Mckenzie Chap 5

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CHAPTER. OFALLI-NO : EI]lTN

Tr r: Pl i rr,ER a-ER:

0FFrn;\ i i :

On 18 Nolcnrber 1955, i f thc main audtorum oi the Tcchnlsche



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Wo wllllirsl lry to rrack he ch. ong ng po$(xtby Heicleqger ncl ofnoci rlro our readrlr0s t pcrtormancc, hoseotTechfo-pcrt*ln_"", pof"-.*,.Managcnrent, fd perftrmanceSilrdios.M)w thenp.l

"p,,.fl,"r."J-ngs,othor phik)sophica tracks hal takoon lhe po,verot penonrrnce.

,,^^yjl:ll:11'1,y."."[email protected])sy?orHerrreqqer,,tsa ues.n e.rrccrninrl hc,\semc ot tccln.tosv, r |.rsscrs.c trit .lshy no meJrF.n\,,rhi'q cLhnotoqicnt. sre_rd t rnsscdno lhp q*",,o" rr, j.r,n.g

ifr,.essonceot technotogy s on n"r.r.uutn.,"i o uu'nanacrivily.Hcidegserfi\no'nls.lechrr oqy s a w.v otrevcih(r I w,.hor,ct o this. hcl nnnllowhula r.,lm tur h,. .sscnce ot technob; wil oD.D rse r,t, r,, r,s. is the

'cr . 'Tut rF\ r .dt in( i . , n' , ru,h. "SIch rr , r lh . j j r -n, rrpu cje,s, , ,nu. rrccorrustorrden(jofa representatiof o rn objooijvo r slbiecrive c.lity.no;

fs the rdeqLraiionl etenrenrs irhina lorfnnisysrerr uch.s tosicor malh-errr nos.Heidc,gllcrnslead pproachos rllh as r/crx_yr,as ponsr-s, s arcverlingor brira nlj torth rharals,rconcoats. (r h""r".

."f"," rf,," ."fi

1., ,"1;. '.l r . | |r, .a\1 lu, r- o .ar, , r in , rc J 'L, n. r- , " , . . , . r i , ., , ,

'r J lhr l l . i lL i r. . a, r t rn4, p, u\ 'Lr t . .^ I :eis tra.. .n., t .4!, . t . , / . r . - r ,

,.....:::_l,ll":i"l'" " irris f.urhc,ric.a, lln.rnoronry r (;en primariry

n..rJr.i it rFrr,m\ to tLrhnu-pFrlonn,ir.e., rJrifl,r,!c t e actrL!,nessrft rc rs a'norc

pruto,rd. rt trict,cr. :h,rFn(rr thnt triws 0s r,nwhite. sotuppl ln | ( IA wrth it s ci : Hcdeufl.r, , . ,n,n,rn " u,.u11r", ,1,. , .u,. | ,nuHcl.,uslun/p,,, { "ehaltcngnu o,[r.- Chilt,rxtrtut .als tor r the wrt,l Inpdr.cu|ar r,!ay .Ihe re_veatin0hal rutes in r xtefir technotoqy is a chalrehqi , r0lH. . . rs/ , ' r lp, , | . st r , :h p[ r \ Lr n. , rurer r , ,x, , rsu.nt iuCe,1m(l

, " , , l l l : l , r , r ) ." . -o l rhpr. . . r " . , . \ r r . r . r ,. , l ; { \ r i r4r ,\ r . .ss_, r . . .Insr_. ,drl ' r .nrer i r )g'h, . . ,u lhdn'rh, rnqino. ror.. ,n ' j t r i rn, t ,ra- . , . , , t ." r . lIn., ,rrocrofn.oohnotoqy sierd chaflenles orth n rtr(,,s enogies and ordorsincm ink) r€ir|lty -s landing res.rve,.,ns obleorson ca ro subjecrswho

: l : , l l l : l ' l . i : : : luu. 'g,, ,. . , .1,, ,a- ,r .r ,rs. iru.14,r , , , , . r, , . rp,! , . . ,

( n* or qunmur In rt io[ aLl , IJ,,J, 'usJhc\,rop.nvu\p.,I ,onnn\,Jn' lh F rcrb /,/zrr{r o Ll ,n.,r.o to sr,] lmnn, o ,rri r"c,rlpr jr o rh , T!,1h.J,prelixes /,(r'- (rither) md ars (onr)., Allhough I ourr does nol draw alrcnliun lo,l his Irinstation ot H.rrm/o,r/,rrr.rs:ctralerr1n,J".n.t "chi

,nginqro'llr".rl,io lEJrs w h it thc scnse ut xrurh.rrh.rly, tor ",:tn cngc" conrc;r,om lhir tlrl,n ..,/d,r,,?c (ro iLcu:,e htset!). i,l(| F ntso ,ctdte,t to crlr (t ooFcljNe) dn.t .r'/'rmF (tncterv).

aChalhrNinO forrh rs for Heidoqlcr rhe ina|]thmrc revcoling cariod out. ) . l : l ' : i " ' "1"" i .' r inLlu. r r \ .orr ,

^r uhrch"h,t."!"

r. , . , ; ', ;:c . r i . ! . r l 'x ,n, r 'Tr

. - r . .q, ,pu,' rarrr1.11",, , , . . ,"rh,.1q!r. . o;nrt - , " . 's (m c{F, , r . \ 't n L nl . ., t ,naortF ,hrr i

, l -11: ls. .d,^pus.,Fr rh. , r .npo. r in0s l rsd!s rs, L i , - , r i or n hlDF(Jrrrn l ru 'orr. l ( r th, I inJ ., { ! tht rr t , rsu, ,F.,

r , )srnt urh{, .J n o,hpnraxrlrumVbtd fthe minirnum rpense.,, n olher worc,s. halcngin.r orlh

also enta s the call o mnx nrlzooulprt .nd rninim c nDLrt,ho very cha "

Lenqcof organizalonnletlcloncy ihat gu des Podonnandr N,4an3lerrcnl

Bul challencringorth extends or beyond hrs researchparadigm ndeed,

lor Heidcsqer ha cnging heLps 0detincLhemodcm nge s nco Descarlcs,

an e.a he names n anotheres*ry in lrc OuL'sl,on t LclrrD/ogv "TheAgc

oi lhc Wodd Picturc" 'nre tundament: c\€nt ol thc modern asc is the (x)n_

quesl ot the wodd as piclure. I hc wod piclurc l8t/., no!! means hc slru(}

tured image tGeb,k/l thal is lhe crcalure ot mans producino whichrcprcsents and sels iPlra. ln srnh a producinq, man conlcnds lor lho posi

lion in !!,hicbhe can be lhal parlicri.r bcingwho gives hc measuft)and

drawsLrp he quidelin.rsor everYlhii0 hat s. h themoder age, llc world

is challefqed orth as a picl!ro, as.f oblccl of reprosontaiiona no$rled!,tj,

.nd humnnsbccome hc subieoi ol this challcnsinqknowledse "ll is no

$,onder' wriles Heidcq0er 'lhfll humanis lirst arisos $rherc he world

bccomes. piclure. Tho chnLlenllngorth of lhe workl, hcn, s nol linnled

to scnrnccand ndustry or Hoidcooer difes hum! s'n as .r "nroral_Aos_

lhotic anlhropoogy"an.l Inlhropok4lYas lhal philosophica nterprotation

oI min which erph ns ard evalualeswhatcver s, in ls eniiretv , rom lho

standpoint t lnan a d in rolation o nrn. '

As a modeot bringin! lorlh tll8l extends rom ehno scn:ncc o lndus-

kv to nnlhropology, h.llcngin0 krrlh providesus a certain ranlework orgalhering ollcther hc pnradlgmalE h.llengcsol enectueness, llicienov.

in.l cllicacy,as wcll as lho nFny othcr challenqcsorderins our g,enoral

lhcory Challcngingorlh is Drecisrty lriminq. ar ordern(: 'We now namt)

lhal challenginlt aim whk)hg0thers rrnn h ther to order hc sell-revoalinq

as slan.linq cserve:G.)'src//' Enk.mingl." Heldeggit delinesEfkimlnll

.s an "o(lain nq oldesi ninlt,' r sendnq lorth hai p!ts humans n no wiry

to lruth. t is a dangercus assnge or "lhe doslinin! ot rcvcalings as such

i. everv one ol its modes, lnd therelore ccessarily,irrt/ei: Yei wh(xr

dcsuf ng reqfs in he modeol En rariinq, t is the sLr rennc anger""rWhy?

Beoauso n it, man slands so decisvoly n ahendlrce on tho cha engirro

iirth of Enlramng hal ho d(x)snot apprehend ffr.ming .s I cl. im ihdl he

tailsb sce himsell s lhe onc spoken o. and hencealso aih io cvervwaY

b hcar nrhal rcspectho ok'sists.""' The upremcdangerof this challcng_ing call s that humans isk nlssing thc aulhenticcall, he tjall ol lrulh as

,xrcrs,s.the ellof a moro Drimaltrulh "

Ai lhe cnd ol hrs quesllonooncenring echnologvHeide-ggor alhss

togcther heca olchallenltng orlh and hecallof potesisnto. stelhroon_

slellaiion. n doinq so he draws !s sk!\!ard in our Challengor ectlfc'

mlohine, which thLrs ar conslsts ol a .lisaslrous spacc snlp famefl

(;hal/-.nocy nd a drnqerous rode ol rivcr ifg c.llcd "challengingorth."

