Medical Terminology get connected! CHAPTER Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights...

Medical Terminologyget connected!

CHAPTER

Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.

Medical Terminology: get connected!Suzanne Frucht

Orthopedics

6



Media Directory

Slide 20 View the Skeleton

Slide 29 Arthroscopy Video

Slide 49 Osteoporosis Video

Slide 56 Carpal Tunnel Video

Slide 58 Hip Fracture

Slide 69 Muscle Atrophy Video

Slide 70 Muscular Dystrophy Video

Slide 73 Arthritis Video

Slide 80 Spina Bifida Video



Learning Objectives

• UNDERSTAND the function of the musculoskeletal system.

• DESCRIBE the medical specialty of orthopedics.

• DEFINE orthopedic-related combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes.

• IDENTIFY the organs treated in orthopedics.



Learning Objectives

• BUILD orthopedic medical terms from word parts.

• EXPLAIN orthopedic medical terms.• USE orthopedic abbreviations.



Introduction to Orthopedics

• Musculoskeletal system consists of:– Bones– Muscles– Joints

• Bones joined together by ligaments – Forms skeleton– Framework of body



Introduction to Orthopedics

• Joints – Point where two bones meet– Provides flexibility for movement

• Muscles– Attached to bones by tendons– Contract to move bones at each joint



Orthopedics

• Also called orthopedic surgery• Branch of medicine concerned with bones,

muscles, and joints• Orthopedists or orthopedic surgeons

– Use medical, surgical, and physical means– Correct defects and improve function of

bones, joints, and muscles



Orthopedics

• Examples of conditions include:– Birth defects such as spina bifida– Trauma such as fractures– Infections such as osteomyelitis– Tumors such as osteogenic sarcoma– Inflammatory conditions such as arthritis– Muscular problems such as muscular

dystrophy



Orthopedics Combining Forms

• arthr/o joint• burs/o bursa• chondr/o cartilage• muscul/o muscle• my/o muscle• myel/o bone marrow• oste/o bone • ten/o tendon• tendin/o tendon



Bone Combining Forms

• carp/o carpals (wrist)• clavicul/o clavicle (collar bone)• coccyg/o coccyx (tailbone)• cost/o rib• crani/o skull




• femor/o femur (thigh bone)• fibul/o fibula (thinner lower leg bone)• humer/o humerus (upper arm bone)• ili/o ilium (part of pelvis)• ischi/o ischium (part of pelvis)




• mandibul/o mandible (lower jaw)• maxill/o maxilla (upper jaw)• metacarp/o metacarpus (hand bones)• metatars/o metatarsus (foot bones)• patell/o patella (kneecap)




• phalang/o phalanges (fingers and toes)• pub/o pubis (part of pelvis)• radi/o radius (part of forearm)• sacr/o sacrum (part of pelvis)• scapul/o scapula (shoulder blade)




• spondyl/o vertebra• stern/o sternum (breast bone)• tars/o tarsals (ankle)• tibi/o tibia (shin, larger lower leg

bone)• uln/o ulna (part of forearm)• vertebr/o vertebra (back bone)



Additional Combining Forms

• cutane/o skin• electr/o electricity• fibr/o fibrous• kyph/o hump• lord/o bent backwards• orth/o straight• path/o disease• scoli/o crooked, bent



Suffix Review

• -ac pertaining to• -al pertaining to• -algia pain• -ar pertaining to• -ary pertaining to• -asthenia weakness• -centesis puncture to

withdraw fluid• -clasia surgical

breaking• -cyte cell

• -desis surgical fixation

• -dynia pain• -eal pertaining to• -ectomy surgical

removal• -genic producing• -gram record• -graphy process of

recording• -ic pertaining to



Suffix Review

• -itis inflammation• -kinesia movement• -malacia softening• -metry process of

measuring• -oma tumor• -osis abnormal

condition• -otomy cutting into• -ous pertaining to• -pathy disease

• -plasty surgical repair• -porosis porous• -rrhaphy suture• -rrhexis rupture• -scope instrument for

viewing• -scopy process of

visually examining

• -tome instrument to cut

• -trophy development



Prefix Review

• a- without• brady- slow• dys- difficult, painful• inter- between• intra- within

• hyper- excessive• per- through• sub- under• supra- above



Skeleton

Figure 6.1 The skeleton.



