METHODOLOGY TO SUPPORT ENVIRONMENTALLT AWARE PRODUCT DESIGN USING AXIOMATIC DESIGN: eAD+
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Transcript of METHODOLOGY TO SUPPORT ENVIRONMENTALLT AWARE PRODUCT DESIGN USING AXIOMATIC DESIGN: eAD+
METHODOLOGY TO SUPPORT ENVIRONMEN-TALLT AWARE PRODUCT DESIGN USING AX-
IOMATIC DESIGN:
eAD+
KAIST, Industrial and Systems EngineeringMijeong Shin, James Morrison and Hyo Won Suh
IDETC/CIE 2010 DETC2010/VIB-29171
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 2
CONTENTS
Background Necessity and Trend of Eco-Design Previous Approaches
Proposed Approach (eAD+) Methodology Flow diagram Comparisons to Other Methodologies
Methodologies Axiomatic Design Based Methodology Structured Eco-FR & Eco-DP Feedback Mechanism from Environmental Analysis Augmented Design Matrix
Example (Case Studies : Mobile phone, Stapler, Flash light) Concluding remarks
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 3
Necessity and trend of eco-design
World’s development paradigms are rapidly changing Sustainability becomes main driver of new paradigm
[1] Jovane, F., Yoshikawa, H., Alting, L., Boer, C. R., Westkamper, E., Williams, D., Tseng, M., Seliger, G. and Paci, A. M., 2008, “The Incoming Global Technological and Industrial Revolution towards Competitive Sustainable Manufacturing”, CIRP Annals, pp. 641-659
[1]
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 4
Necessity and trend of eco-design
Consumer sophistication regarding environmental issues has increased
International regulations for environmental emissions have become more strict
Need for product designs that satisfy international regulations
and meet consumer’s environmental expectations
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 5
For proactive eco-design, eco-factors should be considered early in the design process
Previous approaches
( Reactive redesign )
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 6
Previous approaches
( Reactive redesign )
Proactive eco-design- Eco Needs
Formal Method- LCT/LCA
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 7
Proposed Approach: eAD+
eAD+ methodology follows the essentials of Axiomatic Design To manage couplings between eco-factors and product design parameters
: Axiomatic design theory -> Supporting domain of design-> Encouraging innovative alternatives-> Insensitive to iterative design changes
However, it has some different points: Pre-made and structured eco-FRs and eco-DPs
: Eco-FRs and Eco-DPs libraries Using feedback mechanism, design can be affected by eco-analysis result directly
: LCT/LCA to Re-design Environmental effects of each DP are quantitatively estimated
: Augmented Design Matrix
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 8
Comparisons to other methodologies
[1]
[1] Integration of Sustainability Into Early Design Through the Function Impact Matrix, Devanathan S, Ramanujan D, Bernstein WZ, Zhao F, Ramani K, 2010, Journal of Mechanical Design
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 9
eAD+ methodology flow
Eco-Factors&AxiomaticDesign
LCT/LCA
AD+ (Aug DM)
LCA
LCA
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 10
Axiomatic design theory
“Axiomatic Design (AD) theory is a systems design methodology using matrix methods to systematically analyze the transformation of CN into FR, DP and PV”[1]
Customer Needs (CN): Voice of the customer (all stakeholders including eco-stakeholder) Functional Requirement (FR): Functions that a design must provide - goals Design Parameter (DP): Solution for each FRs (e.g. concept, component, process…) - methods Constraints & Selection Criteria
Axiom 1: Maintain independence of the FRs There is only one DP for each FR
[1] Axiomatic Design, N. P. Suh, 2002
-> Supporting domain of design-> Encouraging innovative alternatives-> Insensitive to iterative design changes
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 11
Eco-FR and Eco-DP list
Eco-customer needs were collected from literature survey Y. Zhang, H. –P. Wang, C. Zhang, “Green QFD-II-: a life cycle approach for envi-