HoiLlcgger tarll]z ng: Wror we kxrk nlo he anrbiguoLrsssenceol tcch-

nology.we behold hc corrsielhton, he stcLarcourseol the mvslery Thc

questionconcernirlr echrntogy s thc questioncomcenrinqhe constolla_

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lion rnwhrh reve! tng and oncoa n0 tr \rvhtchhe comnrlj o prcsenceotrrrlln!comes o p.ss i' 1The mysieryreters k) a nc c ted hom Hdtderlh:'BuJwhoi{: he d!nger s, grows/The nvingpollor atso ,For Herdeggerhesavinq po$icrconrcs n ihc nrning ot rnod(rn echnotogy owarJa moroproto(nd sensc ot recrrc_ ,.Once

thero was a rrme whcn rhe brinqingJorrhor tho trLrcnrb rhe beaulifut was called ,cLlrrc. Anct he po,c,slsoI rhe flnoarts .lso was called rc,[email protected] the dar|{]er ol cha enging torlh grows thesavrE Dowcrot /iorcsr-eHow to nuke rhc turn, holv lo pass hom one lo lhc

Be.rusehees'cn.e ft..hn6tocy nothinge.hnolog,.al,$entiat,.n...no n ponre.h i . toerand. .5vcc.ntonuroiwth rmusrhappenrrermrhar.onrheonchand, ! inrorf.ssenc.oi re.hnoogyandnrheorrrerL,nnanrent3t d ffc,.nl orn r

5r.hrrca/nsrr t

The lislir)olions cre betw.xrf ochrcand t(ronroblly,belileen hc.. si)t po,bsrs nd cha e|ginq torlh, betwoof the danserof reveatrr!and rheslpftxne drnser of Entrarnns.belw{}en okjnceand art. n rhesedisrinc,t|(nls ft) part ol. bipotarconste ation$fiosc qnr(tinares erlcnd beyondlhe bxts ot HeideggcrFromatar, hcsecoordinaleslruide hc dilac: chat,

bnoes rcgLrlarly aL,nchod y rhose i,r the arls .no numanrrDs gainstscdnce and technotogy.The_y tso guklo the chatbnges Frsecl bv ihoscwilhin he scicnces rho seek o recnst het r'|vn cUurres n lcrms ot intrilbn nDd crpnlivilv as wcl .s e,torts ot oq,nniz.tn)nit hc{rists and n}atr-trgcrs o challcnge ho ariora|ryof Scofi fic M.nlrgctrrcnr.

Around ihe opposilions of this chatk)rrog drnste ation g(Ns thom! tv.lenl powerof perfornj.nce.Tho specla(xrtar cvetopmcniot pcrtor,r r : rncoLi i r nt n. r ' l r t , , rI lrrt , le, l lur\ t lr.r. ,ra.I n,

I l0 ' lsuLl i l ip , r 'n Jr, | , rs ru l , -ntour,- t , r ) iq ,ndrt , r id ., trtr^, .hc

pi l r ternr', 1

n r-1 lot r , . 1 .. , tr F.0cs_r rl l hu*, rr . l ! , t tht t , t / j .1t lts t)':tno lttlh!1.JeJ t,r1hD pptlnntr_t)r ?tsr

rrow{Fn Iniake such a cnlt?How can ol]e rainerttosrudyF}rtorman.,eas a rrnnsqressivcr.esistant orco ol s.cial elticacycome Io corrnod t to

chnllongln0orlh as$cttas lo rhechatk)noes t techm,toqicattfecrivcnessar oro.nizational tliciency? stross hnt am not lryng to reducccuttur,al perlormancc and rlrc chattcnge ot liniot oflimcy ro rhese orher chat,longcs.Nor anl I denying he mutaliomt potentiat l cLrtluraterformance.anr rBleadsuqgesrnu har culuat portormance n(t ls eflicncvcanDolbet ' r .nr0hlUlsiJehFq-n, r i t i la t r /

^1, : ( - ta-r)( . r ,u, , i , t rn.L,n1.^r . t , in. r rcnumanrties rd sociat s.ie|cos nnd, furthcr, hit lhis conccptuatizalbfur nhr. t , ' r . . ,1 l i -4nsl t i t ) 1 l r 'L . a. ,ar , , [ . .o ,, t o[1r

Dc1on. , rn, , , , ao , ,n. ' u 'h F .s rn, f lor i r l iza.r ut nt ,a. p. . , . ! r . . olporlornrance oscarch. l rodaywe can readilykrcarepcflonnan(je n rhe

producuon t cullufe word$,de, hls has not awavs been he case; or nos

it alwaysbccn possiblo o m(Hsure he pcr'onnanccol publio nfraslruc'

lures or to reenoifeer enlirc oroanzaLionsd peak pfflonnsnm sixty

vearsago, hcse perlornra ces worc largelvunthinkabe; odav not only s

each lhnrkable, !c crn also i.:ile iluals of socotc rhnical salistlclng lrot

incorporaicclemenls ol cultuft . oroanizstiorral.nd lcchnological ertor

nrane. What makcs such mullipaft ismatic perfomranccs ossibb,and

what challenscs nre to spoculale on lhe link bclween perfornrancoand ch:rl_

lenging lorlh, is a nlore powcrlul movqnenl ot gcneralizalior lhan lhoscundcrtaken by PerlormaDocSiudics, Pertonnance Manaoemsrl. and

Techno-Perlomanco mov nenl thol al once incoQoralcsand passcs

bcvo d a l l thcscpar.d ignrs.

I .all this more qcncrll movcmeni hc powcr o/ pertonnatrcc a lhno'

rze ths per lormrl iveoworwi thLnur ehearsaLpnrcess, l !! i l l fLrstrosenl

sonre lramaturgicalosc.rntr of I anrnol thc firstperson o heorirepo\!€rr

.s pcrlonnancc. olher woftls we'llptrl n a ca for con(icpLlralackup'as

Lhis owd has beenandlyredby scvera portantand well-known ut!rdl

theorisls.Lndee.lwh.t ls porhdt)smosl str kinq boui the powerol l)orlor

mance s thatitwas tirsl theonzod hall centunrago.aod nroreslri*inosilll,

rhispowcrlulcall r €s lelt on lukllo. so lonll

In 1955, he saml)ycar ns Hctlegger's challensins eclurc |' t!'lun|ch,

anolhcr Gemran philosophff publishcda lerl acirss tho Allnnllc an l|eLJnitcdSiares. The lerl \!os enlillc{ fros aD.l cttizatbn: A Philttsrytical

hrqriry into tuewl. lls aulhor,Horberl M cuse, had been . sl(dcnl ol

Hei.lcUger elon ioiring lho Frankhrl Inslilt e ol SocialRcseanh (Dcller

knownas the FranklurtSchool). n 1934 hc lett Ccrmanv1or oxile o lho

LlS,wherehe woukl como lo ve. crch. an.l wr tc ln Etusand Civiliztlion'

N4arcrserques that a radorlly historl.alsociologvor s a hiddcn rend

in Fftilllian psy(jhoannlysis,nd artk)ulalingt hc sels olt lo nfrilvzo he

rcalily pr nclplc thai dorr n.tes nxxlern .ivilizntion Uh tirrg n thc Uniled

St.n)s n Enq sh | 1955, Mflrcrrse nlled lhis fepressivcprlncil)loLhe

'pcdormanccPrinciPl0i'

. . . ,n oL' rtenPt to duLidrtchc .ope nd ti'e Lnits r rre .evrl.nl

rcpGjveness ,n conlehp.rartvilizalion se rhall hJve o d€scrbe l i n

lems of$e spe(iric llity prin.'Plc hat h3ssovernedhc ong'ns nd rhe

grottl' ofth is civ'l'z.rion. . designat t rs Perfdman.e rincipl€,n lder

to emphis'zc hal undc' rlt ,ul. ro.'cry t stratified .tording o th€ com-

pel i t ivceLono'nrc 'tornrnc.\of' l tmemb6

lt n. lcrnvnoriheonlvhis

to,i.a realiiypnn.rpl.: other modcsol so.letaiorganization ol merclt

pr.! : e. l . pr m ve.u ur.sbu tn sos, r ved nto h. nrodern .ro.

