Matter: Properties & Change

A. Matter

• MATTER – ANYTHING THAT HAS MASS AND TAKES UP SPACE

– EVERYTHING AROUND US

• CHEMISTRY – THE STUDY OF MATTER AND THE CHANGES IT UNDERGOES

A. Matter Flowchart

MATTER

Can it be physically separated?

Homogeneous Mixture

(solution)

Heterogeneous Mixture Compound Element

MIXTURE PURE SUBSTANCE

yes no

Can it be chemically decomposed?

noyesIs the composition uniform?

noyes

ANUDDER FLO CHART

B. Pure Substances

• Element– composed of identical atoms– EX: copper wire, aluminum foil

B. Pure Substances

• Compound

– composed of 2 or more elements in a fixed ratio

– properties differ from those of individual elements

– EX: table salt (NaCl)

C. Mixtures

• Variable combination of 2 or more pure substances.

Heterogeneous Homogeneous

C. Mixtures

• Solution– homogeneous– very small particles– particles don’t settle– EX: rubbing alcohol

SOLUTE, SOLVENT AND SOLUTION

DISSOLVING SALT IN WATER

C. Mixtures

• Heterogeneous–medium-sized to

large-sized particles

– particles may or may not settle

– EX: milk, fresh-squeezed

lemonade

SOLUTIONS, SUSPENSIONS AND COLLOIDS

PROPERTIES

C. Mixtures• Examples:

– tea

– muddy water

– fog

– saltwater

– Italian salad dressing

• Answers:– Solution

– Heterogeneous

– Heterogeneous

– Solution

– Heterogeneous

A. Physical Properties• Physical properties can be described

as one of 2 types:

• Extensive Property

– depends on the amount of matter present (example: length)

• Intensive Property

– depends on the identity of substance, not the amount (example: scent)

A. Physical Properties

• Physical Property

– can be observed without changing the identity of the substance

F. Physical Changes

• Physical Change

– changes the form of a substance without changing its identity

– properties remain the same

• Examples: cutting a sheet of paper, breaking a crystal, all phase changes

F. Phase Changes – Physical

• Evaporation =

• Condensation =

• Melting =

• Freezing =

• Sublimation =

Liquid -> Gas

Gas -> Liquid

Solid -> Liquid

Liquid -> Solid

Solid -> Gas

D. Chemical Properties

• Chemical Property– describes the ability of a substance to

undergo changes in identity

G. Chemical Changes

• Process that involves one or more substances changing into a new substance– Commonly referred to as a chemical

reaction– New substances have different

compositions and properties from original substances

FAMOUS CHEMICAL STUFF U SHOULD KNOW #JIMMY NEUTRON

• ACIDS - THINGS THAT RELEASE HYDROGEN IONS ( H + ) WHEN DISSOLVED IN WATER

• BASES ( ALKALINE ) - THINGS THAT RELEASE HYDROXIDE IONS ( OH - ) WHEN DISSOLVED IN WATER

• THE pH SCALE MEASURES THE RANGE OF ACIDS/BASES

ACIDS AND BASES

NURD WARNING

• PH CAN BE VIEWED AS AN ABBREVIATION FOR POWER OF HYDROGEN - OR MORE COMPLETELY, POWER OF THE CONCENTRATION OF THE HYDROGEN ION.

• THE MATHEMATICAL DEFINITION OF PH IS A BIT LESS INTUITIVE BUT IN GENERAL MORE USEFUL. IT SAYS THAT THE PH IS EQUAL TO TO THE NEGATIVE LOGARITHMIC VALUE OF THE HYDROGEN ION (H+) CONCENTRATION, OR

• PH = -LOG [H+]

• PH CAN ALTERNATIVELY BE DEFINED MATHEMATICALLY AS THE NEGATIVE LOGARITHMIC VALUE OF THE HYDROXONIUM ION (H3O+) CONCENTRATION. USING THE BRONSTED-LOWRY APPROACH

