Mental IllnessMental Illness

Mental IllnessMental Illness

Mental Illness is a disturbance in Mental Illness is a disturbance in thoughts and emotions that decreases thoughts and emotions that decreases a person’s capacity to cope with the a person’s capacity to cope with the challenges of everyday life.challenges of everyday life.

22% of Ontarians have experienced at 22% of Ontarians have experienced at least one mental problem in their least one mental problem in their lifetime. lifetime.

Mood DisordersMood Disorders

Mood disorders are persistent changes Mood disorders are persistent changes in mood caused by biochemical in mood caused by biochemical imbalances in the brain. imbalances in the brain.

Mood DisordersMood Disorders

Major depressive disorderMajor depressive disorder

Depressed mood lasts for several Depressed mood lasts for several weeks, and begin to interfere with weeks, and begin to interfere with one's work and social life one's work and social life

Depressive illness can change the Depressive illness can change the way a person thinks and behaves, way a person thinks and behaves, and how his/her body functions. and how his/her body functions.

Mood DisordersMood Disorders

Major depressive disorderMajor depressive disorder

Some of the signs to look for are: Some of the signs to look for are:

• feeling worthless, helpless or hopeless, feeling worthless, helpless or hopeless,

• sleeping more or less than usual, sleeping more or less than usual,

• eating more or less than usual, eating more or less than usual,

• having difficulty concentrating or making having difficulty concentrating or making decisions, decisions,

• loss of interest in taking part in activities,loss of interest in taking part in activities,

Mood DisordersMood Disorders

Major depressive disorderMajor depressive disorderThe following factors may make some The following factors may make some

people more prone than others to people more prone than others to react to a loss or failure with a clinical react to a loss or failure with a clinical depression:depression:

• specific, distressing life events, specific, distressing life events, • a biochemical imbalance in the brain, a biochemical imbalance in the brain, • psychological factors, like a negative psychological factors, like a negative

or pessimistic view of life. or pessimistic view of life.

Mood DisordersMood Disorders

Major depressive disorderMajor depressive disorder• Some people experience seasonal cycles of Some people experience seasonal cycles of

depression, particularly in winter. This is depression, particularly in winter. This is called Seasonal Affective Disorder (S.A.D.). called Seasonal Affective Disorder (S.A.D.).

• Depression is the most treatable of mental Depression is the most treatable of mental illnesses. Most people who suffer from illnesses. Most people who suffer from depression are helped by the treatment depression are helped by the treatment they get, which usually includes medication they get, which usually includes medication and/or psychological counselling. Support and/or psychological counselling. Support from family, friends and self-help groups from family, friends and self-help groups can also make a big difference.can also make a big difference.

Mood DisordersMood Disorders

Bipolar disorderBipolar disorder

People with bipolar disorder (or manic People with bipolar disorder (or manic depressive disorder), experience depressive disorder), experience alternating mood swings, from alternating mood swings, from emotional highs (mania) to lows emotional highs (mania) to lows (depression). The condition can (depression). The condition can range from mild to severe.range from mild to severe.

Mood DisordersMood Disorders

Bipolar disorderBipolar disorder

Symptoms of mania include:Symptoms of mania include:

• Feelings of euphoria, extreme optimism, Feelings of euphoria, extreme optimism, exaggerated self-esteemexaggerated self-esteem

• Rapid speech, racing thoughtsRapid speech, racing thoughts

• Decreased need for sleepDecreased need for sleep

• Extreme irritabilityExtreme irritability

• Impulsive and potentially reckless behaviourImpulsive and potentially reckless behaviour

Mood DisordersMood Disorders

Bipolar DisorderBipolar Disorder

- It is not known what causes bipolar - It is not known what causes bipolar disorder. disorder.

- Research suggests that people with the - Research suggests that people with the condition have a genetic disposition. It condition have a genetic disposition. It tends to run in families. tends to run in families.

- Drug abuse and stressful or traumatic - Drug abuse and stressful or traumatic events may contribute to or trigger events may contribute to or trigger episodes.episodes.