Thc performance pnnoiplo is ihe rcnlity principle ouid ng !\rhat !'lflrcuse

w l.ter call "one-dmorsono societies." ldvnn.ed nxluslri!] soclelk)s

whose dominani social slraUlicirtion consisls ol hbor' h concso and

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cxplicll erms,he dclincspedormanceas a//eD.lc.l .rbor. ,Mendo not vethe owf livesblt periormpre-estabtishe.tunciions.wh e they work, hoydo not tulfiff their own nceds and taculies but wc,rk n !tknAtkm.,,,. rhe pe.lomance principle nlaib rhc rcprcssive ubtimarion f human csne,lor nconiemporary oooty bido s dtverred or $ooialyusctutpcriorm.nces n$,hich ho indvidun works for hill$ctf ony in so Jaras he $rorks or theapparalLrs.ngagcd n a{ltviiies hat mosilyd0 nol .otncidewth his owflacullios snd deslres. ' Marcusoargues rhar the perfonnnncc princtdeexlends ar bclond rhe sphereot t.bo. Hc spcaks it the pteasLrrabtccrrepresslve es!trlimntkD cnco!r4lcd by mnss cutlufe in thc sphcrcs ofersLrrend privalo l0

ln s(nietiesstratiliedby rhoBlrkrmance priircipie r)dividrratsort andliveoDly o cnact porlorm.nces dicraleil bVothqs, Frlonnances noflrrrlzed aocording o thc dicralosot exDediency fd cfficicnovFor [4.rcLlsesr.rr trcriorm!ncos rc ctosetv ifit to modom cchnooqv n cofned on hccxpoftxi years endier 'r his cssay. Some Soctnt mpticaliofs ot ModffnIechnolo{,y. n this 1941 ext,Marcuseanatyz()she pervasivenesst pcr,romance in societywhilc crpticittyconnectiDUl ro rochDokrry, hich he.lerinosnot onlyas the totatitV i insrrurnoftsohnr.creiT ng ,,rhenjaohift),qc ' bul more ,nportr ry, s a nrorleof so.idt rch rronships,aninshrnle rror coolroland domlnation ', pcrtor,nanccis the mme tor that rnodootsocialdominationwhiohdrresB)n.ts to the appararus t modern echnoto,gV.Thcmmh.nisnrs of this pertonrraniD re nofthe ra\! exercsc of physica l power but tho Inore subt te in l rot oi psychic. tesre rh e ral io | l i r iltunstonnation t Indvi.l,F desiro nro hc soctay defineddesre to tii in, oget alono, o confonnb rhe patcnr ot the appararus.Marcrseoultines helechruk4ldal odgirrs l lhis powor ol pertormance s we as rls cxbns!)ninlo all ol sooicly. Thc mechanics f cor fornr y, sprea.t ronr he rechnolosi{iailothe socialoftlcri hcv tovern he pertormnces ,ro on! n the ac-ro.,* d.d shops, lul also n rheolices, schools. ssemtticsand, ir([y, rlthc rcr m ol relaxalion nd cnlortainment.-

WllrI our s.inffal theory, his lasr ciiation.wririen more tha| half accnruryagojprovdes.n cxtr.ord n.rity presccnL ciidnrgot lho power or -maton undcr lv inqhe t ietds f lootnrooi l ioal ,rganiT. f loni , nd cul lura

pcrtormance.At lhe samc timc. "Sonre So(;ilt trnpticrtionsot ModemTechnology" c€6lhe trailsot its r)scriplion,hr)signsot ils rinle, nd hoschop us rfderstand Marclse,s heoriTalion.rt hc poworor pe ormafce.Early n lhe essay.he c les Natonat Sociatisrn s lr strik n0 cxa,npo ot ahighly rntionnlized.ncchnized, and efticiontclonomv In rhe serlice ollolalil.raan ppressto.l. or{€vel |(} locson to predicl hat,,ilwi Inltbobrcthat powerwhich provcs o b e more etticient han fascism.,,.Thoughhedoes ot cxplkjiiy sltr bute rhs [r!,rc ct{bientpowerto the L]nircdStahsMa..!se does critoizo {rcrtainexperimenlsf organizaionalmanagemenlthal vcrcerplored n hiscounlrv nrjtudinghose ound fi Tavtor,s cientiltc

[4anagcment nd n J . Burlram's 941 fhe Managanal avolLtian^

posl

Tryloristic eri, Along sinrilaf ines,N,larcuseismiss.)s ocauonaLraillinq

programs hal Iocuson ihc psvchological ndpersoralaspcclsol workcrs

"Tho humansldd ol thc employee nd thc concenr br his personal pli-

ldes snd hab s Dlav n mporl3ntrote n the {nrl mobiliTationl thc privote

sphcre tor mnss produciion and mass (jtlUro 'r l t\,4flfcusehus ciraws

{jlcarconnection ehleen he doomed technocrn.v"olthcThird ReLchnd

two forms of o(Fnialional pertonnanco lound in lhe US, Scicntitic

tvlanagement and whal lsuld beconre Pcrlormance Manaqc'menl.Wilhin aInryor hskrrical pcrspective, c also arouos hat the critical, ndivd(alist

ralionalilywhich aiose in lhe sixteenth6nd scvenliienihcenturics s no\!

suocumbing o ihc eit$ls ol trcdeer lechnologv Undor he mpactol th s

apparatus,ndiviclualisticalionalilY as boen ransforrnednlo echnologicnl

rathnal\4 lt is by no me.rms online.l o obiectsot la rgo scaleenlerprises

but characlerizoshe perva$ivemode ol thouqhl and even he nr(lniioLd

forms of proleslarrd erbclllon'' He call$ his modc ol ihought echnolog_

n,al alionality." nd it will lornr hc deliningcharacbrislicoI whal he later

calbd lhe one-.limensional an_

Marcuse'safalysls ot pcriormanco s impoi.afl lo us tor several

rcnsonsFirsl, he Ilct that h 1941,scvenyoarsallar nffiv ng h Llrc ls, he

rccoonized ho roleoI pertormancc llthina "mechanics l contornritv and

lhen in 1955 dcvclopeda tullbknm thel)rv of lhc DerlormanceDrnciplesuggesls hal ho S-.conrlWorldWar nr3|ksa sorl ol iniliation ile ol Derlor

mailvltvwilhin lhe U nited Stntcs.Tho rile was reitornt€rd t lnfum€rable

sllos. As we hlrvc secn, lt w.s shoriv llter lhe $rar hat Perfofman(jc

Sl .lics. rbr{orm:rnce Mdnagdnent, nd Tcchno_Perl)nnnncc egm to

crystallizc s D.radigmsol rosearch n ho US. hough at .lillcrenl ratesol

lornlallzauon rld d flereni siies ol pragrn.iki depbvr ent Se.ond' reading

N4nrouse'snrly heorizaliofol pertorlnanoo s thc.Jroundworkor his ater

thcory ol lhe pcrlon rncc principlqwr) can bellin o tlndcrsi.n.l lhe vavs

in which pcrlonnn[ce luncli(,$ as a lonnalion of tx)$()r: as a n)o'l') ol dom'

ifation. he porlormnnceri')ciptcexldrds. cenain echnologkj.l alktlali

ry nd ecofonrloalienaliof nto alL oclalorlanizali.)nsancl.lhroughmass

(xrllure,nlo bi$ureactivitk)$n.l privrt.r ile lhird ihourJh c havonoted ls

ainersen@ n h ewake of the Sctond WoddWar,M!rcusc alsosihr?ncshepower ol perlormance {iltrin a wider histoncalp$sDe.tive Fo r him il s

lechnoloqical ation. tv is nn olitgrowth rnd displacollrcnt f the critical,

indivdu.listic ralionahtvhfl1 blossonredflo thc Europe.nEf ghlenm€ L

The pcrformance rlnciplo hus strkes al rhc coreolnYxlcrn ndrvlduolsub

lcoltilvwhile nlsoextcndinglselt hroughoLrtcietv. ForMarclrsc. ertd

mativepo&tr ls bolh psvchokx,icalnd social ll domlnltesevcvvaspectol

indvi.luaL nd social iler work, cduciitiorl, rnted,rinnrenl, exualrtvi len

indNnhral rolest a'rd rcbellon become standardrred ertotrnan*)s hat

conform to highly nornEtlve social .lenrands-

+&

F,S$TJ6

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,60 16 ,



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d

. -Given ho.r.rdh.tpotir(rs t Marcusc,s erlornranrjetheory, here s tirttcwon.]of thal ir has never Dtaycdnruchot | rcte wtthin ,h,,

,i".;,t,;;,;;;Perfonnance Manaoc,nentandTechno pertormance. r does come as a sur.pr|se, owevcr!hai he perfornrance rrrciplehas beon argey, t nol kralyrbseot,from the rcadinsmnchnrcs t performan@srrdic,s.Marcuscwas.. r ' r , , r t tso r Lrt 1.1 , ., ,. .drnLrio . F u, tgh(rs Jdru. r ,sa 4n , .. , D., \ i , ,

1..:-: : : .1.: :". , ""u.t , .rnrprruna{.r7,, ! . , rn n sruLr( 'r | . .r rc usnc.wisnloni rbtvhc n'ostwdctv.e.d t l r rn: | .sso, rrk"tRrh l t r t r inhtL, l

S' ,uul l1 ' , o tl r r r . r , t . , t iLr, . Jt .h, ur , .r , t . ra. .sc .. .hngot \\ , -rpninmnis .'\ts. tiFrh,,psMare <c,somrssio kom rhe eano,,ot cuttrn.rlpeflon m.e tilerur!rc cn be u|dHstood try urning o anotherDrornirDftth@rjsr.\lho h6 atso anatyzed ho powe. or p".r"..*"" s,""ri *.ii"lhouqh his n. rc is $,e[ known r\,irhin orfdmnncelitudies,h s thooryolrn n r ' \ i lF4orr rr( . . , . . i iso i r r (1, as. . ip ,d,, . . cl l i , . . s, , , r rnFrs