View the Skeleton

Click on the image in presentation mode for 360 degree views of the skeleton.

Click a second time to pause the video.

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Types of Muscles

Figure 6.2 Types of muscles in the body.



Building Orthopedic Terms

For each orthopedic term introduced on the next few slides, write the completed term in your textbook (pg 84).



-ac

• Suffix meaning pertaining to• Build a term meaning:

– pertaining to under the ilium subiliac



-al


– pertaining to the wrist

carpal– pertaining to between the ribs

intercostal– pertaining to between the vertebra

intervertebral



-ar


– pertaining to the fibula fibular



Arthr/o

• Combining form meaning joint• Also called an articulation• Formed when two bones meet• Most joints are freely moving synovial

joints



Figure 6.3 Joints.



Arthr/o

• Build a term meaning:– process of visually examining a joint

arthroscopy– surgical fixation of a joint arthrodesis– record of a joint arthrogram

arthr/o + -gram



Arthroscopy Video

Click on the image in presentation mode to view a video of arthroscopic surgery on a shoulder. Click a second time to pause the video.

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-ary


– pertaining to above the maxilla supramaxillary



Burs/o

• Combining form meaning bursa• Fluid-filled sac

– Found between tendon and bone– Serves to reduce friction



Burs/o

• Build a term meaning:– bursa inflammation bursitis– surgical removal of a bursa bursectomy

burs/o + -ectomy



Chondr/o

• Combining form meaning cartilage• Tough, flexible connective tissue• Covers ends of bones in joint• Serves as shock absorber



Chondr/o

• Build a term meaning:– cartilage softening chondromalacia– cartilage tumor chondroma



Crani/o

• Combining form meaning skull• Build a term meaning:

– pertaining to the skull cranial– pertaining to within the skull intracranial– surgical repair of the skull cranioplasty



Figure 6.4 Skull.



-eal


– pertaining to the phalanges phalangeal



-ic


– pertaining to above the pubis suprapubic



-kinesia

• Suffix meaning movement• Build a term meaning:

– slow movement bradykinesia– difficult movement dyskinesia– excessive movement hyperkinesia

hyper- + -kinesia



Muscul/o

• Combining form meaning muscle• Contracts to produce movement• Three types

– Skeletal muscle moves skeleton– Smooth muscle produces movement in

internal organs like stomach and bladder– Cardiac muscle produces heartbeat



Figure 6.5 Muscles.



Muscul/o

• Build a term meaning:– pertaining to within muscle intramuscular

intra- + muscul/o + -ar



Myel/o

• Combining form meaning red bone marrow

• Found inside bones• Produces blood cells



Myel/o

• Build a term meaning:– red bone marrow tumor myeloma– producing red bone marrow myelogenic



My/o

• Another combining form meaning muscle• Build a term meaning:

– muscle painmyalgia

– muscle weaknessmyasthenia

– record of muscle's electricity electromyogram



Oste/o

• Combining form meaning bone• Hard, calcified connective tissue• Functions

– Supports and moves body– Protects internal organs like heart and lungs– Houses red bone marrow– Serves as mineral storehouse



Figure 6.6 Bone.



Oste/o

• Build a term meaning:– bone cell

osteocyte– producing bone osteogenic– bone and cartilage tumor osteochondroma



Osteoporosis Video

Click on the image in presentation mode to view a video on osteoporosis.


