Michel Debes: la gestione del combustibile esaurito e dei rifiuti radioattivi dal punto di vista...
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Transcript of Michel Debes: la gestione del combustibile esaurito e dei rifiuti radioattivi dal punto di vista...
La gestione del combustibile esaurito e dei rifiuti radioattivi dal punto di vista dell’operatore di centrali nucleari
Forum Nucleare Italiano
Roma, giovedi 10 marzo 2011
Michel DebesEDF - Generation and Engineering [email protected]
La gestione del combustibile esaurito e dei rifiuti radioattivi dal punto di vista dell’operatore di centrali nucleari
Forum Nucleare Italiano
Roma, giovedi 10 marzo 2011
Michel DebesEDF - Generation and Engineering [email protected]
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58 PWR (Pressurized Water Reactors) on 19 sites: 63 GW
Three standardized series: => a major safety and economic benefit 900 MW: 34 units, 31 GW 1300 MW: 20 units, 26 GW1500 MW (N4): 4 units, 6 GW
An experience as architect engineer and operator of the French nuclear fleet unique in the world safety and transparency as a major priority average operation time: 24 years (11 to 33 years) Experience feedback: ~ 1400 reactor yearsPeriodical 10 years safety reassessment process
==> Long term operation: goal up to 60 years Decommissioning program: 9 reactors (6GGR, HWGCR Brennilis, Creys Malville, Chooz A)
EDF Nuclear facilities in France
Rythme de construction du parc nucléaire actuel d’EDF
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10000
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900 MW
1300 MW
1400 MW
Rythme de construction du parc nucléaire actuel d’EDF
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900 MW
1300 MW
1400 MW
Gravelines
Chooz
Cattenom
Fessenheim
Bugey
St Alban
Cruas
Tricastin
PenlyPaluelFlamanville
St Laurent Dampierre
BellevilleChinon
Civaux
Blayais
Golfech
900 MW 1 300 MW 1 500 MW
Nogent Seine
Gravelines
Chooz
Cattenom
Fessenheim
Bugey
St Alban
Cruas
Tricastin
PenlyPaluelFlamanville
St Laurent Dampierre
BellevilleChinon
Civaux
Blayais
Golfech
900 MW 1 300 MW 1 500 MW
Nogent Seine
All rights Reserved.2 EDF – ROME- FNI- 10 03 2011
European Nuclear Generation FleetEuropean Nuclear Generation Fleet
EDF generation (average 2006-2009): 472 TWh, Total EDF capacity 96 GW: Nuclear 63 GW (65%), hydro 20 GW (21%), fossil 13.6 GW (14%)
413 TWh nuclear (87.5 %), 42 TWh hydro (9 %), 17 TWh fossil (3.5%)
=> A highly competitive generation mix
Total generation in France (average 2006-2009): 543 TWh nuclear 77%; hydro 11%; fossil 10%; renewable: 2% export: 51 TWh; net consumption in France: 452 TWh
A clean low carbon energy mix, 95% CO2 free Nuclear: 4 g/kwh; EDF France 40 g/kWh; EU average: 400 g/kwh
EDF share in nuclear generation in Europe: EDF Energy in UK: 8.7 GW nuclear, 54 TWh (2009)
314 322350 342
358375 376 368 375
392 401417 421 427 429 428 418 418
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100150200250300350400450500
91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10
Nuclear Generation TWhe
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Safety indicators unplanned automatic trip: < 1 /unit/year Nine level 0 events (reported to ASN), One level 1 event /unit/year
Radiological protection ALARA progress, average collective dosimetry: 0.7 Man-Sv per reactor/yr
International assessments and peer reviews IAEA Osart, WANO peer reviews (2 to 3 per year)
International controls Safeguards, material accounting…
Internal control structures General Inspectorate for Nuclear Safety at EDF Presidency Nuclear Inspectorate at Nuclear Generation Division Safety Quality Mission at each plant
==> Under the control of Nuclear Safety Authority (June 13, 2006 Act on nuclear safety and transparency )
Safety: a priority at all levels
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10
2.44
0.69
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Number of workers between 16 and 20 mSv/yr
Average collective dosimetry per reactor (Man.Sv/year)
0.71
1.74
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1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Number of unplanned reactor trip per 7000h criticality
Number of INES level 1 events per unit / yr
1.17
2.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009
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EDF strategy for sustainable nuclear generationKey Progress and Challenges Remain an industry standard worldwide
- Nuclear safety and safety culture as a first priority at all levels- Competitiveness, availability and operational performances
Plant Long Term Operation management
- Periodical Safety Reassessment: goal up to 60 years
Fuel cycle efficiency, reprocessing / recycling and waste management - A major asset for sustainable nuclear energy
Succeed in the EPR Flamanville-3 and EPR Penly-3 construction project
- public debate and acceptance - safety, quality, schedule, cost, etc.