),I rFrc' h,.( ru Jein I r:invois \otj,nt rnd. \Fc,truiJlv r4 Li: Ir)/, rerlrp 1 ' l tv\ . tdn t rt t t i t i . \ , . B, r({r ,n A, ,o. r / ,/ , r. th i , , p i { t

". < t-, . , . -sctrrql ro thc Conse ctesUniversiles l the Ouebcc AovernDcnlar rhe

l::que,sl,r ls presido,rr.rnnsa od nto Encltishn 1 84 il has $ir](je econnofc or rrrenrosl nfluentinloxls oDDostrnodernilv.yola(loDens hc bxtbysriring his,worktu hypothrsis:.,"lhe stnlus ol kDowlcdgc s ajreredassoo.lkis entcf wh.t h krowr as lhe poslindusrn !!rc an.l cutlurosenter

:ll.:':,uT:i l,': ,":1.i"',nlodc'','sc rhis ,:,n!r|on,Js ,1xr n,r,,wj,vl ' - " i " , ' " ' ] ' . -n.u

r! - I , r r ros. . L\nJr, . .s r- .esr rs nd rlr<,rNr^r|qe i,Jjltnal!s n-,,11,n.t ir\o tbw lhrs rao,ru,,ur,nn"t"r." r,, it.s ' i . r l l t rn l \n ql ' { t ,1.. rnc, as. r rr( : ,n r, } rh .

sidcs-ol,the sinmrqLresro who decdos;!har kn.u,b.jqe is_nnd whollnowswl'al needs obc ctecicted?,,My irrlercsrn)s . tyrar,j," _".o" u,urcseqrFslions, d they mvotve ertomance.Whilo Marclsc thg)rizes pertormancc in renns or Frerd,s rcatirvprrcip l€ lyotarctdetnos r rh(nrsh Wrtge. rstcrns .nguLr0c nnres.

La|gurllo games aro cate0or]csot Lrtrerancosjefin€d ry speciric uteslhal gLdd€hcir u-sa0emd tyotard s.reks o prac{rsrmh gnllrcs vilhin a0cxrcra lield of soctn alonisri.s. ,Thorc

ar-. nra y tangLragellanres:].1.1:li,:1",,y tt

)!,uase arrdes. hev nty ive,i"i r, r""iir,ri_,"

lh! de.B,onnake' how.vc a enpr ro nrJnagehe\e.to,,dsorsociatiry.(.rng ro ipur/ourput rtri . .s ro owrE r log. wjct mprics ra L

trteandthi t theet,o,c,sd.icrf l ,nabkthey,l . .rte ou r v- foriheC,oMh rpower hdtcrjorso(r i rrreandof*.11, . ' , t ' , , ke,de cnrimstof orihi t poy.,el brs.. lon r, oprimrztr,g hc sylen r pcrorman(e efic,.n.y .

,Lyoiard Mmes fic trnguale oame th.t has ome lo domrnaie borhknolrlqrf,e and sd:iat bon.ts since the tgbos !\4th a singre rvsrd; "peaor

nrativilv" Pcrlormatvlly s logitimaiion leli ed is the m.xn|traiion of asystem outpul and ho minhzalion ol rLs npLl. t formallzes lolrvilies yoplimizing syslem'spertomraDce. nder his m o.le ol pertorntali\€ j(,ilinHton, other hn!l!a0e !:mes arc allowod-narftrlion, spcculoton, okes,

elc.-bul they rust bo calculable n lcrms ot systemoptimizalion. von lofly to bc evaluated s nefflclenlor dyslunctonal.For Lyotar.l, crfornr.-

livlty cphces he tradilion.lgonlsot know/edsc. rothardor /ibcrntion, ndonc coukl cnllperlormah,ilv melalanlruago amo. icept that

apart

olrhe

posnnodernnrdi ton, ne $, r l cal l thc Dertonnal i l i tvondi t ion. nt aslhal perlorn.livllv operatcs hrouqha pluftrlity l localized nd temporarysiiu.tons. Coftifuinlr the ext cited rbove Lvotad \drltos: Thoapplir)oticJiol this :ritcrion o all ol our language amcs ne$ssarily nnpllesa cerlain

cve ot lorror,wlrethers.'ftor h.ftl: he operniknralthat s,comnlcnsLrrablc)nrLlhJp, rer, . i , , JrLru, {( ls: " . IL/ .n, t r , l ,F

The h|!|hly onlexlualaspeclol rhepcrlonnalvity condilion )anbest boLrndcrslood relaton o thc r]lod$n nrodeollegI rutiorl displa{xrs, hatLyotardoalls qr.nd rrrrratives.' hesegraodnaraliles irrlude 'lhe diabc,lhs o Spirit, he hennoneutcsof moirfiflt thc enrincip.tion ol lhe ralionalor wo.kirN sr'blect, r thc creatio. ol $ealth, ' in short. hc modqnrstpftrjecls ol fl-aqel, ei.lelJU(:r flrt, and Sdrirh. yolard,likaMi(juse Doints ollro closo elatkn ol pertormnfco lfd techfologyiyet wrili 'rg somc tlventv-live yc'ars akjr,he ft)clises nr digilnl computers.machineswlrcse bir)arycodcs alkN the rapid and wklesprcadoaloul.tbn of nputs an.l ouqnns.The h€\p ony ol c ompulers arxl thc diversilv of hngoage !F es sc'nlth. lale oi sran.l natrauves rn.J hus oi modefir y. Lyotad, sinrpllvinol'r lhe crireme,' deiinos he !dsl?rod.r7) s incrcdllltv oward fetanafial ives. . . . lhcInrrn l iv i i luncl i$ is l )s i rJoi lstunctors.i tsgreathero, ils( , real

dafgers tsgr ' ( : r l ovrgos,ts qroal0o. . ' rThe rosul l sdcleol i natonrthc

dcclincof Dhilosophyrnd e-volulionnryolitics, he crisisoi roffesenhtionamlof lhc univcrsr lvf . l thc repa )nreni f univorsnlmelalanfl laqcsVa

Dkralilyot.lis0reie sysienrs.

Wilh rcspecl to the declinc ol epistcmohgica l m(innarr.lives , thoporlorftrrlivty )()rdilioris postmoderni ul n rclalion o socalbonds il d s

Dlays ts mo.lcrrrilyarrd ls cynicis'it,whi($ comists in .di g as lhoughsucha mcl.discoufseclocs x st afd plavinUhe girmeolLrlfi.ienc! urllho!tchallcnolng lhe rulos or rrelaprcscr 4rli(,ns hal deflnc rrot onlv thenroves. ut I so who a.n plav Hdc lyolar(l nd.lrcssesWhnt$re have secnRoberlOre.so cnll thc protluclionot laboraloryexpirirnents.For Lyotard,

rxrlormalivc rcsearchemcroes .s o resull ol lho reciprocilvot science',le.:hnobgv and capik I scionoc equircsproof,proot rc(tuires echnologyand leohnolosry cquires capital-lhus the "crilcrion of perlormnnce sexpln i iLynvokod y the. r thorth$ lo lust r fy hei r rcfusal o subsdize.nrtain rescarch @nlers."' Likewisq D{i.lo.nraliveeducation rnergeswhen thc unlvrxsilystuderrl's qoal ol 'leaming a philosophyof lild is

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rcplaced by earnng a job ski .'The universitv ecrlrc machjnothuscontribulcs to nnprovn|g hc pcrkrmanrc ot sniat systemsby troininommpelent, noncriticatworkers: pertor|ltativiry,s gcnofat ctlcct is t{)slbodnalo tho tnstftuihns o1 hjgher tenrning o rhe extsUng oL!ers_,,,.l|] shorl, Lrnderhe socialbondsol a trrtormativity condirionhal cynicattysccks lo rcsulatc divor$o an d incomrnensurnoren0rage Oames,knowledge e.ses to be eilhef rruc or fdse a d b!.comcs nsrca.t prima/

n dilferentwnys,Marcuscand Lyolardoach hutrzij porformance oras a radioal_ransformaiiveorce n coniemporary ocietv, otas a rnodeofp.)\4erSlgnilicantly.ach ollhese two thconsb blt thcirmarkon a rxrricu,ar !,oncrolion ol cutturr)lschotnrs Marclse I rhe r960s, Lyotard Ithe 19a0s- Thoogh he doos not cila E 6 and Civilizar:or, Lyotard d(Es arono poinl use the term "Dertonnalivily rinciple. t|e also sujlpofts rnyconlcnliof lhat M!fcusds afayses inctkrare hAt pertormarve po\lerorncrsesaround he SecondWort.twa. Thoogh yotard,s text docs nolrocale hc c erqonccol porlorrnativilyn th{j Unilfil Stales,he ciles manyArnerc.n re*. roheB, tncuding )afe Bel , th. rbHrss0n,nncl rvnl lGolfmao, swcllt$ US rbor srariltlbs howing he nse.sed imponanceotnktrmalion n the workptace. n addiriof,Marcascdnd Lvotarct orlrclcfinolhe power of pcrformnfco wilh rctcrofoo lo oflptat, kjctnrooQy,andorgani4lions.