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Spondyl/o

• Combining form meaning vertebra• Build a term meaning:

– abnormal condition of a vertebraspondylosis



Ten/o

• Combining form meaning tendon• Strong bands of connective tissue• Anchors muscles to bone



Ten/o

• Build a term meaning:– suture of a tendon tenorrhaphy



Tendin/o

• Another combining form meaning tendon• Build a term meaning:

– abnormal condition of a tendon tendinosis



Orthopedics Vocabulary

Term Explanation

bone graft Surgical procedure; bone is used to replace lost bone or to fuse two bones together

bone scan Nuclear medicine scan using radioactive dye to visualize bones; especially useful for finding stress fractures and bone cancer

carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)

Repetitive motion disorder caused by pressure on tendons and nerves as they pass through carpal tunnel of wrist

closed fracture

Broken bone with no open skin wound; also called simple fracture



Carpal Tunnel

Figure 6.7 Nerves and blood vessels enclosed by carpal tunnel formed by wrist bones and tendons.



Carpal Tunnel Video

Click on the image in presentation mode to view a video on carpal tunnel syndrome.


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Fractures

Figure 6.8 A) Closed (or simple) fracture and B) Open (or compound) fracture.



Hip Fracture

Click on the image in presentation mode to view an animation on hip fracture.


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Term Explanation

comminuted fracture

Bone break where bone shatters into many small fragments

compound fracture

Broken bone with open skin wound; also called open fracture

compression fracture

Bone break causing loss of height of vertebral body; may result from trauma, but in older persons, especially women, may be caused by osteoporosis

contracture Abnormal shortening of muscle fibers, tendons, or connective tissue making it difficult to stretch muscle




Term Explanation

creatine phosphokinase (CPK)

Muscle enzyme found in skeletal and cardiac muscle; elevated blood levels associated with heart attack, muscular dystrophy, and other skeletal muscle pathologies

deep tendon reflexes (DTR)

Involuntary muscle contraction in response to striking muscle tendon with reflex hammer; determines if muscles respond properly



Deep Tendon Reflexes

Figure 6.9 Testing patellar reflex with a reflex hammer.




Term Explanation

dislocation Occurs when bones in joint are displaced from normal alignment and ends of bones are no longer in contact with each other

dual-energy absorptiometry (DXA)

Test using low-dose x-ray beams to measure bone density; used to diagnose osteoporosis

fibromyalgia Chronic condition with widespread aching and pain in muscles and fibrous soft tissue



Dislocation

Figure 6.10 The large bump on the top of the shoulder is caused by the upward dislocation of the humerus.




Term Explanation

fixation Stabilizes fracture; external fixation includes casts and splints; internal fixation includes pins, plates, rods, screws, and wires put into place during surgery called open reduction

fracture (FX, Fx)

Broken bone

greenstick fracture

Incomplete break; one side of the bone breaks and other side only bends; commonly seen in children because their bones are still pliable




Term Explanation

herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP)

Protrusion of intervertebral disk between two vertebrae which puts pressure on spinal nerves; also called herniated disk or ruptured disk; may require surgery

impacted fracture

Fracture in which one bone fragment is pushed into another

kyphosis Abnormal increase in normal outward curvature of thoracic spine; also called hunchback or humpback



Herniated Disc

Figure 6.11 Protruding intervertebral disc putting pressure on a spinal nerve.



Abnormal Spinal Curvatures

Figure 6.12 Abnormal spinal curvatures: kyphosis, lordosis, and scoliosis.




Term Explanation

lordosis Abnormal increase in forward curvature of lumbar spine; also called swayback

muscle atrophy Loss of muscle bulk due to muscle disease, nervous system disease, or lack of use; also called muscle wasting

muscular dystrophy (MD)

Inherited disease; progressive muscle degeneration, weakness, and atrophy

nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

Large group of drugs that provide mild pain relief and anti-inflammatory benefits for conditions such as arthritis



Muscle Atrophy Video

Click on the image in presentation mode to view a video on preventing muscle atrophy.


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Muscular Dystrophy Video

Click on the image in presentation mode to view a video on muscular dystrophy.


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Term Explanation

oblique fracture

Bone break where fracture line runs along an angle to shaft of the bone

orthosis Externally applied brace or splint to prevent or correct deformities; orthotist is person skilled in making and adjusting orthoses

osteoarthritis (OA)

Arthritis caused by loss of cartilage cushion covering bones in joint; most common in bearing weight joints; results in bone rubbing against bone



Orthosis

Figure 6.13 A stroke patient with an orthotic brace on her right arm.



