Medical TerminologyMedical Terminology

Unit 3Oncology and the Central Nervous System

PrefixPrefix

Hyper-– Above or more than normal

Hypercritical Hypercholesterolemia Hypertoxicity Hyperflexion Hyperactivity Hyperlipidemia Hyperproteinuria

PrefixPrefix

Hypo-– Below or less than normal

Hypocalcemia Hypodactylia Hyposensitive Hypothermia Hypokalemia Hypothyroidism Hypodermic

More ExamplesMore Examples

Hypertrophy– Overdevelopment

Hypertension– High blood pressure

Hyperemesis– Excessive vomiting

Hypotrophy (atrophy)– Progressive degeneration

Hypotension– Low blood pressure

Aden/oAden/o

“glands”– Adenitis– Adenectomy– Adenoma– Adenopathy– Lymphadenopathy

Skin LesionsSkin Lesions

Lesion = One of many possible types of abnormal tissue conditions– Ulcer = Open sores on the skin or mucous

membranes– Tumor = Abnormal growth in numbers and/or

types of cells. May be benign or malignant (cancerous)

Benign vs. MalignantBenign vs. Malignant

Benign– -oma

Malignant– Carcinoma/-carcinoma

From epithelial-type tissue

– Sarcoma/-sarcoma From connective-type

tissue

Carcin/o = “crab”= Cancer

CA or Ca

Benign vs. MalignantBenign vs. Malignant

Adenoma Papilloma fibroadenoma

Adenocarcinoma Melanoma (Malignant

Melanoma)– Exception to pattern

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Skin CancersSkin Cancers

Melanoma.gif Basal cell carcinoma.jpg

Melanoma Basal Cell Carcinoma

Benign vs. MalignantBenign vs. Malignant

Osteoma Chondroma Leiomyoma Lipoma Hemangioma Neuroma Atheroma

Osteosarcoma Chondrosarcoma Leiomyosarcoma Liposarcoma Angiosarcoma Neurosarcoma

Lymphosarcoma

LipomaLipoma

ExceptionsExceptions

Sound like benign but are malignant:– Melanoma (Malignant melanoma)– Myeloma (Multiple Myeloma)– Lymphoma– Leukemia

MetastasisMetastasis

Metastasis Singular Noun Metastases Plural Noun Metastatic Adjective Metastasize(d) Verb

Meta- = beyond -stasis = in one place– Spreading beyond the original place

Met, Metas, Mets

Plural FormationPlural Formation

-oma omata– Lipoma Lipomata– Sarcoma Sarcomata– Atheroma Atheromata– Adenoma Adenomata– Melanoma Melanomata

Onc/o = TumorOnc/o = Tumor

From Greek word oncos = mass– Oncology– Oncologist

-oid-oid

Means like or resembling– Lipoid– mucoid

Ather/oAther/o

Means fatty or porridgelike– Atheroma = tumorlike thickening and

degeneration of blood vessel walls caused by fatty deposits

Atherosclerosis = hardening of Atherosclerosis = hardening of vessel walls due to fatty vessel walls due to fatty

depositsdepositsBe careful:

– Ather/o = fatty, porridgelike– Arteri/o = arteries– Arthr/o = joint

Hist/oHist/o

Means tissue

Histolysis = destruction of tissueHistogenous = made of tissueHistology = the study of tissueHistologist = one who studies tissues

Hist/oHist/o

An Embryonic tissue A tissue cell Resembling tissue

Histoblast Histocyte Histoid

Neo-Neo-

Greek neos mean new

Neogenesis = generation of new substanceNeonatal = refers to the newbornNeoplasm = new formation, tumor or growth

– Plasm/o = formation– A nonmalignant tumor is called a benign neoplasm– Carcinoma or sarcoma are malignant neoplasm

Anti- is a Prefix meaning against-plast/ic is an adjective suffix for abnormal

growth– Antineoplastic is a therapeutic agent that works

against cancerous neoplasms

-genesis refers to development.– Antitumorigenesis = the process of inhibiting

development of a tumor

Mucosa & SerosaMucosa & Serosa

Muc/us = secretion of the mucous membrane– Noun: Muc/us adjective: Muc/ous

Mucosa = mucous membrane– Lining of the open body cavities, like digestive system

Ser/ous Serosa = serous membrane

– Lining of the closed body cavities. Covers the outside of organs such as the intestines

Cephal = HeadCephal = HeadHeadache (pain in head)

– Noun Cephal/algia (-algia = pain) Cephalgia Cephal/o/dynia (Odyne, -odynia = pain)

– Adjective Cephal/o/dynic

Cephalic– Adjective: Pertaining to the head

Encephal = BrainEncephal = BrainEncephal/itis: inflammation of the brainEncephal/o/cele: Herniation of brain tissue

through cranial fissure– Kele or –cele = abnormal protrusion or swelling– Brain herniation is sometimes a finding in

hydrocephalyEncephal/o/malac/ia: softening of brain tissueEncephal/o/tomy: incision into the brainElectr/o/encephal/o/gram (EEG): picture of

the electrical activity of the brain

Brain Brain

Crani/o = SkullCrani/o = Skull

Cranium = skull Cranioplasty: Surgical repair

of skull– -plasty = surgical repair

Craniomalacia: softening of the bones of the skull

Craniectomy: excision of part of the cranium

Craniotomy: incision into skull Craniometer: instrument used

to measure the cranium Cranial (Adjective)

Cerebr = CerebrumCerebr = Cerebrum

Cerebrum is a part of the brain– Thought occurs– Feeling is interpreted– Motor impulses arise– “gray matter”

Cerebral (adjective)

Cerebr = CerebrumCerebr = Cerebrum

Cerebr/itisCerebr/omaCerebr/otomyCerebr/o/vascul/arCerebr/o/spin/al

Mening/o = MeningesMening/o = Meninges

Meninges are 3-layered membrane that covers the brain and spinal cord.– Pia mater, arachnoid, dura mater

Mening/o/cele: herniation of meningesMening/o/malac/ia: softening of the

meningesMening/itis: inflammation of the meninges

– Caused by bacteria or virus

MeningesMeninges

AbbreviationAbbreviation AIDS Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ASCP American Society of Clinical Pathology BX Biopsy BCC Basal cell carcinoma BP Blood pressure Ca, CA Calcium, Cancer CIS Carcinoma in situ CLA Certified laboratory assistant CP Cerebral palsy CSF Cerebralspinal fluid CV Cardiovascular

AbbreviationAbbreviation CVA Cerebrovascular accident (stroke) EEG Electroencephalogram END Electroneurodiagnostic ENG Electronystaygraphy EP Evoked Potential HA Headache HCVD Hypertensive Cardiovascular disease MBD Minimal brain dysfunction Met., metas., mets. Metastasis MLT Medical laboratory technician

AbbreviationAbbreviation

mmHG millimeters of mercury (pressure)

MT Medical technologist NCS Nerves Conduction Studies PSG Polysomnography TIA Transient ischemic attack