while Lyotar.t srresses djgiint decision nraking r.thcr thanifdustrialhc lory work,hc and Mar()Llseoth heonze enorm.nce n termsor lechno-elf iency,which we ca| char:rclorizc s rc.r ianccof lochno-logical rnd orsani2.rionflt pertormance,Jusl as rmponanr.Dorh arsolheorizeperionnatve poweras a threar o the modcrn subjcct oi knowt-cdgc, though horo th. malor diflerencesbeh(een th-.ir heoriesen]erge.Lyolard explicitly critacizes th_cFrankfurl Soh@t hr retying on lhc noibnol aulonomols,hee subiectswho havebecomealenaled by socat torcesdn( trus musLbc cmalciparcd.,, In shi)d Lyorard eads the FmnklurrSlr|ool's ;ritnial|l(x)rvas a moderntsl,epresenrationatrojecr.Conversety,his own lheorvof DosrnrodcrnisrJrnd h s or for p.|ratollioat xpuimenlshflvebeencririctzed y JitroenH.bennns,Frederic ameson,DavidHarvcvan(l olhcrs as loroclosnlg hc possibitilyot mnsonsuat potirics. or us,however wh.t is

nrosi mporrift is lhe In(:l lh.l Mrr.xrsc,and tyotar.leoch conlrlbllc to our !,oncrdt thcory by LjetiningF/k)rmance as ak)rmation ol pou/erarising in the wake of rhe Second Wortd War Enchchar_actcfizcs porlormativcpoworpr mflr y in terms of econonr and technologlcaleJflciency,horgh neither e$tricrs ts cttccrs o thc appticd cionccsor co4ioralc organizalions, Inslead. pedormance operates lh.orrghoul(nrt.in socteties s a d st Dctmodeof poNer nd knowledgc.

There is onc othcr srrikins cusisten{jy treh@en the pertorman.,e theoriesot Marcuseand Lyolard, ne hat revoals hc worknrqsol pcrtonnarivcDowcr wiihin the PedormflnceSnjdies paradigmr ke Mnrcuse,spertor

mance principle, yotard'sconcept ot pertormativeLcgllLmalon as been

largely missed by cullural porformancc thc'orists Not that Lvotard s

Pasn]ad.rn Con(litionhas bcen overlooked. l1r rom il. In lact lheorists

analyzlng oslmodernpertofmance 4 hdveoJtcnciled his tcxt' but thcv

lcnd to do so wilhoul acldressing hc normativitv ol pertormance much less

ts terrot lll c ite two cxampes ln thc aptly itlcd tex\ Poslnoderntsn zttt(t

Fbrl.nnirrce (1994), Nbk r€ve citcs IAe Postm(r/etD Oon.illion to distln"

guish moden and poslDodenr knowledgc, bul he doc-s so wilhout mcn-

tionlng ho concept ol pcdor otivlty, rhich is, as wove lusl seen, Inedelining characteristicof @stmoctern notlledge lnste.lld'KoYe quicklv

shifls o Lyolard's listlnotion elwe\}n iscourse od ilNre in oder to con'

cenlrakj on desthcucoonccrns. More recenllv,N,'larvln .rlson also dis-

cusscs poslmodero pcrlormancc art usino Lvoiard's Pz)sttDdern

(hn.lltknl Unlike Kayo Ca son docs cile perlonnative lcollimatim

Howevorhc definespertofmauvity s trotivtv Lhat llo$rs hc oporatknr i

improvasrlorv expcrimcntation based on the perccived neecls and lclt

desircsol lhe uniqLD ilualion i'a readin0 hnl grcallvunderslalosts nor_

m.rtive vaLences nd, in elfecl conllates peflonnalivltv with paralogv

anothormodeol legitn ationwhichLvohrd sllrgesls can contesl t.' I mlrst

siress ihat Kaye and Carlsonarc porlormancoscholars those work I

adnrirc.ndcerl, hat lind nosl ntrillulnll s haL Lrchnsghliul au hors cnn

bring blrerh(x Dostmodcrn perlormance and The tustmotlern G,tditkntwrLhoul iscussjrrghc normntivity l perlonnalivilv or i'r manv wivs, per-

formalivl\r .shc posLmodern ondrLn. My poini s not Lo rilicizoKaveand

Cnrlson. bd rnlhcr lo sugqcst lhat thok rcadirlgs of Lvolnrd are produced

by our parad4trnaticecturemnchnre,lhats, bv nterpfctoiivc ndevaluallvc

mechanismshal havenlso progrannned he decadeslong ncinroadjng t

Marcuse s perlormame principle

ll Lyotard lheorv of pcrlorrnativrty as bcon missednot onlv bv lwo

scholarsbul by nn cnllre llenoration t culluralporlofmancc escardrers

.nd il Marcuse s perionnance principle has becn otl our scanners lor mirre

than wo senefations,hcseonlisslons re ess a questlonot hislY readln{l

hv individualscholars aDd more a lnattcr oi our instilutiotral eaclirr'J

Inachines eingotn ol runeaftl lehnicallY bhrd b the c€dbackof |ErloF

ma ivepowercircuils,Pcrhaps lakesa cerla n nose o sense he po\^/er rpertormance. hal Ma.cuseand Lyol.rcl'sporiorhAnc.) heorieshave been

circcloddly r not al flll resulls, lhink, rom lhe actlhal eachsnalvzes or

{ormflnceas a normfllivepro rss,while PertofmnnceSludbs reseadrcrs

mosl intereslc{l n coltur.l polllics have. untll rcc entlY heorizedperlor

manco almosl exclusivelyas mulatidnl, rcsistanl, transgressive Sonrewhat

kc the Chal/engcrSBB workgrouD,we havo unw(tlnglv and perhaps

unavoklablv ormalizcd cviation, nd hroush .epeljildr ouf verv compe-

lencies haw $eneraleda ccrtaln structural nco rPelenrywith respecl o

other disco!rses ard pr.cuces ol perlormnnceThe paradignls liminal

*l l

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164 16.5



ul

T

R

:::nl)hlreenab ns Lrs.ro

lheoriTe ra ss essrve no casrar)r errormamoar|o our own contcslcd sluation as a paradignt,has simultaneously re_t?-nl^ Lr tuor

iF-sing e fo{ur, , na urrrrr , . . - | |ur ^ rrer. t r . th e o.,rlcrrn lnr . .F, h, r tLnqa_ut pFrtor lndn.cMJLrg4m., rr an d Tk.hno.

T,11":T:li:.o, lo rn,r hinssyer Jnorhe,w rv: ,p htutltt.nfun s ttsF,tt,l' t r . - r orp )t , . t ' i. . p t er u, r . r -nt ,f t re\a1r{r r , t rorr . rd, t r6ss. , , t.aonlo historical orces rhdt connccl pertornunce Studies o oLt,. peit.,

mflnces. PflradoriL'ay,our alkrnriver)cssro tinrinatpertorrnance haskepl usoLrlot the loopw th respect o rho perfor ativityot p"** ar,,t, ;;;,; ;as imilcci ur nninatilv

This iminat-oonns slarting o brenkdown.Thectisciptinarventsscpa_rar ll tho paradiqms re cftxling unds rhe prcssureot (nrtaincitrtionalrorocs, thou{,h rhese sc.ts hale Dcver rer y been tarrsareThc crosion enperhapsbesl be tol in hc imp.cl whk)h he worksorJriLliihB! ef haveha.]L,pon_Perroanm.eSludios Even he,e. ho$,over,ho feart g paflern u.sl

ote.l inilially guidcd rhe recoption of her !!ork amono mrny firlh.rat pertor,nr.rnce crrotars.We haveseen lhnt Tufiror nd Sotrochner txrfiz;d pink/matwc genresns tminal, hil is, as ,,in

bctwe-... lrmcs/spncesDwhichso'_ul ofils de lrolen it)n,t. turnd upsictp.uolln.nd t,tiryid r{ith.Whal

-b l tx: l : l l , r*st r , 'h . . a,. ir.r.o.rc.r . . , . .1' u\ .r r . ,. ,

^4. i . , . r L, r Iuo<. q J I v { \ t l .a tp \Fs | Jt , mi t , , rl \ no tonl ! n rn, r , r i ru l ,r rosqr.s

sle or"cstitc|rt, lrrt itso as i dorrrnalt ,rrl flnirDu tr{nl ot tx,wcr orr.! , r r t r ,hs I . n i r ,ul, t . . . r\ h s-, . t , r t t r -or -(s b_, lhhL rds0rp$t r1r". ,nLl th, jnor| l . r t i l i t ! t Ur to rmi tN, .qcnrcs. l

.runrer-scorrkality ios n his lhLary ot pcrtomr.rivo timinatitvBrdter,s ubversrvcnessics n her hoorvof podornralivonormil vrtV.