Arthritis Video

Click on the image in presentation mode to view a video on arthritis.


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Term Explanation

osteogenic sarcoma

Most common bone cancer; usually begins in osteocytes found at ends of bones; most frequently occurs in persons 10-25 years old

pathologic fracture

Broken bone caused by diseased or weakened bone, not trauma

percutaneous diskectomy

Use of a thin catheter tube inserted into intervertebral disk through skin to suck out pieces of herniated or ruptured disk; or laser is used to vaporize disk




Term Explanation

prosthesis Artificial device; substitutes for missing body part; example: artificial leg; prosthetist is person trained in making prostheses

radiography Diagnostic imaging procedure using x-rays to see internal structure of body; especially useful for visualizing bones and joints

reduction Realigning bone; in closed reduction bones are externally moved; in open reduction bones are manipulated through a surgical incision; open reduction usually performed before internal fixation of bony fragments



Radiography

Figure 6.14 X-ray of legs showing fractures in both tibias.




Term Explanation

repetitive motion disorder

Group of chronic disorders with tendon, muscle, joint, and nerve damage caused by prolonged periods of pressure, vibration, or repetitive movements

rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

Arthritis with swelling, stiffness, pain, and degeneration of cartilage in joints caused by chronic soft tissue inflammation; may result in crippling deformities; an autoimmune disease

scoliosis Abnormal lateral curvature of spine



Rheumatoid Arthritis

Figure 6.15 Typical hand and wrist deformities of rheumatoid arthritis.




Term Explanation

spasm Sudden, involuntary, strong muscle contraction

spina bifida

Birth defect when vertebra fails to fully form around spinal cord; ranges from mild to severe; if spinal cord is damaged, paralysis results

spiral fracture

Bone break in which fracture line spirals around shaft of the bone; caused by twisting injury; often slower to heal than other types of fractures

sprain Ligament injury from overstretching, but without joint dislocation or bone fracture



Spina Bifida Video

Click on the image in presentation mode to view a video on living with spina bifida.


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Term Explanation

strain Damage to the muscle or tendons from overuse or overstretching

stress fracture A slight bone break caused by repetitive low-impact forces, like running, rather than single forceful impact

total hip arthroplasty (THA)

Surgical reconstruction of hip with artificial hip joint; also called total hip replacement (THR).



Total Hip Arthroplasty

Figure 6.16 A fractured femur (A); repaired with a total hip arthroplasty (B).




Term Explanation

total knee arthroplasty (TKA)

Surgical reconstruction of knee joint with artificial knee joint; also called total knee replacement (TKR)

transverse fracture

Bone break with fracture line straight across shaft of bone



Orthopedics Abbreviations

AE above elbow CPK creatine phosphokinase

AK above knee DTR deep tendon reflex

BDT bone density test EMG electromyogram

BE below elbow IM intramuscular

BK below knee MD muscular dystrophy

BMD bone mineral density

C1, C2, etc first cervical vertebra, second cervical vertebra, etc.

CTS carpal tunnel syndrome




Ca calcium JRA juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

DJD degenerative joint disease

L1, L2, etc

first lumbar vertebra, second lumbar vertebra, etc.

DXA dual-energy absorptiometry

LE lower extremity

FX, Fx

fracture LLE left lower extremity

HNP herniated nucleus pulposus

LUE left upper extremity




NSAID nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug

RA rheumatoid arthritis

OA osteoarthritis RLE right lower extremity

ORIF open reduction-internal fixation

RUE right upper extremity

Orth, ortho

orthopedics T1, T2, etc

first thoracic vertebra, second thoracic vertebra, etc.




THA total hip arthroplasty

THR total hip replacement

TKA total knee arthroplasty

TKR total knee replacement

UE upper extremity



Combining Forms Match Up

1. carp/o

2. chondr/o

3. cost/o

4. crani/o

5. my/o

a. rib

b. muscle

c. wrist

d. cartilage

e. skull

Medical Terminology get connected! CHAPTER Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights...

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Transcript of Medical Terminology get connected! CHAPTER Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights...