Michail v. Sofronov - Chinese Philology and the Scripts of Central Asia

8/13/2019 Michail v. Sofronov - Chinese Philology and the Scripts of Central Asia

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M . Sofronov ChmesePhilology and the Scripts of entral Asia Sino-Phonic Papers 30 October, 1991

M .V ,So f r onov

CHINESE PHILOLOGY AND THE SCRIPTS OF CENTRAL ASIA

T he p e r i o d o f t h e t e n t h t o f o u r te e n t h c e n t u r i e s w a s a t i m e w h en

t h e p eo p le s w h o c o n q u e re d N o r t h e r n C h in a e s t a b l i s h e d t h e i r o w n

s t a t e s and pr oc ee d ed t o c r e a t e t h e i r o w n w r i t t e n c u l t u r e . T h e y r i g h t l y

s a w t h e b as i s o f a n e w s t a t e c u l t u r e i n t h e i r o w n s c r i p t . T he K id an

s t a t e o f L ia o w a s e s ta b l is h e d i n 916 i n t h e n o r t h e a s t e r n p a r t o f C hi na .

I t w a s c on qu er ed b y t h e J u ce n s t a te J i n i n 1126 T h e T a n g u t s t a t e o f

H s i H s ia w a s e s t a b l i s h e d on t h e n o r t h w e s t e r n f r o n t i e r s o f C hi na i n

1032 A l l o f t he se s t a t e s c r e a t e d t h e i r c u l t u r e s i n ac co rd an c e w i t h

h i s t o r i c a l c i r c u m s t a n c e s a n d t a k i n g i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n t h e

a c hi e ve m en ts o f o l d e r c u l t u r a l c e n t e r s o f E a s t and S o u t h A s i a ,

T h e o ld e s t a nd m o s t p o w e r f u l p h i l o l o g i c a l t r a d i t i o n w h i c h

e x e r t e d an i n f l ue n ce o n t h e s c r i p t s o f C e n t r a l A s i a w a s t h a t o f t h e

C h in es e T h i s t r a d i t i o n de ve lo pe d u n d e r t h e s p e c i f i c c o n d i t io n s o f th e

C hi ne se c h a r a c t e r s c r i p t . P r i m a r i l y , i t e l a b o r a t e d t he p r o b l e m o f t h e

e x p la n a ti o n o f t h e m e a n i n g s o f th e c h a r a c t e r s an d t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f

t h e i r c o r r e c t r ea d i n g s .

One o f t h e i m p o r t a n t a c h i ev e m e nt s o f t h e t r a d i t i o n a l C hi ne se

p h i l o lo g y w a s t h e m e t h o d o f f a n q e ( c u t a n d sJ ic eW ) a c c o r d i n g t o

w h i c h t h e u n k n o w n r e a d i n g o f a c h a r a c t e r i s d e s c r ib e d b y m e a ns o f

t w o o t h e r c h a r a c t e r s w i t h k n ow n re ad in gs . O r i g in a l l y f a n q e w a s

d e si gn e d, p r e s u m a b l y u n d e r t h e t u t e l a g e o f I n d ia n p h o n e t ic i a n s , t o

i n di c at e t h e r e a d in g s o f c h a r a c t e r s i n t h e p h i l ol o gi c al w o r k s . W i t h t h ed e ve l o pm e n t o f T a n t r i c B u dd h is m i n C h in a i t w a s e x t e n d e d t o t h e

t r a n s c r i p t i o n o f S a n s k r i t d h a a n s a nd r e l a t e d t e x t s . I n t h es e

t r a n s c r i p t i o n s , S a n s k r i t s y l l a b l e s w i t h p h o n e m ic c o m po n e n t s

d i s t r i b u t i v e l y i n c o m p a t i b l e i n Ch in es e w e r e c o n s t r u c t e d . In t h e s e

c as e s th e S a n s k r i t s y l l a b l e w a s r e n d e r e d by t w o C h i n es e o n e s. T h i s

p a i r o f Ch in es e s y l la b l e s f o r m e d t he f a n q e binom p r o v i d e d w i t h



M. V. Sofronov ChinesePhilology and the Scripts of Central Asiaw Sino Platonic Papers 3 October, 1991

a p p r op r i a te d i a c r i t i c s . F o r r e nd e r i n g i n i t i a l c on so na nt c l u s t e r s , t w o o r

t h r e e C hine se s y l la b l e s w e r e u se d r e s p e c t i v e l y f o r c l u s t e r s o f t w o

o r t h r ee S a n s k r i t c o ns on a nt s. T he se b i n o m s o r t r i n o m s w e r e p r o v i d e d

w i t h d i a c r i t i c s , r e s p e c t i v e l y e r h e ( t w o t o g e t h e r ) o r s a n h e

( t h r e e t o g e th e r ) . T h i s m e t h o d o f t r a n s c r i p t i o n c o n s t i t u t e d t h e

c o u n t e r p a r t t o t h e o r t h o g r a p h ic_

* (L ec hn iq ue s o f t h e r e n d e r i n g o f c o n s o n a nt

c l u s t e r s i n S a n s k r i t a nd T ib e t an s y l l ab i c s c r i p t s .

T h us C h i n es e p h i l o l o g i s t s w h o w o r k e d i n t h e f i e l d o f

t r a n s c r i b i n g S a n s k r i t a nd o t h e r f o r e i g n t e x t s d ev e lo p ed s u i t a b l e

t e ch n iq u e s f o r c o pi ng w i t h t h e m d e s p i t e t h e l i m i t e d p h o n o lo g ic a l

c a p a b i l i t i e s o f th e .C h in e se s c r i p t . T he n e x t s te p t h e y m i g h t h a ve t a k e nw a s t o c r e a t e s o m e t h i ng an alo go us t o t h e a l p ha b et f o r t r a n s c r i p t i o n ,

i .e ., a s e t o f s y m b o l s w h e r e one Ch in es e c h a r a c t e r s t a n d s f o r one

s y l l a b l e o f S a n s k r i t . B u t t h i s d i d n o t ha pp en . C h a r a c t e rs u s e d f o r t he

p u r p o se o f t r a n s c r i p t i o n h av e n o t b ee n c o m p l e t e l y s t a n d a r d i z e d . I n

p r i n c i p l e , a n y c h a r a c t e r o f t he C hi ne se s c r i p t c a n b e u s e d f o r t h e

p u r p o se o f t r a n s c r i p t i o n . T he m o s t f r e q u e n t b i n o m s t en d ed t o c o al es ce

i n on e c h a r a c t e r . T h e y w e r e p u r e l y p h o ne t ic c h a r a c t e r s d e s c r i b i n g t h e

s pe l l in g o f a f o r e i g n s y l l a b l e . O r d i n a r i l y t h es e c h a r a c t e r s w e r e n o ti n c l u de d i n d i c t i o n a r i e s , t h e e x c e p t i o n be i n g L o n g k a n s o u j i a n

he

e d it e d i n4 J uc en s t a t e o f J i n .

