MECHANICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF SAWDUST...

MECHANICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF SAWDUST CONCRETE

RUHAL PERVEZ MEMON

A project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the award of the degree of

Master of Engineering (Structure)

Faculty of Civil Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

JANUARY 2016

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This project report is dedicated to my father Dr. Sufi Saleem Pervez, my lovely

mother Shahnaz Shaheen and my elder sisters Amrat Pervez Memon and Irum

Pervez Memon for their endless support and encouragement

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my gratitude to all those who gave me a helping hand

to complete this thesis. I am particularly grateful to my supervisor ASSOC. PROF.

DR. A.S.M. Abdul Awal for his valuable and constructive suggestions that helped

me in completing this project. Thank you for your efforts in improving my study.

Thanks to the technicians and individuals who offered their help directly or

indirectly in Highway laboratory. Gratitude also dedicated to all my friends who

helped and supported me during all the way upon completing thesis.

Furthermore I wish to thank my Parents who have supported me throughout

this entire process. Without their prayers and support I would have never completed

this project.

I will finally like to express my gratitude with a high degree of appreciation

to my friend Nadeem Nawaz, Kamal and Moazzam Mughal for their love, care,

concern and support morally, my gratitude knows no bound. I say a big thanks to my

friend Ghasen Zalme for helping me throughout my master project. All words most

precious resources would not adequately compensate for his love and sacrifice.

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ABSTRACT

Sawdust is the by-product of wood. It is considered as waste material but

nowadays this waste material is utilized in the construction of the building as

sawdust concrete. It is utilized to make light-weight concrete and possess long

duration heat transfer. In this research sawdust concrete was made at three different

mix proportions of cement to sawdust of 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 by volume. At these

proportions mechanical and thermal properties like density, workability, strength,

elastic modulus and heat transfer were investigated after, 7 , 28 and 56 days of air

curing. It was found that with the increase in the amount of sawdust, the workability

and strength decreased however, in terms of thermal conductivity concrete with

higher amount of sawdust performed very well. It was also found that the heat

transfer of sawdust concrete decreased. Considering the overall physical and

mechanical properties, sawdust concrete can be used in building construction.

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ABSTRAK

Serbuk kayu adalah produk daripada kayu. Walaupun ia dianggap sebagai

bahan buangan namun tetapi ia telah dimanfaatkan di dalam bidang pembinaan

bangunan sebagai konkrit yang diasaskan dari serbuk kayu. Ia telah digunakan untuk

membuat konkrit lebih ringan dan tahan lama semasa pemindahan haba. Dalam

kajian ini konkrit berasakan serbuk kayu dibuat dengan tiga berlainan nisbah

campuran simen kepada serbuk kayu iaitu 1:1, 1:2, dan 1:3 dan bentuk isipadu.

Dalam nisbah ini sifat mekanikal dan haba seperti ketumpatan, kebolehkerjaan,

kekuatan, modulus keanjalan dan pemindahan haba telah diuji selepas 7 hari, 28 hari

dan 56 hari pengawetan udara. Ia telah didapati dengan penambahan kuantiti serbuk

