Metrology, Instruments, Sensors, Beaconing,...

1

ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand

Metrology, Instruments, Sensors, Beaconing, SignalisationMetrology, Instruments, Sensors, Beaconing, Signalisation


The Variety of Sensors,Instruments and Methods in EG


Monitoring projects

Sensors Measuring Methods Experts

Accuracy

Connection

Calibration

Logistics

Civil engineer

Mechanical engineer

Geologist

Metrology specialist

Period Permanent

Filtering

Marginal Check

Zero measuring

1. Measuring

i. Measuring

Analysis of deformation

Visualisation

Adjustment

Adjustment

Adjustment

The Environment: Sensors The Environment: Sensors –– Measuring Methods Measuring Methods –– ExpertExpert


Monitoring Sensors, Instruments: OverviewMonitoring Sensors, Instruments: Overview

Pressure sensorsHydrostatic systemsDisplacement transducers (extensometers, crack- and jointmeters, etc.)Strain gauges (tension gauges)Tiltmeters, including vibrating wireLoad cells (force measurement)Fixed removable micrometers (FIM)Optical fiberOptical positioning sensors

Motorized total stationsGPSDigital levels, including those with automated positioning Meteorological sensorsTemperature sensors

pH and conductivity metersGas sensors

GEO

PHYSIC

S GEO

DESY PH

YSICS C

HEM

ISTRY

Geotechnics


Methods:AccuracyMethods:Accuracy versus Rangeversus Range


Referenzpunkt

Standpunkt

GPS

T_MOTDIGNIV_MOT Referenzpunkt

Referenzpunkt

Reflektor

Geodetic Measurement Scenario for Slope MovementsGeodetic Measurement Scenario for Slope Movements

2


Slope MovementsSlope Movements


Instrumentation for Rockfall MeasurementsInstrumentation for Rockfall Measurements

Extensometer

Inclinometer


General Specification (Quality) of Sensors/Instruments/MethodsGeneral Specification (Quality) of Sensors/Instruments/Methods

Accuracy / Precision/ ResolutionLinearityCalibration Stability (long term stability)SynchronisationInterfaces/ Remote controlPower level; Power ConsumptionProtected against meteo-influencesElectromagnetic shieldingAvailabilitySupportCosts


Sensors/InstrumentsSensors/Instruments1D Length 1D Length ––HeightHeight2D Coordinates/Position2D Coordinates/Position3D Coordinates/Position3D Coordinates/Position


Single/Multi Distance MeasurementsSingle/Multi Distance Measurements

--Extensometers Bars/Wires/Extensometers Bars/Wires/FiberFiber--Optical Sensors (relative Distance)Optical Sensors (relative Distance)--EDM (relative and absolute distances)EDM (relative and absolute distances)


TelejointmeterTelejointmeter ((HuggenbergerHuggenberger))

3


TeletensometerTeletensometer ((HuggenbergerHuggenberger))


Crack Meter (Crack Meter (RissmikrometerRissmikrometer))


ExtensometryExtensometry ((Deformeter/HuggenbergerDeformeter/Huggenberger))


Extensometer (WireExtensometer (Wire-- & Bar& Bar--Extensometer)Extensometer)


Borehole Extensometer Borehole Extensometer ““NalpsNalps””


The ISETH SystemThe ISETH System

4


DrahtDraht Extensometer Extensometer DistometerDistometer ISETHISETH


Wire Extensometer (ISETH)Wire Extensometer (ISETH)


FiberFiber Optical Sensors: OSMOS, Optical Sensors: OSMOS, SmartecSmartec,,


LED

A/D

Coupler

LEDPhoto-Diode

Mobile Mirror

SOFO reading Unit

Micro Controller

InterferometryInterferometry: SOFO V System : SOFO V System

Modem

Modem

RS232

PCSOFODB

OpticalSwitch

SOFObus

Bridge Data Acquisiton Units

Standard Sensors

Membrane Sensors

Other SOFO Sensors (Force, T,…)Data-logger

Click or press spacebar to advance in the animation


SOFO SOFO DynamicDynamic

Functional Principle:

Laser1550nm

Mirr

ors

Structure under test Coupler

Phase Modulator

SOFO DynamicDemodulator

Photo-Diode

Digital Output

DSPAnalog Output


SOFO Reading UnitsSOFO Reading Units

Through 3rd party DAQYes, integratedData logging

SimultaneousSequentialAcquisition

8 per moduleUnlimitedNumber of channels

Analog outputDigital output

SDB monitoring database

Output

0 to 1 kHzStatic Bandwidth

Compatible with all SOFO sensorsSensor compatibility

Incremental relativeSelf-referenced relative Type of measurement

Dynamic measurements

Short- and long-term static monitoring

Application

SOFO DynamicSOFO V

5


SOFO System ComponentsSOFO System ComponentsSOFO System Components

• Portable, rack or permanent.• Battery / AC power supply.• Rugged and waterproof.• Integrated Datalogger.• Modem connection.

