MEIOSIS AND SEXUAL REPRODUCTION CONTINUITY – Genetic information passes from generation to...
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Transcript of MEIOSIS AND SEXUAL REPRODUCTION CONTINUITY – Genetic information passes from generation to...
MEIOSIS AND SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
• CONTINUITY – Genetic information passes from generation to generation
• GENETIC VARIATION – differences between individuals; these are the differences evolution “sorts” through
Kinds of Chromosomes
• Autosomes• Sex chromosomes• Karyotypes
Mitosis vs. Meiosis
Mitosis vs. Meiosis
• Mitosis– 1 division– daughter cells
genetically identical to parent cell
– produces 2 cells
– 2n 2n (or n n)
– produces cells for growth & repair
– no crossing over
• Meiosis– 2 divisions– daughter cells genetically different
from parent– produces 4 cells– 2n 1n– produces gametes– crossing over
THE VALUE OF MEIOSIS• Meiosis introduces genetic variation
– gametes of offspring do not have same genes as gametes from parents
• Behavior of chromosomes during meiosis and fertilization is responsible for most of the genetic variation that arises each generation during sexual reproduction
• 3 MECHANISM OF GENETIC VARIATION due to meiosis and fertilization
1. INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT2. RANDOM FERTILIZATION3. CROSSING OVER*** mutation is also a source of genetic variation
INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENTHOW MANY COMBINATIONS OF CHROMOSOMES ARE POSSIBLE IN A HUMAN GAMETE?
223 OR ABOUT 8 MILLION
n= the haploid number of the species
CROSSING OVER• During Prophase I– homologous pairs
swap pieces of chromosome
– nonsister chromatids intertwine and exchange genes
– crossing over
• Crossing over occurs early in prophase I • Homologous chromosomes pair up gene by
gene – synapsis; visible as group of 4 chromatids called tetrad
• Synaptonemal complex (proteins) forms between homologous chromosomes
• In crossing over, homologous portions of two nonsister chromatids trade places; physical location of cross overs visible as chiasmata– In humans, this occurs 2-3 times per
chromosome pair.• Independent assortment of these
nonidentical sister chromatids during meiosis II increases the number of genetic types of gametes that can result from meiosis.
RANDOM FERTILIZATION
• Any 2 parents will produce a zygote with over 70 trillion (223 x 223) diploid combinations
ONE MORE TIME!!!!• 3 sources of genetic variability in a sexually
reproducing organism are:1. Independent assortment of homologous
chromosomes during meiosis I and of nonidentical sister chromatids during meiosis II.
2. Crossing over between homologous chromosomes during prophase I.
3. Random fertilization of an ovum by a sperm.
• All three mechanisms reshuffle the various genes carried by individual members of a population.
• Mutations, still to be discussed, ultimately create a population’s diversity of genes – source of “new” genes
Differences in Meiosis:Males vs Females
• In males the 4 cells produced during meiosis become four sperm (spermatogenesis)
• In females only one of the 4 cells produced during meiosis becomes an egg (oogenesis)
Differences in Meiosis:Males vs. Females
• Males begin producing sperm at puberty; number and quality of sperm decline with age
• Females form all eggs during 5th month of embryonic development– oocytes remain in prophase I until ovulation begins
during puberty– meiosis I completed by ovulation;– meiosis II completed after fertilization;– at menopause ovulation ceases
**uneven division of cytoplasm produces 1 ovum and 3 polar bodies
•Meiosis in sporophyte (2n) produces spores (n)
•Spores grow into multicellular gametophyte (n)
•Gametophyte produces gametes by mitosis
•Fertilization produces zygote (2n)
•Zygote divides by mitosis to form embryo in seed
•Seed germinates and embryo grows into new sporophyte