Meteorological data – AWS Changri Nup – on glacier (debris-covered surface)

Introduction: Two AWS have been working on Changri Nup Glacier:

- AWS_A since October 2010 (approx. 5360 m asl, but regularly moved to a flat area explaining

why we have AWS_A1 (October 2010-November 2012), AWS_A2 (November 2012-

November 2014) and AWS_A3 (November 2014-November 2015))

- AWS_B since November 2014 (approx. 5470 m asl)

Figure 1 gives a general picture of debris-covered Changri Nup Glacier with the approximate

locations of the meteorological stations (AWS_A, yellow star and AWS_B, red star). In annex, Figure 8

is a general map of Everest area with the locations of Changri Nup Glacier as well as of the other

glaciers monitored in Glacioclim.

Figure 1: Picture of Changri Nup Glacier with the approximate location of AWS_A at 5360 m asl

(yellow star) and AWS_B at 5470 m asl (red star). Everest and Lhotse are visible in the background.

AWS_A (approx. 5360 m asl)

AWS_A Changri Nup n°1: October 2010 to November 2012 (AWS_A1 inserted into the ice)

o Location: 27°59’N; 86°47’E; 5356 m a.s.l. or in WGS84, UTM North, Zone 45: Easting:

478315 m; Northing: 3095379 m

o Data: checked

o Displayed Hour = Local time (= TU+5h45)

o Sensors (Table 1):

Table 1: List of different sensors with their specificity, installed on the weather station at 5356 m on Changri Nup Glacier on 30 October 2010 (AWS_A1)

Quantity Sensor Type Height, cm on 30 Oct. 2010

Accuracy according to the

manufacturer

Air temperature*, °C Vaisala HMP45C 195 ±0.2°C Relative humidity*, % Vaisala HMP45C 195 ±2 % Wind direction, deg and speed, m s-1

Young 05103-5 250 ±3 deg. and ±0.3 m s-1

Incident short-wave radiation,W m-2

Kipp&Zonen CNR4

0.305<<2.8µm

140 ±3 %

Reflected short-wave radiation, W m-2

Kipp&Zonen CNR4

0.305<<2.8µm

140 ±3 %

Incoming long-wave radiation, W m-2

Kipp&Zonen CNR4

5<<50 µm

140 ±3 %

Outgoing long-wave radiation, W m-2

Kipp&Zonen CNR4

5<<50µm

140 ±3 %

Debris temperature, °C TCA PT100 -2.5 (T1), -5 (T2), -7.5 (T3), -10 (T4, ice-deb. interface)

±0.1°C

Ablation/accumulation Campbell SR50 140 ±1 cm

* artificially aspirated during daytime

o Photo of AWS_A1

Figure 2 : Changri Nup AWS_A1 on October 30, 2011 (Photo P. Wagnon)

AWS_A2 Changri Nup n°2: November 2012 to November 2014 (AWS_A2 inserted into the

ice until 09/04/2014 and after this date, installed on a free-standing tripod except SR50,

inserted in ice)

o Location: 27°59’N; 86°45’E; 5363 m a.s.l. (moved 45 m west of the initial position)

and in WGS84, UTM North, Zone 45: Easting: 478277 m; Northing: 3095365 m in

December 2012

o Data: checked

o Displayed Hour = Local time (= TU+5h45)

o Sensors (Table 2):

Table 2: List of different sensors with their specificity, installed on the weather station at 5363 m on Changri Nup Glacier on December 5, 2012 (AWS_A2)

Quantity Sensor Type Height, cm On 05/12/2012

Accuracy according to the

manufacturer

Air temperature*, °C Vaisala HMP45C 152 ±0.2°C Relative humidity*, % Vaisala HMP45C 152 ±2 % Wind direction, deg and wind speed, m s-1

Young 05103-5 204 ±3 deg and ±0.3 m s-1

Incident short-wave radiation,W m-2

Kipp&Zonen CNR4

0.305<<2.8µm

60 ±3 %

Reflected short-wave radiation, W m-2

Kipp&Zonen CNR4

0.305<<2.8µm

60 ±3 %

Incoming long-wave radiation, W m-2

Kipp&Zonen CNR4

5<<50 µm

60 ±3 %

Outgoing long-wave radiation, W m-2

Kipp&Zonen CNR4

5<<50µm

60 ±3 %

Debris temperature, °C TCA PT100 -5 (T4), -7.5 (T3), -10 (T2), -12.5 (T1, ice-deb. interface)

±0.1°C

Ablation/accumulation Campbell SR50 38 ±1 cm

* artificially aspirated during daytime

o Photos of AWS_A2

Figure 3 : Changri Nup AWS_A2 on 8 April 2013 – inserted into the ice (Photo P. Wagnon)

Figure 4 : Changri Nup AWS_A2 on 9 April 2014 – on a tripod except SR50 (Photo P. Wagnon)

AWS_A3 Changri Nup n°3: November 2014 to November 2016 (AWS_A3 installed on a free-

standing tripod except SR50, inserted in ice)

o Location: in WGS84, UTM North, Zone 45: Easting: 478293 m; Northing: 3095381 m;

elevation 5354 m in November 2015 (moved in between the positions of AWS_A1

and AWS_A2). The station has been moved upward on a flatter area on 27 November

2015 (no DGPS at the new location, but approx. 50 m W-SW of the original location,

and 10 m higher close to its 2012 location)

o Data: checked

o Displayed Hour = Local time (= TU+5h45)

o Sensors (Table 3):

Table 3: List of different sensors with their specificity, installed on the weather station at 5360 m on Changri Nup Glacier on November 2014 (AWS_A3).

