1. Mental Health and Mental Illness

8/4/2019 1. Mental Health and Mental Illness

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Mental healthVCE Unit 4 Psychology


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GR

O UP

A

CTIVIT

YTA

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1. What does mentalhealth mean?

2. How can normality bedefined?

3. Is feeling stressed

normal?4. What is the

relationship betweenmental health and

illness?

5. How can mental


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Key terms for activity 7.1 (NELSON)


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Key terms for activity 7.1 (NELSON)


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AREA OF STUDY 2 MENTAL

HEALTHOutcome 2 DP 1 concepts of normality anddifferentiation of mental health from mental

illness


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Mental health Vs mental illnessMental health capacity to interact

with others, cope effectively withproblems and stress

Mental health problem- when thedifficulties experienced by a personare mild, temporary and able to betreated within a relatively short period

of time


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Mental health Vs mental illness Mental illness psychological

dysfunction that usually involves

impairment in coping ability withfeeling and behaviours that areatypical and inappropriate withintheir culture

Mental illness can sometimes bereferred to as a psychologicaldysfunction experienced by an

individual and usually involving Emotional distress

Impairment in the ability to cope witheveryday life

Thoughts, feelings and/or behaviour that

are not typical of the person orappropriate within their society and/or


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NORMALITY AND

ABNORMALITY


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ACTIVITY text book page

542, learning activity 11.1 5 minutes Pairs or small groups


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Normality and abnormalitySOCIO-CULTURAL Behaviour that is accepted in a particular society or

culture, but not in others

HISTORICAL Behaviour that is accepted, however it depends on the

period of time

SITUATIONAL Behaviour that is accepted in a particular situation

MEDICAL

Abnormal behaviour has a biological cause and can bediagnosed and treated

FUNCTIONAL Normal behaviour is if the individual can function

effectively in society


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Abnormal? By Which measure?


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Normality and abnormality -statistical

Normal Distribution = behaviour in a largegroup of individuals that is distributed in aparticular way

Statistical Average = the majority thatdemonstrate this behaviour = normal

Statistical Extremity = the minority that

demonstrate this behaviour = abnormal


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Normality and abnormality - statistical

Normal behaviour = a characteristic that is common ina large group

Disadvantage: Not everyone is normal or average in all ways.It suggests there are distinct dividing lines between normal

and abnormal behaviour.

Central Tendency (average) = most results being in themiddle

Mean = average of all the individual scores Average = add up all the scores / how many scores there are Median = the middle score of the group Mode = the most common score Range = spread of scores between the highest and lowest. Highest number-lowest number

Standard deviation = the average distance each score fallsfrom the mean


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The bell or normal curve


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Normal? Statistically?


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Normal? Statistically?


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Abnormality a working definition

Abnormality pattern of thoughts feelingsand behaviours that are deviant, distressingand dysfunctional

Mass Murderer

Oslo bomber

Anders Breivik

fits our definitionof abnormality


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The biopsychosocial framework

Mental health and wellbeing depends on a combination of biological, s


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Systems of classification of mentaldisorders Classification organising items into groups based on theirshared characteristics

Categorical approaches organises mental disorders intocategories, each with specific symptoms andcharacteristics.

Diagnosis involves a comparison of patients symptoms to thelisted symptoms within each category

Check your patients list against the lists in the DSM-IV to finda fit then make diagnosis

Dimensional approaches classifies symptomsquantitatively

Diagnosis involves asking how much of a characteristic isnormal, numerical values are assigned to eachcharacteristic score

Measure all characteristics and the combination of scalesthat are statistically extreme might point to the type of

illness being suffered


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Which is best?

