MODULE 1MODULE 1

Risk Management

MODULE 1MODULE 1

Session 1: Common Terminology

Session 2: Risk Assessment Process

MODULE 1MODULE 1

Learning Objectives

• By the end of this module, the participant should be able to:

� Describe the basic terms and concepts used in risk

management

� Discuss the risk assessment process

� Do a simple community risk assessment

� Prepare a map of risk management

MODULE 1MODULE 1

Training/Learning Activity

This module will utilize:• lectures• small group activities • demonstration

MODULE 1MODULE 1

Key References

• Australia and New Zealand Risk Standard

• www.ema.gov.au

• www.fema.gov

• www.colorado.edu/hazards/

MODULE 1MODULE 1

SESSION I

MODULE 1MODULE 1

Sustainable Human Developmenthealth, education, governance, employment, environm ent (security)

public safety individuals

riskmanagement

emergencymanagement

hazard preventionand mitigation

emergencypreparedness

(readiness)

emergencyresponse and recovery

disaster emergencies non disasteremergencies

earthquakes (example) epidemics (example)

reconstruction andrehabilitation

vulnerabilityreduction

populations

+

++

+

MODULE 1MODULE 1

Questions and Answers

ACTIVITY

Use the cards provided to answer the 6 questions the facilitator will ask you.

Answer individually first, then work as a group to prepare a group answer.

Write your group answer on a flip chart.

MODULE 1MODULE 1

Disaster

is:

any actual threat to public safety/and or public health where local government

services are unable to meet the immediate needs of the community

MODULE 1MODULE 1

Coping with the Needs

Examples of what must be done in an emergency:� find and rescue victims

� evacuate victims to safe place

� provide first aid and medical transport

� treat the injured

� provide emergency shelter, sanitation, food and water

� provide care for the dead and manage the missing

� re-establish security

� re-establish essential services (water, energy, communications)

� repair essential infrastructure

� plan for recovery and reconstruction

MODULE 1MODULE 1

DisastersDate Place Hazard Deaths

1996 Kobe Earthquake 20,000

1999 Venezuela Flood 30,000

1985 Colombia Volcano 20,000

MODULE 1MODULE 1

Hazard

is:

any potential threat to public health and safety

MODULE 1MODULE 1

Hazards

There are 4 classes of hazard:

1. Natural hazards

2. Technological hazards

3. Biological hazards

4. Societal hazards

MODULE 1MODULE 1

Hazards• Some examples:

� Earthquakes

� Floods

� Volcanoes

� Civil unrest

� Sporting events

� Chemical factories

MODULE 1MODULE 1

An Emergency

is:

any actual threat to public health and safety

MODULE 1MODULE 1

EmergenciesSome examples:

� My son hasn’t come home from school

� A man is having a heart attack

� A plane is about to crash

� Gas is leaking from a factory

� An earthquake has happened in China

MODULE 1MODULE 1

Vulnerabilities

are:

Factors which determine the risks arising from a specific hazard in a specific community (determinants of risk)

MODULE 1MODULE 1

“Vulnerable Groups”

• Those who because of constraints of an economic, social, ethnic, biological, physical or geographical nature, are less able to cope with the impact of hazards than other members of their community or society

• Vulnerabilities are:� Intrinsic - specific to the individual - age, sex, health status,

mobility, literacy, habits, behaviour etc

� Extrinsic - shared by groups within a community - location, environment, poverty, availability of services, culture etc.

MODULE 1MODULE 1

Risks

are:

The probability and the consequences of exposure to a hazard

MODULE 1MODULE 1

Risks = Consequences

Some examples:� dead and missing

� injury (mental and physical)

� disease (mental and physical)

� secondary hazards (fire, disease etc.)