• Rugged, watertight.• Insensitive to temperature, EM

fields, corrosion,…• Easy and rapid to install.• No calibration required.

Reading units

Sensors


SOFO Sensor FamilySOFO Sensor Family

Standard Sensor

DETAN Force Sensor

Concrete Setting Sen.

Dis

plac

emen

tSe

nsor

SMARTape

Inclinometer


Standard Sensor InstallationStandard Sensor Installation

Concrete Embedding

Surface Installation

BoreholeInjection


Fiber Bragg Grating SensorsFiber Bragg Grating Sensors

The reflected wavelengthThe reflected wavelengthdepends on the strain anddepends on the strain andtemperature of the fibertemperature of the fiber

Ca. 1cmCa. 1cm


MultiplexedMultiplexed SensingSensing

λλ11 λλ22

λλ33

λλnn

λλ11

λλ22

λλ33λλnn


MuST System ComponentsMuST System ComponentsMuST System Components

Sensors

• Permanent installation.• AC/DC power supply.• Rugged and waterproof version.• Ethernet connection.

• Strain and temperature multiplexed sensors

• Rugged, watertight.• Insensitive to temperature, EM

fields, corrosion,…• Easy and rapid to install.• Embeddable in concrete and

composites.

Reading units

6


MuST Deformation SensorsMuST Deformation SensorsMuST Deformation Sensors

Temperature measurement and compensation for each sensorUp to 5 sensors per chainMeasurement basis: 25 cm to 2 m

Single-ended

Double-ended

Chained

∆LT

∆LT

∆LT

∆L T

∆LT


DiTeStDiTeSt Brillouin ScatteringBrillouin Scattering

The interaction between acousticand optical waves depends onthe strain and temperature stateof the fiber.


DistributedDistributed SensingSensing

FF

εT1

Position [m]

Stra

in[µε]

Reading Unit

Distributed Sensor0m

1m 100m

1000m

20km

T1

ε

T2

T2

Position [m]

Tem

p. [°

C]


ElectroElectro opticaloptical distance distance metermeter (EDM)(EDM)


DICLAS: Continuous Distance Measurement by laserDICLAS: Continuous Distance Measurement by laser


DimetixDimetix PolydistPolydist

7


Alignment toolsAlignment tools-- wireswires--optical alignmentoptical alignment--laser alignmentlaser alignment


Alignment PrincipleAlignment Principle

Principle of optical alignment:Between two permanently installed points (alignment instrument and Mire) a vertical layer is set. Measured are the shortest horizontal distances between the alignment points (marked with alignment target signs) and the vertical layer.


Optical Alignment (Optical Alignment (FreibergerFreiberger PrPrääzisionsmechanikzisionsmechanik))


Alignment InstrumentsAlignment Instruments

1,5kgGewicht350x290x180mmAbmessungen

Behälter

2,7kgGewicht265x140mmAbmessungen

Instrument

-20°C...+50°CArbeitsbereich

Temperatur

20" / IntervallNivellierlibelle45" / IntervallStehachslibelle

Libellen

100Multiplikationskonstante1,2mkürzeste Zielweite30mmfreier Objektivdurchmesser2° (3,5m / 100m)Sehfeldwinkel20xVergrößerung

aufrechtseitenrichtig

Bildlage

Fernrohr


PlumbingPlumbing-- optical plumbingoptical plumbing-- mechanical plumbing (wires)mechanical plumbing (wires)


Zenith Plumbs (Zenith Plumbs (FreibergerFreiberger PrPrääzisionsmechanikzisionsmechanik))