ronmentally conscious manufacturing by integrating LCA and LCC into QFD matri-ces”, International Journal of Production Research, 1999, vol. 37, No. 5, 1075-1091
K. Masui, T. Sakao, A. Inaba, “Quality function deployment for environment QFDE”, IEEE, 2001, 852-857
T. Hur, J. Lee, J. Ryu, E. Kwon, “Simplified LCA and matrix methods identifying the environmental aspects of a product system”, Journal of Environmental Manage-ment, 2005, 229-237
P. Park, K. Lee, “Development of an ecodesign method for electronics products and application to mobile phone”, Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engi-neering, 2004, Vol. 26
17 companies’ web pages and environmental reports
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 12
Eco-FR and Eco-DP list
2004 OECD key environmental indicators Climate change: CO2 and greenhouse has emission intensities Ozone layer: Ozone depleting substances Air quality: SOx and NOx emission intensities Waste generation: municipal waste generation intensities Freshwater quality: waste water treatment connection rates Freshwater resources: intensity of use of water resources Forest resources: intensity of use of forest resources Fish resources: intensity of use of fish resources Energy resources: Intensity of energy use Biodiversity: Threatened species
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 13
Eco-FR and Eco-DP list
Environmental benchmarking pa-rameters
Ecodesign strate-gies for electronic
products
Source: P. Park, K. Lee, “Development of an ecodesign method for electronics products and application to mo-bile phone”, Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineering, 2004, Vol. 26
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 14
Eco-FR and Eco-DP list
- Preserve material- Design for disassembly- Reduce weight- Save Energy- Improve logistics- Battery-free product- Reduce amount of liquid residues- Eliminate cleaning process- Reduce emission- …
~100 eco-CNs for the eco-stakeholders CNs are simply things the
stakeholder-thinks they want
NOTE: There is generally little/no structure to CNs - They can include goals, methods, constraints, feel-ings, contradictions - un-structured
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 15
Eco-FR and Eco-DP list
FRs are goals DPs are methods
What goals can we find to satisfy the eco-stake-holder?
Eco-CNs may be categorized in 3 classes
- Less emission
- Less amount of liquid residues
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 16
Eco-FR and Eco-DP list
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 17
Eco-FR and Eco-DP list
* FRs which are directly related with LCA index
*
**
**
**
**
Life Cycle
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 18
Eco-FR and Eco-DP list
Eco-FR and eco-DP are intended to serve as a reference for the designer They can be readily incorporated into the design process
Possible DPs -
-
FRs
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 19
Feedback mechanism from eco-analysis
Direct feedback mechanism from eco-analysis result to the design process Using relationships between LCT/LCA index and Eco-FR,
LCT/LCA result can be linked with augmented design matrix
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 20
Feedback mechanism from eco-analysis
LCT/LCAValues DPs
FRs
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 21
Augmented design matrix
A design might have several couplings Each coupling has different effects on cus-
tomer/eco satisfaction In practice, eliminating all couplings might
be very difficult due to technology, time or resource limitation
Augmented DM
Using weighted DP, critical coupling can be defined Effective and efficient design process is possible
* Augmented Design Matrix is inspired by House of Quality in Quality Function Deployment (QFD) methodology
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 22
Augmented design matrix
Environmental analysis results are mapped to FR and FR weight are mapped to DP
Finally, critical DP which has the worse effect on the environment will be iden-tified
Environmental analysis
Functional Re-quirement
Design Param-eter
Critical coupling is identified!
