MATTER

Mr. Atom

ResultsAnswer your own questionsUse this information to answer the key

questionUse the key words in a crossword –

meanings as cues.Put all of this research into a booklet

for Year six students to read

What is the relationship between solids, liquids and gases?

o What do I need to know to answer this key question?

o Where can I find this information?

o What other information would be relevant when answering the key question?

QUESTIONS

What do you already know about Matter?

What do you need to know?

The following slides, the caves, the Matter video and library will help you find the information.

Write your own research questions.

Gathering InformationGathering Information

The following slides will help you gather information to answer the big question.

Use the list of key words to help you. Write down what you find out about these words next to the words.

Go to the caves- Room 10 under murphy- password 8716093. and gather relevant information

KEY WORDSmatter state condensationsubstance melting freezingmaterial boiling solidifychemical atom sublimationparticles diffusion vapoursolids mixing energyliquids three mixturesgases evaporation dissolvedchanges steam temperatures

Introduction

The world is made up of all kinds of ‘stuff’.Some occur naturally, some have been made

by a combination of materials.Scientists use the words substance, matter,

material and chemical instead of the word ‘stuff’.

‘Stuff’ is made up of very tiny particles.The smallest particle that can exist and still be

‘stuff’ is called an atom.

Solids, Liquids and Gases

All substances are made of matter.Matter is classified into three states:

solid, liquid and gas.The differences between the states

depend on:• How tightly the particles are packed

together• How much the particles are moving

around

MATTER

SolidExamples:

•wood

•metal

•plastic

LiquidExamples:

•water,

•Oil

•petrol

GasExamples:

•oxygen

•Methane

•helium

The particles are the same size in all three states. Differences are due to the

spaces between the particles.

Characteristics of the three states of Matter.

SOLIDS LIQUIDS GASES• fixed shape

fixed volume• cannot be compressed

• Particles are held together strongly & don’t move. ( just vibrate slightly)

• no fixed shape- fill their container from bottom up• fixed volume• can be compressed only slightly

• particles are held together very weakly and move around

• no fixed shape or volume – spread out to fill all the available space•Particles are not held together or attracted to each other• easily compressed• particles are far apart and moving rapidly

WATER IN THREE DIFFERENT STATESDrinks served in a restaurant involve all three states of matter

Steam from hot coffee

Lemonade is mostly water

Ice in Lemonade

CHANGES OF STATE

When something changes state, heat is always added or removed

Water can be a solid (ice) a liquid (water) or a gas (water vapour)

CHANGES OF STATE

ice

Heat added

MELTING

water

Heat added

EVAPORATION

WATER VAPOUR

GAS

CONDENSING

Heat removed

LIQUIDSOLID

Heating causes evaporation and boiling of liquids to form gases

EVAPORATION occurs when a liquid changes to a gas.

Water evaporates to form a water vapour, a gas. The particles in water are constantly moving around. Some of those moving towards the water surface have enough energy to escape

Evaporation of water occurs slowly at low temperatures but is much faster at higher

temperatures

o When water is heated the first bubbles seen are dissolved gases escaping.

o At higher temperatures water particles have more energy and move faster, (cont.)

Heating causes evaporation and boiling of liquids to form gases

Changes of state continued

o At higher temperatures more water particles have enough energy to escape from the surface of the water – evaporation occurs more quickly.

o As heating continues, bubbles of water vapour form in the water and quickly rise to the surface

Water is said to be boiling when it bubbles rapidly. The boiling point of water is 100 degrees C.

The water vapour is now steam.

CONDENSATION

o If steam from a saucepan of boiling water or water vapour from a hot shower cools it turns back into water, the liquid state.

THIS IS CALLED CONDENSATION

Changes of state continued

Ice usually melts at 0 degrees C, this is called its melting point.

If water is called enough it will freeze ( sometimes called solidify).

The freezing point of water is the same as the melting point, o degrees C.

SUBLIMATION

A few solids do not melt to become liquids when heated but instead turn directly into a gas.

With cooling, the gas turns into a solid’

THIS IS CALLED SUBLIMATION

SUBLIMATIONIodine crystals sublime.When the purple iodine gas

touches a cool surface, a solid, not a liquid, forms.

Another substance that sublimes is carbon dioxide. At temperatures below -78 degrees C it turns into a white solid called ‘dry ice’. Heated to above -78 degrees C it turns into a colourless gas.

DRY ICE

Dry ice is used to produce ‘smoke’ for special effects.

The smoke is actually tiny droplets of water vapour which condense from the air as the dry ice sublimes.

MELTING AND BOILING POINTSo No two substances

have the same melting and boiling points.

o Melting points can be used to identify substances.

o Melting and boiling points can also be used to tell whether a substance is pure or impure

o Impure substances usually melt over a range of several degrees below the melting point of the impure substance.

o Pure water freezes at 0 degrees C.

o Sea water freezes at -2 degrees C and boils at 102 degrees C.

Pure Substances and Mixtureso A pure substance has

just one type of chemical in it.

o A mixture has two or more different chemicals in it.

SOLUTIONS ARE MIXTURES

Solutions are Mixtures

WHITE HAT

• The white hatWhile wearing the white hat, think about the facts, figures and information that you have gathered about matter.

• What have you found out about Matter?

The Red Hat

o The red hat is for feelings and

emotions.o How have you felt about this research about Matter? o What are your

feelings about this study?

YELLOW HAT

• The yellow hatThe yellow hat is for optimism and positive views of things. What positive aspects of Matter have you identified?

THE GREEN HATTHE GREEN HAT• The green hat

The green hat is for creative thinking, new ideas and additional alternatives. Putting on the green hat makes time and space for creative effort.

• What new ideas and creative aspects of life have you found in your study of Matter?

THE BLACK HAT

When you wear the black hat you are thinking about negative issues or problems.

What problems or issues about matter have you had difficulty coming to terms with?

THE BLUE HATo The blue hat asks you to draw

all this thinking together, summarise what you have found, and draw conclusions about Matter.

o Do you think there might more discoveries about matter in the year 2010?

o What issues might arise from these discoveries for young people in the future?

o How might science change and grow?

ResultsAnswer your own questionsUse this information to answer the key

questionUse the key words in a crossword –

meanings as cues.Put all of this research into a booklet

for Year six students to read