3,5kgGewicht

140x295mmAbmessungen

Instrument

5mmMikrometerbereich

-25°C...+45°CArbeitsbereich

Temperatur

±0,15"mittlerer Einspielfehler

±10´Arbeitsbereich

Kompensator

40mmfreier Objektivdurchmesser

2,2mkürzeste Zielweite

32xVergrößerung

aufrechtseitenrichtig

Bildlage

Fernrohr

±1mmmittlerer Lotfehler auf 100m

Messgenauigkeit

8


Tiefe 800 mGenauigkeit 5 mm


Optische Lotung (Optische Lotung (SwissphotoSwissphoto/ETH)/ETH)


Mechanische Lotung (Gorleben Team) Mechanische Lotung (Gorleben Team)

Haspel mit Draht Ø 2mm 800 m Draht = 17 kg Stahl

Umlenkrolle

Gewichte 19 x 25 kg

Einmessung Drähte obenETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand

Lotbeobachtung mit T 2002

Gewichte entfernen

Team GorlebenAuswertung vor Ort mit Excel

Mechanische Lotung: untenMechanische Lotung: unten


EinflEinflüüsse auf die mechanische Lotungsse auf die mechanische Lotung

DrehschwingungenSchwingungen durch spiralförmige Verwirbelungen im Schacht Tropfwasser-EinflüsseLotverschiebungen wegen Ausweichen aus der SchachtachseLotabweichung durch inhomogene Schwereverteilung


Auswertung der SchwingungenAuswertung der Schwingungen

U [m]

t [s]

U1

U2

U3

U4

U5

m u u uii i

i= ⋅+

+⎛⎝⎜

⎞⎠⎟

++

12 2

21

[ ]xmn

i=

9


Ideen zur Lotbeobachtung mit LPSIdeen zur Lotbeobachtung mit LPS


Die MehrgewichtlotungDie Mehrgewichtlotung

Das Lot pendelt um eine Ruhelage. Die Abweichung der Ruhelage von der Lotrechten ist durch Mehrgewichtslotung unter der Annahme, dass ein doppelt schweres Lot halb so weit ausgelenkt wird, erfassbar [SCHULTE, LÖHR, VOSEN, 1968; SCHULER, 1954; EMSCHERMANN 1938].

Dabei wird bei gleicher Lotlänge nacheinander mit verschiedenen Gewichten gelotet. Aus den unterschiedlichen Ruhelagen lässt sich dann die lotrechte Lage berechnen. Die 2-Gewichtslotung hat sich im Fall der Mehrgewichtslotung durchgesetzt.


MehrgewichtslotungMehrgewichtslotungUnter Berücksichtigung des halben Lotgewichtes und unter der Voraussetzung, dass ein schwereres Gewicht geringer ausgelenkt wird als ein leichteres, können die Abdriften wie folgt berechnet werden:

aa

= PP

1

2

2

1

a =

P1 2− −aa

PP

2

2

1

1

aa

P PP

aP P

P12

2 12

1

1 21 =

a und a =

a12

2−−

⋅−−

⋅


Direction MeasurementTheodolitesPhotogrammetry (One Image Photogrammetry)


PhotogrammetricPhotogrammetric ApproachApproach

http://www.uni-weimar.de/Bauing/Vermess/forschung.html


Motorized Motorized Theodolites/VideotheodolitesTheodolites/Videotheodolites

Videotheodolites (Intzersection Method)Motorised tacheometer (vector measurement)Motorised tacheometer (contactless, scanning method)

Base

Intersection geometry influence as in Photogrammetry

10


Vector Measurement SystemsVector Measurement Systems

-- Total Stations/Total Stations/TacheometersTacheometers-- Terrestrial Laser ScanningTerrestrial Laser Scanning-- Aerial Aerial LaserscanningLaserscanning


MotorizedMotorized TheodolitesTheodolites „„FranaFrana Campo Valle Campo Valle MaggiaMaggia““


Influences of GlassInfluences of Glass


Instrumentensegment Visurlinie Zielsegment

• Instrumentenabweichungen

intern

• Meteo (Druck, Temperatur,

Feuchte)

• Ausrichtung Prisma

• Temperaturschwankungen • Refraktion (-> HZ, V) • Verschmutzung Prisma

• Verdrehung Instrument • Optisches Element im Strah-

lengang

• Pfeilerstabilität

• Verschmutzung Objektiv • Temperaturausdehnung

Stochastic and systematic Effects


Frana Campo Valle MaggiaFrana Campo Valle Maggia


TerrrestrialTerrrestrial and aerial and aerial LaserscanningLaserscanning

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Laser Scanning: Rockfall Laser Scanning: Rockfall ScharansScharans (ETHZ,1995)(ETHZ,1995)


