Maung Mwue Kham_18_.pdf

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Transcript of Maung Mwue Kham_18_.pdf

  • 1 vdwfvGD;v,f trkJif(18)T h e G o l d e n G o n g armif;rGL;cH

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  • 3 vdwfvGD;v,f trkJif(18)T h e G o l d e n G o n g armif;rGL;cHOD;crf;ckdif tGOfuwl.zGJUAl.avG> ytkd0f.avGmif.Al.tpGKd>zkH.wJif tkHtukd&kJif>woGKd;avG> eJif.ief.a&> uGDavG>az. pGKd;cGKd>tcGif>ta&>aem0f>oGL/ w,f. 1946-Am.aem0f> ya'.o&mZfoD;vJh avG>ytdk0f.pif;oif;? aumifc,f.? yifavmif>? rkJif;aumif? [kderf; upzkH. wzJh>aem0f> eDtxs>taomif,kd vufeufplcGKrfom; atm0f.tmig.wJif 0if>,HtH.aEGmif>v> rGKdef;eDvkd>rsKd>wJif 1949-Am.aem0f> AkdvfcsefZkH? Akdvf[defarmif? jzm;wefaumifc,f.? jzm;AGmOD;vSazoD; tGOfuwl.zGJUAl.avG> ytkd0f.vGpfxef.a&>tpGKd> (ytvz)aem0f> oGL/ 1958-Am.aem0f> ytvzpGKd> xl.ndrf>csrf>a&>(vufeufwGrf.'Drkdua&pD) vkJif.0if>wJif rm>avG>w,f.axmif.cGKdef> ytkd0f.b0(jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;)wJif ytdk0f.ykduxJhzGKd.'g.ynm.a&>,kd vGL;xef.az.ausmif>q&m. aAGmifaz.oGOfvdwf ausmif>? tGOf.az. woD.ydef>awmf> woD.qJh> ytkd0f.uGef.az.uatm0f.csmytdk0f.plukd aAGmifavG>t0,f'kdif [kdykH>&ef.uif>? em;aAmif? aemifw&m;? okJif>acg0f? w&kJif>? yif.vkH? rGKdif>aomuf> pwJifzkH.aem0f>oGL/ w,f. 1954-Am. A>avG> 1965-Am.ukdaem0f> ya'.o&mZfoD; tH.pmtrsKd>rsKd>wJif ytdk0f.vkd>wef(acgif;aqmif) jzm;q&m.[GKdif>? q&m.abmf bD? ykd.wkH? jzm;AGmOD;vSaz? OD;ausmfpdef pwJifzkH.aem0f> cH.Am.eJif.ief.awm.wGrf aomh>axmif.ukdwJif (1966)Am.? AkdvfcsKyfpHodef; tGOfuwl. ae;wGrf.rl(9)csuf wzl>&JOf.(4)vD;wJif w,f.axmif.cGKdef>Am. ytdk0f.wwd,awm.vef.a&>aem0f> oGL/ 1973-Am. (Auy)y'kdpaumv,fawm;oD; EGKdUvGOfytdk0f.a'.oukd wJif vGOfoGif>aomh> ref;crf;uGefjrLepf (Auy)0g'wJif &vvzacgif;aqmif vSarmif? wmuv,foD; cH.xl.xkd> uGefjrLepf0g'wJif &vvzvJh zxkd>cef; eDc0f? uac.cH.'g.0g.'a&>om;aem0f> xGmpGLpGL'sm. &vvz? trOf>aem0f>xl.uD &vvzvJh tepfom&aem0f> xGm'sm. AuyXm.ecG,f>wNzKH.)