCTION OF MICROCONTROLLER

pjb/jke/maisarah/e4160-chapter2: Introduction of microcontroller 1

INTRODUCTION OF MICROCONTROLLER

68HC11 MICROCONTROLLER

ARCHITECTURE OF 68HC11

INSTRUCTIONS CYCLE



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Definition of microcontroller : A microcontroller (also MCU or C) is a functional

computer system-on-a-chip. It contains aprocessor core, memory, and programmableinput/output peripherals(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontroller )

Microcontrollers include an integrated CPU, memory(a small amount of RAM, program memory, or both)and peripherals capable of input and output.

(Embedded Systems Dictionary" by Jack Ganssleand Mike Barr, p.173)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System-on-a-chiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input/outputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontrollerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontrollerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input/outputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System-on-a-chiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System-on-a-chiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System-on-a-chiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System-on-a-chiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System-on-a-chiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer


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Microcontroller - put a limited amount of most commonly used resources inside onechip



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The first computer system on a chipoptimized for control applications -microcontroller was the Intel 8048released in 1975, with both RAM and ROMon the same chip. This chip went on to befound in over a billion PC keyboards, and

numerous applications. Most microcontrollers at this time had two

variants. One had an erasable EEPROMprogram memory, which was significantlymore expensive than the PROM variantwhich was only programmable once.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8048http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8048http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_access_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8048http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_access_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read_only_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EEPROMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EEPROMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_read-only_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_read-only_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_read-only_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EEPROMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read_only_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_access_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8048


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In 1993, the introduction ofEEPROMmemory allowed microcontrollers(beginning with the Microchip PIC16x84)tobe electrically erased quickly without anexpensive package as required for EPROM,allowing both rapid prototyping, and InSystem Programming.

The same year, Atmel introduced the first

microcontroller using Flash memory. Other companies rapidly followed suit,

with both memory types.pjb/jke/maisarah/e4160-chapter2: Introduction of microcontroller 9

8-Bit Motorola Controllers(6805,68705,68HC11,68HC12) Microchip PIC-www.microchip.com Atmel AVR Hitachi H8 Zilog Z8, Hitachi 64180 (Z80) Texas Instruments TMS370

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EEPROMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIC16x84http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPROMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_System_Programming&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_System_Programming&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_System_Programming&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_System_Programming&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPROMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIC16x84http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EEPROM


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The integrated circuit from an Intel 8742, an 8-bit microcontroller thatincludes a CPU running at 12 MHz, 128 bytes ofRAM, 2048 bytes ofEPROM, and I/O in the same chip.


A PIC 18F8720 microcontroller in an 80-pin TQFP package.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPUhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPROMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input/outputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIC_microcontrollerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TQFPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TQFPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIC_microcontrollerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input/outputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPROMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPUhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit


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MH68HC11-Microcontroller

Automotive

Home applications (remote control, TV,telephones, pager, laser printer & etc)

Motor control (stepper motor)

Mechatronic

Medical solution Utility metering



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The 68HC11 (6811 or HC11 for short) is a 8-bit microcontroller (C) family originally fromMotorola, now produced by FreescaleSemiconductor, descended from the Motorola6800 microprocessor.

It is a CISC microcontroller.

The 68HC11 devices are more powerful.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontrollerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freescale_Semiconductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freescale_Semiconductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_6800http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_6800http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_instruction_set_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_instruction_set_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_6800http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_6800http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freescale_Semiconductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freescale_Semiconductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freescale_Semiconductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontroller


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8K bytes of ROM

512 bytes of EEPROM

256 bytes of RAM (all saved duringstandby)

An enhanced 16-bit Timer system,including

A four-stage programmable

Three Input Capture functions

Five Output Compare functions

An 8 bit Pulse Accumulator circuit



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An enhanced NRZ Serial CommunicationsInterface (SCI)

A Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)

An eight-channel, 8-bit Analog-to-DigitalConverter (ADC)

A real-time interrupt circuit

A Computer Operating Properly (COP) watchdogsystem

Availability of the IC in dual in-line or Leaded

Chip Carrier Packages (DIP or LCCP)


An enhanced 6800/6801 instruction set

8-bit multiplication and 16-bit divisioninstructions

Bit manipulation instructions

A WAIT mode

A STOP mode



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M68HC11 consists of four (4) basic parts: Central processor unit (CPU) Internal Memory registers I/O subsystem




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- These parts are connected internally by an internalbus.

- I/o subsystem allows the MPU to exchangeinformation with the outside world.

- The I/O subsystem is grouped into units called I/Oports.

- Each I/O port has I/O lines (usually eight lines) totransfer information between the external devicesand the ports. These lines can be input only,output only, or programmable to be either.

- Each port also has its own I/O register.


CPU The CPU consists of three main sections

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

Registers and Accumulators

Control Unit



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ALU performs arithmetic and logic operations on

operands.

The operands are held temporarily inaccumulators/ registers.

Inputs to the ALU may come from accumulatorsor register , and the results are placed back inaccumulators.

The type of operation is determined by the

control unit.


Registers & accumulator Registers and accumulators are high-speed

temporary memory locations during CPUoperations.

They exchange information through one or moreinternal buses.

Registers are divided into;

PC IR

SP

SR

AR



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Program Counter,PC At the beginning of a program execution, the PC is

loaded with the starting address of that program

it always points to the location of the next instruction

Instruction Register,IR The IR extracts the operation code (opcode) from an

instruction.

The control unit decodes the contents of the IR andgenerates the necessary control signals

Stack pointer,SP specially reserved area in memory Stacks are used mainly during subroutines or

interrupt.


