Metamorphism Spitsbergen, Arctic Norway Rock folding Scotland Antarctica.
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Transcript of Metamorphism Spitsbergen, Arctic Norway Rock folding Scotland Antarctica.
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Metamorphism
Spitsbergen, Arctic Norway
Rock folding
Scotland
Antarctica
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Mineral Alignment: Foliation
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Contact Metamorphism
Heat from magmaalters surroundingcountry rock. Nopressure.
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Regional Metamorphism
Heat and pressureon a regional scale.
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With increasing heat and pressure, minerals break down and recrystallize.As this happens, rock types change.
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Metamorphic Grade
Certain minerals are stable only at specific temperaturesand pressures.
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Appalachians: Coreof ancient mountainrange is exposed.
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Metamorphic Facies
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Facies Definitive Mineral Assemblage in Mafic Rocks
Zeolite zeolites: especially laumontite, wairakite, analcime
Prehnite-Pumpellyite prehnite + pumpellyite (+ chlorite + albite)
Greenschist chlorite + albite + epidote (or zoisite) + quartz ± actinolite
Amphibolite hornblende + plagioclase (oligoclase-andesine) ± garnet
Granulite orthopyroxene (+ clinopyrixene + plagioclase ± garnet ±
hornblende)
Blueschist glaucophane + lawsonite or epidote (+albite ± chlorite)
Eclogite pyrope garnet + omphacitic pyroxene (± kyanite)
Contact Facies
After Spear (1993)
Table 25-1 . Definitive Mineral Assemblages of Metamorphic Facies
Mineral assemblages in mafic rocks of the facies of contact meta-morphism do not differ substantially from that of the corresponding regional facies at higher pressure.
Suites of minerals indicate specific range of T & P.
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Shelf Sediments
Accumulation of sands and muds. 10,000-15,000 feet thick.
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Folded Appalachians
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Under stress and strain, rocks behave in two different ways:
1) Brittle deformation. Low temperature, high pressure.Rocks fracture: faults
2) Ductile (plastic) deformation. High temperature, lowto medium pressure. Rocks deform: folds
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Types of Deformation
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Folded Rocks
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Anticlines and Synclines
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Plunging Folds
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Plunging folds
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Dome and Basin
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Michigan Basin
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Fault Definitions
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Normal Fault
Hanging wallmoves downrelative to thefootwall.
Creates gentle mountain front, not steep
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Horst and Graben
Basin and Range Province
Normal faults
Result of tensional stress -- crustal extension. The crust in this part of the world is beingpushed up on from below.
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Horst Photo
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Reverse Fault
Hanging wall moves uprelative to the footwall.
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Wasatch Fault
Very steep imposing mountain front
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Thrust Fault
Low-angle (<20o)reverse fault.
Many thrust faults do not outcrop at the surface -- they remain underground -- and aremapped seismically. Most recent ‘quakes in LA were from slippage along previously-unknownthrust faults.
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San Andreas Fault
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Strike-Slip Fault
No vertical movement
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QuickTime™ and aCinepak decompressor
are needed to see this picture.QuickTime™ and a
Cinepak decompressorare needed to see this picture.
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San Andreas Fault
Fault
Offset stream
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QuickTime™ and aCinepak decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
![Page 36: Metamorphism Spitsbergen, Arctic Norway Rock folding Scotland Antarctica.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649ea95503460f94bacbd5/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Putting it all together ---Brittle and ductile deformation of rocksduring the formation of the AppalachianMountains.
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World Mountain Chains
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Geologic Time Scale
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Mass Extinctions75% of species extinct
90% of species extinct
Why?
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ELE
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Impact Crater