? uac.cH.cH.'g. pGKd;cGKd>a&>om; jzm;AGmOD;vSaz OD;ausmfpdef? AkdvfrSL;wefatmif.crf;xDoD;aem0f> xGmvGOf ytkd0f.pGKd;cGKd>tpGKd>aem0f>oGL/ rm>tusH>xGLtacsmf> rm>tacsmf> xGLtacsmf> aig0f;aem0f>twGKdif> ytdk0f. ucGKrfAm.vufeufplcGKrf,kd e,f>y&d,m,f.tv> xl.cGKrfavG>&kd>vJh pif.pJpfaem0f> 0if>az.uxGm tGOf.a&>ytkd0f.? ytkd0f.wGrf. tm.Pm.atm0f.yk*Kdvf.oD;rJhigawm. ,HtkHuGHaEGmif>(w&m>0if.0if.,HtkHuGHaEGmif>)'sm.oGL/ 1991-Am.? rwfvmukdaem0f> ytkd0f.pGKd;cGKd>tpGKd> xl.avG>ndrf>csrf>a&> uxl.Am.ndrf>csrf>a&>,dk ynm.? NcGKdif.oef>? pD>yGg>? vkd>rk>upzkH. wjcifoGK-def.? wjcifo> (wGKd.oGKdef.wGKd.o>),Hrm>aEGmif> tif;a&.cg>EkJif;aem0f>wJif jzm;wef pif>zgatmif.crf;xD tGOfuwl. xl.avG>Nidrf>csrf>a&>aem0f>oGL/ uxif.xl.xGLNidrf>csrf>a&>wJif pGKd;cGKd>ukdta&>uwef ig. (1)aAG.rswf bk&m> aAG.awm.uuL.vJhrGOf;zsifavG>(,kdcg ausm.crf;? ausm.urm. (2) 0if>uyif>xkd>ytkd0f.yd#uwfvJh v>cGKdef>csm? (3) rGKd;AGmy&d,dvdwfoGOfwGKdufvJhayg. (4)ytkd0f.erf;yJif.tkyfcsKyfcGif>a'.owJhv> (5)wzl>vJh awmif.uD>-ausmufwvGKH>? okJif>acg0f-ausmufwvGKH>? aemifw&m;? [kdwGL;- yqsm.BuKd.? w&kJif>- csKdU>xD? yif.vkH- ua&mif>? erfhzgrl- erf;wkwf> rD;aoG;acsmif;- tif;wdef? [kdykH>uefawGmif;? uuL. okJif>acg0f? erf;pJpf okJif>c0f? oDoJif.-aemifaxm0f? ausmif>c,f. yiftGOf;- pwJif wzl>wxmzkH.? tru(42)ausmif> tvu(13)ausmif> txr(26)ausmif>? abmf'gaqmif(6)NzKH.? wGKdufe,f.woD.,GKH.(6)NzKH. NcGKdif.oef>a&>Xm.e(9)NzKH.? rlBuKd(9)ausmif> ar.puf? xDtkH.? xDuef.- pwJifzkH.aem0f> pGD.ploGLeJif.ief.awm.wGrf.crf;om;wJif rm>avG>aEGmif>az.aem0f>oGL/ w,f.pGOf. 1886-Am. A>wGKd.vGOf 2014-Am.aem0f> ytkd0f.vkd> rsKd> ,HxJhzGKd.Am.rGKdef;wJif woGKyfxGLwoGKyfvkJif.0if>ajyif ytkd0f.tu,f.twef(acgif;aqmif)zkH. xGm;xdef>tGOf[kdavG> eDpGKd;cGKd>aem0f>oGL/ om.oem.zJh>&kd>vJh vdwfoGOfwGKdufaAG.q&m.awm.? ytdk0f.vdwf&kd>vJh ytkd0f.vdwfvkJif> pGpf>vDwm. A[kd.oH.Cm.pGKd>? pGKd;cGKd>tE&m,f.&kd>vJh ytkd0f.pGKd;cGKd>wyfrawm.? 'kHaqmif.&yf&m.&kd>vJh crf;? e,f.? tGKdif. t0f.xGm;xdef> 'kH&kd>vJh jzm;'kH? vkd> ,GJ; tGOfuwl.t0f.xGm;xdef> uGyfqJif.&m>t&ef; t0f.cGKrfrm>xGm;xdef>az. tusKd>au>Zl>wJif ytkd0f.zkH. b0AdrfrsKwfAm.awm0f;oGL/ ,kdcguatm0f.a'gh>'g. ]]ytkd0f.wm.0Gef.,kd ygrkJif>tD.rm>}} ]] ytkd0f.atm0f.rkJif>}} ]]ytkd0f.aem0f>wrkJif>}} ]]ytkd0f.vkd>wefzkH. xGm;vGKdig.crf;om;}} i0f;&D,kdzkH.aem0f> xGm;csmorJif>aem0f> aoaEGmif>'sm. uwnKw- uwa0'D r*Fvm.w&m> ,HaAGvGaoGmh0if>pGKrf.jzm>jzm>aem;/ xGm;pJif;pJif;oGLwJif ,kdcg ytkd0f.pGKd;cGKd>atm0f.rm>wrkJif> u&kd>om;vJh aoAm.'sm.&if>oGL/

