Microbial Metabolismfaculty.collin.edu/mweis/Microbiology/Lecture/adobe... · 2005-09-23 ·...
Transcript of Microbial Metabolismfaculty.collin.edu/mweis/Microbiology/Lecture/adobe... · 2005-09-23 ·...
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Microbial Metabolism
Biochemical diversity
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Metabolism
DefineRequirements
EnergyEnzymes
RateLimiting stepReaction time
TypesAnabolic
EndergonicDehydration
CatabolicExergonicHydrolytic
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Metabolism Relationships
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Metabolic Diversity
Energy generating metabolismFermentation
AlcoholAcid Formation
Lactic AcidMixed AcidsOthers
RespirationAerobicAnaerobic
Biosynthesis of secondary metabolitesHeterotrophicAutotrophic
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Energy
FormsKineticPotential
UseChemicalMechanicalElectricalRadiation [EM]
Chemical TypesATPUTPGTP
Heat Byproduct45%
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Various Types of Prokaryotic Energy Production Processes
FermentationAnaerobic RespirationAerobic RespirationLithotrophyPhotohetertrophyAnoxygenic photosynthesisMethanogenesis
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Enzymes
StructureProteinRibozyme [ribosome]
Characteristic functions
Active siteSpecificModified Forms
InactiveActive
Coenzyme/Cofactor-ase
Polymerase
Others: Lyases, Hydrolases,Isomerases, Transferases
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Enzyme Characteristics
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Enzyme StructureApoenzyme
ProteinAllosteric site
CofactorMetal ions
CuZnMgFeCa
CoenzymeVitaminsCoANADFADFMN
Create Holoenzyme with active site
Allosteric site
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Factors Affecting Enzymes
TemperaturepHAcids/basesUV lightConcentration of substrates
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Enzyme Inhibition
Noncompetitive atAllosteric siteCompetitive
at active siteExcitatoryInhibitoryReversible
Irreversible
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Glycolysis: Embden-Meyerhoff
GlycolyticCytoplasmAnaerobicEnd products
2 Pyruvic acids4-2 = 2 net ATP2 NADH2 H20
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Lactic Acid Formation
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Glycolysis: PPP
Breakdown 5-6 CCytoplasmAnaerobicEnd products
ATPNADPHCO24,5,6,7 C
AANucleotidesGlycolytic pathwaysPhotosynthesis
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Glycolysis: Entner-Duodoroff [E-D]
GlycolyticCytoplasmAnaerobicDifferent enzymes
PseudomonasEnterococcus
End products2-1 = 1 net ATPNADPHNADH2 Pyruvic acids2H20
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Glycolytic Pathways used by various Bacteria
Bacterium E-M PPP E-D
Acetobacter aceti - + -
Bacillus subtilis major minor -
E. coli + - -
Lactobacillus acidophilus
+ - -
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- - +
Vibrio cholera minor - major
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Anaerobic Processes
Lactic AcidLactobacillus
Mixed AcidEnterobacteriaceae
ButanediolKlebsiellaEnterobacter
Butyric AcidClostridia
Butanol-AcetoneClostridia
Propionic AcidCorynebacteria
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Fermentation
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Fermentation Pathways
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Fermentation Summary
AnaerobicCytoplasmPartial OxidationSmall amounts of ATP generated via substrate level phosphorylationOrganic intermediaries as final electron acceptorsEnd products
Acid: Lactic Acid, Acetic Acid, Butryic Acid, AcetoneAlcohol: Ethanol, IsopropylGas : CO2, H2Contaminants
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Summary
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Carbohydrate Fermentation Tests
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Phosphorylation
Substrate LevelDirect transfer of phosphateGlycolysis
Oxidative PhosphorylationElectron transferChemiosmosis
PhotophosphorylationLight energy to chemical energy
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Substrate Level Phosphorylation
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Aerobic Respiration
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Mitochondria of Eukaryotes
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Plasma [cell] membrane
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Acetyl CoA Formation
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Acetyl CoA Final Structure
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Krebs Cycle
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Oxidation in Krebs Cycle
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Dehydrogenation
Use of hydrogen in oxidative reactions
Removal of electron from hydrogenCarried on vitamin B derivatives
Energy released is trapped in chemical bonds
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Redox Reactions
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Oxidation
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Reduction
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Catabolism + Anabolism
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Eukaryotic ETC
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Prokaryotic ETC
Vit B based FlavoproteinsIron based CytochromesCoEnzyme Q
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ETC Steps
Electrons from NADH or FADH2 to flavoproteinsH+ pumped into periplasmElectrons transported
To Iron-Sulfur proteins from NADHTo CoQ from FADH2
CytochromesFinal Electron Acceptor
O2 if AerobicOther if Anaerobic
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Proton Pump
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ETC: NAD
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ETC: Cytochromes
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Cytochrome Oxidase
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Oxidase Test
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ATP Synthetase
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Anaerobic Respiration
Use of another compound than O2 as final electron acceptor in the ETCExamples
Nitrate ion NO3-[Pseudomonas, E coli, Bacillus]
NO2-N2ON2
Sulfate ion SO4= to H2S
MethanogensCarbonate ion CO3= to CH4
Methanogens
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Nitrogen Reduction Test
Nitrate Reduction+ with Zinc Nitrate Reduction
Neg with zincNitrate Reduction +
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Other Catabolic Processes
ProteinDeaminationDecarboxylationDehydrogenation
LipidGlycerolFA
Beta oxidationAcetyl CoA
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Biosynthesis
PolysaccharideKeto acidsAAGlycerol from FA
LipidGlycerol + FA
AAKeto acids + NH2
NucleotidesNitrogen bases from Keto acids + NH25 C sugars from alternate CH20 Metabolism
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FunctionsPolysaccharide
Cell wall componentsLipid
Cell wallPlasma membranes
AA/ProteinCell wall / membrane componentsEnzymesToxins
NucleotideDNARNAATPNADNADP
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Protein Synthesis and Enzyme Regulation
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MetabolismSummary
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Questions?