--llnlikc,Itarcuso and I yot:rd whose rcrfor,,,rnce concepb crjlica yenr jJ l rp

i l l 'os, .oj . Prt rn1i , r . . MiF.n,an:nt i , .d t "-n o-n, l r r r r . , .

-,r . rdmaneu StulFs, .xr tshpt locs ot ,ycr l ,nq oth urne,. trtrt i :hectnu.

fn h: 1'l. :p,ro" ,,r hFl rqon .r,,I. a:,.i ."n,. qlr( .,n c.ncreluursr u 'o \ a i ri t , . -, t l , t l r , . . ts t{ sht.h,r,nOcr rc .u..s.r . ted U-!.1simrlirfltxs,to pdtilrmatN'. ncts wrlhrn the,(fiFt conlc\ts.,,, Mr u trmlcl

l : . l ' : . : l . l

.. c rh. , . r , iLrrr in. .r ro"rs,. . y17. ".. , . . ,1,no

u, , "1"il:;;'.ifiili".fiX'J;Jl"_.,lffil";t;lH,,lJitili;tomDLrlsoryystcms oen.ter s a p{yfonnarj ) lvilh dcarly punilive onsc-qlemes. Dis(Yere (n.lers are prrl of wh.r humaniTes.ndivrrtualsrithinconlLnpomry cutrure: indeed, vc rogutarty punisn ltu)sc lrto tait ro do lhcir

T]]Ti l'!,,i,rhis punilivoperfonn:incers not expressrvo; docs nor

:]l:1..,;.., inlerror subsiancq identitv or e_ssonce:nsrcad.sendcr

c,D+nr i r \ is i l-l ' lo . t r t I tF( t l r r ,gh,u,nt ) . ._or\r)t j . t mn|u, , ,sul, l

norms. "Fro[r a lemlnist poht ol vkrv, onc might try to reconccive he

scnderenbody as ihe leqacyof sedimcntedacts .ather than a pre{lererminedor toreclosed truclure, sscnceor lact llhelher nalural, ulural. orin!Lr tic. '' Thfough repeatodperfonnarces, h--se noflrs Deconre eolmenten as (and not in) gcndered bodic's.

hr or.ler o ilesh oul hcr perlormatlvc erding ot gonder,Eurlcrturns oanlhr()pologicaldis()urcend,of parlicLrlar iorcsrhere, oTurnefs tho o4/ol riluol RLrtshc does so with a h{ist. Rcitcraling tho importand} Ior femi

nisnrol a thoatrically ascd heoryof socialaction, ne asKs:ld whrts(nres. hcn, r ge nder n acrlAs ahthropotogisrrctoiurnersuggeslsn hi! sludie5 f ual o(lal dama social dron

'equrcsporformance!vhhs epeatedh ! rcpelon s ionce een, . in ienrandrexpen€d<'ngl a serof m.,r,ngsair€dy$c'atit ettrbtished:

'sthc

f rundsn.addr i tualzcd{ornofhet cgi t inaton hcnlh6conccpr ionofsd. : pe, ronn:n. .appl iedosefder 5 lcar hatt rouch herercindividu.l .dies hrt cnacthese 'gn'n.ario.r yhe.omingty|z€dnrogcn.reredr..J.s th s a.ton s nrned tcly ubli. 5w.ll'

Why do I say thai Autbr t(trns o Tunrer vith a lwisi? Bccalse herreadino yploresgendor ssues ccollniTed s rnportant ur notsysremalically Dursu(xlby hlm lhc lwist, how.ver conres noi only in Buleas

appli*'tion ol scial drama h gcnder,but .iso in her rerdrngot Turncasritual.Rilualfu)r irn s $cre.J, not mundancorDfotane. urthetBullcrwrileslhat urnd's rcsearchsuggests.. . ] thatsooalacl ion equi rcs pertor-m.ncc which s rcyrirle.l H(x cmphasison rcpetition s most sugllrjstivqtor whikr rcpelilion s ccrtainlyal work in ary firlal, Torn.ls theory docsnot cxplicillv ocus 0n it. ndced, t3uilcr rolrds ritLrrl perJormancan a

arner tror q,hich hc might nrn away:as (xrnpulsory ()utinel Let usnote halTunrer.lso opposes ilual o iechnologicalol]rino. e minimiresthc repetitivo 'nences ol rl!al. and this cltatio nality s p()oisely $,harint€)roslsEuller mosl. Rathrx than simply rq)ear iho I tlar rea.tirE ofhnn. rltu.l as transllrcssivr), owovor,she a{rivcly reads (rcnscnbes)Turnffs theory ot socjal drama |s a theory of normalivnv.By pushtnglhc Dedalon pcrlormitivc cilationality, utler alkrws us ro scc how his

theory ol rilud can bc lle|ernlizc.l to underst.nd boih trans(jfessive ndnonnative arr{orm.rnc)e.Shorllv aller her discusslonot furnei Buller cites Schcchner$/hile

distillfg the (lilforcfces .n thcatric.l and sociala.ts. She cartiolsly s!]gqests that "gcfider pcrlonnances in non thett.(rl conte_xtsarc govenrcdby more crenrlypurilive and regulatorvsociol eonvurlioDs' han thoseif iheair cal conlexts Her clintbn ol Schechncr herl omcs n a passrgclhat could itsdf bc rco.l as a scripll

ndedd,he 5gh toi a rr .nsvert tein:gc crn conpc pldasurcndapp/alsc h'i€ hr nghiolthesanc tlnsvenit. n he eat ert o r or

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the us a cohpc eaf,age,ven o enc. on rhe ircot . n h. bus,rhead bc.omesanscrous,1 locs, rec et/bc.alsehc6 3reno tc.atricalonvcntionso d€timirhepuretyaaSinaryharacrera hc (,indeed,n hestEd or n th. bus,heresaopresunpr,onh.t rhea.r sd n n. r o ' r I reat i i rhc squ r s. f ic( t o i rhe . t s ha rh. rc: re o.onvenlonshat a. t3tena( is ih isseparal .ncesry h. . s he: rrcwhi.hatterrptso onte,lori ndeed.rcrk own h.sc o.venlionshatd€nr.rrc the maginrryon thc cat R,clErdche.hnerrihgshisoutql're

dearttn Berwn The.t,e ndAnrtrbpotog/,In cilfg Schechhcr, utiorLheorizeshe lransgressivc spe,rts t per

n)rnlarcc,wrtirlg lhar rhe tfa sveslte olr the shulltc bls "chalonges,arle.sl mplicitly, l|c .tNtinctron eh,ecn aDrF.rrine an.t re:rhrv,,. n rJtrr ,1ln')sc itrtiunsot Turr!1 n.t Sctt,.chner.lct x.rerr)sF hr: im inrl rorm th,sway: irnin. iy can be rheoriz(Xt ot onty f ienns of n flnle/spa(je t anli-s l rucl rr o i , r \bul. , tr , , - r1< r | ' i r .F .s, , . r , . | , r . r . ) . . . r l lorn, r . , / r . i r lFLr l l rpr .he rubl . 'n ! r . !u ,r d ot tt c . rs t , Jy.o h\ ,S, . t | (v ln,err lJ, rn4,5ro theorize inrirl:||ity, ust bo un.terstodl not in optlrsrllon o an in.ticolivcmoodot "il is," bul as .nnnflletyretarcd o an ,rA'rrve moodwhichcommaf.ls ' t musf be. pijrJonn-or dse: rho imha rcnt $ A connDand cl

-

Bul,a' eV'bnr the Fjrnr:rt \tjlk,.s ot Durlurmat&e rtrtnn in cir,(tpr

'trnte t cmin6nl ,ttt! the Subt,x\iol ot hftrtttt ( yJo).Wc sec hirc thcways n R.hich or lormarivc oweropcrares hrouqh he proccssoI s(nificat(ni- Thc sublect s not ./do,?r/r/rd by lhc rules hrouSth hch rr s lenerareo )oc€use ilJnrtic.ion s nat a taundlna d. but fttthera nc,utAt-.tlpracass ot repalitton thar bolh conccats ite€ and {)ntorces its rutes prc,casoly hroullh sr,bshnliatizing fic\rrs. rr a sense-a sillnilicalionhkesn' i .e $r lh h4 or l j t ct I e L!. . iFUt.o, Lr.Fpp..t . , t , . -,). . rr n i , ro o, .| ,u i r l ' l { l l lh i |M,1l ' rh\ ,1. , r r . . t in .