    cGefapmh>Aef? aemifaywf>

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  • 4 vdwfvGD;v,f trkJif(18)T h e G o l d e n G o n g armif;rGL;cH

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  • 9 vdwfvGD;v,f trkJif(18)T h e G o l d e n G o n g armif;rGL;cH

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  • 10 vdwfvGD;v,f trkJif(18)T h e G o l d e n G o n g armif;rGL;cH

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  • 11 vdwfvGD;v,f trkJif(18)T h e G o l d e n G o n g armif;rGL;cH

    The International Republican Institute (IRI) oD;pD.pJOf.rk>wJif ref;crf;,kdd ]]w,f.axmif.cGKdef>csm,if;(jyefvnfxlaxmifjcif;)}} wGrf.uwl.pJOf.,kd tkHuGHwGKdif.yif.avG>0if> 2014- rwfvm(22)eD>? cs,f&D uGif;[kdw,fukdtausmif> v>owif>EkJif;,kdoGL/ tkHuGHwGKdif.yif.aqG>aEG>yG,f>,kd a0if>awmif.uD>ukd eJif.ief.a&> ygwDom;? vkd>rk>a&>tpGKd>tAl.zkH. pk$cOf;vGOfxif.0if>(22)jzm>tausmif> e0f>tukd ytkd0f.pGKd;cGKd>tpGKd>csKwf(PNO)erf;ajcmif>wifaem0f> cGefapm ausmf0if; wGrf. cGefpHwlatmifoD; xif.wJif tkHuGHvG0if> a'.oukdtac.ae.zkH.tausmif>/

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  • 12 vdwfvGD;v,f trkJif(18)T h e G o l d e n G o n g armif;rGL;cH

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  • 13 vdwfvGD;v,f trkJif(18)T h e G o l d e n G o n g armif;rGL;cH

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  • 14 vdwfvGD;v,f trkJif(18)T h e G o l d e n G o n g armif;rGL;cHaig0f;tGOf.&H>taprJOf.

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  • 15 vdwfvGD;v,f trkJif(18)T h e G o l d e n G o n g armif;rGL;cH

    ref;crf;tudk aeif.aygif>(30)r> utD.wGrfxGL.'g. 2014 vddk>pm&if>tudk ytdk0f.vdk>rsdK.rOf>pm.&if> trJOf.az.ae; uv>vGOfwJif ytdk0f.pdGK;cdGK>tpdGK> (yDtJOf tdk) A[dk.&GKrf.cRKwf>tGOfigxGL a'gh>NcJKif; e,favG> ytdk0f.ut0f.'g. pGKrf.a0if> e,f.? pGKrf.&yf&yf rm>avG>yG,f>armh>cGJ; tausmif>aoxG>Am.EkJif;e0f>oGL/

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  • 16 vdwfvGD;v,f trkJif(18)T h e G o l d e n G o n g armif;rGL;cH

    ytkd0f.pGdK;cGdK>tpGdK>(PNO)ygwDtGOf igwJif urm>avG> xGLvJOf;'g. a0if>e,f.&GKrf>rGefAefa&>? wGrfxl.avG>ygcrf; om;rGdK; zg vkd>xkoD;? eJif.iH.a&>? vdk>rk>a&>? pD>yGg>a&>? xm>xD. xm> ao wGrfxl.avG>yg a'.ocH.tcsuftvsufwJif rm>avG>ok aowewefoGOfwef>,dktc&m.,Haz.ae;uao acGoGOf;tae. uaoxG>vGOf>'sm.twGdKif> crf;om;trsm> az.ae;uaoxG> vGOf>EJkif;EJkif;aem0f> wJrf;e,fAm.EkJif;,dkoGLMo/

    e0f>r>oGOfwef>,kdwAm.e0f> wAGdKefyDw0f;wGrf. oGOf wef>tavmif.tvif oGOfwef,dk>wjzHK.rOf.atmif.xGLvJOf;e0f> xGLxdk>aAmh> EkJif;,dkarG;w0f; ytkd0f;pGdK;cGdK>wcGdK>vGKrf;vGKrf;twm. utD.rm> avG>oGKyf'g.,if;xm>rm>zHk.e0f> t0f.uJkifao>tmwef/ oGOfwef>,dke0f>xGLvJOf;wJifcrf;om;rGdK;zg vkd>xktrsm>oD;ytkd0f;pGdK; cGdK>wcGdK>vGKrf;wm. wzJh>wcg0f,Haxif;xH.pGJ;urf;aEGmif>twm. NcKJif;osif>e,favG>ae; uwl.pJOf.wAm.pD.oGL/

    a&.rdk;csuf trJkif(1)

    (u)a0if>e,f.&GKrf>rGefAefa&>

    ytdk0f.wpGdK;cGdK>vGKrf;vGKrf;uyJif.qJif.'g.&GKrf>wefe0f>t0f. 'sm. trJkif(18)? tacg0fwGdKU>wzl>cla0if>(NrKdUywfvrf;)? &yfaq>xs>? a0if>wefawmif.uD>udk/

