Memory

Encoding and Storing Information

Irondale Memory Quiz

1. What is the room number of this classroom?

2. Does the library have the same color floor tiling as this classroom?

3. How many steps are there at the front entrance? (student parking lot)

4. How many murals are suspended from the ceiling in the front lobby?

5. What color is the “lunch money” drop off box?

6. How many basketball hoops are in the varsity gym?

7. What colors are the flags that hang in the cafeteria?(4)

What and Why do we remember?

Write down the very first memory you can think of! How old were you?

What are the barriers to remembering our earliest experiences?– Neural pathways are still developing– Language barrier– Survival responses may take precedence

Flashbulb Memories

Surprise-induced memorization

Hormonal basis hypothesis

– Cortisol

Reinforcement Theories

Informational Processing Model: Encoding, Storage & Retrieval

Sensory Memory: very brief memory storage immediately following initial reception of a stimulus.

Our senses hold onto memories for fractions of a second.– Iconic Memory: visual sensory memory– Echoic Memory: auditory sensory memory that lasts for 1-2

seconds

Sensory Memory: Iconic (Visual) George Sperling : Present stimulus for 50ms to participants we “see” more than we can “say”

P Y F GV J S AD H B U

The Processes of Memory:Encoding

First we encode information.

– Encoding: the transforming of information so the nervous system can process it.

– We encode information through our senses.

Acoustic Visual Semantic

Write down the number of “F’s” Appearing

in the Statement Below.

Finished files are

the results of years

of scientific study

combined with the

experience of years.

How many did you count? 3, 4, 5, 6 ? (acoustic or visual encoding?)

Finished files are the results of years

of scientific studycombined with the

experience of years.

Instructions will appear on the next slide.

Nod your head when you fully understand the instructions.

Group 1

FOR EACH OF THE WORDS THAT I AM GOING TO READ, MENTALLY RATE THE USEFULNESS OF THE ITEM, ON A 1-5 SCALE, IF YOU WERE STRANDED ON A DESERT ISLAND.

Instructions will appear on the next slide.

Nod your head when you fully understand the instructions.

GROUP 2

FOR EACH OF THE WORDS THAT I AM GOING TO READ, MENTALLY ESTIMATE THE NUMBER OF SYLLABALS FOUND IN THE WORD.

The Processes of Memory

Storage– Storage: The process by

which information is maintained over a period of time.

– How much effort was put into encoding?

Short-Term Memory

Maintenance rehearsal: shallow processing

20 seconds “Rule of 7” (7 +/- 2) Try to remember as

many of the following letters as possible.

FABCPBSNBCCNNMTV

F ABC PBS NBC CNN MTV

Chunking: the process of grouping items to make them easier to remember.

Social Security NumbersPhone Numbers

Put Your Pens/Pencils Down and Listen to the List of Words I Read.

5 10 1520

DreamNightTossTurnSoundRestSnoreNightSlumberArtichokeComfortTiredClockFatigueSilenceDarkQuiltNightBedSleep

Short-Term Memory

The Serial Position Effect: we are better able to recall information presented at the beginning and end of a list.

Primacy Effect Recency Effect

Informational Processing Model: Encoding, Storage & Retrieval

No conscious recall

C.C.

habits

Deliberate

Explicit

Conscious Recall

Memory of events in serial form

Long-Term Memory: Episodic Memory

Episodic Memory: memory of one’s life, including time of occurrence.

Three Stages of Memory: Long-Term Memory

Long-Term Memory: information is stored for long periods of time.

Long-Term Memory: Procedural Memory

Procedural Memory: memory of learned skills that does not require conscious recollection.

Skills Habits Classical Conditioning

Long-Term Memory: Declarative Memory

Declarative Memory: memory of knowledge that can be called forth consciously as needed.

Explicit Memory:– deliberate & effortful

Implicit Memory:– automatic