Mood DisordersMood Disorders

Bipolar disorderBipolar disorder - Mainly treated with medication and - Mainly treated with medication and

psychotherapy. psychotherapy. - Medication helps to stabilize moods, while - Medication helps to stabilize moods, while

therapy helps people detect patterns and therapy helps people detect patterns and triggers and develop strategies for triggers and develop strategies for managing stress. managing stress.

- Sometimes, electroconvulsive therapy, or - Sometimes, electroconvulsive therapy, or ECT, is used. ECT, is used.

Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders

Anxiety disorders are a group of Anxiety disorders are a group of disorders which affect behaviour, disorders which affect behaviour, thoughts, emotions and physical thoughts, emotions and physical health health

Anxiety disorders can also coexist with Anxiety disorders can also coexist with other disorders other disorders

Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders

Generalized Anxiety DisorderGeneralized Anxiety Disorder -Characterized by repeated, exaggerated -Characterized by repeated, exaggerated

worry about routine life events and activitiesworry about routine life events and activities- This disorder lasts at least six monthsThis disorder lasts at least six months- The individual anticipates the worst, even if The individual anticipates the worst, even if

others would say they have no reason to others would say they have no reason to expect it. expect it.

- Physical symptoms can include nausea, Physical symptoms can include nausea, trembling fatigue, muscle tension, or trembling fatigue, muscle tension, or headache. headache.

Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders

Panic DisorderPanic Disorder - expressed in panic attacks which expressed in panic attacks which

occur without warning, accompanied occur without warning, accompanied by sudden feelings of terror. by sudden feelings of terror.

- Physically, an attack may cause Physically, an attack may cause chest pain, heart palpitations, chest pain, heart palpitations, shortness of breath, dizziness, shortness of breath, dizziness, abdominal discomfort, feelings of abdominal discomfort, feelings of unreality and fear of dying. unreality and fear of dying.

Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders

Obsessive-Compulsive DisorderObsessive-Compulsive Disorder – – Condition in which people suffer from Condition in which people suffer from

persistent unwanted thoughts (obsessions) persistent unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and / or rituals (compulsions) which they and / or rituals (compulsions) which they find impossible to control. find impossible to control.

- Typically, obsessions concern Typically, obsessions concern contamination, doubting (such as worrying contamination, doubting (such as worrying that the iron hasn't been turned off) and that the iron hasn't been turned off) and disturbing thoughts. disturbing thoughts.

- Compulsions include washing, checking, Compulsions include washing, checking, organizing and counting. organizing and counting.

Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders

PhobiasPhobias - Fear of flying, fear of heights and fear of Fear of flying, fear of heights and fear of

open spaces are some typical specific open spaces are some typical specific phobias. phobias.

- People suffering from a specific phobia are People suffering from a specific phobia are overwhelmed by unreasonable fears, overwhelmed by unreasonable fears, which they are unable to control. which they are unable to control.

- Exposure to feared situations can cause Exposure to feared situations can cause them extreme anxiety and panic, even if them extreme anxiety and panic, even if they recognize that their fears are illogical. they recognize that their fears are illogical.

PhobiasPhobias

Ombrophobia Ombrophobia

PhobiasPhobias

Fear of RainFear of Rain

PhobiasPhobias

PupaphobiaPupaphobia

PhobiasPhobias

Fear of puppetsFear of puppets

PhobiasPhobias

Arachibutyrophobia Arachibutyrophobia

PhobiasPhobias

Fear of peanut butter Fear of peanut butter sticking to the roof of sticking to the roof of the mouththe mouth

PhobiasPhobias

SophophobiaSophophobia

PhobiasPhobias

Fear of LearningFear of Learning

PhobiasPhobias

Barophobia Barophobia

PhobiasPhobias

Fear of gravityFear of gravity

PhobiasPhobias

Caligynephobia Caligynephobia

PhobiasPhobias

Fear of beautiful Fear of beautiful womenwomen

PhobiasPhobias

Symbolophobia Symbolophobia

PhobiasPhobias

Fear of symbolismFear of symbolism

PhobiasPhobias

PanophobiaPanophobia

PhobiasPhobias

Fear of everythingFear of everything

Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders

Social PhobiaSocial Phobia

- People with social phobia feel a - People with social phobia feel a paralysing, irrational self-paralysing, irrational self-consciousness about social consciousness about social situations. situations.