TechnologieTechnologie--Evolution Evolution „„DOT DOT SurveyingSurveying““

OptechOptech


LaserscanningLaserscanning in Engineering in Engineering GeodesyGeodesy ((NalpsNalps 2005) HDS35002005) HDS3500


LiDARLiDAR --

D-GPS

INS

Laser-Ranging

INS

Yaw

Roll

Pitch

Z

Y

X

D-GPS


InterferometryInterferometry

-- RadarRadar--LaserLaser


Radar Radar InterferometryInterferometry

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Basic Principle of Basic Principle of InterferometryInterferometry

http://www.uni-weimar.de/Bauing/Vermess/dokumente/Fahne_InterferometrieBruecken.jpgETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand

Inclination SensorsInclination Sensors


Liquid Liquid SurfaceSurface withwith opticaloptical positionposition sensorsensor (PSD)(PSD)


Borehole Inclination SensorBorehole Inclination Sensor


Height DeterminationHeight Determination

-- Levelling , Levelling , -- motorised digital levelling for permanent monitoringmotorised digital levelling for permanent monitoring-- hydrostatic systemshydrostatic systems


Permanent Monitoring with Motorised Digital LevelsPermanent Monitoring with Motorised Digital Levels

Solexperts

13


Hydrostatic systemsHydrostatic systems


Basic Setup of a Hydrostatic Levelling SystemBasic Setup of a Hydrostatic Levelling Systemp = ρ g h

Height of water column

Glass cylinderwith scale

Metal stand

Valve


Freiberger Schlauchwaage according MeiFreiberger Schlauchwaage according Meißßerer

Air pressure compensation tube

• Height measure range: 100 mm

• Tube length: 30-50 m

• Accuracy: 0,01 mm

(in closed rooms)

±

Variables:circular level

Screw for levelling

Probe tip

mm-scale

Stop Valve

centeringplug gauge

System specific errors:

• Capillary forces

• Vibrations of fluid-column

• Fluid-viscosity


““AachenerAachener SchlauchwaageSchlauchwaage””


HLSHLS

x y

zPrecise levelling – low tiltFluid velocity – slow movements

Technical Data:Range: ± 2,5 mmResolution: 0.001 mmAccuracy: 10 µm

Option for self-calibration by development of a newly defined touchpoint ( ≈11 mm)

No linear correlation between the fluid‘s height and the measured signal


First LAS Instrument First LAS Instrument -- „„AlbignaAlbigna““

Lake side vessel

(adjustable)

25cm Valley side vesselCentral Unit

for several inputs

14


HSDM HSDM ––DifferetialDifferetial Pressure SystemPressure System

Lake Valley

Membrane UnitNormal

Zero

Inverse

Line No. 1

Line No. 2

Line No. 3

Measurement setup for calibration process

Target: Determination of residual deflectionDetermination of long-time-drift of differential-pressure-sensor

no manipulation of the system after installation remote control


Measurement Setup: Slope Movement MMeasurement Setup: Slope Movement Müünster Baselnster Basel

1234

5

JIHGF

9 8 7 6

10

A B C D E

flussaufwärts flussabwärts

Rutschgebiet

stabilesTerrain

stabilesTerrain

Technical data

Range: +/-500 mmAccuracy: 0.1mm Max. number of sensors : 12


The magnetic switching system integrated in the CPU switches on each measurement container to the difference pressure sensor.

multiple measurement lines

independent on other lines (yellow)

dependent on other lines (red)

new developmentof the system

One differential pressure sensor

Multiple Lines Measurement SetupMultiple Lines Measurement Setup


Hydrostatic Measurement Method LAS (Large Area Settlement)Hydrostatic Measurement Method LAS (Large Area Settlement)


Hydrostatic Levelling SystemsHydrostatic Levelling SystemsParticle accelerator DESY Hamburg

Supersonic emitter linked to a floater integrated and mechanically stable calibration distances


Transfer functionTransfer function–– Time ConstantsTime Constants

5 cm1

2

15


40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

17:13:55 17:16:48 17:19:41 17:22:34 17:25:26 17:28:19 17:31:12 17:34:05

5 cm movement with 30 m pipe

5 cm movement with 3 m pipe

Sampling rate = 4 sec.