    &GKrf>wef,dkwNzHK.e0f>xGm'sm. ytdk0f.crf;om;rGdK;zg vdk>xk trsm>yJif.&GKrf>? ytkd0f.pGdK;cGdK>wcGdK>vGKrf;yJif.qJif.&m>&GKrf>'sm;e0f>oGL/

    rJOf.a'gh>Am.we,f>e0f> crf;om;rGdK;zg oD;tae. tGwf>wwl.? oJkif>wwJkifpkjcGOf;rk>tm.e0f>r>wJif xGmvGOfAm. &GKrf>wef,dkwNzHK. e0f>oGL/ &GKrf>wef,dktudk tGOfcGKrfpH.avG>xm>rm>zHk.e0f> eJifiH.a&> xm>rm>&JOf.? vdk>rk>a&>? pD>yGg>a&>? a'.ovGdKif.uGdKef>a&>xm>rm> &JOf.pwJif xm>rm>EJkif;,dkpm;zHk. atm0f.rm>avG>awGmh>crf;om;rGdK;zm oD;az.aeuaoxG>vGOf.wJif ytkd0f.zHk.ut0f.tm'g. a0if> e,f.zHk;udke0f>vJh> aAGmifavG>yg,if; ytkd0f.pGdK;cGdK>(PNO)&GKrf>? a0if> e,f.&GKrf>EkJif;e0f>oe,fMo/ ,dkcguaAGmifavG>xGLvJOf;'g. a0if>e,f. &GKrf> aygif>t0f.(17)a0if>e,f. EkJif;qv,dktwGdKif>oGL-

    (1) awmif.uD>a0if>e,f.? (2) [dkyHk>a0if>e,f.? (3) oD.oJif.a0if>e,f.? (4) yifavmif>a0if>e,f. (5)ausmufwvGHK> wefa0if>e,f>jz,f? (6) aemifw&m;a0if>e,f.jz,f? (7) uavmf> a0if>e,f.? (8)a&muf>apmufa0if>e,f.? (9) vGdKifvifa0if>e,f.? (10) yif.vHka0if>e,f.? (11) erfpifa0if>e,f.? (12) armuf>rJkif.

    yGdKif;0dGKUwGrf.a0if>e,f.&GKrf>rGefAefa&>? wGrfxGL.avG>ygcrf;om;rGdK;zgvkd>xkoD;eJif.iH.a&>? vdk>rk>a&>? pD>yGg>a&>? xm>xDxm>ao wGrfxl.avG>yg a'.ocH.tcsuftvsufwJif rm>avG>okawoewef

    oGOfwef>tausmif>c&m. [0faoig.

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    pGdK;cGdK>xGdKU>Al.a&>tpGdK>(K.N.U)rJif>crf;ygwDwom (M.N.S.P) cifvGpfxef.a&>tpGdK> (K.I.O) apmuf>w Esm.wkd>wufa&>ygwD (K.N.P.P) csif>pGdK;cGdK>tGOf ig wyf(C.N.F) ajzm0f>crf;wkd>wufa&>ygwD (S. S.P.P.) ytkd0f.pGdK;cGdK>vGpfxef.a&>tpGdK> (P.N.L.0) yavmif;crf;e,f. vGpfxef.a&>tGOfigwyf (P.S.L.F) &cJif.pGdK;cGdK>aumifpD(A.N.C)vm;[l'Drkdu&ufwpf o r* (L.D.U)wGrf. ]]0}}pGdK;cGdK>tpGdK>csKyf (W.N.O)

    uatm0f.&kJif>aeu

    crf;&ifom;tpktAlzkH

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    oGKyfvdwfrJhig(19)ukd

  • 17 vdwfvGD;v,f trkJif(18)T h e G o l d e n G o n g armif;rGL;cH

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    'g.eDytdk0f.pdGK;cdGK>zHk.atm0f.vdk.aoxG>xGLwum.awm0f; vdk.xkrf.apm.wem. azg.xef.csmyigy&m>oGL/ eDrOf.apm.wem.azg.xef.aEGmif>awm0f; eDem>twdufum.vxm>rm>aem0f> xGmtD'g.orJif>tJOfaxm0f;vdk>rsdK>awGmh> wnawm0f;tcdef.um.vudk eDvdk>rsdK>,dkvJh uJkif;xdk>rm;tD'g.ae;aem0f>oGL/ uwdk>wufxif.waoGmif;xGLvJOf;'g.crf;xD? uxif.waoGmif;xGLvJOf;'g.vdk.rsdK.zHk.aem0f> rm>xl.wJrf;xGLvJOf; eJKif.iH.a&>? pD>yGg>a&>? vdk>rka&>? pJh>a&>? a,ef.iJ;a&>? tGKwfcsKyfa&>qJif.&m. vdwftkyforJif>? vdwfa&G>orJif>zHk.aem0f> oGL/

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    ysL (e0fw0f;vJh)ytdk0f

    a[mf>oGKyf,if;armif;rGL;cH> trkJif(19)ukdMo

  • 18 vdwfvGD;v,f trkJif(18)T h e G o l d e n G o n g armif;rGL;cH

    pmapmifxkwfa0ol\trSmpm

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