B o t h t h e C h i ne s e a n d t h e S a n s k r i t p h i l o l o g i ca l t r a d i t i o n s h o l d t h e

s y l l a b l e t o b e a u n i t o f t h e g r ap h ic r e n d e r i n g o f l an g ua g e. T h e o l d e s t

s c r i p t s o f C e n t r a l A s i a w e r e s y l la b i c a s w e l l . I n t h e s y l l a b o -

m o r p h e m i c l a ng u ag es , th e s y l l a b l e i s t h e b a s i c m e a n i n g f u l u n i t o f

l an g ua g e. I n o t h e r t y p e s o f l a n g u a g e s , t h e s y l l a b l e a s a r u l e i s n o t a

b e a r e r o f i nd e pe n de nt m e an i ng . T h e r e f o r e , t h e g r a p h ic r e n d e r i n g o f

s y l l a b l e s i n l an gu ag es o f t h i s t y p e h as d i f f e r e n t s e m a nt i c f u n c t i o n s . I n

t h e f i r s t ca se , a s y l la b i c l e t t e r r e n d e r s a m o n os y l l a b i c w o r d o r

m ea ni ng fu l p a r t o f it i n t h e s e co n d, i t r e n d e r s p a r t o f a w o r d w i t h o u t

i t s o w n m ea ni ng .



M. V. Sofronov ChinesePhilology nd the Scripts o f Central siawSino-Platonic Papers 3 (October, 1991

T he K i da n g r e a t s c r i p t w a s c r e a t e d i n t he s t a t e o f L ia o i n 920

s oo n a f t e r i t s e s t a b l i s h m e n t . A c c o r d in g t o e v i de n ce f r o m t h e Qi a n

g u o h i t c o n s i s te d o f 3 000 c h a r a c t e r s . B u t i m m e d i a t e l y0-F

a f t e r w a r d s t h e i n v e n t i o n t h e K i da n s m a l l s c r i p t w a s r e v e a l e d .

A c t u a l l y , i t i s h a r d t o j ud g e t o w h a t d eg r ee t h e l a t t e r w a s a lp h ab e ti c ,

f o r t h e b o d y o f t h e s c r i p t h a s s t i l l n o t b ee n e s t ab l is h e d , t h ou g h w e

k n o w q u i t e a l o t a bo u t i t . It i s e s s en t ia l t o n o t e t h a t , f o r t h e A l t a i c

l an gu ag es , t o w h i c h K i d a n b el on gs , t h e c h a r a c t e r s c r i p t p r o v e d t o be

u n f i t . T h i s i s t h e m a i n r e a s o n w h y t h e a l p ha b e t i c s c r i p t a p p e ar e d a

f e w y e a r s a f t e r t h e K id an c h a ra c t e r s .

The c r e a t i o n o f t h e T a n gu t s c r i p t t o o k i n t o c o n s i d e r a t io n t h e

e x p e ri e n ce o f t h e K i d an s c r i p t an d t y p o l o g i c a l f e a t u r e s o f T an g ut

i t s e l f . T a n g u t w a s a s y l la b o m o r p h e m i c l a ng u ag e , t h e r e f o r e e a ch

s y l la b l e c o u l d b e r e n d e r e d g ra p h i c a l l y w i t h a s e p a ra t e m e a n in g f ul

c h a r a c t e r . T he p r i n c ip l e s o f c o m p os i t i o n o f C hin es e c h a r a c t e r s w e r e

e v i d e n t ly l a i d d o w n a s a ba se f o r t h e p r o c e s s o f th e c r e a t i o n o f t h e

T a n g u t s c r i p t . One o f t h e m w a s a s t r i c t s e p a r a t io n o f m e a n in g f ul a nd

p h on e ti c c h a r a c t e r s . T he m a i n p r in c i p l e o f t h e c r e a t i o n o f t h e T a n g ut

p h o n e t i c c h a r a c t e r s w a s f a n q e T he r e a d i n g o f t h es e c h a r a c t e r s

w a s t h e sum o f r ea d in g s o f t w o c h a r a c te r s i n a cc o r da nc e w i t h t h i s

m e t ho d . T an g ut c h a r a c t e r s f o r t r a n s c r i p t i o n h a d n o me a n in g s o f t h e i r

o w n a n d w e r e u t i l i z e d j u s t t o r e n d e r s o u nd s. T h us t h e T a n g ut c h a r a c t e r

s c r i p t w a s c o m p l e m en t e d by p h on e ti c c h a r a c t e r s w h i c h o n t h e w h o l e

m a y b e c o n s i d e r e d a s a n u n s t a n d a rd i z e d s y l l a b i c a l p h a b e t .

T he T a n g u t s c r i p t w h i c h h as be en c o n s e rv e d i n n u m e r o u s t e x t s

may p r o v i d e u s w i t h s o m e g e ne r al id e as a bo u t t w o o t h e r s c r i p t s o f

C e n t r a l A s i a K i d a n a nd J u c e n. T o o ne d e g re e o r a n o t h e r , b o t h s c r i p t sc o n ta i n l o g og r a ph s f o r t h e g ra p hi c r e n d e r i n g o f a w o r d m o n o s y l la b i c

i n T a n g u t a nd p o l y s y l l a b i c i n K i d a n a nd J u ce n . T h e s e w e r e u s ed

t o g e t h e r w i t h t r a n s c r i p t i o n s o f f o re i g n w o r d s . T he p r o p o r t i o n o f

l og o gr ap h s an d ph o ne t ic c h a r a c t e r s i s d i f f e r e n t f r o m t he s e s c r i p t s

l o g og r a ph s p r e v a i l e d i n T a ng u t, p h o n e t ic c h a r a c t e r s p r e v a i l e d i n t he

K i d an an d J u c e n s c r i p t s , w h o s e l o go g r a ph s f u n c t i o n e d d i s s i m i l i a r l y .



M. V. S o h n o v , ChmesePhilology nd the Scripts ofCentral Asia Sino PlatonicPapers 30 October, 1991)

L o go g ra p hs a r e f e a t u r e d b o t h i n a s e m a n t i c a nd p h o n e ti c r o l e i n K i d a n

b u t n o t i n Ju ce n s c r i p t .

A l l C e n t r a l A s i a s c r i p t s h a ve one r e m a r k a b l e p e c u l i a r i t y : t h e

n u m b er o f p h o n e t i c c h a r a c t e r s i s u n c e r t a i n . P h o n e t i c c h a r a c t e r s

c o n s t i t u t e f o r t h e m a k i n d o f u n s t a nd a r d i z ed s y l l a b i c a l p h a b e t. T h e

l a c k o f s t a n d a rd i z a t io n o f p ho ne t i c c h a r a c t e r s w a s t h e r e a s o n t h e se

s c r i p t s p r o v e d i n c o n ve n i en t . Ch in es e s c r i p t , c u m b e r s o m e b u t r e l a t i v e l y

s t a n d a r d iz e d , p r o v e d i n t h e l on g r u n m o r e c o n v e n ie n t t h e n K i d a n an d

J u ce n . A s f o r t h e d e s t i n y o f th e T a ng ut s c r i p t , t h a s b e e n d e c i d e d b y

h i s t o r i c a l f a c t o r s .