Swinging BehaviourSwinging Behaviour –– Time ConstantsTime Constants


Application of LAS/HSDMApplication of LAS/HSDM

Building deformationTunneling

Soil compressionDisposal / DumpsiteRecultivation

Slope movement

Cuolm da vi

0

Deformation monitoring system CHAPF

Deformation monitoring on the bottom of the Albigna dam

Deformation monitoring of Münsterhügel in Basel (moving slope)

Deformation monitoring of soil when tube laying using construction and agricultural machines


Direction transferDirection transfer

-- GyrotheodolitesGyrotheodolites

-- Inertial Navigation Systems Inertial Navigation Systems


Direction TransferDirection Transfer in the in the SedrunSedrun ShaftShaft


-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

-10 0 10 20 30 40[Temperatur C0]

UNIBW

[mGon]

Temperature Problem with Gyroscope Temperature Problem with Gyroscope TachTacheoeometersmeters


Direction transfer in the Sedrun shaft Increase of reliability in tunnelling

Test measurement over two days during the diploma course(ETH) for surveying in 1999

Gyroscope MeasurementsGyroscope Measurements

16


10.012.014.016.018.020.022.0

Diff

eren

z in

mgo

n

3.5 mgon

21.7.99 28. / 29.7.99

Gyroscope MeasurementsGyroscope Measurements


Inertial Measurement SystemInertial Measurement System

• 3 orthogonal acceleration indicators

• 3 orthogonal gyroscopes• Coaxial arrangement• Processing unit


Inertial Measurement SystemInertial Measurement System

Resolution 0,1 mgon Drift 0,0020/h


Considerating the rotation amount of earth

Situation of the Inertial System to the Axis of the EarthSituation of the Inertial System to the Axis of the Earth


Measurement SetupMeasurement Setup


Measurement Setup in Measurement Setup in thethe ConveyorConveyor

17


Measurement Setting Measurement Setting (Dissertation Neuhierl, 2005)(Dissertation Neuhierl, 2005)

shaftconveyormounting-

plate

Adapting mirror

mirror

GAP

IMU

long-distance target location

βo

αo

top

top

αu

βu

bottom

bottom

ψ

Direction angle:tu = to + βo + αo + ψ – (βu + αu)


Measurement ProcessMeasurement Process


Dam Monitoring Nalps since October 2000Dam Monitoring Nalps since October 2000


MultisensorMultisensor systems with data systems with data aquisitionaquisition, , preprocessingpreprocessing, data, data--transfer,transfer, processing, calculationprocessing, calculation


Requirements for a Surveying System (GeoMonitor)Requirements for a Surveying System (GeoMonitor)

data acquisition data file managementreal-time numeric and graphic data displayinstrument configuration and control, including operation of motion-control motorsfor digital levels and total stationsreal-time compensation and other complex calculationsalarm definition and controlautomatic reports of desired datamonitoring activity logoptional: Remote Control Softwareallows communication and control of the system from an off-site location with these advantages:

convenient access to current and earlier data from any locationenables scheduled automatic transfers of up-to-the-minute data to remote officeseasy remote system control and configurationenables quick reactions to changing site conditionsenables backup of data to remote computers


Components of GeoMonitorComponents of GeoMonitor

18


Components of GeoMonitorComponents of GeoMonitor


Geodetic Monitoring System GeoMoS by LeicaGeodetic Monitoring System GeoMoS by Leica

License for support

Installation

Training

Remote configuration for GeoMoS Professional by GeoMoS Server, GeoMoS Analyzer included

Connection to a GeoMoS Professional, data-transfer and saving, support for large databases

Graphic and numeric visualization, editing functionabilities, postprocessing, import/export

Collecting and saving of data, 3D calculations, meteo model, connection of up to three sensors

Collecting and saving of data, basic calculations, connection of up to three sensors

Description

ServicesGeoMoS Remote

GeoMoS Server

GeoMoS Analyzer

GeoMoS Professional

GeoMoS Light


Geodetic Monitoring System GeoMoS by LeicaGeodetic Monitoring System GeoMoS by Leica