• PH = -LOG [H3O+]

• TOLD YA IT WAS NURDY

pH SCALE

7 IS YOUR FRIEND

G. Chemical Changes

• Signs of a Chemical Change

– change in color or odor

– formation of a gas

– formation of a precipitate (solid)

– change in light or heat

E. Physical vs. Chemical Properties

• Examples:

–melting point

– flammable

– density

–magnetic

– tarnishes in air

physical

chemical

physical

physical

chemical

H. Physical vs. Chemical Changes

• Examples:

– rusting iron

– dissolving in water

– burning a log

–melting ice

– grinding spices

chemical

physical

chemical

physical

physical

What Type of Change?

What Type of Change?

B. Four States of Matter

• Solids– particles vibrate but can’t move

around

– fixed shape

– fixed volume

– incompressible

B. Four States of Matter

• Liquids– particles can move

around but are still close together

– variable shape

– fixed volume

– Virtually incompressible

B. Four States of Matter

• Gases– particles can separate and

move throughout container– variable shape– variable volume– Easily compressed– Vapor = gaseous state of a

substance that is a liquid or solid at room temperature

B. Four States of Matter

• Plasma– particles collide with enough energy

to break into charged particles (+/-)

– gas-like, variableshape & volume

– stars, fluorescentlight bulbs, TV tubes

STATES OF MATTER

• The Four States of Matter

• Four States• Solid• Liquid• Gas• Plasma

STATES OF MATTER

Based upon particle arrangementBased upon energy of particlesBased upon distance between particles

Kinetic Theory of Matter

Matter is made up of particles which are in continual random motion.

STATES OF MATTERSOLIDS

•Particles of solids are tightly packed, vibrating about a fixed position.

•Solids have a definite shape and a definite volume. Heat

STATES OF MATTERLIQUID

Particles of liquids are tightly packed, but are far enough apart to slide over one another.

Liquids have an indefinite shape and a definite volume. Heat

STATES OF MATTERGAS

Particles of gases are very far apart and move freely.

Gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume. Heat

PHASE CHANGESDescription of Phase Change

Term for Phase Change

Heat Movement DuringPhase Change

Solid to liquid

MeltingHeat goes into the solid as it melts.

Liquid to solid

FreezingHeat leaves the liquid as it freezes.

PHASE CHANGESDescription of Phase Change

Term for Phase Change

Heat Movement During Phase Change

Liquid to gas

Vaporization, which includes boiling and evaporation

Heat goes into the liquid as it vaporizes.

Gas to liquid

CondensationHeat leaves the gas as it condenses.

Solid to gas SublimationHeat goes into the solid as it sublimates.

LATENT HEAT = HEAT ABSORBED WHEN CHANGING PHASE

Specific HEAT CAPACITY = THE AMOUNT OF HEAT NEEDED TO RAISE 1 GRAM OF MATERIAL 1DEGREE C

But what happens if you raise the temperature to super-high levels…

between 1000°C and 1,000,000,000°C ?

Will everything just be a gas?

STATES OF MATTERPLASMA

A plasma is an ionized gas.

A plasma is a very good conductor of electricity and is affected by magnetic fields.

Plasmas, like gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume.

• Plasma is the common state of matter

STATES OF MATTER

SOLID LIQUID GASPLASM

A

Tightly packed, in a regular pattern

Vibrate, but do not move from place to

place

Close together with no regular

arrangement.Vibrate, move

about, and slide past each other

Well separated with no regular

arrangement.Vibrate and move

freely at high speeds

Has no definite volume or shape

and is composed of electrical charged

particles

Some places where plasmas are found…

1. Flames

2. Lightning

3. Aurora (Northern Lights)

MATTER REVIEW

QUIZLET CH 2QUIZLET CH 3

SAYS TO DO YOUR

MATH AND LIKE IT

SAYS TO DO YOUR

MATH AND LIKE IT