kayu, kebolehkerjaan dan kekuatan bahan menurun namun begitu dari segi

pengaliran haba konkrit ia menunjukkan prestasi yang baik dengan jumlah serbuk

kayu yang banyak. Namun demikan ia didapati bahawa pemindahan haba untuk

konkrit berasakan serbuk kayu berkurangan. Dengan mengambil kira keseluruhan

sifat-sifat fizikal dan mekanikal, konkrit berasakan serbuk kayu boleh digunakan

dalam pembinaan bangunan.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

DECLARATION ii

DEDICATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

ABSTRACT v

ABSTRAK vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS vii

LIST OF TABLES xi

LIST OF FIGURES xii

LIST OF ABBREVIATION xiv

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Background of study 2

1.3 Problem statement 4

1.4 Objectives 4

1.5 Scope of Study 5

1.6 Significance of study 5

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6

2.1 Overview 6

2.2 Concrete 7

2.2.1 Introduction 7

2.2.2 General Properties of Concrete 8

2.2.3 Aggregates 9

2.3 Types of concrete 11

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2.3.1 Normal Concrete 11

2.3.2 High Strength Concrete 12

2.3.3 High Performance Concrete 13

2.3.4 Self-Compacting Concrete 14

2.3.5 Lightweight Concrete 15

2.4 Properties of Fresh Concrete 17

2.4.1 Setting Time 17

2.4.2 Workability of Concrete 18

2.4.3 Concrete Bleeding 19

2.4.4 Segregation in Concrete 20

2.4.5 Hydration of Concrete 21

2.4.6 Air Entrainment 22

2.5 Durability of Concrete 22

2.6 Properties of Hardened Concrete 23

2.6.1 Concrete Strength 23

2.6.2 Concrete Creep 25

2.6.3 Concrete Shrinkage 25

2.6.4 Modulus of Elasticity 26

2.6.5 Impermeability of Concrete 26

2.6.6 Density of Concrete 27

2.6.7 Thermal Insulation of Concrete 27

2.7 Heat Transfer of Harden Concrete 29

2.7.1 Conduction 30

2.7.2 Convection 30

2.7.3 Radiation 30

2.8 Sawdust Concrete 31

2.8.1 Introduction 31

2.8.2 History of Wood Sawdust 33

2.8.3 Nature of Wood 34

2.8.4 Types of Sawdust 35

2.8.5 Other Uses of Sawdust in the Construction

Field 36

2.8.6 Sources of Sawdust 37

2.9 Previous Research Carried on Sawdust 39

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2.9.1 Chemical Characteristics of Sawdust 40