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 23
Augmented design matrix
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 24
Augmented design matrix (ADM)
Normally, whether there is a coupling or not is indicated on the design matrix (not the magnitude of coupling)
In ADM, specific numbers are used to express magnitude of couplings
Using those numbers, result of environmental analysis can be mapped to FR and each DP’s environmental effects are quanti-tatively calculated
Designer can easily see which part has the worst effect on the environment
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 25
Case Study 1 – mobile phone
Objective: design eco-friendly mobile phone
Start with existing mobile phone design, modify the de-sign specifications using eAD+ methodology
Using this activity, we can verify the effectiveness of eAD+ methodology for designing eco-friendly product
Samsung ElectronicsSPH-C2300
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 26
eAD+ methodology flow
LCA
LCA
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 27
LCA (Life Cycle Assessemt)
Product Life cycle Data
Inventory Calcula-tion
Characterization
NormalizationEnvironment Impact Re-sult
LCA(Life Cycle Assessment)
2. Analyze inventory
3. Evaluate effect
4. Interpret result
MethaneSO2
GWAD
1. Set objective and range
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 28
LCI DB (PASS, Korean Government) Material Category Unit Total
PP (1kg)
Crude oil Raw g 1.200E+03CO2 Air g 1.800E+03NOx Air g 1.000E+01SOx Air g 1.100E+01VOC Air g 9.600E+00
Stainless steel (1kg)
Crude oil Raw g 2.940E+02Coal Raw g 7.790E+02
Chromium Raw g 2.030E+02Iron (ore) Raw g 6.550E+02
CO2 Air g 3.650E+03
Electricity (1kWh)Coal Raw g 4.950E+01CO2 Air g 2.900E+02
Methane Air g 5.320E-01SOx Air g 1.180E+00
Transport(4.5t Truck, 60km/h,
ton.km)
Crude oil Raw g 2.948E-02CO Air g 3.592E-05CO2 Air g 9.148E-02HC Air g 6.350E-04NOx Air g 1.239E-03
Incineration (20%)(1kg waste)
Coal Raw g 1.610E-01Crude oil Raw g 7.020E-01
CO2 Air g 3.560E+00NOx (as NO2) Air g 1.270E-01
Landfill (30%)(1kg waste)
Crude oil Raw g 9.540E-01CO2 Air g 1.870E+01
Methane Air g 1.970E+00SOx (as SO2) Air g 3.240E-02
Recycling (50%)(1kg waste)
Coal Raw g 7.880E+00Crude oil Raw g -7.490E+01Iron (ore) Raw g -3.020E+02
CO2 Air g -2.000E+02
Natural Rubber(1kg)
SOx Air g 7.597E-01Crude oil Raw g 5.475E+01
CO2 Raw g 1.800E+02NOx Air g 2.661E+00VOC Air g 5.201E-01COD Water g 1.000E+01
Natural gas Air g 4.752E+00CO Air g 6.181E-01
Material Category Unit Total
Aluminum(1kg)
CO2 Air g 1.790E+03Crude oil Raw g 4.120E+02
Coal Raw g 3.840E+02NOx Air g 9.430E+00SOx Air g 6.620E+00VOC Air g 1.160E+00
Methane Air g 1.990E+00
PCB (1kg)
Copper ore (35%) Raw g 5.611E+04CO2 Air g 1.002E+04Coal Raw g 1.302E+03
Crude oil Raw g 1.060E+03COD Water g 2.475E+02BOD Water g 1.494E+02