� contamination of the environment

� displacement

� breakdown in security

� damage to infrastructure

� breakdown in essential services

� loss of property

� loss of income …

MODULE 1MODULE 1A Community Consists of 5 Elements:

1. the people

2. their property (infrastructure, possessions and assets; public, private and cultural)

3. their services (government and non-government, commercial and voluntary)

4. their livelihoods (urban and rural, formal and informal)

5. their environment (air, water and soil; urban and rural, built and natural)

MODULE 1MODULE 1

Seven Fundamental Terms in Risk Management

A Logical Framework of Terminology (the relationships between the key words)

HazardAny potential threat to public safety and/or public health

RisksAnticipated consequences of a specific hazard interacting with a specific community (at a specific time)

EmergencyAn actual threat to public safety and/or public health

VulnerabilitiesFactors which increase the risks arising from a specific hazard in a specific community(risk modifiers)

DisasterAny actual threat to public safety and/or public health where local government and the emergency services are unable meet the immediate needs of the community

CapacitiesAn assessment of ability to manage to an emergency (a risk modifier) – total capacity is measured as readiness

Community is people, property, services, livelihoods and environment i.e. the elements exposed to hazards

MODULE 1MODULE 1

Logical Framework of Terminology

• COMMUNITY RISKS are proportional to

VULNERABILITIES

HAZARD X ÷READINESS

MODULE 1MODULE 1

SESSION II

MODULE 1MODULE 1

Demonstration

1. The facilitator will use a simple demonstration to illustrate the key terms in risk management

2. One of the participants will be asked to repeat the the demonstration and the others should comment on his/her presentation.

MODULE 1MODULE 1

Anatomy of Risks Managementcommunityhazard consequences

indicators indicators

natural hazardsbiological hazardstechnological hazardssocietal hazards

probability of

1. probability of occurrence2. scale: magnitude, intensity3. area, spread, duration

death; injury (mental and physical); disease (mental and physical)

loss of lifelines (i.e. shelter, water, food, energy); population displacement;; loss of property; loss of income

secondary hazards; breakdown in security; damage to infrastructure; breakdown in services; environmental contamination; etc.

Monitor and evaluate by following hazard specific rates and trends:•events/year•cases and deaths/100,000/year•cases and deaths/1000 affected/year•cases and deaths/event/year

EXCESS injuries, disease, disability

biological hazards:season, infectivity, latency transmission, resistance, etc.

earthquakes; floods/storms; famine; diseases of epidemic potential; events/crowds; intoxication; infestations; transport accidents; structural failures; industrial accidents; pollution; refugees; war; terrorism

X =

MODULE 1MODULE 1 communityhazard x vulnerability / readiness = Community Risks

risk initiator risk modifier risk modifierindicators: indicators: indicators: indicators:

natural hazards people: laws, policy, guidelines, procedures probability of:biological hazards: access to health care authority, resources, plans deathtechnological hazards measles vaccination knowledge, skills, attitudes injury (mental and physical)societal hazards under 5 nutrition multisectoral, all hazards disease (mental and physical)1. probability of occurrence under 5 mortality legislation2. scale: magnitude, intensity access to clean water national and sectoral policy loss of lifelines ie3. area, spread, duration access to sanitation administrative procedures (shelter, water, food, energy)

biological hazards: adequate housing response and recovery plans population displacementsseason, infectivity, latency employment/income preparedness plans loss of propertytransmission, resistance, etc female literacy technical guidelines loss of income earthquakes property: management structure floods/storms health infrastructure institutional arrangements secondary hazards famine vehicles information systems breakdown in security diseases of epidemic potential medical equipment/supplies warning systems damage to infrastructure events/crowds services: human resources breakdown in services intoxification curative care services material resources environmental contamination infestations ambulance services financial resources etc transport accidents public health services simulations and training structural failures health information system education industrial accidents livelihoods: public information pollution formal community participation Monitor and evaluate by following refugees informal research hazard specific rates and trends: war environment: publications events/year terrorism natural/built/urban/rural private sector role cases and deaths/100000/year

water/soil/air quality cases and deaths/1000 affected/year

vector habitats cases and deaths/event/yearforestry, agriculture EXCESS injuries; disease; disability

Prevention and Mitigation

Programme+

Vulnerability Reduction Programme

+Emergency

Preparedness Programme

=Community Risk

Management

MODULE 1MODULE 1

Click to edit Master title style

•Click to edit Master text stylesSecond level

Third levelFourth level

Fifth level

28

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

CYCLE

PreparednessResponse

Relief &Recovery

DevelopmentPrevention

Mitigation

Disaster Impact

MODULE 1MODULE 1Hazard mitigation Hazard mitigation Hazard mitigation Hazard mitigation

and preventionand preventionand preventionand prevention

Vulnerability Vulnerability Vulnerability Vulnerability reductionreductionreductionreductionEmergency Emergency Emergency Emergency

managementmanagementmanagementmanagement

Emergency preparedness Emergency preparedness Emergency preparedness Emergency preparedness activities & Readinessactivities & Readinessactivities & Readinessactivities & Readiness

disaster

+

+

+

Risk Management

Safer communities & Sustainable development

Positive contribution

Negative impact

RecoveryRecoveryRecoveryRecovery

MODULE 1MODULE 1

Vulnerabilities

are

determinants of risk

MODULE 1MODULE 1

Exercise

• Develop 3 indicators of vulnerability for people as one element of community.