Top Ten PhobiasTop Ten Phobias• 1.Arachnophobia1.Arachnophobia

Fear of Spiders.Fear of Spiders. 2. Social Phobia 2. Social PhobiaFear of being evaluated negatively in social situations.Fear of being evaluated negatively in social situations. 3. Aerophobia 3. AerophobiaFear of flying. Fear of flying.

• 4. Agoraphobia4. AgoraphobiaFear of leaving a safe space. Fear of leaving a safe space.

• 5.Claustrophobia5.ClaustrophobiaFear of being trapped in small confined spaces. Fear of being trapped in small confined spaces.

• 6. Acrophobia6. AcrophobiaFear of heights. Fear of heights.

• 7.Emetophobia7.EmetophobiaFear of vomit. Fear of vomit.

• 8. Carcinophobia8. CarcinophobiaFear of cancer. Fear of cancer.

• 9. Brontophobia9. BrontophobiaFear of thunderstorms. Fear of thunderstorms.

• 10.Necrophobia10.NecrophobiaFear of death or or dead things Fear of death or or dead things

Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders

Post-Traumatic Stress DisorderPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder

- A terrifying experience in which A terrifying experience in which serious physical harm occurred or serious physical harm occurred or was threatened can cause post-was threatened can cause post-traumatic stress disorder.traumatic stress disorder.

(Survivors of rape, child abuse, war or (Survivors of rape, child abuse, war or a natural disaster )a natural disaster )

Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders

Post-Traumatic Stress DisorderPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder

- Symptoms include flashbacks, during - Symptoms include flashbacks, during which the person re-lives the which the person re-lives the terrifying experience, nightmares, terrifying experience, nightmares, depression and feelings of anger or depression and feelings of anger or irritability irritability

Anxiety Disorders - Anxiety Disorders - TreatmentTreatment

There are two main medical There are two main medical approaches to treating an anxiety approaches to treating an anxiety disorder: (1) drug therapy and (2) disorder: (1) drug therapy and (2) cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT). cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT).

Schizophrenia Schizophrenia

- The symptoms usually first appear in The symptoms usually first appear in adolescence or early adulthood adolescence or early adulthood

Symptoms include:Symptoms include:• delusions (false ideas) and/or delusions (false ideas) and/or

hallucinations (hear voices), hallucinations (hear voices), • lack of motivation, lack of motivation, • social withdrawal, social withdrawal, • thought disorders (many at once) thought disorders (many at once)

SchizophreniaSchizophrenia

• Once it has taken hold, schizophrenia Once it has taken hold, schizophrenia tends to appear in cycles of tends to appear in cycles of remission and relapse.remission and relapse.

• When in remission, a person with When in remission, a person with schizophrenia may seem relatively schizophrenia may seem relatively unaffected and can more or less unaffected and can more or less function in society.function in society.

Schizophrenia - CausesSchizophrenia - Causes

Many researchers are looking for Many researchers are looking for genetic causes of schizophrenia that genetic causes of schizophrenia that runs in families. runs in families.

Researchers speculate that either an Researchers speculate that either an over-production of dopamine or an over-production of dopamine or an over-sensitivity to it has something over-sensitivity to it has something to do with the illness. to do with the illness.

Schizophrenia - TreatmentSchizophrenia - Treatment

- A number of medications have been - A number of medications have been found that help bring biochemical found that help bring biochemical imbalances in many people with imbalances in many people with schizophrenia closer to normal schizophrenia closer to normal

- Psychotherapy for individuals, groups - Psychotherapy for individuals, groups or families is possible or families is possible