Flag @ Status register,SP status register consists of flag bits and control

bits

Flags are set automatically during arithmetic andlogic operations.

Such flags include N, Z, V, C and so on.

Address register, AR The PC register sends the pointed to address

to the AR register

The AR register then sends this address to theaddress bus to select this address in memory.



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Control units The control unit includes the instruction

decoding, timing, and control circuitry.

The control unit generates two groups ofsignals:

Internal control signals for activation of the ALUand the opening and closing of the data pathsbetween registers.

External control signals concerning the memoryand I/O. These signals are sent either for

activation of data transfer or as a response to aninterrupt.


Memory The memory unit stores the program to

be executed and data that are to beoperated on by the program.

The memory unit operation iscontrolled by CPU signals (read andwrite).

When the CPU sends data to thememory, it is called a write program,and

when the CPU receives data from thememory, it is called a read operation.pjb/jke/maisarah/e4160-chapter2: Introduction of microcontroller 38


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Memory is divided into internal and externalmemory.

Internal memory usually means memorywithin the chip. Examples of memoryinclude RAM, ROM, PROM, EPROM andEEPROM.

External memory generally means memoryoutside the chip. This type of memoryincludes the semiconductor type and serialmemory such as magnetic disks, magnetictapes and bubble memory.


Types of IC memory Memory ICs may be volatile or nonvolatile. Volatile memory loses its data after the power is

removed (Exp:RAM)

nonvolatile memory, these ICs store datapermanently even when power is removed from the

chip (Exp: PROM,EPROM,EEPROM)



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Random access memory, RAM There are two types of RAM;

Static RAM (SRAM)

Dynamic RAM (DRAM)

SRAM uses an integrated flip-flop

SRAMs are fast, need no refresh circuitry, and areideal for small programs (less than 16K).

DRAM DRAMs are usually organized for storing a single

bit for location which is referred to as x1

organization. A DRAM storage cell consists of one MOSFET and a

capacitor.



SRAM uses an integrated flip-flop


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input lines (A0 An). row address strobe (RAS)

column address strobe (CAS)

write enable (WE) line indicates whetherthis access is for reading or writing. A logic1 indicates a read operation, while a logic0 indicates a write operation.The advantages of DRAMs over SRAMsinclude their high density, lower powerdissipation, and greater cost-effectivenessin large programs (more than 16K).



Block diagram & pin configuration of DRAM


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Read only memory, ROM consists of a MOSFET or a bipolar transistor.

Types of ROM:

PROM programmable ROM (one-shotprogrammable)

EPROM erasable programmable ROM (In anerasing operation, this windows is exposed toultraviolet (UV) light for between 30 to 50 minutes)

EEPROM Electrically erasable PROMs (EEPROMs)use a floating-gate technology that allows them to

be erased electrically.


Memory characteristic Speed Memory speed is defined in terms ofaccess time and cycle time. Access time is

defined as the time elapsing from the momentwe present a stable address until memoryresponds with stable data. The cycle timedetermines how fast we can access memory.

Density - Density is defined as the number ofbits per memory chip.

Power Dissipation - Power Dissipation isspecified in terms of operating power andstandby power. Low standby power represents avery important advantage.

Cost The price of memory devices affects thecost of the overall memory subsystem.



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Memory characteristic

Registers ACCUMULATORS (A, B and D) INDEX REGISTERS (X and Y) STACK POINTER (SP) PROGRAM COUNTER (PC) CONDITION CODE REGISTER (CCR)



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Registers set

ACCUMULATORS (A, B and D) Accumulator A & B is used for 8-bit arithmetic and

data manipulation operations.

Accumulator D is used for 16-bit arithmetic anddata manipulation operations.



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INDEX REGISTERS (X and Y) The 16-bit index registers X and Y are used for the

indexed addressing mode.

STACK POINTER (SP) The stack is an area of RAM used for temporary storage

of data.

PROGRAM COUNTER (PC) The program counter is a 16-bit register that holds the

address of the next instruction to be executed.


CONDITION CODE REGISTER (CCR) The CCR contains 8 bits: 5 status bits (called flags),

2 interrupt mask bits, and a stop disable bit. The 5status flags are as follows: carry/borrow (C),overflow (V), zero (Z), negative (N), and half-carry(H). The two interrupt flags are I and X bits. The Sbit is the stop bit.



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The sequence of steps involved in fetchingand executing an instruction from the memoryis known as an instruction cycle.

An instruction cycle consists of a few machinecycles.

Types of machine Read memory

Write memory Interrupt operation Interrupt acknowledge

The machine cycle are synchronized by theinternal clock cycles. A machine cycle consistsof three to four clock cycles.



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In machine cycle 1, the CPU reads the first word ofthe instruction using the contents of the ProgramCounter (PC).

This is accomplished by the end of clock cycle T3.This machine cycle is extended by one additionalclock cycle (T4), to give the CPU a chance to decodethe op-code and the address mode fields of theinstruction.

At the end of T4, the CPU knows that the instructionincludes one more word and also known what type ofoperation is required.



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In machine cycle 2, the CPU readsthe address of the memory.

In machine cycle 3, knowing theaddress, the CPU fetches theoperand from memory.

In machine cycle 4, the CPU adds 1to the operand

In machine cycle 5. the CPU storesthe results back into memory.


What is microcontroller?

Explain the basic structure of microcontroller.

What is the main components inmicroprocessor microcontroller?

State the different between microprocessor &

microcontroller. Give a example of microcontroller chip.


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