Become a major actor in the international renaissance of the nuclear industry
- international cooperation - New Nuclear Build projects: China, UK, USA, Italy, Poland, RSA …
Developing the skills and competences needed to achieve these objectives
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South AfricaNuclear prospects
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Spreading area for molten core
Dedicated severe accident
residual heat removal system
Redundancy
4 trainsFor main
safety systems
Double wall containment with ventilation et filtration
In-containment
Water Storage
Catalytic H2 Recombiners
Molten corium
Recovery area
Main Safety Engineered systemsDepressurisation
systemSpreading area for
molten core
Dedicated severe accident
residual heat removal system
Redundancy
4 trainsFor main
safety systems
Double wall containment with ventilation et filtration
In-containment
Water Storage
Catalytic H2 Recombiners
Molten corium
Recovery area
Main Safety Engineered systemsDepressurisation
system
Site selection: October 2004 First concrete: end of 2007 99% contracted Reactor building erection in progress Electro-mechanical work Start of electric generation: 2014
EPR : Building in Progress at Flamanville-3 studies for Penly-3 (public debate completed in 2010) An evolutionary and proven design, embedding improvements resulting from experience feedback and French German cooperation over more than 10 years
On going safety analysis process with ASN:e.g.: demonstration for I&C and human machine interface All rights Reserved.EDF – ROME- FNI- 10 03 20118
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The EPR and quantities of radioactive waste The EPR and quantities of radioactive waste
EDF – ROME- FNI- 10 03 2011
Taking the latest generation of EPR-type power plants as a reference model, such plants produce approximately 12 billion kWh in a year, equal to around 4 % of consumption of electricity in Italy.
To generate this amount of power, annual production of operational waste is around 80 m3 of low and medium level waste (short lived). Additionally, 25 metric tons of spent fuel (heavy metal) would be produced, which would result approximately in:
around 60 m3 of packaged high level waste (long lived), assuming that the fuel is not reprocessed and considered as waste (i.e. packaged spent fuel, volume varies depending on packaging mode for disposal);
or 5 m3 for high level waste (long lived) in vitrified fission products in standard canisters and 4 m3 for medium level waste (long lived, compacted fuel structure in standard canisters), which amount to a total of 9 m3 assuming that the fuel is reprocessed.
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Radioactive waste management in FranceRadioactive waste management in France
Radioactive waste quantities are known and classified
National inventory issued by ANDRA : waste half-life, activity level, location, etc.
Waste management route depends heavily on radioactive half-life waste, e.g. surface repositories are suited for short half-life waste
Radioactive waste is conditioned, possibly after some treatment
Packaging ensures containment of radioactivity
Treatment may be necessary for packaging or to reduce waste volume for disposal
Once packaged, each category of radioactive waste will be disposed of in specific repositories
As first step, radioactive waste may be stored, e.g., when the repository is still under development or when long-term storage is necessary to manage waste heat decay
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Waste management in practiceWaste management in practice
1. Short-lived waste : a complete management route including disposal• Volume = 90%; activity < 1%• Origin: nuclear reactor, fuel cycle facilities operation and dismantling
2. Long-lived waste: long-term storage; disposal under development• Volume = 10% ; activity > 99%• Origin: spent nuclear fuel
• Sorted
• Conditioned
• Stored in two operating surface repositories
• Fuel reprocessing
• Waste conditioning
• Packaged waste storage possible for ~ 100 years
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Ensuring a safe and long lasting confinement of high level waste by vitrification in inert glass canisters, for optimized storage and disposal in a reduced volume, optimized packages, no fissile material (no safeguard) reduced volume (150 to 200 m3/year for 430 TWh) and heat load HLW passive storage (> 60yrs): 1 ha for 40 yrs EDF NPPs operation =>
Reducing the quantity of stored spent fuel, 430 TWh / year => 1200 t spent fuel / year ( 45 GWd/t) 8 UO2 spent fuel (4 t) result in 1 MOX fuel and 1 REPU fuel
Recycling of plutonium and uranium, getting back energy output 1050 t/yr UO2 spent fuel reprocessing => 120 t/yr MOX, 80 t/year Repu fuelMOX fuel recycling (22 units; 30% core): 43 TWh/yr; Pu flux adequacyREPU fuel recycling (4 units; 100% core): 26 TWh/yr;
Maintaining the possibility in the far future to fully use the uranium resource
storage of MOX spent fuel, reduced volume, full safeguards reuse of MOX spent fuel (5% Pu) to start future GEN IV fast reactors and U-Pu closed fuel cycle
The reprocessing recycling strategy
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Short lived Long lived
VLLW
Very Low Level Waste
Very Low Level Waste:subsurface
LILW
Low to Intermediate Level Waste
LILW short lived: subsurface Graphite
LILW long lived
HLW
High Level Waste
High Level Waste
Deep repository (=> 2025)
(vitrified canisters HLW)
Half-life : 30 years
Waste disposal routes
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Deep geological disposal in FranceDeep geological disposal in France
