Memory Storage. Storage: Retaining Information At the heart of memory is storage. Three stores of...
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Transcript of Memory Storage. Storage: Retaining Information At the heart of memory is storage. Three stores of...
Memory Storage
Storage: Retaining Information
At the heart of memory is storage. Three stores of memory are shown below:
SensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
This is the “Three box Information
Processing Model”- it shows the 3
stages of information processing w/
the stages of memory intertwined
Long-Term Memory
SensoryMemory
WorkingMemory
Long-termMemory
Encoding
RetrievalEncoding
Events
Retrieval
Long-Term Memory
Unlimited capacity store. Estimates on capacity range from 1000 billion to 1,000,000 billion bits of
information (Landauer, 1986).
The story of Rajan Mahadevan…recited the first 31, 811 digits of pi (the ratio between
the diameter and circumference of a circle)which begins 3.14159 & continues on indefinitely
How well have you encoded/stored information?
Which letters of the alphabet do NOT appear on a “standard” telephone key pad?Q and Z
What is color of the top stripe of the American flag? REDThe bottom stripe? REDHow many red stripes & white stripes does it have? 7 RED 6 WHITE
How many sides does a wooden pencil have?6
How well have you encoded?In what hand does the Statue of Liberty hold her torch?RightWhat, if anything, does she have on her feet?Sandals
Who is on the front of a $20 bill?JacksonWhat is on the back?White HouseWho is on the front of a $5 bill? Back?Lincoln – Lincoln Memorial
Storing Memories in the Brain
1.Wilder Penfield (1967) through electrical stimulation of the brain concluded that old memories were etched in the brain.
2.Loftus and Loftus (1980) reviewed Penfield's data and showed that only a handful of brain stimulated patients reported flashbacks.
3.Lashley (1950) using rats, suggested that even after removing parts of the brain the animals retained partial memory of the maze.
Memory Trace●The search for the engram, the
biological basis of LTM, has taken 2 approaches…
*Looks on the level of synapses and biochemical changes that are believed to represent the physical memory trace in nerve cells
*Looking for neural circuitry used by memory in the brain
Synaptic ChangesLTM forming at the synapse as fragile
chemical traces that gradually consolidate into more permanent synaptic
changes over time(we leave chemical “bread crumbs” in the synapse…more we use, stronger
the memory “trail”)
This explains why a blow to the head or an electric shock to the brain can cause loss of recent
memories that have not yet consolidated.
Both Photos: From N. Toni et al., Nature, 402, Nov. 25 1999. Courtesy of Dominique Muller
Neural Circuitry●Research began by looking at
individuals who had parts of the brain removed in “botched” operations
●H.M. had surgery for epileptic seizures… his hippocampus and amygdala on both sides of the brain were removed
●Since the surgery in 1953, H.M. has been unable to create new memories of the events in his life, although his memories for events prior to the operation remains normal
Brain structures involved in memory
Brain structures●Hippocampus – aids in the initial encoding of
info●Cerebral cortex – memories are changed into
relatively permanent memories●Amygdala – strengthens memories that have
strong emotional associations●These emotional connections act as an aid
for access and retrieval●The amygdala is probably what is
responsible for the persistent and troubling memories associated with PTSD
Where are memories stored?●Memories do not exist in ONE place in the
brain, but reside all over the brain
●It depends upon the nature of the material being learned…information storage appears to be linked to the sites in the brain where the processing of that information occurs
●So if it is visual information, the memory would be stored in the visual cortex…
Stress Hormones & Memory
Heightened emotions (stress related or otherwise)
make for stronger memories…”stress” seems
to boost activity in the brain’s memory-forming
areas.
Continued, lengthy stress can disrupt memory.
Implicit Memories●Memories that you are not
consciously aware of…yet these memories can affect your behavior
●EX: the 1st time you meet someone, you instantly dislike them…implicit memory is at work because they unconsciously remind your of your worst enemy
Explicit Memories●Intentional or conscious
recollection of information…you are deliberately trying to remember something
●EX: when someone asks you about your summer vacation, you consciously attempt to remember
●EX: remembering information when you are taking a test
Procedural Memory●Memory for skills and
habits…most procedural memories are implicit, as you don’t have to think about “how to” after you have learned the info
●EX: walking, riding a bike, driving
Declarative Memory
●Memory for factual information like names, faces, dates, etc…usually are explicit memories and require conscious mental effort
●EX: recalling the directions for driving to a specific location
2 Types of Declarative Memory●Semantic – memory for
language, facts, general knowledge and concepts… the “I know that…” facts (much of what you learn in school)
●Episodic – memory for the biographical details of our individual lives…the “I remember when…” memories
●Stores temporal coding (time tags) to identify WHEN and context coding to indicate WHERE