Radio antenna

Meteosensor

Ventilation

Photos: Swissphoto

MultisensorsystemsMultisensorsystems in Dam Monitoringin Dam Monitoring


GPSSensor

TPSSensor

Meteo

Extensometer

GeoMoS-ClientNalps, Curneraund Sta. Maria

GeoMoS-ServerDomat/Ems

ISDN

RemoteAccessModem

GSM

6 km Kabelverbindungen16 lokale Datenverbindungen via Datenleitung, Funk oder GSMDatenfernübertragung zum Server nach Domat/Ems via ISDN & GSM

GeoMoS: Das Geodätische Monitoring-System


Monitoring Software Leica Monitoring Software Leica GeoMoSGeoMoS

19


TU Munich SystemTU Munich System

TS 24 – MeasurementKarl Foppe, Wolf Barth and Sebastian PreisAutonomous Permanent Automatic Monitoring System with Robot-Tacheometers (0415)Shaping the ChangeXXIII FIG CongressMunich, Germany, October 8-13, 2006


GPSSensor

TPSSensor

Meteo

Extensometer

GeoMoS-ClientNalps, Curneraund Sta. Maria

GeoMoS-ServerDomat/Ems

ISDN

RemoteAccessModem

GSM

6 km cable connection16 local data connection via dataline, radio or GSMLong distance transmission (transfer) to server in Domat/Ems via ISDN & GSM

GeoMoS: Geodetic Monitoring System (Leica)GeoMoS: Geodetic Monitoring System (Leica)


SolexpertsSolexperts


Metrology OverviewMetrology Overview


Overview: Geodetic Metrology MethodsOverview: Geodetic Metrology Methods

Change of direction only, problem of coupling, just one distance

Permanent; no refraction influence

< 1/100 mmChange of distanceDistance measuring0-5 m

Just one distance; refraction influence

Permanent; reflectorless for suitable surfaces and angles

1/10 mmDistance, change of distance

Distance measuring5-2000 m

Time intensive installation, problem of coupling, influence of temperature

No refraction influence, permanent

1/100 mmRelative changes of the local z-coordinate

Hydrostaticheight measurement

No automation with optical levels, refraction influence

Simple; perpendicular relation independent of object

1/100 mmChanges of the local z-coordinate;

Levelling

DisadvantagesAdvantagesResolutionGeometric information

Metrology methods


Overview: Geodetic Metrology MethodsOverview: Geodetic Metrology Methods

Depends on the Surface parameteres,postprocessing

ReflectorlessMeasurementsHigh sampling rate

1-3 cm

1 mm

Pointcloud- Surface models

Laser ScanningMicrowave InterferometryPhotogrammetry

Free sight to satellites, transformation of parameters necessary for linking with other data

„Real-time“ – analysis possible with fix-installation

1 mm x,y3 mm z

Global 3D-coordinates in WGS84-system

3D-coordiantes designationGPS (differential phase measuring)

Refraction; needs reference points

Independent of superior systems; „Real-time“-analysis, simple target points (reflectors, reflex foils)

<1 mgonDirection- and distance changes → local 3D-coordinates

Vector measuringTotal stationElectronic tacheometer

Problem of couplingPermanent, perpendicular relation

< 1“ (0.3 mgon)

Rotation around x- or y-axis

Tilt meterInclinometerBorehole-Inclinometer


Metrology methods

20


Overview: Geodetic Metrology Methods Overview: Geodetic Metrology Methods

Refraction (optical)Related to a physical value1:500Transfer of Local verticalPlumbing- optical plumbing- mechanical plumbing

Refraction (optical)0,01 mmDeviation of a lineAlignment-Optical alignement- Mechanical alignment

Temperature Drifts complicated calibration

Independent from reference points

dmPosition, RotationsInertial Navigation Systems

TemperatureDrifts

Related to a physical Direction

1,3 mgonDirection related to the Rotation axis of the Earth

GyroscopAzimuth finding systems


Metrology methods


Overview: Geodetic Metrology Methods for Slope InstabilitiesOverview: Geodetic Metrology Methods for Slope Instabilities

Surface propertiesDoes not work on vegetated surfaces

High resolutionmmInterferometric patternRadar Interferometry

Temperature Drifts complicated calibration

Independent from reference points

dmPosition, RotationsInertial Navigation Systems

TemperatureDrifts

Related to a physical Direction

1,3 mgonDirection related to the Rotation axis of the Earth

GyroscopAzimuth finding systems


Metrology methods


Beaconing, Centering Systems, Reference PointsBeaconing, Centering Systems, Reference Points