T he i n f lu e nc e o f t h e C hin es e s c r i p t o n t h e s c r i p t s o f C e n t r a l A s i a

m a y b e se en a s w e l l i n th e c o m po s it io n w i t h p h on e t ic c h a r a c t e r s o f

w o r d s a nd o t h e r m e a n in g f u l u n i t s . P h on e ti c c h a r a c t e r s o f T a n g u t

s c r i p t a r e s q u a re i n s ha pe j u s t a s Ch in es e c h a r a c t e r s ( o r t e t r a g r a p h s

f a n g k u a z a r e . P h o n e t i c c h a r a c t e r s o f K id a n an d J u c e n s c r i p t

d e s c r i b i n g a m ea n i ng f u l w o r d a r e a r r a n g e d i n e i t h e r a s q u a r e o r

r e c t a n g l e . T h i s m e t h o d o f a r ra n g em e n t w a s i n a c c o rd a n c e w i t h t he

s e m a n t ic g oa l o f f i t t i n g t h e m e a n in g f u l l i n g u i s t i c u n i t i n a s q u a r e .

R e m a r k a b ly , t h e s a me m e t h o d o f a r r a n g e m e n t w a s e ve n a d op t ed f o r t he

K o r ea n s c r i p t .

I n a c co r da n ce w i t h C hin es e r u l e s f o r w r i t i n g c h a r a c t e r s , t he

p ho ne t i c c h a r a c t e r s o f K id an and Ju ce n s c r i p t a r e r e a d f r o m l e f t t o

r i g h t a nd f r o m t o p t o b o t t o m . H o we v e r , t h e c o r r e c t r e a di n g o f s y l l a b i c

s c r i p t r e q u i r e s k n o w l e d ge n o t o n l y o f t h e d i r e c t i o n o f r e a d in g , b u t

a ls o o f t h e r u l e s o f o r t h o g r ap h y .

I t i s w e l l k n o w n t h a t t h e s y l la b le s w h i c h r e n d e r t h e r e a d in g o f a

w o r d m a y b e re a d i n a n um b er o f w a y s ; t w o o f th es e a r e t h e s e p ar a te

a nd t h e c om b in e d r e a di n g o f c h a r a c t e r s . T h e r e a r e s e v e r a l m e t h o d s f o r

t h e c o mb in e d r e a d in g o f s y l la b i c c h a r a c t e r s k n o w n i n C e n t r a l A s i a :

C h in e se , S a n s k r i t , a nd T i b e t a n ; we m u s t a ls o t a k e i n t o a c c o u n t t h e

i n f l u e n c e o f t h e a l p h a be t ic U i g h u r an d T u r k i s h s c r i p t s . H en c e, th e

q u es t i on o f th e o r t h o g ra p h y o f C e nt r a l A s i a t i c s c r i p t s i s



d e t e r m in e d b y t h e i r c o m p l i c a t e d i n t e r r e l a t i o n . T h e m o s t p r o m i s in g

f i e ld o f w o r k o n t h i s i s su e s ee ms t o b e a s t u d y o f t h e l i n k s b e t w e en

t h e Ch in es e s c r i p t s a n d o t h e r s c r i p t s o f th e r e g i o n .

T he f i r s t o r th o g ra p h ic p r o b l e m o f K id a n an d J u c e n s c r i p t s i s t h e

p r o b l e m o f t h e t y p e s o f a s y l la b l es r e n d e r e d b y p h o ne t ic c h a r a c t e r s .

N e i t h e r K i d a n n o r J u c e n h a s b ee n s a t i s f a c t o r i l y d e c i p h e r e d . M od e r n

s c h o l a r s r i g h t l y c o n n e c t K i d a n w i t h O ld Mo n go l i a n, a n d J u c e n w i t h

M an ch u. T h e r e f o r e , t h e s t r u c t u r e s o f s y l l a b l e s b o t h i n K id a n a nd J u ce n

s e e m t o b e s i m i l a r . T h i s m e an s t h a t t h e r e a r e s y l l a bl e s c o n s i s t i n g o f a

s i ng l e v o w e l V) , c o n s o n a n t a nd v o w e l C V ) , v o w e l a nd c o n s o n a n t V C ),

a nd c lo s ed s y l l a b l e s o f C VC t y p e . I t w o u l d b e n a t u r a l t o s up po se t h a t

a t t h e o n s e t o f a s y l l a b l e t h e n u m b e r o f p o s s ib l e c o n so n a n ts m a y b e

r a t h e r l a r g e , b u t a t th e e nd, t h e i r n u m b e r m i g h t be l i m i t e d .

S y l l ab l e s o f t h es e t y p e s m a y h a v e t h e i r o w n g r a p h ic f o r m ,

w h e t h e r u ni qu e o r m u l t i p l e . Th e e x p e ri e n ce o f s y l l a b i c s c r i p t s s h o w s

t h a t o pe n s y l la b l e s o f C V t y p e p r o ve d t o b e m o s t p r a c t i c a b l e . B y m e a ns

o f o pe n s y l la b l e s a n d s im p l e r u l e s o f a pp l i ca t i on , w o r d s o f a n y s t r u c -

t u r e m a y b e r en d e r e d . B u t t h i s i s n o t t h e c a se w i t h t h e K i da n an d J u ce n

s c r i p t s . T he C h in es e p h i lo l o g i c a l t r a d i t i o n , w h i c h m o s t p r o b a b l y i s th e

s o u r c e o f t h e r u l e s o f t h e i r o r t h o g r a p h y , a d m i t s b o t h op en a n d cl o se d

s y l l a b le s f o r t he t r a n s c r i p t i o n o f f o re i g n w o r d s . I t p r o v id e s a s w e l l

t h r e e m e t ho d s f o r r e n d e r i n g f o r e i gn s y l l a b l e s : d i r e c t s y l la b le - t o -

s y l la b l e t r a n s c r i p t i o n a nd t w o m e t h o d s o f s y l l a b l e c o n s t ru c t i o n , i . e .

f a n q e a n d e r h e A c t u a l s t u d i es o f J u c en s c r i p t s h o w s i t u a t i o n s

w h e r e b o t h o pe n an d c l o s e d s y l l a b le s a r e r e n d e r e d w i t h t h e s y l l a b i c

c h a r a c t e r s . A s i m i l a r s t a t e s h o ul d b e e xp e c te d i n t h e c a s e o f t h e K id a n

s c r i p t .