2.9.2 Physical Properties of sawdust 40

2.9.3 Sawdust Used in Mortar 40

2.9.4 Sawdust Used in Concrete for Thermal

Conductivity Property 42

2.9.5 Sawdust Used in Construction 43

2.9.6 Physical and chemical Properties of sawdust

ash 43

2.9.7 Fresh properties of Sawdust ash Concrete 44

3 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 45

3.1 Introduction 45

3.2 Experimental works 46

3.3 Materials 47

3.3.1 Cement 48

3.3.2 Water 49

3.3.3 Fine Aggregate 49

3.3.4 Sawdust 50

3.4 Mixture Proportions and Trial Mixtures 50

3.5 Sieving 51

3.6 Preparation of Specimens 51

3.6.1 Batching, Mixing and Casting of Sawdust

Concrete 53

3.6.2 Curing Condition 55

3.7 Preparation of Specimens 56

3.7.1 Workability test 56

3.8 Test on Hardened Sawdust Concrete 57

3.8.1 Density 57

3.8.2 Compressive Strength 57

3.8.3 Splitting Tensile Strength 59

3.8.4 Flexural Strength 61


3.8.6 Heat Transfer Test 64

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 66

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4.1 Introduction 66

4.2 Fresh Properties of Sawdust Concrete 66

4.2.1 Workability 66

4.3 Physical Properties of Sawdust Concrete 68

4.3.1 Density 68

4.4 Mechanical Properties of Sawdust Concrete 69

4.4.1 Compressive strength 69

4.4.2 Splitting tensile strength 70

4.4.3 Flexural Strength 71


4.4.5 Heat Transfer Test 76

5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 78

5.1 Conclusion 78

5.2 Recommendations 79

REFERENCES 80

xi

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE

Table 2.1: Thermal Conductivity Values. 28

Table 2.2: Compressive strength and weight of mortar with various percentage

of sawdust(Bdeir, 2012). 41

Table 2.3: Micro hardness of concrete with various percentage of

sawdust(Bdeir, 2012). 41

Table 2.4: cost and percentage of cost saving per cubic meter of mortar with

different sawdust replacement levels(Corinaldesi, 2012). 42

Table 3.1: Chemical and physical properties of OPC. 48

Table 3.2: Details of mixture proportions by volume. 51

Table 3.3: Summarized view of the specimens. 52

Table 4.1: Slump Values of Sawdust Concete. 67

Table 4.2: Density of sawdust concrete cubes. 68

Table 4.3 : Compressive Strength of sawdust concrete cubes. 70

Table 4.4: Splitting tensile strength of sawdust concrete cylinder. 71

Table 4.5: Flexural strength of sawdust concrete prsim. 72

Table 4.6: Elastic Modulus values of sawdust concrete. 73

Table 4.7: Values of Heat transfer of sawdust concrete. 77

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

Figure 2.1: Different Types of Sawdust 35

Figure 3.1: Flow chart of laboratory process 47

Figure 3.2: Ordinary Portland cement used for the experiment. 48

Figure 3.3: The fine aggregate (sand). 49

Figure 3.4: Wooden Sawdust. 50

Figure 3.5: Treatment of sawdust concrete 53

Figure 3.6: Drum Type mixer. 54

Figure 3.7: Vibration Table. 54

Figure 3.8: Curing process of specimens. 55

Figure 3.9: Measurement of workability (Slump test). 56

Figure 3.10: Compressive Strength Test for Cubic Specimen. 58

Figure 3.11: Failure of specimens under tensile force. 60

Figure 3.12: Flexural strength test on prism specimen. 61

Figure 3.13: Modulus of Elasticity test using strain gauge. 63

Figure 3.14: Sample covered with plastic for heat transfer test. 65

Figure 3.15: Equipment of heat transfer test. 65

Figure 4.1: Slump flow values of sawdust concrete. 67

Figure 4.2: Density of 1:1 , 1:2 and 1:3 sawdust concrete at 7 , 28 and 56

days. 69

Figure 4.3: Compressive strength of sawdust concrete. 70

Figure 4.4: Split tensile strength of sawdust concrete. 71

Figure 4.5: Flexural strength of sawdust concrete. 72

Figure 4.6: Determination of Elastic Modulus from Graph of Stress versus

Strain of 74

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Strain of 75


Strain of 1:3 ratio sawdust concrete. 76

Figure 4.9: Heat transfer hours of sawdust concrete. 77

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ACI - American Concrete Institute

ASTM - American Standard Testing Materials

BS - British Standard

MOE - Modulus of Elasticity

OPC - Ordinary Portland Cement

SCC - Self Compacting Concrete

SDC - Sawdust Concrete

W/C - Water Cement

HPC - High Performance Concrete

LWC - Light Weight Concrete

MDD - Moisture Dry Density

CBR - Calfornia Bearing Ratio

OMC - Optimum Moisture Content

LOI - Loss of Ignition

SDA - Sawdust Ash

NC - Normal Concrete

CHAPTER 1

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

Concrete is the most common used material in the construction over hundred

years ago. The mix of normal concrete is cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate

and water. The rapid development of composite structure nowadays requires a better

quality material and concrete performance. Concrete is the most economical material

used but because of the high density of the concrete, the dead load of the building

also increases. Reducing the density of concrete has several advantages and this will

lead to the efficient construction because the cost of handling, transportation and

constructability will be reduced.

Concrete is the conventional and one of the most durable building materials

for most civil engineering works in the world. It provides superior fire resistance.

Structures made of concrete can have a long service life. Reinforced concrete,

prestressed concrete and precast concrete are the most widely used types of concrete

functional extensions in modern days.

The construction industry consumes more natural resources than any other

industry. With increasing public awareness of the needs and demands of sustainable

development and environmental conservation, no other industry is called on as much

2

as the country's construction and building industry to evolve their practices to satisfy

the needs of our current generation, without curtailing the resources of future

generations to meet theirs. For example, concrete accounts for the most important

building material, with billions of tons produced each year worldwide, and without

which the nation's infrastructure is inconceivable. Considerable progress and

breakthroughs have been achieved in recent years in concrete technology, which has

largely gone unnoticed by the public at large.

One alternative to make concrete lighter is introducing lightweight concrete

(LWC) in the construction industry. Lightweight concrete has been used recently

because of it the capability to reduce the dead load and the earthquake force. The

density of LWC is approximately 80% of normal weight concrete. The density of

structural LWC typically ranges between 1440 and 1840 kg/m3. Whereas these

values vary between 2240 and 2400 kg/m3 for normal weight concrete (Kivrak et al.,

2006).

Ever since, concrete has become popular. Research has been devoted towards

finding the methods of making it lighter in weight together with better insulating

properties and cheaper in cost. Sawdust concrete has received some attention as a

lightweight concrete in building construction for a number of years and has been

studied in many countries. Since sawdust is available in abundance in tropical

countries and is relatively inexpensive, attempts have been made to investigate the

suitability of this material for possible use in building construction in the Singapore-

Malaysia region (Adebakin, 2012; Mageswari et al., 2009).

1.2 Background of study

History of sawdust technology goes back to at least the 1930’s, and it has

been researched and applied in parts of the United State of America, United

Kingdom Germany and also Singapore and Malaysia region (Paramasivam et al.,

1980). In some instances, the materials (with various adaptations) have been used for

flooring as well as wall. The possibilities for this material are probably endless.