MODULE 1MODULE 1

Indicators of Vulnerabilities (for people)

• Access to health care

• Measles vaccination coverage rate

• Under 5 nutrition rate

• Under 5 mortality rate

• Access to safe water

• Access to sanitation

• Access to adequate housing

• Access to regular source of income

• Female literacy rates

MODULE 1MODULE 1

Exercise

• Develop 3 indicators of capacity for a community.

MODULE 1MODULE 1 communityhazard x vulnerability / readiness = Community Risks

risk initiator risk modifier risk modifierindicators: indicators: indicators: indicators:

natural hazards people: laws, policy, guidelines, procedures probability of:biological hazards: access to health care authority, resources, plans deathtechnological hazards measles vaccination knowledge, skills, attitudes injury (mental and physical)societal hazards under 5 nutrition multisectoral, all hazards disease (mental and physical)1. probability of occurrence under 5 mortality legislation2. scale: magnitude, intensity access to clean water national and sectoral policy loss of lifelines ie3. area, spread, duration access to sanitation administrative procedures (shelter, water, food, energy)

biological hazards: adequate housing response and recovery plans population displacementsseason, infectivity, latency employment/income preparedness plans loss of propertytransmission, resistance, etc female literacy technical guidelines loss of income earthquakes property: management structure floods/storms health infrastructure institutional arrangements secondary hazards famine vehicles information systems breakdown in security diseases of epidemic potential medical equipment/supplies warning systems damage to infrastructure events/crowds services: human resources breakdown in services intoxification curative care services material resources environmental contamination infestations ambulance services financial resources etc transport accidents public health services simulations and training structural failures health information system education industrial accidents livelihoods: public information pollution formal community participation Monitor and evaluate by following refugees informal research hazard specific rates and trends: war environment: publications events/year terrorism natural/built/urban/rural private sector role cases and deaths/100000/year

water/soil/air quality cases and deaths/1000 affected/year

vector habitats cases and deaths/event/yearforestry, agriculture EXCESS injuries; disease; disability

Prevention and Mitigation

Programme+

Vulnerability Reduction Programme

+Emergency

Preparedness Programme

=Community Risk

Management

MODULE 1MODULE 1

Capacities

are:

determinants of risk

MODULE 1MODULE 1

Preparedness

is:

measures to build capacitiesto respond to, and recover from,

emergencies

MODULE 1MODULE 1

• Legal Framework

�Policies�Procedures�Guidelines

�Plans�Resources�Authority

�Knowledge�Skills�Awareness

Ten key elements of preparedness

National, provincial, local, agency and National, provincial, local, agency and

institutional levelinstitutional levelPersonal and Personal and

community levelcommunity level

MODULE 1MODULE 1

Emergency Management

• To protect public safety and public health, a community and its emergency services need:

� Capacity to respond

� Capacity to recover

MODULE 1MODULE 1

Questions and Answers

� What is risk management?

MODULE 1MODULE 1

Risks Management

1. Brings all these concepts and terms together into a common framework

and

2. Provides a practical tool to collect evidence to guide policy makers and planners

MODULE 1MODULE 1

Risks Management Process

Risk assessment and analysis

Risk communication

Risk reduction

Risk monitoring

MODULE 1MODULE 1

Risks Assessment Process

1. Prepares hazard profiles

2. Maps the distribution of those hazards

3. Identifies the elements of the community exposedto those hazards

4. Predicts the consequences of a hazard interacting with that community at a certain time (e.g. in a certain season)

MODULE 1MODULE 1

Risks Assessment Process

5. Analyses each of the 5 elements of community in terms of

that hazard to identify the factors which will lead to each

consequence i.e. determines the vulnerabilities of each

element

6. Assesses risk reduction capacities within communities

The information from a Risk Assessment is used to undertake interventions to reduce risks by reducing exposure to hazards, reducing vulnerabilities and building capacities