To u n d e r s t a n d th e p r o b l e m s o f K i d an o r t h o g r a p h y , t i s h e l p f u l t o

e x am i ne t h e t r a n s c r i p t i o n s o f Ch in ese w o r d s w h i c h a r e f r e q u e n t i n

K i da n t e x t s . U n l i k e K i da n w o r d s p r o p e r , t h e p h o n et i c a p p e ar a n ce o f

w h i c h i s s t i l l u n c l e a r, t h e p r o n u nc i a ti o n o f C hin es e w o r d s r e n d e r e d b y

K id an s c r i p t i s q u i t e w e l l k n o w n n o w . T he s e t r a n s c r i p t i o n s m a y

p r o v i d e us w i t h a b u nd an t d at a a s t o t e c hn iq u e. I t i s n e c e s s a r y t o n o te



M. V. Sofronov, ChinesePhilology nd the Scriptso f entral siaw Sino-Pldonic Papers 30 October, 1991

T he s y l l a b i c v o w e l o f t h e l a s t c h a ra c t e r i n t h e f a n q i e s p e l l i n g

s e r i e s c o r r e s p o n d s t o t h e s y l l a b ic v o w e l o f t h e se co nd c h a r a c t e r o f

t h e s e r i e s .

T he o r t h o g ra p h y o f K id an w o r d s p r o p e r d i f f e r s f r o m t h e o r th o -

g r a p h y o f t h e t r a n s c r i p t i o n s o f C hi ne se w o r d s . H e re , o u r e x a m in a t io n

i s l i m i t e d t o r e l i a b l e c o n s t r u c t i o n s . One o f t h e r e l i a b l e r e a d in g s o f

K id an w o r d s i s t a m a a s ea l i n t h e c as e f o r m , w i t h s u f f i x -u t s

r e a di n g w a s r e n d e r e d w i t h t h re e s y l l a b ic c h a r a c t e r s : /3- b m u-v9 k u h T h e o r e t ic a l l y , t h e r e a r e t h r e e w a y s o f r e a d i n g t h i s s eq ue nc e

f i r s t as s e p a r at e s y l l a b l e s ( ta m uk u n) , s e co nd , a s f a n q e ( t u k u n o r

t a m un ) , t h i r d a s s a n h e ( t m k u n ) o r p a r t i a l e r h e ( t m u k u n o r t a r n k un ) .

O f t h e a bo ve m e n t i o n e d m e t h o d s o f re a d in g , o n l y t h e l a s t a g r e e s w i t h

o u r k n o w l ed g e c o n c e r n in g t h e t y p o l o g y o f A l t a i c l an gu ag es . W e m a y

s up po se t h a t i n t h i s c a s e t he f i r s t s y l l a b l e w a s r e a d c o m p l e t e l y , an d

t he l a s t t w o w e r e r e a d as f a n q i e A c c o r d in g t o th i s r u l e , t he w o r d

m o r i h o rs e i n t h e r e s p e c t i v e c as e f o r m s w h i c h o c c u r i n i n s c r i p -

t i o n s i s n o t m o r i j i b u t m o r - i i n o t r n o r i i ~ b u t m o r i n . G ra ph ic

s y l l a b l e s o f K i d a n s c r i p t d o n o t c o i n c i d e w i t h l i n g u i s t i c o ne s .

C on so na nt c l u s t e r s a t t h e j un c t i o n o f m o rp h e m e s w e r e r e n d e r e d

g r a ph i ca l ly w i t h t h e h e lp o f t w o s y l l a b i c l e t t e r s r e a d a s e r h e

T hu s t h e Ki d a n s c r i p t p o s se s se d a n o r t h o g r a p h y d i r e c t l y d e r i v e d

f r o m t h e C h i ne se p h i l o lo g i c a l t r a d i t i o n . K i d a n s y l l a b l e s m a y b e

r e n d e r e d w i t h c o r r e s p o nd i n g s in g l e s y l l a b i c l e t t e r s f r o m th e s m a l l

K id a n s c r i p t o r w ith ,sequence o f l e t t e r s c o n s i s t in g o f t w o o r t h r e e

c o m p o ne n t s. I n th e t r a n s c r i p t i o n o f C hin es e w o r d s t h e se s e q ue n ce s a r e

r e a d a s f a n q i e a nd w i t h r en d e r i n g o f K id a n w o r d s p r o p e r t h e y a r e

r e a d as e r h e I t w a s e a s y f o r K i da n w r i t e r s t o s e l e c t t he a p p r o p r i a t e

l e t t e r f o r a s y l l a b l e o f t h e m o t h e r t o ng ue , h en ce t h e f a n q i e m e t h o d

f o r r e n d e r in g o f K i d an s y l l a b l e s w a s u n n e ce s s a r y i n K i d a n o r t h o -

g r a p h y . A d d i t i o n al p r o b l e m s a r o s e o n l y w h e n c o n so n an t c l u s t e r s a t t h e

j u n c t i on o f t w o m o r p h e m es w e r e t o be r e n d e r e d i n K id an s c r i p t . I n

t h e s e ca s es , K id a n o r t h o g r a p h y r e s o r t e d t o t h e m e t h o d e r h e w e l l

k n o w n f r o m C h i ne s e p h il o l o g y .



M. V. Sofronov, Chinese Philology and the Scripts of entral Asia S ino-Phon ic Papers, 30 (October, 1991

T he t r a n s c r i p t i o n o f Ch in es e w o r d s b y m e a n s o f t h e J u c e n s c r i p t

w a s b r o u g h t a bo ut w i t h s p e c i f ic g r a p hi c d e v i ce s , a s i n o t h e r s c r i p t s

o f Ce n t r a l As i a . One o f t h e m w a s t h e u s e o f s p e ci a l c h a r a c t e r s f o r

t r a n s c r i p t i o n . T h e r e a r e a go od de al o f c h a r a c t e r s o f s uc h k i n d i n J u ce n

s c r i p t : j b a n , - & - t i a n - q , g o n g - & . T h e

r e m a in i ng C hin es e w o r d s w e r e t r a n s c r i b e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g w a y : f o r

r e n d e r i n g o pe n C hi ne s e s y l l a b l e s , o pe n J u c e n s y l l a b l e s w e r e u se d ; f o r

r e n d e r i n g c l o s ed C h in es e s y l l ab l e s w i t h n and -u t t h e e n d , s i x t e e n

s p ec ia l c h a r a c t e r s w e r e p r o v i d e d t o r e n d e r r e s p e c t i v e f i n a l s . C hin es e

s y l l a b l e s w i t h d ip h th o ng s a nd c o ns o na n ts a t t h e en d w e r e r e n d e r e d

w i t h t h e f o l l ow i n g t y p e s o f t ra n s c r i p t i o n s : i z h i + e n ~ = z h e n g ,.? /

h+== , u + w e i = c u i , e t c S y l l a b l e s w i t h t h e m e d ia l c u o k o u

s o m e t i m e s w e r e r e n d e r e d w i t h t h r e e c h a r a c t e r s . I n t h e i n s c r ip t i o n

P r a is e t o t h e V i c t o r i e s o f th e G r e at J i n , t h e s y l l a b l e B VUan

' sou rce ' was r e n d e r e d w i t h t h r e e s y l l ab l e s 3 n g e n , u nd

v a n . T h i s m e t h o d o f t r a n s c r i p t i o n c o r r e s p o n d s t o t h e t r a n s c r i p -

t i o n s o f s uc h s y l l a b le s i n K i da n s c r i p t .