Often both are used

Categorical approach used to classify thesymptoms

Dimensional approach used to determinethe severity of these symptoms


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CATEGORICAL APPROACHES


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Categorical approaches - assumptions Assumes that mental disorders can be

diagnosed from specific symptoms reportedby the patient or observed by theprofessional

Thoughts feelings and behaviours can be

categorised certain categorisation relatesto specific disorders

There are distinct sub categories within eachdisorder

All or nothing they either have it or theydont. You cant kind of have schizophrenia

The system must be validand reliable


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The diagnostic and statistical manual of mentaldisorders iv-r

The system most widely used by mentalhealth professionals throughout the world toidentify and classify mental illnesses for thepurposes of diagnosis is the Diagnostic and

Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, or theDSM as it is more commonly called

An important feature of the DSM-IV-TR is that

it does not suggest causes of specificdisorders unless a cause can be definitelyestablished

It simply names the disorders and describesthem in specific terms


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DSM IV - TR 365 disorders comprehensively described (one for

every day of the year!) Grouped into 16 categories

Diagnosis matches patient symptoms to thedisorder symptoms

Symptoms are considered characteristics of

disorders to looking at these enables diagnosis Inclusion criteria symptoms that must be

present for diagnosis Exclusion criteria symptoms that must not be

present

Polythetic criteria only some symptoms not allneed to be present for diagnosis eg. 3 0f thefollowing 8

Provides info on the typical course of the disorder


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The diagnostic and statistical manual of mentaldisorders iv-r

Axis I: clinical disorders Symptoms that cause distress or significantlyimpair social or occupational functioning (such as anxiety disorders,depression)

Axis II:personality disordersandmental retardation Chronic and

enduring problems that generally persist throughout life and impairinterpersonal or occupational functioning (such as multiplepersonality disorder)

Axis III: general medical condition Physical disorders that may be

relevant to understanding or treating a psychological disorder Axis IV: psychosocial and environmental problems (such as

interpersonal stressors and negative life events) that may affectthe diagnosis, treatment and prognosis (prediction of the course of adisease) of psychological disorders

Axis V: global assessment of functioning The individual's overall

level of functioning in social, occupational and leisure


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ICD 10

Diagnosis and classification of mental disordersbased on recognised symptoms

Includes detailed description of each disorderlisted

Identifies symptoms that indicate the presenceof a disorder

The original text covered all of medical practice

Chapter V covered mental disorders

Chapter V now printed as a separate book

Less detailed than the DSM -IV


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Strengths / Weaknesses

Allow diagnosis

Help communication

Historically low inter-reliability

Much better now with DSM-IV-R 70% agreementbetween mental health professionals

Lots of overlap between symptoms can makediagnosis difficult

Stigma and labelling Rosenham study!


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DIMENSIONAL APPROACHES


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Dimensional approaches

A dimension viewed as a cluster of relatedpsychological/behavioural characteristics thatoccur together

Quantifies persons symptoms and othercharacteristics with numerical values

These values are compared with the statisticallynormal expected values for each

characteristic Lower scores equate to lower impairment

Higher scores equate to higher impairment


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THE MMPI


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Scales on the MMPI1.Hs Hypochondriasis Concern with bodily symptoms

2.D Depression Depressive Symptoms3.Hy Hysteria Awareness of problems and

vulnerabilities

4.Pd Psychopathic Deviate Conflict, struggle, anger,respect for society's rules

5.MF Masculinity/Femininity Stereotypical masculineor feminine interests/behaviors

6.Pa Paranoia Level of trust, suspiciousness,sensitivity

7.Pt Psychasthenia Worry, Anxiety, tension, doubts,

obsessiveness8.Sc SchizophreniaOdd thinking and social alienation

9.Ma Hypomania Level of excitability

10.Si Social Introversion People orientation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypochondriasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_(mood)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hysteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychopathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masculinityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femininityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranoiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychastheniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophreniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypomaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introversion_and_extroversionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introversion_and_extroversionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypomaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophreniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychastheniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranoiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femininityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masculinityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychopathyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hysteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_(mood)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypochondriasis


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MMPI the t scores

Asking how different is each score is from themean score

Is the difference big enough to be significant?

Statistical normality is the key here!


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Strengths / Weaknesses

Take into account a wider range of factorsthan categorical approaches

More detailed information on each symptom quantifying

Reduced stigma as labelling not used insteada profile is created

There is no standard inventory to compare

scores to, thus diagnosis is difficultTime consuming

1. Mental Health and Mental Illness

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