Matter Morpho Download 2
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Transcript of Matter Morpho Download 2
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Introduction to English morphology2nd semester, 2011By Fitri
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What is morphologyMorphology is the study of the structure of words.Morphology analyzes the internal structure of words.Words are made up of morphemes.
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Why is morphology important?The form of a word can give us important information about its function.If we learn to analyze the structure of words we may understand the meaning of new words.Morphology is very unpredictable.
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The unpredictability of morphology (I)Morphology, that is words, do not always combine following a logical rules
Consider the unpredictability of morphology in the following slides
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The unpredictability of morphology (II)-ese Chinese, Japanese, Lebanese, Portuguese, Taiwanese-anAfrican, Australian, American, Cuban, Jamaican, Mexican-ianArgentinian, Brazilian, Canadian, Egyptian-ishSpanish, Irish, British, Flemish, Polish, Scottish-iIraqi, Israeli, Kuwaiti, Pakistani-?French, German, Greek, Dutch
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The unpredictability of morphology (III)
ADJECTIVE(relate to place X)NOUN(a citizen of place X)AmericanPolishScottishSpanish AmericanPoleScotSpaniard
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Morpheme (I)A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit.The meaning that a morpheme gives can be:Grammatical (for instance: the part of speech, if the word is plural or singular, the tense of a verb, etc.)Lexical (that is the dictionary meaningBoth grammatical and lexical
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An example
lexical:
grammatical:together
---make marks on paperverbone who Xs
noun---
plural
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Morpheme (II)A word that contains more than one morpheme is a morphologically complex wordOne morpheme is the basic one, the core of the form root or stemThe add-ons bound morphemes are affixesE.g. rearranged teachers
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Type of morphemesFree Vs. Bound Morphemes
FreeBound Can stand alone as separate wordsCannot occur on their own as separate wordsSingle morphemese.g. hunt, kill, the, play, child, book.Affixes-s in dogs-ness in happiness-ed in walked
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Free Morphemesits divided into lexical and functional morphemes.
Lexical morphemesFunctional morphemesAs content words: carry the content of the messageas function wordsIncludes nouns, verbs, adjective, adverbs: children, love, beauty, play, singInclude pronouns, articles, conjunctions, prepositions: as, the, on, from, and, in, etc.Open class wordClose class words
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Bound Morphemes (I)AffixationPrefix: An affix that is attached to the front of a base, e.g. re-play.Suffix: An affix that is attached to the end of a base, e.g. kind-ness.Infix: An affix that occur within a base, e.g. (in Indonesian) s-in-ambung.
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Bound Morphemes (II)Its divided into derivational and inflectional morphemes.
Derivational morphemes make new words in a language- different grammatical category from the steme.g. suffix ness in happinessInflectional morphemes indicate aspects of grammatical function of a word.e.g. suffix ed in walked indicate past tense
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Derivation Vs. Inflection
It changes the category and/or the type of meaning of the word to create a new word.e.g. suffix ment in governmentIt does not change either the grammatical category or the type of meaning found in the word.e.g. suffix s in books
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English Inflectional MorphemesNounss plurals possessiveVerbs s third person singular presentedpast tenseen past participleingprogressiveAdjectivesercomparativeestsuperlative
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examples of English Derivational Morpheme-ic : Noun Adj ; alcohol alcoholic-ance : Verb Noun ; clear clearance-ly : Adj Adv ; exact exactly-ity : Adj Noun ; active activity-able : Verb Adj ; read readable-ship : Noun Noun; friend friendshipre- : Verb Verb ; cover recoverin- : Adj Adj ; definite indefinite
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Review MorphemesFreeBoundLexicalFunctionalInflectionalDerivational
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Analyzing wordsThe girls wildness shocked the teacherThe functionalgirl lexical-s inflectionalWild lexical-ness derivationalShock lexical-ed inflectionalThe functionalTeach lexical-er derivational
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Analyze different types of morphemesThe young boy played with his friends.
The Young Boy Play -ed With His Friend -s FunctionalLexicalLexicalLexicalInflectionFunctionalFunctionalLexicalinflectional
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AllomorphsSometimes, because of historical or phonological reasons, the same morpheme can have different forms (different realizations)impossible, incredible, illegal, irrelevantThese different realizations are called allomorphs.
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An exercise of allomorphyEnglish has a single morpheme to indicate plurality in nouns, but that morpheme is realized in different allomorphs:
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Describe the italic affixes: impossibleterrorizedterrorizedesks dislikehumanityfastestDerivational prefixInflectional suffixDerivational suffixInflectional suffixDerivational prefixDerivational suffixInflectional suffix
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Describe the italic affixes: premature untie darken fallen oxen faster lecturerDerivational prefixDerivational prefixDerivational suffixInflectional suffixInflectional suffixInflectional suffixDerivational suffix