Late 1980’s Insufficient public acceptance lead to a moratorium on site selection for high-level
waste disposal in a deep geological formation
1991 Act: Research for 15 years Three options for HLW long-term management:
separation/transmutation
Long-term storage
Deep geological disposal
Underground laboratory implemented in 1999 in the east of France
Independent national scientific committee oversees the research
Concludes that deep geological disposal is feasible on the basis of ANDRA research
2005: Public debate Deep geological disposal: under certain conditions
2006 Act: Framework for implementing deep geological disposal
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The legislative framework: 2006 Planning ActThe legislative framework: 2006 Planning Act
Set a framework for implementation of deep geological disposal Decision in 2015 on the basis of a detailed study on a selected site
Operational in 2025
Disposal will have to be reversible for at least 100 years, under conditions to be defined in 2015
Reinforce evaluation and information about research and studies
Foster economical development for areas around the laboratory and the deep geological disposal facility
Secure financing of long-term waste management and decommissioning Nuclear operators have to constitute specific assets allocated exclusively with
respect to long-term waste management and decommissioning liabilities
Control by Public Authorities
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Spent Fuel Interim Storage – The Technology OptionsSpent Fuel Interim Storage – The Technology Options
Interim Storage
Wet StorageDry Storage
Canisters VaultMetal Casks
There are a range of technologies available, some with many years of accumulated operating experience worldwide
EDF – ROME- FNI- 10 03 2011 All rights Reserved.
Wet pool storage- a proven solution - flexibility for accommodation of long term fuel evolution (burn up, cooling time..)
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Widespread use of both wet and dry storageWidespread use of both wet and dry storage
BELGIUMPool (Tihange)Casks (Doel)
FRANCEPool (La Hague)
USAboth technologies mainly dry cask
out of reactor
SWEDENPool (CLAB)
FINLANDPool (Olkiluoto, Loviisa)
GERMANYCasks (Gorleben)
Casks (Ahaus)
JAPANPool (Rokkasho Mura)
Casks (Mutsu)
HUNGARYVault (Paks)
CHINAPool
SWITZERLANDCasks
Pool (Gösgen)
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Five key points for waste management Five key points for waste management
1. Waste management is a key issue for sustainable nuclear development and operation; it is a long process and thus should be carried out as soon as possible. A national plan for waste and spent fuel management should be elaborated in association with all stakeholders involved.
2. A waste management plan should be set up within the nuclear legislative / regulatory framework, featuring:• Waste classification
• Waste management routes for each kind of waste (short / long-lived) Waste repository development is a key issue, for both long and short-lived wastes
• Long-term liabilities financing
• Site selection process, with appropriate measures regarding involved communities
3. For waste from plant operation and decommissioning, by far the largest amount, surface repository is a rather simple technical solution already in operation with a truly satisfactory feedback.
4. For high level waste and spent fuel (if considered as waste), deep geological disposal is considered the best solution and will be necessary in the very long term. However, in the meantime, long-term storage should be implemented, while keeping the reprocessing option open.
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5th point: Consistency between organizational and financial responsibilities5th point: Consistency between organizational and financial responsibilities
Nuclear operator bears it waste liabilities, as part of its industrial responsibility
- The operator must provide funding for all costs of decommissioning and end of the fuel cycle, including risk remuneration.
Financial and operational responsibilities must go hand in hand
- If the operator has to pay without control over the services provided, he would loose the necessary balance between costs and quality-level of safety.
- E.g.: An independent entity that provides interim storage or underground storage must be financially responsible; the funds transferred by the operators to this entity would include the appropriate risk premium.
- Similarly, the operator cannot just be subject to the management of the dedicated asset fully outsourced; it must be consulted on the level of risk management and associated allocations.
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Nuclear development projects have a major role to play for security of supply and long-term competitiveness
Nuclear energy represents one of the clean energy sources, mature and able to fulfill industrial needs
Safety, environmental protection and waste management issues must be taken into account from the very beginning
Industrial solutions do exist for safe long-term management of spent fuel and waste
Following the principle of waste producer responsibility, the cost for managing nuclear waste is provisioned from the start
Conclusion
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Grazie milleGrazie mille
for your attentionfor your attention
and for your questions…and for your questions…
EDF – ROME- FNI- 10 03 2011 All rights Reserved.
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