^-l l r r . . -n- , i . r . ,n A. cronr-"

soo menlcd precisey throuoh thc orbil ol thcr hislorical eDetiliof an.J

-desednncntedthrouoh. shal w() $y. exorbitant variarions on such ret)cli

llons.variations hich,howjvcr,atsononethetessnvolve opclition, ilaik)n.rcheirsn, and parodtrTh!s, tho ,raskts not whethef o rcpear but how to'ap*rL | , laed, r r6na | ; ry l . l o.. , t lr r rd i . . t t " . , tF .n-,o l I ta, .dcr , ,. / 'sD/ j

e! r . . , r r !

acd,1 no. r ,s,ar t ^,r. ,Dtehc,et ,er i , ,un,. e . ,Burtc lusrs.rh.t punormilr|ce n rheon/r.hdv t,nrudvenn oUr,rtp to relurl rr)dor<pr.'c,. cndernorms Strrc,: tr noln,,live spJ,mmlit,or, J,RJrar,<o.us-sivo clesedirncniarionNoNe rcpctiriveperlormances,Bu er llarns thntnar^dr .. l -hcr! t [s l l \ r -s\ , . .nr .i t nd\. . . . .a , , l t ime. t , r ,nJertdenrr4s lrv reDe.rlng n.l r,mtr,r.r,! lhe orbrtot ln(|4moni., s,Onrh,.,r,uns.$flrrL.atothd trme< esldbitiT,nuhGse erv sunilicitrorN throrOhc\,lrhi.rj'nr_ vtrrb'r/ refct,t'n,

'h1t g,vp ise ru p(,lit,.J' e\ryninc,rtio;s.Aiter rhc publlcatiof af.i efrhulsiasilc rcceplianal G-bnder rcLtj)tc,

Buller otlered some correctknrs o hcr ren.lers,cotrecflons hat eflail a

certa n fowrtlno ot th c rel atlonbetwccn performancoan(l pedormativty.

Thc pertonnanooheoryot Gondcr roublc s rtse rereadand e signlted nher 1993 arlicle "C.iticallvOuc€r. Here Buller returns o Lhequeslaon tgcndcr perlormalivily 6nd drao, now slresslog the d,scursiy y ot pcdorma

tivcs. Perlormaivcacts are orms of ruthorliltiv e speech mosiperfornrr-

llves tof inslance,aro stalementswhch, n the uttorin0,also pcr[onn ncortainnctior and cxercisea blnding ower."tSisnificnnilv,hc turns o the

ellects ol hcr own discoursq namely lho lheory ol srbversi@ gondcr

parodv posed li G.xtdcr frohle. Buller asks: "ll gender is a mimeiiccflect, s il th{irofc're cho x) of a dispens0 lc artifice? 1 not. horvdld th steallins al Gender rcubb emerge?""She otlers wo r(}.rsonsd lhis rnis

apprehension, while also suggcstin.J there may be others. Frst, she sayslhat she hcrscll ciled dr.g as an eram plo of pertormalavilytaken h(,r, bysonrc! o lre pxc,nplarr,thal ls, thc cxampleol pcflormalivity)." Second,

with he qr(\rv g queernrovomonl.. ihe publicization l lhcatricala0enovhos bcconre qulle c$tral ll I mrv oller s llrird lfd closelv rcaled

rot'son for iho nisreading ol gutleis th$ry of pertormativity: llaven thc

numerous crilicol theorics lhol articulalo Derlormanco s transqrossive

nnd/or resistnn l clltufal prnci€s, nrnny rerdcrs mry have passed ooquick[ over B!tlofs shess orrpcrformativiiy s bothnonnr]tveand puniiivc

and mstead nstnllc{ her wor k wnhln nrore {ronlcnlional , .e., 'radical,"

rcadings ol porlornrance- In sl||'l. their readings nray havc b€en govemcd

Thc essny Crlti callvQleea .lso conlains certrin brenkup f lhe closealliar.e belw(xxr thealrcal po'rfonnlrnce rd perfonnntiv y lhat Builcrkrga.l in Gekda lrouble. lt lherc shc soqht to lheo.iTe performatiM\,

via perlomranoo.rr this essayshc also emphasizes erlomntivily conlr.,periormanca rlaboratinq her .otrcotivc ren.linq, she now oloarly

dlslifiruishesporlornratLViLyom pcrform.nce.nd doOs o in a parror.ph

tn no se t .aa ir be an tttt .l rhot rhe pa o[eeddd .hat'r

pe4bmed f

th{thd th.luth o[edtd.t: p.{omund ds bound.l o.t" a drli"eunhe.)

ln n p.famutpitt isalat^

tlt hu l.ansi.tt h d kn$dtaf af hun \'|hth

pftLtdL bhtkain, n\rl lLcad the prf.t,u attl h ttnt ai e rdnnal b.lak

os the fohriLuLih oJ the F*,neis witt .t .ho'ce : Jtnh.r whot it pcr

hmed wotks to .oncul, I rot to dkonv whot anoin: .wtt!., u,@neiout,

rn p.4atnahh Ih. Eahhr .J pe4a,hatttnt h pr4ohrdre tuutd b.

Thisp.ssago cllls for comftlcnl Bouer s olrviously td r eferrlngk, thcrilu:rlized Frtormance she rords in Torner whcrein perftrmance alwa\,salrea.ly fitailsa cilaiionalprocess.nstaad, he clelincsDerlomancc as nnact if the hero- nd now, hflt s, as a presonce, ne boundcd n ihe \\,illoftho pcrlormer.h s rcsignillcatk)n l 'pedonnancc, ln urn, nvovcslr resiq-

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nilication ol perlonnalvei openn\l her essay bV dring Evc Se.dgwicksreadingot.l.L- Austnr,Brdlermrkes it clear rhat she now wishes o distin-guish embodicrlpertonnarces ronr discursiveperlormatives o rranster

Dertormafcerom horlroal lo discursvecontoxts.Blt/er s theoryol purl vo pcrlonnatn/y is ! cru.ri0 conirtbutknr o our

oencraltheory. rr (kltlorl Lo hdtrtzingportjtrmance $ boih normalive ndlransgressivc,er workalso listi|guishes he discurstve rfd lho embodedd mensions l perlonn.tiv y.As we h.vel!sr smn, sheevc{r larnsthnr pc.

ronnativenl'st nol bc reduccd o perfo.m.nce. lowov(x, n the vcrsbn ol"Critically Oueer' tllbfishod i tso.1iLs hal Ml.tt.i On the Discursive Lniilso, Sex'(l99il). tfullor r so points to their possiblcoonvcrqcnce_[ mayseem t. . .l rhat thcrc is ll (lillcrcn{je t}etlvccn lhe emlDdving or performingol scnder nonns and hc tnrrtormativc s ot discourso. re hcsc hlo dilt.rent scnsesol porloflnallvlly,or do they converge s modcsoi cilaron-alilv in whch thc com|)lrsory ch.ractcr ol c.rniril soct.l nnpcmtivesbccomes ubjccl o n nr pf t )misingcrcqulat ior?"H(rreul rcfs lseoIthe lenn 'pfflonnoncr)," while r.td ninlt the scfso ol omboLliment sorestorcs he repeLof she arrlicr rcad n Turn(x's hooryof so.ial dramaWo can link this lnsisloiico on reperilion o ljchodjlx)r's reslorutionolbeh.vio., lrc lheory h llll perioiinances re rchcarsedinrrrcd, reacluat-ized.Thus cnder.a d moreoencrallvall srbiccl k'lrnati on, nraita norma-

rivecnyrmbleol rcsklred )elhvio6 and discoures. n|txrlaneyet puniliverolrnne ol l4rl.rnanc(:n- ind tFr'lornralt€-s. a scdim(jnted stratum ot acts.nd wods .lwnls akoady eDcrlcd or the

'thtime tty sugsosting har dis

claive perrornratves 1d ombo.lled sform.f.cs ro both rbdrs ot ciralionrlily,B! tlcr lestLrresowarrl he possibiliiy f a 9on(xn heory har o! dac.ounl lor thc r cofv(yltonce.Whrt I .nr cn mq the poworot pdtonnanc.

Lel mc rcho.rse this heory ol powerofce a(n n (nnd or tor rhe Insltinre)by splicing ogcth sornc ilnrc Ds kom orr drnnulurqical eidirl!]s.Marcuse Derl.,fir|anoe rhcipb Drovidcsan est:1blishinqhor ot pcrtorm.live Dower n rxrmprehonsiveenns,hedetinesporlormanceas he sran.lardization ol sociclv {mordir)(, b nomrs ol krhno-ecorlomic etlicicncy.llis s@io Dsychcnalylic .cadinq tocuscs on the {llicrntkn of n ividual

dcsire and Ma(xrses rrrcdcls l rational uhje.livrtyand reDrcssive oNerlr)ad rn Lo ast perlo nativepowcras rathernronolithto fd homogeneousin its cltecls. Lyolr(1, howevor, ellers rn ! terriativc $lablish g shor otpcrronnalivc owerwilh his heory that modern0fl| d nnrraltves lve been(lisplaccdby input/oulpLrt .triros. In .ddiliof. by driwino aitontion o ttnplur: tV ol contcfrNrnry hnllaqe ganrcs.he provkiosmid r.ngc shotslhal oapture hcw.!s rl whichpedornutivc egitimation cpendsupo. mulliplc and ocalized enu s to perlorHr elsc.Wo $houldnorc here harLyolard cxplicilly aligns perlormativily !+{h Auslin s concopt ol rhe perforrnalirc.arguing hal he lwo meanings re not ar apart.Ar|sttn pcrloma

tive r@lizes rhe oplim.t perlormanlF-"'Wth a last bit ol disconlinuilv

cditing, r€ can re3d Butlcr's lexts as oflering close_upshols ol the po\ter

ot por{orrnancc,hols that cngageMarcuse own oloseuDs of alienated

ferro.."nce. Her rlota erl .*\';s t,"c."*s the mcro'operatons ol dis

coursesand pra.:lices n lhe constilulionot gendor, exu'litv and s!bjoc

tivitv tsell Butof also ets us into hc archiveol pcrforrnaiivtvby argunrq

thalallpcrlonnnn(x)s,pokenorcnncte.l, rc realonlvbccnusehov eeloii

and on from a genernlmatrx ot cilanonalitv

lhis thcory reh(xrsal,with its culting raok8nd kxth belweendrflerenttheorelic.l sel ups, sr0gesls that discursive erlorrnallves nd embdlicd

pedormancesare lho buildinsblocks ol an nnnensc onto historicalpro_

duction, one which we will soon explore as lhc pedormance stalurn'