T he t r a d i t i o n o f t h e J u ce n s y l l a b i c s c r i p t a nd f a n q i e a s i t s

o r t h o g r a p h i c d e v ic e w a s c o n s e r v e d i n t h e M a nc h u a l ph a b e t w h i c h

s u pe r se d ed t h e J u c e n s c r i p t . T he o r t h o g r a p hi c p r i n c i p l e o f h e s h e n g ,

a c c or d in g t o w h i c h M a nc h u s y l l a b l e s w i t h d i p h t ho n g s an d t h e f i n a l

c o n s o n a n t a w e r e r e n d e r e d as m + a n = n a n , m + A = n a i , b u t n o t a s

m + a = n a n , m i = a , a s t r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e M an ch u s c r i p t i m m e d i a te l y

f r o m Ju c e n o r t h o g r a p h y , a n d th r o ug h K i d an s c r i p t d e sc en ds f r o m t h e

C h in e se p h i l ol o g i c a l t r a d i t i o n .

T he o r t h o g ra p h i c p r i nc i p le s o f t he t h r e e C e n t r a l A s i a t i c s c r i p t s

e x a m i n e d a b o v e h a v e a c o m m o n s o u r c e t h e C h i ne s e p h i l o l o g i c a lt r a d i t i o n , p r i m a r i l y t h e t e c hn iq ue s o f t r a n s c r i p t i o n o f f o r e i g n

. la ng ua ge s. T h es e te c hn iq u es o f f e r e d a s e t o f d e v i c e s f o r t h e r e n d e r i n g

o f f o r e i g n s y l l a b l e s w i t h t h e h e lp o f c o rr e s p o n d i n g C hi ne se s y l l a b l e s

a nd t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s y l la b l es w h i c h w e r e a l ie n t o t h e s y l l a b i c

s t r u c t u r e o f C hin es e b y m e an s o f f a n q i e and e r h e



Editor's note: Although the author and I have worked together on this paper for more than

a year, difficulties in the mail service between the Soviet Union and the United States, aswell as the special features of computer technology in the two nations, have made it

virtually impossible to achieve an error-free final print-out. Consequently, we apologize

for any misprints that may still mar the appearance of this valuable and informative paper.



Previous Issues

Number Date Author Title Pages

1 Nov.

1986

Victor H. Mair

University of Pennsylvania

The Need for an Alphabetically

Arranged General Usage

Dictionary of Mandarin Chinese: A

Review Article of Some Recent

Dictionaries and Current

Lexicographical Projects

31

2 Dec.

1986

Andrew Jones

Hiroshima

The Poetics of Uncertainty in Early

Chinese Literature

45

3 March1987

Victor H. MairUniversity of Pennsylvania

A Partial Bibliography for theStudy of Indian Influence on

Chinese Popular Literature

iv, 214

4 Nov.

1987

Robert M. Sanders

University of Hawaii

The Four Languages of

“Mandarin”

14

5 Dec.

1987

Eric A. Havelock

Vassar College

Chinese Characters and the Greek

Alphabet

4

6 Jan.

1988

J. Marshall Unger

University of Hawaii

Computers and Japanese Literacy:

Nihonzin no Yomikaki Nôryoku toKonpyuta

13

7 Jan.

1988

Chang Tsung-tung

Goethe-Universität

Indo-European Vocabulary in Old

Chinese

i, 56

8 Feb.

1988

various Reviews (I) ii, 39

9 Dec.

1988

Soho Machida

Daitoku-ji, Kyoto

Life and Light, the Infinite: A

Historical and Philological

Analysis of the Amida Cult

46

10 June

1989

Pratoom Angurarohita

Chulalongkorn University

Bangkok

Buddhist Influence on the

Neo-Confucian Concept of the

Sage

31

11 July

1989

Edward Shaughnessy

University of Chicago

Western Cultural Innovations in

China, 1200 BC

8

http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp001_chinese_dictionary.pdf






http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp004_mandarin_chinese.pdf


http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp005_chinese_greek.pdf


http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp006_japanese_literacy.pdf



http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp008_chinese_book_reviews.pdf

http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp010_buddhist_confucian_sage.pdf



http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp011_shang_china.pdf







http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp008_chinese_book_reviews.pdf
















Previous Issues, cont.


12 Aug.1989


The Contributions of T’ang andFive Dynasties TransformationTexts ( pien-wen) to Later ChinesePopular Literature

71

13 Oct.1989

Jiaosheng WangShanghai

The Complete Ci-Poems of LiQingzhao: A New EnglishTranslation

xii,122

14 Dec.

1989

various Reviews (II) 69

15 Jan.1990

George CardonaUniversity of Pennsylvania

On Attitudes Toward Language inAncient India

19

16 March1990


Three Brief Essays ConcerningChinese Tocharistan

16

17 April1990

Heather PetersUniversity Museum of

Philadelphia

Tattooed Faces and Stilt Houses:Who Were the Ancient Yue?

28

18 May1990


Two Non-Tetragraphic NorthernSinitic Languages

a. Implications of theSoviet Dungan Script forChinese LanguageReform

b. Who Were the Gyámi?

28

19 June1990 Bosat Man Nalanda Backhill/Peking/Beijing 6

20 Oct.1990


Introduction and Notes for aTranslation of the Ma-wang-tuiMSS of the Lao Tzu

68

http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp013_li_qingzhao.pdf





http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp014_chinese_book_reviews.pdf

http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp019_peking_beijing.pdf

http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp019_peking_beijing.pdf

http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp014_chinese_book_reviews.pdf








21 Dec.1990

Philippa Jane BensonCarnegie Mellon

University

Two Cross-Cultural Studies onReading Theory

9, 13

22 March1991

David MoserUniversity of Michigan

Slips of the Tongue and Pen inChinese

45

23 April1991


Tracks of the Tao, Semantics ofZen

10

24 Aug.1991 David A. UtzUniversity of Pennsylvania Language, Writing, and Traditionin Iran 24

25 Aug.1991

Jean DeBernardiUniversity of Alberta

Linguistic Nationalism: The Caseof Southern Min

22 + 3figs.