Li-ion Battery(1EA)
CO2 Air g 2.272E+02Natural gas Air g 1.185E+02
Coal Raw g 3.574E+01Crude oil Raw g 1.212E+01
SOx Air g 5.318E-01NOx Air g 4.540E-01
Methane Air g 3.057E-01
LCD (1kg)
Crude oil Raw g 2.760E+03CO2 Air g 5.400E+03NOx Air g 2.400E+01SOx Air g 1.980E+01VOC Air g 1.440E+01BOD Water g 4.483E+02COD Water g 4.950E+02
Plastic Extrusion(1kg)
CO2 Air g 2.186E+02Coal Air g 7.880E+01
Natural gas Air g 1.010E+01Crude oil Raw g 9.761E+00
SOx Air g 7.310E-01NOx Air g 5.350E-01
Press Process(3500T)
CO2 Air g 1.878E-01Coal Raw g 6.768E-02
Natural gas Air g 8.674E-03Crude oil Raw g 8.463E-03
CO Air g 1.870E-02SOx Air g 6.280E-04NOx Air g 4.600E-04
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 29
Upstream processFrom raw material acquisition to part manufacturing
Parameter
Housing
Raw material aqusition Part manufacturing
SumPP STEEL RUBBER AL PE Press Electric-
ity
Part FRT Panel
Slide UPR Slide LWR Back
PanelInner Panel
Slide UPR Panel
PCB 2 Plate
Metal(screws) Key Pad Number
PadKey Pad
Ring PP STEEL (kWh)
Mass (g) 9.0 8.0 6.0 8.0 3.0 6.0 5.0 1.5 0.5 1.0 0.5 34.0 12.5 1.0
Crude oil 1.080E+01
9.600E+00
7.200E+00
9.600E+00 3.600E+00 1.764E+00 1.470E+00 1.800E+00 2.738E-
02 5.475E-02 2.060E-01 3.319E-01 1.058E-04 4.645E+01
Coal 4.674E+00 3.895E+00 1.169E+00 1.920E-01 2.679E+00 8.460E-04 4.950E+0
16.211E+01
Chromium 1.218E+00 1.015E+00 3.045E-01 2.538E+00
Iron 3.930E+00 3.275E+00 9.825E-01 8.188E+00
CO21.620E+0
11.440E+0
11.080E+0
11.440E+0
1 5.400E+00 2.190E+01 1.825E+01 5.475E+00 9.002E-02 1.800E-01 8.950E-01 7.433E+0
0 2.347E-03 2.900E+024.054E+02
Methane 9.950E-04 1.084E-04 5.320E-01 5.331E-01
CO 3.090E-04 6.181E-04 2.338E-04 1.161E-03
VOC 8.640E-02 7.680E-02 5.760E-02 7.680E-02 2.880E-02 2.601E-04 5.201E-04 5.800E-04 3.278E-01
NOx 9.000E-02 8.000E-02 6.000E-02 8.000E-02 3.000E-02 1.331E-03 2.661E-03 4.715E-03 1.819E-02 5.750E-06 3.669E-01
SOx 9.900E-02 8.800E-02 6.600E-02 8.800E-02 3.300E-02 3.798E-04 7.597E-04 3.310E-03 2.485E-02 7.850E-06 1.180E+0
01.583E+00
COD 5.001E-03 1.000E-02 1.500E-02
Natural gas 2.376E-03 4.752E-03 3.433E-01 3.504E-01
Copper ore BOD
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 30
From raw material acquisition to part manufacturing
Parameter
Electronics Battery
TotalSum
Raw material aqusition Part M.
Sum
Raw material aqusition Part M.
SumPCB LCD Electricity PP PCB PACK PE Electricity
Part PCB 1 PCB 2 LCD (kWh) Battery Housing PCB Battery PACK PP (kWh)
Mass (g) 5.0 5.0 10.0 2.5 7.0 4.0 15.0 7.0 2.0
Crude oil 5.298E+00 5.298E+00 2.760E+01 3.820E+01 8.400E+00 4.238E+00 1.817E-01 6.833E-02 1.289E+01 9.754E+01
Coal 6.511E+00 6.511E+00 1.238E+02 1.368E+02 5.209E+00 5.361E-01 5.516E-01 9.900E+01 1.053E+02 3.042E+02
Chromium 2.538E+00
Iron 8.188E+00
CO2 5.009E+01 5.009E+01 5.400E+01 7.250E+02 8.792E+02 1.260E+01 4.007E+01 3.409E+00 1.530E+00 5.800E+02 6.376E+02 1.922E+03