3

Wood wastes in the form of wood shavings can be incorporated into wood

sand concretes without any preliminary treatment. The results have demonstrated that

the inclusion of shavings in sand concrete not only reduces the density of the

material but also improves its thermal conductivity, while the structure of the

material remains homogeneous and with strong adherence of the wood to the

concrete matrix (Sales. et al., 2011). Implement waste sawdust that has been widely

regarded as a partial sand replacement material to produce sawdust concrete, make

sure that the overall structure is strong and secure without reliance on the sawdust

cement infill (Jian, 2014).

Sawdust has been used in concrete, but not widely. Although seriously

limited by its low compressive strength. It has serious limitations that must be

understood before it is subject to use. Within these limitations, the advantages that

sawdust concrete are offers considerable reduction in weight of the structure, thereby

reducing the dead loads transmitted to the foundation , high economy when

compared to and normal weight concrete, reduce damage and prolonged life of

formwork due to lower pressure being exerted, ,Easier handling, mixing and placing

as compared with other types of concrete , improved sound absorbent properties due

to its high void ratio (Aberdeen, 1971; Ansari et al., 2000; Bdeir, 2012) , improved

thermal insulation because the incorporation of wood aggregates in concrete

decreases its thermal properties . For a mass percentage of wood aggregates ranging

from 0 to 10%, the reduction in the thermal conductivity increases until 35% for the

concrete-sawdust(Taoukil et al., 2011).

The use of sawdust for making lightweight concrete has received some

attention over the past years. Although studies on structural properties of sawdust

concrete have shown encouraging results (Felix et al., 2002; Paramasivam et al.,

1980).

Globally, there is a resurgence of interest in this era of information revolution

and environmental awareness. However, modern applications are being discovered

and several are based on wood’s unique physical and mechanical properties like

strength (Ganiron, 2014).

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1.3 Problem statement

The produced sawdust from the milling plants constitutes waste and pollution

in the environments, when burnt or used as a fuel. There arises the question for

engineering consideration and replacement with cheaper and locally available

materials to satisfy this need in order to reduce construction cost, maximize resources

and explore the economic values of these materials for sustainable development.

Industrialization in developing countries has resulted in an increase in

agricultural output and a consequent accumulation of unmanageable agro wastes.

Pollution arising from such wastes is a matter of concern for many developing

nations. Recycling such wastes into new building materials could be a viable solution

to the pollution problem, but also to the problem of the high cost of building

materials currently facing these nations.

The tough problem is nowadays in this world is global warming and green

materials are in priority aspects for material use consideration. Reducing the heat

transfer of the roofing system and other structural member would be undoubtedly

help saving the energy consumption for the building.

1.4 Objectives

The objectives of this research are listed as following:

To study the fresh properties of sawdust concrete.

To investigate the physical and mechanical properties of sawdust

concrete.

To examine the thermal behavior of sawdust concrete and find the best

mixture proportions for the purpose of save the energy (heat transfer).

5

1.5 Scope of Study

The study is focused on the use of wooden sawdust in normal Portland

cement concrete, in order to determine its workability, density, compressive strength,

flexural strength, tensile strength, elastic modulus and also thermal properties of

sawdust concrete. This research does not included the cost analysis of using sawdust

in concrete but this course does not intend to neglect the study economy to back

ground, but rather it is believe that technical issues have to be understood and fixed

right before the economic aspect of the study is determine. The scope of the study

can be achieved by carrying the research according to the specification and standards

of the methods and material.

1.6 Significance of study

The main scope of this research also to implementation of wooden sawdust

waste in the concrete technology field in order to get many advantages as much as

possible so we can save our economy and as well as environment. Implementation of

waste sawdust cannot only decrease environmental damage but also save the

concrete materials. Its own stakes many advantages over traditional concrete, low

bulk density, better heat preservation and heat insulation property, lower pollution

for our environmental, etc. And the implementation of waste sawdust could also be

generalized to the use of straw in countryside, which could lead to more

environmental saving profit.

Large increasing amount in the population of the world requires a larger

establishment of the settlement. Thus new techniques and materials should be

designed to construct green buildings. Besides considerable number of the settlement

security of those buildings against a natural disaster is the durability of the

construction and also thermal conductivity. Lightweight concrete (LWC) is a very

versatile material for construction, which offers a wide range of technical, economic

and environment-enhancing and preserving advantages and is destined to become a

dominant material for construction in the new millennium.

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