26 Sept.1991

JAO Tsung-iChinese University of

Hong Kong

Questions on the Origins of WritingRaised by the Silk Road

10

27 Aug.

1991

Victor H. Mair, ed.

University of Pennsylvania

Schriftfestschrift: Essays in Honor

of John DeFrancis on His Eightieth Birthday

ix, 245

28 Sept.1991

ZHOU YouguangState Language

Commission, Peking

The Family of ChineseCharacter-Type Scripts (Twenty Members and Four Stages of Development )

11

29 Sept.1991


What Is a Chinese“Dialect/Topolect”? Reflections onSome Key Sino-English Linguistic

Terms

31

30 Oct.1991

M. V. Sofronov Institute of Far Eastern

Studies, Academy of

Sciences, Moscow

Chinese Philology and the Scriptsof Central Asia

10

http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp027_john_defrancis.pdf



http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp028_chinese_scripts.pdf






http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp029_chinese_dialect.pdf



















31 Oct.1991

various Reviews (III) 68

32 Aug.1992

David McCrawUniversity of Hawaii

How the Chinawoman Lost HerVoice

27

33 Sept.1992

FENG Lide and KevinStuartChuankou No. 1 Middle

School and Qinghai

Education College

Interethnic Contact on the InnerAsian Frontier: The Gangou Peopleof Minhe County, Qinghai

34

34 Oct.1992


Two Papers on Sinolinguistics

1. A HypothesisConcerning the Originof the Term fanqie (“Countertomy”)

2. East Asian Round-TripWords

13

35 Nov.1992


with an added note byEdwin G. Pulleyblank

Reviews (IV) 37

36 Feb.1993

XU Wenkan Hanyu Da Cidian editorial

offices, Shanghai

Hanyu Wailaici de YuyuanKaozheng he Cidian Bianzuan(Philological Research on theEtymology of Loanwords in Siniticand Dictionary Compilation)

13

37 March1993

Tanya StorchUniversity of New Mexico

Chinese Buddhist Historiographyand Orality

16

38 April1993


The Linguistic and TextualAntecedents of The Sutra of theWise and the Foolish

95





39 Aug.1993

Jordan PaperYork University

A Material Case for a Late BeringStrait Crossing Coincident withPre-Columbian Trans-PacificCrossings

17

40 Sept.1993

Michael CarrCenter for Language

Studies, Otaru University

of Commerce

Tiao-Fish through ChineseDictionaries

68

41 Oct.1993 Paul Goldin Harvard University Miching Mallecho: The Zhanguoce and Classical Rhetoric 27

42 Nov.1993

Renchin-Jashe YulshulTibetan Autonomous

Prefecture, Kokonor

(Qinghai)

and Kevin Stuart Institute of Foreign

Languages, Ulaanbaatar,

Mongolia

Kham Tibetan Language Materials 39

43 Dec.1993

MA Quanlin, MAWanxiang, and MAZhicheng Xining

Edited by Kevin StuartKokonor

Salar Language Materials 72

44 Jan.1994

Dolkun KamberiColumbia University

The Three Thousand Year OldCharchan Man Preserved atZaghunluq

15

45 May1994

Mark HansellCarleton College

The Sino-Alphabet: TheAssimilation of Roman Letters intothe Chinese Writing System

28

46 July1994

various Reviews (V) 2, 155





47 Aug.1994

Robert S. Bauer Mahidol University Salaya

Nakornpathom, Thailand

Sino-Tibetan *kolo “Wheel” 11

48 Sept.1994


Introduction and Notes for aComplete Translation of theChuang Tzu

xxxiv,110

49 Oct.1994

Ludo RocherUniversity of Pennsylvania

Orality and Textuality in the IndianContext

28

50 Nov.1994

YIN BinyongState Language

Commission and Institute

for Applied Linguistics

(Chinese Academy of

Social Sciences)

Diyi ge Lading Zimu de HanyuPinyin Fang’an Shi ZenyangChansheng de? [How Was the FirstRomanized Spelling System forSinitic Produced?]

7

51 Nov.1994

HAN Kangxin Institute of Archeology

Chinese Academy of

Social Sciences

The Study of Ancient HumanSkeletons from Xinjiang, China

9 + 4figs.

52 Nov.1994

Warren A. ShiblesUniversity of Wisconsin

Whitewater

Chinese Romanization Systems:IPA Transliteration

20

53 Nov.1994

XU Wenkan Editorial Offices of the

Hanyu Da Cidian

Shanghai

Guanyu Tuhuoluoren de Qiyuan heQianxi Wenti [On the Problem ofthe Origins and Migrations of theTocharians]

11

54 Nov.1994 Üjiyediin Chuluu(Chaolu Wu)University of Toronto

Introduction, Grammar, andSample Sentences for Jegün Yogur 34

55 Nov.1994

Üjiyediin Chuluu(Chaolu Wu)University of Toronto

Introduction, Grammar, andSample Sentences for Dongxiang

34

http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp052_chinese_ipa.pdf








56 Nov.1994


Introduction, Grammar, andSample Sentences for Dagur

36

57 Nov.1994


Introduction, Grammar, andSample Sentences for Monguor

31

58 Nov.1994

Üjiyediin Chuluu(Chaolu Wu)

University of Toronto

Introduction, Grammar, andSample Sentences for Baoan

28

59 Dec.1994

Kevin StuartQinghai Junior Teachers

College;

LimusishidenQinghai Medical College

Attached Hospital, Xining,

Kokonor (Qinghai)

China’s Monguor Minority:Ethnography and Folktales

i, I,193

60 Dec.

1994

Kevin Stuart, Li

Xuewei, and ShelearQinghai Junior Teachers

College, Xining, Kokonor

(Qinghai)

China’s Dagur Minority: Society,

Shamanism, and Folklore

vii,

167

61 Dec.1994

Kevin Stuart and LiXueweiQinghai Junior Teachers

College, Xining, Kokonor

(Qinghai)

Tales from China’s Forest Hunters:Oroqen Folktales

iv, 59

62 Dec.1994 William C. HannasGeorgetown University

Reflections on the “Unity” ofSpoken and Written Chinese andAcademic Learning in China

5

63 Dec.1994

Sarah M. NelsonUniversity of Denver

The Development of Complexity inPrehistoric North China

17





64 Jan.1995

Arne Østmoe Bangkok, Thailand, and

Drøbak, Norway

A Germanic-Tai Linguistic Puzzle 81, 6

65 Feb.1995

Penglin WangChinese University of

Hong Kong

Indo-European Loanwords inAltaic

28

66 March1995

ZHU QingzhiSichuan University and

Peking University

Some Linguistic Evidence forEarly Cultural Exchange Between

China and India

7

67 April1995

David McCrawUniversity of Hawaii

Pursuing Zhuangzi as aRhymemaster: A Snark-Hunt inEight Fits

38

68 May1995

Ke Peng, Yanshi ZhuUniversity of Chicago and

Tokyo, Japan

New Research on the Origin ofCowries Used in Ancient China

i, 26

69 Jan.

1996

Dpal-ldan-bkra-shis,

Keith Slater, et al. Qinghai, Santa Barbara,

etc.