CenteringCentering System WildSystem Wild

Zentrierbolzen und Zentrierkugel Pfeilerplatte mit Zentrierstift


Wild Wild 5/85/8”” Gleisvermessung


21

ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand


Zentrierplatten Zentrierplatten -- KernKern

Einbetonierte Zentrierplatte, Kern Zentrierplatte auf Pfeilergrungplatte

Pfeiler mit Lochbolzen und Fussplatten


SBB SBB BolzenBolzen


Zentrierflansch an KernZentrierflansch an Kern--ZentrierplatteZentrierplatte und mit beleuchteteund mit beleuchteter r ZielmarkeZielmarke

Staumauer Gigerwald


MesspfeilerMesspfeiler

22




Prismen auf Pfeilern

Doppel-wandige

Betonpfeiler

z.T. mitDoppelprisma


Reflector Mounting (?)Reflector Mounting (?)

?



CoverCentering

Pillar ø ca. 35 cmProtection pipe ø ca. 55 cm

Water outletFoundation ø 150 cm

130

cm

80 c

m


Verbindung InneresVerbindung Inneres--ääusseres Netz bei Staumauernusseres Netz bei Staumauern


Support for Total StationsSupport for Total Stations

23


Support (Support (SolexpertsSolexperts))


LotungszielmarkeLotungszielmarke

Kern


BodenpunkteBodenpunkte


ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand ETH ZurichEngineering Geodesy - Prof. Dr. H. Ingensand

ENDEND

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Geodetic metrology

Geotechnical metrology

Geophysical metrology

Remote sensing Other methods

System of the Measuring DisciplinesSystem of the Measuring Disciplines


Automatic Monitoring of an unstable Slope in Automatic Monitoring of an unstable Slope in LauterbrunnenLauterbrunnen ValleyValley


Only relative change; difficulty of docking; only one distance

Permanent; no refraction effect

< 1/100 mmDistance changeDistance finding 0-5 mExtensometerInterferometer

Only one distance; refraction effect

Permanent; for suitable surfaces and angle of impact also contact-free

1/10 mmDistance, Distance change

Distance finding 5-2000 mElectronic Distancemeter

Demanding installation; difficulty of docking, effect of temperature

No refraction effect, permanent

1/100 mmRelative change of the local z-coordinate

Hydrostatic height measuringTube balanceElectronic hydrostatic measuring system

With optical leveling instruments no automation, refraction effect

Simple; independent reference to the vertical

1/100 mmChange of the local z-coordinate; with digital leveling instruments also horizontal translations

LevelingLeveling instrumentDigital leveling instrument

DisadvantageAdvantagesResolutionGeometrical information

MetrologyInstruments

Overview: Geodetic Measurement of Slope InstabilityOverview: Geodetic Measurement of Slope Instability


Post processing1000 of points, contact less

1 cmPoint cloudLaser scanning

Free sight to satellites, transformation parameters for connection several measurements required

No requirement of reference points, „Real-time“ – analysis for fixed installation possible

1 mmGlobal 3D-coordinate in WGS84-System

3D-coordinate determination GPS (differential phase measuring)

Refraction; reference points required

Independent from superior systems; „Real-time“-analysis, simple points of aim (reflectors, reflex foil)

1 mgonDirection and distance changes → local 3D-coordinates

Vector measuringTotal stationElectronic tacheometer

DockingPermanent, reference to the vertical

< 1“(0.3 mgon)

Rotation around x- or y-axis

InclinometeryInclinometerDrill hole inclinometer

DisadvantageAdvantagesResolutionGeometrical informationMetrologyInstruments

Overview: Geodetic Instruments SensorsOverview: Geodetic Instruments Sensors


Levelling System with HalfLevelling System with Half--Filled PipeFilled Pipe

Hydrostatic Levelling SystemGroup of high-precision hydrostatic measurement systems, applied for world-wide electron accelerator monitoring

• half-filled pipe• Gravity related• capacitive measurement of fluid height


Bautechnik

Baustoffe & Materialien

Komplexität !

Spezialisierung

Schliessen von Baulücken

Kurze Bauzeiten

Qualitätssicherung

Trends im Bauwesen

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Metrology, Instruments, Sensors, Beaconing,...

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