MODULE 1MODULE 1

Risks Analysis

• COMMUNITY RISKS are proportional to

VULNERABILITIES

HAZARDS X ÷READINESS

MODULE 1MODULE 1

Risks Reduction

• The purpose of a risks analysis is to guide communities in planning for community risks reduction activities (protecting health and safety) by developing and maintaining 3 sets of plans:

� Hazard Reduction Plans (reduce exposure)

� Vulnerability Reduction Plans (reduce consequences)

� Emergency Preparedness Plans (increase capacity for response and

recovery)

MODULE 1MODULE 1

Outcome of a Risks Approach to Planning

Risks Interventions Responsible Agencies

Resources needed

Time needed Indicators

Injuries in a volcanic eruption

x, h, f A, C 1,2,3 P 5, i, %

Burns in factory fires y, a, n B 4,5,6 Q 7, m, *

Drowning during floods

z, d, e A, B, C, E 7,8,9 R 9, g, @

MODULE 1MODULE 1

Outcome of a Risks Management Approach

Safer and healthier communities

MODULE 1MODULE 1

Group exercise

Prepare a “map” of risk management.1. Make a 4 column table linking indicators of

hazard, vulnerabilities, capacities and risks2. In the first column, list the indicators of hazard3. In columns 2 and 3, list the indicators of

community – vulnerabilities and capacities4. In column 4 list the risks that result from

exposure to hazards5. Hazard + Community → RISKS

MODULE 1MODULE 1

Key Learning Points

• At community level, the Risks Management Framework uses :

• 4 classes of hazard• 5 elements of community

• 10 components of preparedness

to produce :

1 community risks reduction plan with 3 components

to protect public health and safety in communities

MODULE 1MODULE 1

• Legal Framework

�Policies�Procedures�Guidelines

�Plans�Resources�Authority

�Knowledge�Skills�Awareness

Ten key elements of preparedness

National, provincial, local, agency and National, provincial, local, agency and

institutional levelinstitutional levelPersonal and Personal and

community levelcommunity level

MODULE 1MODULE 1

Learning Objectives

• By the end of this module, the participant should be able to:

� Describe the basic terms and concepts used in risk

management

� Discuss the risk assessment process

� Do a simple community risk assessment

� Prepare a map of risk management

MODULE 1MODULE 1

WE PREVENT DISASTERS

IF

WE MANAGE EMERGENCIES

MODULE 1MODULE 1 communityhazard x vulnerability / readiness = Community Risks

risk initiator risk modifier risk modifierindicators: indicators: indicators: indicators:

natural hazards people: laws, policy, guidelines, procedures probability of:biological hazards: access to health care authority, resources, plans deathtechnological hazards measles vaccination knowledge, skills, attitudes injury (mental and physical)societal hazards under 5 nutrition multisectoral, all hazards disease (mental and physical)1. probability of occurrence under 5 mortality legislation2. scale: magnitude, intensity access to clean water national and sectoral policy loss of lifelines ie3. area, spread, duration access to sanitation administrative procedures (shelter, water, food, energy)

biological hazards: adequate housing response and recovery plans population displacementsseason, infectivity, latency employment/income preparedness plans loss of propertytransmission, resistance, etc female literacy technical guidelines loss of income earthquakes property: management structure floods/storms health infrastructure institutional arrangements secondary hazards famine vehicles information systems breakdown in security diseases of epidemic potential medical equipment/supplies warning systems damage to infrastructure events/crowds services: human resources breakdown in services intoxification curative care services material resources environmental contamination infestations ambulance services financial resources etc transport accidents public health services simulations and training structural failures health information system education industrial accidents livelihoods: public information pollution formal community participation Monitor and evaluate by following refugees informal research hazard specific rates and trends: war environment: publications events/year terrorism natural/built/urban/rural private sector role cases and deaths/100000/year

water/soil/air quality cases and deaths/1000 affected/year

vector habitats cases and deaths/event/yearforestry, agriculture EXCESS injuries; disease; disability

Prevention and Mitigation

Programme+

Vulnerability Reduction Programme

+Emergency

Preparedness Programme

=Community Risk

Management

MODULE 1MODULE 1

RISK MANAGEMENT

Thank you