Methane 1.330E+00 1.330E+00 4.585E-03 1.064E+00 1.069E+00 2.932E+00
CO 1.161E-03
VOC 1.440E-01 1.440E-01 6.720E-02 6.720E-02 5.390E-01
NOx 2.400E-01 2.400E-01 7.000E-02 6.810E-03 3.745E-03 8.055E-02 6.875E-01
SOx 1.980E-01 2.950E+00 3.148E+00 7.700E-02 7.977E-03 5.117E-03 2.360E+00 2.450E+00 7.181E+00
COD 1.238E+00 1.238E+00 4.950E+00 7.425E+00 9.900E-01 9.900E-01 8.430E+00
Natural gas 1.778E+00 7.067E-02 1.848E+00 2.199E+00
Copper ore 2.805E+02 2.805E+02 5.611E+02 2.244E+02 2.244E+02 7.855E+02
BOD 7.472E-01 7.472E-01 4.483E+00 5.978E+00 5.978E-01 5.978E-01 6.576E+00
Upstream process
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 31
Upstream LCA Result
Housin
g PP
Housin
g STEEL
Housin
g RUBBER
Housin
g AL
Electro
nics P
CBLC
D
Battery
Hou
sing
PCB Batt
ery
Battery
PACK
0.00E+00
5.00E-06
1.00E-05
1.50E-05
2.00E-05
2.50E-05
3.00E-05
3.50E-05
4.00E-05
4.50E-05
Part
GW
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 32
Downstream process
ParameterManufacture Delivery Use Disposal
Electricity Delivery Electricity Incineration(20%) Landfill(30%) Recycling(50%) Sum
Crude oil 1.393E-03 1.084E+02 6.634E-02 9.015E-02 -7.078E+00 -6.922E+00
Coal 3.465E+01 1.521E-02 7.447E-01 7.599E-01
Chromium Iron -7.078E+00 -7.078E+00
CO2 2.030E+02 4.323E-03 6.351E+02 3.364E-01 1.767E+00 -1.890E+01 -1.680E+01
Methane 3.724E-01 1.165E+00 1.862E-01 1.862E-01
CO 1.697E-06 VOC NOx 5.854E-05 1.200E-02 1.200E-02
SOx 8.260E-01 2.584E+00 3.062E-03 3.062E-03
COD Natural gas Copper ore
BOD HC 3.000E-05
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 33
Characterization
Inventory Loadi
GW AD EU POC ARD
(g CO2 eq/fu) (g SO2 eq/fu) (g PO43- eq/fu) (g ethene eq/fu) (g/fu yr)
eqvi,j CIi,j eqvi,j CIi,j eqvi,j CIi,j eqvi,j CIi,j eqvi,j CIi,j
Crude oil 1.99E+02 2.48E-02 4.94E+00
Coal 3.40E+02 3.44E-03 1.17E+00
Chromium 2.54E+00 3.81E-03 9.67E-03
Iron 1.11E+00 7.21E-03 8.00E-03
CO2 2.74E+03 1.00E+00 2.74E+03 Methane 4.66E+00 2.30E+01 1.07E+02 6.00E-03 2.79E-02
CO 1.16E-03 2.70E-02 3.14E-05 VOC 5.39E-01 4.16E-01 2.24E-01 NOx 7.00E-01 7.00E-01 4.90E-01 1.30E-01 9.09E-02 2.80E-02 1.96E-02 SOx 1.06E+01 1.00E+00 1.06E+01
Sum 2.85E+03 1.11E+01 9.09E-02 2.72E-01 6.12E+00
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 34
Normalization
Reference
1. Year : 1995
2. Global population : 5,675,675,676
3. Regional population (East china region) : 45,093,000
E. Ef -fect
Ni NIi(pe.yr/
fu)Bound-ary
Ref.-Value Unit
GW Global 5.66E+06 g CO2 eq/pe.yr 5.04E-
04
AD Regional 5.64E+04 g SO2 eq/pe.yr 1.97E-
04
EU Regional 8.90E+03 g SO4
3- eq/pe.yr 1.02E-05
POC Regional 7.37E+03
g ethene eq/pe.yr
3.69E-05
ARD Global 1.87E+04 g/pe.yr2 3.27E-
04
GW AD EU POC ARD0.00E+00
1.00E-04
2.00E-04
3.00E-04
4.00E-04
5.00E-04
6.00E-04
Norm
aliz
ed E
nviro
nmen
tal E
ffect
(pe.