Language Materials of China’s

Monguor Minority: HuzhuMongghul and Minhe Mangghuer

xi, 266

70 Feb.1996

David Utz, Xinru Liu,Taylor Carman, Bryan Van

Norden, and the Editor

Philadelphia, Vassar, etc.

Reviews VI 93

71 March1996

Erik Zürcher Leiden University

Seishi KarashimaSoka University

Huanming QinTang Studies Hotline

Vernacularisms in MedievalChinese Texts

31 +11 + 8

72 May1996

E. Bruce BrooksUniversity of

Massachusetts

The Life and Mentorship ofConfucius

44





73 June1996

ZHANG Juan, et al.,and Kevin StuartQinghai, Inner Mongolia,

Shanxi, Henan, Liaoning

Blue Cloth and Pearl Deer; YogurFolklore

iii, 76

74 Jan.1997

David MoserUniversity of Michigan &

Beijing Foreign Studies

University

Covert Sexism in MandarinChinese

23

75 Feb.1997 Haun SaussyStanford University The Prestige of Writing: Wen2

,Letter, Picture, Image, Ideography 40

76 Feb.1997

Patricia EichenbaumKaretzky Bard College

The Evolution of the Symbolism ofthe Paradise of the Buddha ofInfinite Life and Its WesternOrigins

28

77 Jan.1998

Daniel HsiehPurdue University

The Origin and Nature of the“Nineteen Old Poems”

49

78 Feb.1998 Narsu Inner Mongolia College of

Agriculture & Animal

Husbandry

Kevin StuartQinghai Junior Teachers’

College

Practical Mongolian Sentences(With English Translation) iii +49 + ii+ 66

79 March1998

Dennis Grafflin Bates College

A Southeast Asian Voice in theDaodejing?

8

80 July1998 Taishan YuChinese Academy of

Social Sciences

A Study of Saka History ii +225

81 Sept.1998

Hera S. WalkerUrsinus College

(Philadelphia)

Indigenous or Foreign?: A Look atthe Origins of the Monkey HeroSun Wukong

iv +110





82 Sept.1998

I. S. Gurevich Russian Academy of

Sciences

A Fragment of a pien-wen(?)Related to the Cycle “On Buddha’sLife”

15

83 Oct.1998

Minglang ZhouUniversity of Colorado at

Boulder

Tense/Aspect markers in Mandarinand Xiang dialects, and theircontact

20

84 Oct.1998

Ulf JägerGronau/Westfalen,

Germany

The New Old Mummies fromEastern Central Asia: Ancestors of

the Tocharian Knights Depicted onthe Buddhist Wallpaintings ofKucha and Turfan? SomeCircumstantial Evidence

9

85 Oct.1998

Mariko Namba WalterUniversity of New

England

Tokharian Buddhism in Kucha:Buddhism of Indo-EuropeanCentum Speakers in ChineseTurkestan before the 10th CenturyC.E.

30

86 Oct.1998 Jidong YangUniversity of Pennsylvania Siba: Bronze Age Culture of theGansu Corridor 18

87 Nov.1998


Canine Conundrums: Eurasian DogAncestor Myths in Historical andEthnic Perspective

74

88 Dec.1998

Saroj Kumar Chaudhuri Aichi Gakusen University

Siddham in China and Japan 9, 124

89 Jan.

1999

Alvin Lin

Yale University

Writing Taiwanese: The

Development of Modern WrittenTaiwanese

4 + 41

+ 4

90 Jan.1999

Victor H. Mair et al Reviews VII [including review ofThe Original Analects]

2, 38

91 Jan.1999


Phonosymbolism or Etymology:The Case of the Verb “Cop”

28





102 March2000

Theresa Jen Bryn Mawr College

Ping Xu Baruch College

Penless Chinese CharacterReproduction

15

103 June2000

Carrie E. Reid Middlebury College

Early Chinese Tattoo 52

104 July2000

David W. Pankenier Lehigh University

Popular Astrology and BorderAffairs in Early China

19 + 1color

plate

105 Aug.2000

Anne BirrellCambridge University

Postmodernist Theory in RecentStudies of Chinese Literature

31

106 Sept.2000

Yu TaishanChinese Academy of

Social Sciences

A Hypothesis about the Sources ofthe Sai Tribes

i, 3,200

107 Sept.2000

Jacques deLisle,Adelheid E. Krohne,

and the editor

Reviews IX 148 +map

108 Sept.2000

Ruth H. ChangUniversity of Pennsylvania

Understanding Di and Tian: Deityand Heaven From Shang to Tang

vii, 54

109 Oct.2000

Conán Dean CareyStanford University

In Hell the One without Sin is Lord ii, 60

110 Oct.2000

Toh Hoong Teik Harvard University

Shaykh 'Alam: The Emperor ofEarly Sixteenth-Century China

20

111 Nov.2000 Victor H. MairUniversity of Pennsylvania The Need for a New Era 10

112 July2001


Notes on the Anau Inscription xi, 93





113 Aug.2001

Ray CollinsChepachet, RI

David Kerr Melbourne, FL

Etymology of the Word“Macrobiotic:s” and Its Use inModern Chinese Scholarship

18

114 March2002

Ramnath SubbaramanUniversity of Chicago

Beyond the Question of theMonkey Imposter: Indian Influenceon the Chinese Novel, The Journeyto the West

35

115 April2002 ZHOU JixuSichuan Normal

University

Correspondences of Basic WordsBetween Old Chinese andProto-Indo-European

8

116 May2002

LIU Yongquan Institute of Linguistics,

Chinese Academy of

Social Sciences

On the Problem of ChineseLettered Words

13

117 May2002

SHANG WeiColumbia University

Baihua, Guanhua, Fangyan and theMay Fourth Reading of Rulin

Waishi

10

118 June2002

Justine T. SnowPort Townsend, WA

Evidence for the Indo-EuropeanOrigin of Two Ancient ChineseDeities

ii, 75,1

color,1 b-w print

119 July2002

WU Zhen Xinjiang Museum,

Ürümchi

“Hu” Non-Chinese as They Appearin the Materials from the AstanaGraveyard at Turfan

21, 5figs.

120 July2002

Anne BirrellUniversity of Cambridge,

Clare Hall

Female-Gendered Myth in theClassic of Mountains and Seas

47

121 July2002

Mark Edward LewisStanford University

Dicing and Divination in EarlyChina

22, 7figs.





122 July2002

Julie WilenskyYale Univesity

The Magical Kunlun and “DevilSlaves”: Chinese Perceptions ofDark-skinned People and Africa before 1500

51, 3figs.