Quantity Sensor Type Height, cm on 30 Nov 2014 after

moving the AWS

Accuracy according to the

manufacturer

Air temperature*, °C Vaisala HMP45C 165 ±0.2°C Relative humidity*, % Vaisala HMP45C 165 ±2 % Wind speed, m s-1 Young 05103-5 100 and 240 ±0.3 m s-1

Wind direction, deg Young 05103-5 100 and 240 ±3 deg Incident short-wave radiation,W m-2

Kipp&Zonen CNR4

0.305<<2.8µm

110 ±3 %

Reflected short-wave radiation, W m-2

Kipp&Zonen CNR4

0.305<<2.8µm

110 ±3 %

Incoming long-wave radiation, W m-2

Kipp&Zonen CNR4

5<<50 µm

110 ±3 %

Outgoing long-wave radiation, W m-2

Kipp&Zonen CNR4

5<<50µm

110 ±3 %

Debris temperature, °C TCA PT100 -1 (PT100_1), -16 (PT100_2), -21 (PT100_3, ice-deb. Interface)

±0.1°C

Heat flux at the ice-debris Hukseflux ice-deb. Interface Ablation/accumulation Campbell SR50A** 88 ±1 cm * artificially aspirated during daytime / ** all sensors are mounted on a tripod except SR50A mounted on an external pole inserted in ice; take care that SR50 is above a surface with 30 cm thick debris

o Photos of AWS_A3

Figure 5: Photo of the AWS_A3, after servicing and moving (30/11/2014, Biron)

Figure 6: Photo of the AWS_A3, after servicing and moving (27/11/2015, Wagnon)

AWS_B (approx. 5470 m asl)

AWS_B Changri Nup: November 2014 to November 2016 (AWS_B installed on a free-

standing tripod except SR50, inserted in ice)

o Location: in WGS84, UTM North, Zone 45: Easting: 478359 m; Northing: 3096394 m;

Elevation: 5472 m on 29 Nov. 2014.

o Data: checked

o Displayed Hour = Local time (= TU+5h45)

o Sensors (Table 4):

Table 4: List of different sensors with their specificity, installed on the weather station at 5470 m (AWS_B) on Changri Nup Glacier on 29 November 2014.

Quantity Sensor Type Height, cm On 29 Nov 2014

Accuracy according to the

manufacturer

Air temperature*, °C Vaisala HMP155A 215 ±0.1°C at 0°C Relative humidity*, % Vaisala HMP155A 215 ±1 % at 15°C Wind speed, m s-1 A100LK Vector 115 and 245 ±0.3 m s-1

Wind direction, deg W200P Vecror 245 ±2 deg Incident short-wave radiation,W m-2

Kipp&Zonen CNR4

0.305<<2.8µm

100 ±3 %

Reflected short-wave radiation, W m-2

Kipp&Zonen CNR4

0.305<<2.8µm

100 ±3 %

Incoming long-wave radiation, W m-2

Kipp&Zonen CNR4

5<<50 µm

100 ±3 %

Outgoing long-wave radiation, W m-2

Kipp&Zonen CNR4

5<<50µm

100 ±3 %

Debris temperature, °C TCA PT100 Site1 : -2 (PT100_3), -8 (PT100_2), -16 (PT100_1, ice-deb. Interface) / site 2: -1 (PT100_6), -4 (PT100_5***), -8 (PT100_4, ice-deb interface)

±0.1°C

Heat flux at the ice-debris Hukseflux -16 (Hukseflux_1) and -8 cm (Hukseflux_2 ice-deb interface at both sites)

Ablation/accumulation Campbell SR50A** 103 ±1 cm Air pressure Young61302V In the box 50 ±0.3 hPa inclinometer Elysis Tech. 135

* artificially aspirated during daytime / ** all sensors are mounted on a tripod except SR50A mounted on an

external pole inserted in ice / *** PT100_5 does not work!

o Photos of AWS_B

Figure 7: Photo of the AWS_B at 5470 m asl (29/11/2014, Wagnon)

Figure 8: Photo of the AWS2-5470 after servicing (10/11/2016, Wagnon)

Annex: Map of Everest area with the locations of Glacioclim glaciers and their measurement

networks.

Figure 9: Map of Everest area showing the glaciers surveyed (red squares), Changri Nup (white and

debris covered), Mera and Pokalde glaciers, and the meteorological stations installed on or off glacier

(green dots = Glacioclim Network and black dots = Ev-K2-CNR network).

Changri Nup