yr/fu
)
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 35
Total LCA Result
Upstream
Sum
Manufac
ture
Delivery Use
Disposal-1.00E-04
0.00E+00
1.00E-04
2.00E-04
3.00E-04
4.00E-04
5.00E-04
6.00E-04
7.00E-04
8.00E-04
9.00E-04
ARDPOCEUADGW
Life-Cycle Stage
Envi
ronm
enta
l Effe
ct
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 36
Reference
1. Year : 1995
2. Global population : 5,675,675,676
3. Regional population (East china region) : 45,093,000
GW AD EU POC ARD0.00E+00
1.00E-04
2.00E-04
3.00E-04
4.00E-04
5.00E-04
6.00E-04initial DesignRedesign
Nor
mal
ized
Envi
ronm
enta
l Effe
ct(p
e.yr
/fu)
Initial Design Redesign
E. Effect NIi(pe.yr/fu)
NIi(pe.yr/fu)
GW 5.04E-04 4.13E-04AD 1.97E-04 1.83E-04EU 1.02E-05 9.91E-06
POC 3.69E-05 3.54E-05ARD 3.27E-04 3.01E-04
Redesigned LCA Result
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 37
Upstrea
m Sum
Manufac
ture
Delivery Use
Disposal
-2.00E-04
0.00E+00
2.00E-04
4.00E-04
6.00E-04
8.00E-04
1.00E-03
1.20E-03
ARDPOCEUADGW
Life-Cycle Stage
Envi
ronm
enta
l Effe
ct
RedesignInitial Design
Upstrea
m Sum
Manufac
ture
Deliver
yUse
Disposal
-2.00E-04
-2.82E-18
2.00E-04
4.00E-04
6.00E-04
8.00E-04
1.00E-03
1.20E-03
ARDPOCEUADGW
Life-Cycle Stage
Envi
ronm
enta
l Effe
ct
Redesigned LCA Result
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 38
Example – mobile phone
Back Panel
Battery
FRT panel
Inner Panel
Key Pad
Number Pad
LCDPCB 1
PCB 2
PCB 2 plate
Slide LWR Slide UPR
Slide UPR Panel
Bolts & Plastics
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 39
Example – mobile phoneSamsung ElectronicsSPH-C2300
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 40
Example – mobile phone
Phone
Phone type Slide
Size (mm) 93(L) X 46(W) X 16.9(H)
Weight(g) 94.9
LCD size (main) 2.0 inch
LCD Color (main) 262K Color
LCD resolution (main) 176 X 220
Body color Black
Battery
Capacity 800mAh
Type Li-ion polymer
Voltage 3.7V
Samsung ElectronicsSPH-C2300
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 41
Example – mobile phone
Eco-FR
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 42
Example – mobile phone
Eco-FR
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 43
Example – mobile phone
GW value is mapped to FR 4.1 ARD value is mapped to FR 5.1
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 44
Example – mobile phone
In the detailed design, augmented design matrix looks exactly same as LCA However, in the conceptual design, we cannot get LCA value because of lack
of detailed design specifications In the conceptual level, we can get DP’s environmental effect by assuming
coupling magnitude
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 45
Example – mobile phone
Calculate each DP’s environmental effect score E.g. DP32 = (FR41) X 2 + (FR51) X 1 = (3.27E-04) X 2 + (5.04E-04) X 1 = 1.16E-03
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 46
Example – mobile phone
Slide LWR
Slide UPR
Slide UPR Panel
Housing Slide structure →
Bar type structure Some parts are used
only to maintain slide structure, so these parts can be removed by chang-ing to bar type structure
Reduce amount of material
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 47
Example – mobile phone
Battery Li-ion battery → Hybrid energy system (solar cell + Li-ion
battery) Solar energy is infinite energy source Reduce energy-providing material consumption
Display system LCD display → LED display LED display consumes less energy that LCD display Reduce energy-providing material consumption
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 48
Example – mobile phone
Couplings were Elimi-nated
Average of coupling significantly reduced (2.73→1.64)
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 49
Case Study 2 – stapler
Objective: design eco-friendly stapler
Conducting design process by another person, we can find out what is missing in the eAD+ methodology
Using this activity, we could make modified and detailed eAD+ methodology flow
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 50
eAD+ methodology flow
LCA
LCA
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 51
Example – stapler
Collect customer needs Using survey and interview
Hold enough number of papers (10 to 20 pages) Can be removable (easier is better) Cost should be reasonable Should maintain condition (hold condition) Papers should not rotate related to each other Not too thick Should not contain hazardous materialMechanism should be safe to human bodyEasy to use Use with small power Durable from outside impact Be eco-friendly…