123 Aug.2002

Paul R. Goldin and theeditor

Reviews X 30

124 August2002

Fredrik T. HiebertUniversity of Pennsylvania

John Colarusso McMaster University

The Context of the Anau Seal

Remarks on the Anau and NiyäSeals

1-34

35-47

125 July2003

ZHOU JixuSichuan Normal

University

Shanghai Normal

University

Correspondences of Cultural Words between Old Chinese andProto-Indo-European

19

126 Aug.

2003

Tim Miller

University of Washington

A Southern Min Word in the

Tsu-t’ang chi

14

127 Oct.2003

Sundeep S. JhuttiPetaluma, California

The Getes 125, 8color

plates

128 Nov.2003

Yinpo Tschang New York City

On Proto-Shang 18

129 Dec.2003

Michael Witzel Harvard University

Linguistic Evidence for CulturalExchange in Prehistoric Western

Central Asia

70

130 Feb.2004

Bede FaheyFort St. John, British

Columbia

Mayan: A Sino-Tibetan Language?A Comparative Study

61





131 March2004

Taishan YuChinese Academy of

Social Sciences

A History of the Relationship between the Western and EasternHan, Wei, Jin, Northern andSouthern Dynasties and theWestern Regions

1, 3,352

132 April2004

Kim HayesSydney

On the Presence of Non-Chinese atAnyang

11

133 April

2004

John L. Sorenson

Brigham Young UniversityCarl L. JohannessenUniversity of Oregon

Scientific Evidence for

Pre-Columbian TransoceanicVoyages CD-ROM

48,

166,19, 15 plates

134 May2004

Xieyan Hincha Neumädewitz, Germany

Two Steps Toward Digraphia inChina

i, 22

135 May2004

John J. EmersonPortland, Oregon

The Secret History of the Mongols and Western Literature

21

136 May

2004

Serge Papillon

Mouvaux, France andUlaanbaatar, Mongolia

Influences tokhariennes sur la

mythologie chinoise

47

137 June2004

Hoong Teik Toh Harvard University

Some Classical Malay Materialsfor the Study of the Chinese Novel Journey to the West

64

138 June2004

Julie Lee WeiSan Jose and London

Dogs and Cats: Lessons fromLearning Chinese

17

139 June

2004

Taishan Yu

Chinese Academy ofSocial Sciences

A Hypothesis on the Origin of the

Yu State

20

140 June2004


Shih and Zong: Social Organizationin Bronze Age China

28

141 July2004


Chaos in Heaven: On the Calendarsof Preclassical China

30





142 July2004

Katheryn Linduff, ed.University of Pittsburgh

Silk Road Exchange in China 64

143 July2004


Sleep in Dream: SoporificResponses to Depression in Storyof the Stone

99

144 July2004

RONG XinjiangPeking University

Land Route or Sea Route?Commentary on the Study of thePaths of Transmission and Areas in

which Buddhism WasDisseminated during the HanPeriod

32

145 Aug.2004

the editor Reviews XI 2, 41

146 Feb.2005

Hoong Teik Toh Academia Sinica

The -yu Ending in Xiongnu,Xianbei, and Gaoju Onomastica

24

147 March

2005

Hoong Teik Toh

Academia Sinica

Ch. Qiong ~ Tib. Khyung; Taoism

~ Bonpo -- Some QuestionsRelated to Early Ethno-ReligiousHistory in Sichuan

18

148 April2005

Lucas Christopoulos Beijing Sports University

Le gréco-bouddhisme et l’art du poing en Chine

52

149 May2005

Kimberly S. Te WinkleUniversity College,

London

A Sacred Trinity: God, Mountain,and Bird: Cultic Practices of theBronze Age Chengdu Plain

ii, 103(41 incolor)

150 May2005 Dolkun KamberiWashington, DC Uyghurs and Uyghur Identity 44

151 June2005

Jane Jia SIUniversity of Pennsylvania

The Genealogy of Dictionaries:Producers, Literary Audience, andthe Circulation of English Texts inthe Treaty Port of Shanghai

44, 4tables





152 June2005

Denis MairSeattle

The Dance of Qian and Kun in the Zhouyi

13, 2figs.

153 July2005

Alan Piper London (UK)

The Mysterious Origins of theWord “Marihuana”

17

154 July2005

Serge Papillon Belfort, France

Mythologie sino-européenne 174, 1 plate

155 July

2005

Denis Mair

Seattle

Janus-Like Concepts in the Li and

Kun Trigrams

8

156 July2005

Abolqasem EsmailpourShahid Beheshti

University, Tehran

Manichean Gnosis and Creation 157

157 Aug.2005

Ralph D. Sawyer Independent Scholar

Paradoxical Coexistence ofPrognostication and Warfare

13

158 Aug.2005

Mark Edward LewisStanford University

Writings on Warfare Found inAncient Chinese Tombs

15

159 Aug.2005

Jens ØstergaardPetersenUniversity of Copenhagen

The Zuozhuan Account of theDeath of King Zhao of Chu and ItsSources

47

160 Sept.2005

Matteo ComparetiVenice

Literary Evidence for theIdentification of Some CommonScenes in Han Funerary Art

14

161 Sept.2005

Julie Lee Wei London

The Names of the Yi Jing Trigrams:An Inquiry into Their Linguistic

Origins

18

162 Sept.2005


Counting and Knotting:Correspondences between OldChinese and Indo-European

71,map





163 Oct.2005


Huangdi and Huntun (the YellowEmperor and Wonton): A NewHypothesis on Some Figures inChinese Mythology

44

164 Oct.2005


Shang and Zhou: An Inquiry intothe Linguistic Origins of TwoDynastic Names

62

165 Oct.

2005

Julie Lee Wei

London

DAO and DE: An Inquiry into the

Linguistic Origins of Some Termsin Chinese Philosophy andMorality

51

166 Nov.2005


Hodong KimSeoul National University

and David Selvia andthe Editorboth of the University of

Pennsylvania

Reviews XII i, 63

167 Dec.2005

ZHOU JixuSichuan Normal

University

Old Chinese '帝*tees' andProto-Indo-European “*deus”:Similarity in Religious Ideas and aCommon Source in Linguistics

17

168 Dec.2005

Judith A. Lerner New York City

Aspects of Assimilation: theFunerary Practices and Furnishingsof Central Asians in China

51, v,9

plates

169 Jan.2006 Victor H. MairUniversity of Pennsylvania

Conversion Tables for theThree-Volume Edition of the Hanyu Da Cidian

i, 284

170 Feb.2006

Amber R. WoodwardUniversity of Pennsylvania

Learning English, Losing Face, andTaking Over: The Method (orMadness) of Li Yang and His CrazyEnglish

18

Michail v. Sofronov - Chinese Philology and the Scripts of Central Asia

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Transcript of Michail v. Sofronov - Chinese Philology and the Scripts of Central Asia