Pcrformativcs nd p()rlor.nan.es orm the brsic tncllcalunits' he BTUS t

a powcr/knowletlgc ormaii{nr hat s a hali_cenlurYkl and srot ng morc

powerfulancl nowlecl(lcahlevervdav At lhc orackof m lcnnia,perlorm?

ilvity suides nnurncrable)rocesses,!nllfg lrorr Llrc ftri(jlces ol class'

race,ethni(jscn(ler, lnd sexlal .lcntifcaiion10 he nrg{)_scalenstallations

of lechnologies, ril niT.tons,.rnd culturcs Perforrl-or elsc is a chal_

engc nra.le n lhe LISAand now rostorifg iisoll wordN'lo Lhroughnfu_

e;abb crrcuils.hal's one reason DrelaccdoLrr urrcDt heorvrchearel

wilh Heideg$cr's nll ol chnllenginll onh .nd his aoe ol lhe world picture

Ior pertomnnce is gotrrg global tast I havc rcrl.oed our lheory as a moMnqpicturc so as to c'voke thassPecutativc possibilitY: lhe asc of the world

prcture is bcconrin0 ,n rge ot gktbal perkmnatttal

Cha engino s lh( i und.mcnt . to M rlv o l th is r , fsformalonwthoul

loufdationi it is lhe aifcctve dimcnson of lho Derfonlince stratum' he

shitting lenrentof ts lerktrtrr-or elsc 'Accodinglv, Lhe gc ol glob'lpcr-

tdman,re s noi orry pol)ulrted bv h qh pertonnors,peak perrormersslar

pe ormers,pedorm$s $,ho .hallenge orlh lhems"Lves nd olhers' but

also by lhe perlorrnntlvelv hnLenqed,hose who cannol perlorm up lo

spec: hc trrcnl:1llyhallenqed ll(: phvsicallv halbnqcd the economballv

cla cnqed, he dqilalv challcnged hc stvlisllcallv hallengcdand evcn he

liminalt challcn0ed. Porform<r clse: lherc as no pcrlornrancc withoul

challenllc,withorl clainrs and contBlations,'lemands

and iccusations

t cld lests and dcnl lv ohocks .s Ncll as the occasionairrl melvd:rreAnd no pedorrr.rrrce nft)uched v lhc caLnmliv l ff/u")ta The call ol

thc perJormancclratunr s not monolonal ui pnvtonal il is composedor

nrultilLr.lesl challengc$ot contcsts and fofc(r rekrtions hat produce'1il_

ter.arL erformanccs ltkrcnt machinatonsol porfinm'iivcs an'l pcrlo'

nE.ces, oI words and b.des th.t challenUc'mlrne,snd trick out one

anothe. Challcnger hallongiio challcnqer hc drallengesof eliicacv elti-

cien(ry.nd elleclivenoss re am('lg themost nsislent allscast across hc

emcrging perlormance stratum Each is producod bv a re'dinq nrachine' a

sociotechnical arrangemcnt ot die$urses and pr.cllces that guidcs and is

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guicradadf fcr , . n \ emurrs r qenar, t?, r l iJHn, r pprop. r ,n n rr \ qpl jspL\rticjttbns unaLtnonrs,Jt|pltcalnns, b|enhd.|$ns,andrcboors.As pru.Ictbns ot D.rtormannj, rhe pd,idums ol pertormancc

SludEl. Pcrlo,,nJnecMrnnS.jmenr n.t tcLhi;-p{,rorr,,nLe t,,r\e hctrFJ

l : .^. ' - .1,1.: , l l : ": or u-. .rnr\r , r nu,. ,r ,u lrh,rd\ ,asrh,.na.

: : : r_,Te., : l r1rL' lLA' 4e ., r . .s , , .ao\ gnr. , r pr . r | i .1p1i. ,p

: l ' - : : : - .1: "-1"1,. ' "str . l ru . B I , . ,Fird hi s .{ ,1, la ^ !,rc. ,r ; ,eplnand Ueli'l, r' er evF,r,nore m.n_t,.,rrril t rhesnr, rime,wen

moreabstraclnbout hepowerol performancc, e rnu allcndyetanotlcrleclure Wo must ntroduceyot anoher cha engor.one lvhoso heoryolslatiticatiorl a\r t ftrsiborousclceD/y,uru,hich itiwilh uck ut he !lcor pe (rnratne nshaDcr o..jus

t7E,7?

CHAPTER. PI?I IEs:JNRl]HALLENCER

AN]]II P:? OiMANcLIJ IA I ]M

On lhc lhird ot A tDusnD(/ P,alc'aus, he somc Protessor Challenger lhomade lh-AEarlh screanr wlth his pain maohinc,os .lesrxitxxJbv ArlhurConan Doylc, lavo a boturc trixnrll sovor toxtbooks on oeologv andbiology n a las h on beliiting hts s miandisposilbn. H.) .xpainod rhal rhcEarlh-tho Oclor torirlizod, thc clacal, lhc gianl N4otecute-isa bodywirhout organs- Howe.ver, or cilles Debuzo and F6tix Guatkri. thc pro-duccrsollhissccne ol liclivc hclry, thc prnnaryqucsrionr hnnctis or, orlhe lnrebeing,anArtaudlanbodywithoU organs.bur mlher the slrara harcrystallizoncl orm upon i. cha lcnqerconli res:,strata are Layers Bers.Ihey consst n giving ornr o m.tters, ol mprsoning nrensilios r tockin!singularilicsntosvstems t rosonancc:tndcdundancy,of roducing n thebody o{ lhe earth noleclrlesargeand smallando.ganizing hem nto motaraggregales.":The protessor qJurins hoft) asa scicnliliclionat haracrer,one )elerte and Guallarihave ast ionr hesci-fi storiesot a $/niernamedDoyb,who, aiter he h.d oroatcd, ilc d, and rcsurrccrcd dotcctve nanredllonres, spefl his aler yearschafneling n oay scientist n the name ot'Ch. enger. Deleuzennd Ouattar q).sl ihis piolcssorro octlro w rhinthear wn wrillng nirchine, nd heydoso lor n singular ueose: to conducia "slralo<nalysis," rcadingol stratilicatio|l roccs$s i.r ocksand organsand subjecls. SinrLlllamously.heir re.dino ls de a demonstrarion tdeslralitkntbn, he creativobftrakdown nd crosionol sysrcrrsand torms.

I havesigned on lo this ec ure mnchne lo iniliate stratoanatysts tpertonnance l]nd Prolessor Oha enger perkrrms nere as rln ontrnc

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z lwosl : is lh Skeel ,N.\LYo'k NY (xx)l

H.trtlxlo.) ts t nDlnt ol th. Ltrltr & t.n(r tnaup

i, 2(X)1 on M{iKeo/e

lvrrs(i l i r iBrker s: ns b! M.l t BroL|1] l r ld,

I tr l rr andb.!.di .Grc. lFrri l .Dl)v l , l r l rrrf l (nrrlLld. Padsto\!, l lorr\ ' f

A riqhls ftisd!--d. No p.rt ot this !nn( [ v lx] rct) fled or reprodu(rl.r rl isrrl

in rnv frrrr or r y .v.cdr.fni . N{hiri icr or!turre!ns..owkfownorh(r(irlLH nlefled ncldinlr DhoJ({ltiv rllr r kird r!1. r if ary nldmr I on :Jltrrq-A

or reLri -AV.lvstem.\! i lhoul)drnssirnr rNri l i rq ronr he publshds

lr L h LibrrfvCal .ol run.l rr ' |1l ) i i r l ) hhA (i rni rl )s!e e(rrd lor hls book$ i rri r i i , l )!rfnl l r--BnlshLbr.n,Ll trrr! ola;orsressCnlao!tf . l i f r)rrI l . i i r1) )| l r

Perlorm r e sc: l romd srrp f, , l i , t trJ nIr,rn-. Jo r McKcnT[

lrnludes bblioqraohic.l (lrf,.turs m{l rrl€r.

L Perlonnan@ Pslrhokrtiirlist(\.ls I T le.

1102dc2100 046014

SBN ,115 4769- l pbklsB N0 41524764 (hbk)

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Mckenzie Chap 5

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Transcript of Mckenzie Chap 5