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 52
Example – stapler
Benchmarking Identify existing staplers’ strengths and weaknesses
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 53
Example – stapler
Benchmarking-environmental analysis From environmental analysis, using plastic is better that us-
ing steel (in global warming) Data comes from Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 54
Example – stapler
Grouping customer needs into categories Six categories were used:
• Functional CN• Ergonomic CN• Safety CN• Aesthetic CN• Cost CN• Environmental CN
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 55
Example – stapler
Examples for each categories
•Hold enough number of papers•Can be used different type of papers
Functional CN
•Cost should be reasonableCost CN•Easy to use•Use with small power
Ergonomic CN
•Should not contain hazardous material•Mechanism should be safe to human body
Safety CN
•Look neat, pretty, and stylish•Not too thick
Aesthetic CN
•Use less material•Minimize environmental damageEnvironmental
CN
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 56
Example – stapler
Classify grouped CN into FR, C and SC
FR: Things you want to achieve or design to address
Constraint: Things which limit your design
Selection criteria: Things which is better to have in your product, but you do not want to actively design for it.
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 57
Example – stapler
FR listFR1. Hold papers (general A4 papers, up to 15 pages, secure and safe)
FR11. Hold papers togetherFR12. Hold papers relative position (rotating angle < 5 degree)FR13. Hold papers in proper position (do not intrude contents)
FR2. Provide continuously using condition (secure up to 100 times)
FR21. Automatically feed staplesFR22. Reload staplesFR23. Contain staples
FR3. Provide easy using condition to user
FR31. Work easily with human hand (continuously using for 30 times without pain)FR32. Need small amount of power (< xF)
FR4. Preserve environment
FR41. Use less materialFR42. Reduce emission
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 58
Example – stapler
Constraint
Selection criteria
C1. Manufacturing cost should be < 10,000 KRWC2. Do not contain hazardous materialC3. Should not harm human bodyC4. Sound should be < 60dB
SC1. Look prettySC2. DurabilitySC3. Removable (hold)SC4. Thickness of held papersSC5. PortabilitySC6. Use for different materials
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 59
Example – stapler
Concept ideation (less steel) Consider FR, three concepts were created
• Design 1– Reduce amount of staple material– Use half size staple
• Design 2– Use different material for staple– Use plastic staple
• Design 3– Do not use staple– Use paper twist method
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 60
Example – stapler
Concept selection Use selection criteria, the best design is selected as a con-
ceptual design
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 61
Example – stapler
Result – conceptual design (design 1 is selected)DP1. Staple mechanism
DP11. Steel stapleDP12. Two point holdingDP13. Staple position (in 2X2cm)
DP2. Feed mechanism
DP21. Spring feed mechanismDP22. Reloadable structureDP23. Magazine
DP3. Ergonomic structure
DP31. Cover structure which fits for human handsDP32. Spring in the push button
DP4. Eco-friendly stapler
DP41. Half size stapleDP42. Simple structure
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 62
Detailed eAD+ methodology flow
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 63
Example – stapler
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 64
Case Study 3 – flash light
We are also conducting example for eco-friendly flash light Flash light consumes energy, so it could show whether
eAD+ methodology is applicable to energy-related prod-uct or not
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 65
Example – flash light
QFD table
Design matrixCAD drawing
2010 – M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh – 2010 ASME – 66
Concluding remarks
Proactive eco-design must be conducted early in the design process
eAD+
Future Issues Still depending on LCA Needs existing LCA’s values DP-based Evaluation