Matos, Fonseca & Associados Estudos e Projectos LDA

Environmental Impact Study – Eco-Tourism Project in Macaco, Boi and Uba

Beaches

Technical Report

HBD

April 2013

TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of contents

1. Introduction 1.1. Project and Proponent identification 1.2. Framework of legal regime to assess the environmental impact 1.3. Constraints on environment conservation and land planning 1.4. EIA background 1.5. Identification of responsible team for the EIA development and

indication of its schedule 2. Project location, aims and description

2.1. Project Aims and Location 2.2. Project description

2.2.1. Concept 2.2.2. Characteristics

2.3. Access 2.4. Materials 2.5. Construction stage

2.5.1. Time schedule and related parameters 2.5.2. Construction activities

2.6. Operation stage 2.6.1. Chemicals consumption 2.6.2. Water consumption and supply 2.6.3. Power, effluents and waste 2.6.4. Jobs and qualifications

2.7. Characteristics of project deactivation stage 3. Methodology and general description of EIA structure

3.1. Methodology 3.1.1. General methodology 3.1.2. Study areas definition and work scales 3.1.3. Legislation 3.1.4. EIA structure

3.2. Scoping of EIA 3.2.1. General considerations 3.2.2. Analysis areas and depth

4. Characterization of reference situation 4.1. Specific methodology 4.2. Climate

4.2.1. Climate framework 4.2.2. Climatological stations 4.2.3. Air temperature 4.2.4. Relative humidity 4.2.5. Rainfall 4.2.6. Wind 4.2.7. Sunlight

4.3. Geology, geomorphology and hydrogeology 4.3.1. General framework 4.3.2. Concession area 4.3.3. Study area / intervention 4.3.4. Characterization summary

4.4. Surface water resources 4.4.1. Quantitative issues 4.4.2. Qualitative issues 4.4.3. Characterization summary

4.5. Soils 4.5.1. Framework 4.5.2. Pedological units 4.5.3. Characterization summary

4.6. Ecology 4.6.1. General considerations and framing 4.6.2. Flora 4.6.3. Fauna

4.7. Air quality 4.7.1. General considerations 4.7.2. Framing of project intervention area 4.7.3. Characterization summary

4.8. Noise climate 4.8.1. General considerations 4.8.2. Project intervention area framing 4.8.3. Characterization summary

4.9. Landscape 4.9.1. Framing 4.9.2. Project influence area 4.9.3. Landscape structure organization 4.9.4. Characterization summary

4.10. Demography, population, society and economy 4.10.1. General considerations 4.10.2. Land and demography 4.10.3. Teaching 4.10.4. Sectors of economic activities 4.10.5. Society 4.10.6. Characterization summary

4.11. Waste management 4.11.1. General considerations 4.11.2. Urban solid waste 4.11.3. Characterization summary

4.12. Land planning 4.12.1. General considerations 4.12.2. Project intervention area framing 4.12.3. Characterization summary

4.13. Heritage 4.13.1. Heritage elements 4.13.2. Characterization summary

5. Impacts assessment

5.1. Assessment methodology and criteria 5.2. Activities which generate impacts

5.2.1. Project building 5.2.2. Project operation and maintenance

5.3. Climate 5.3.1. Construction stage 5.3.2. Operation stage 5.3.3. Impacts summary

5.4. Geology, geomorphology and hydrogeology 5.4.1. Construction stage 5.4.2. Operation stage 5.4.3. Impacts summary

5.5. Water resources 5.5.1. Hydrology 5.5.2. Water quality 5.5.3. Impacts summary

5.6. Soils 5.6.1. Construction stage 5.6.2. Operation stage 5.6.3. Impacts summary

5.7. Ecology 5.7.1. Construction stage 5.7.2. Operation stage 5.7.3. Impacts summary

5.8. Air quality 5.8.1. Construction stage 5.8.2. Operation stage 5.8.3. Impacts summary

5.9. Sound climate 5.9.1. Construction stage 5.9.2. Operation stage 5.9.3. Impacts summary

5.10. Landscape 5.10.1. Construction stage 5.10.2. Operation stage 5.10.3. Impacts summary

5.11. Demography, population, society and economy 5.11.1. Construction stage 5.11.2. Operation stage 5.11.3. Impacts summary

5.12. Waste management 5.12.1. Construction stage 5.12.2. Operation stage 5.12.3. Impacts summary

5.13. Land planning 5.13.1. Project stage 5.13.2. Impacts summary

5.14. Heritage

6. Measures to minimize the negative environmental impacts and enhance the positive environmental impacts 6.1. General considerations 6.2. General measures

6.2.1. Construction stage 6.2.2. Operation stage

6.3. Climate 6.4. Geology, geomorphology and hydrogeology

6.4.1. Project stage 6.4.2. Construction stage 6.4.3. Operation stage

6.5. Surface water resources 6.5.1. Project stage 6.5.2. Construction stage 6.5.3. Operation stage

6.6. Soils 6.6.1. Construction stage 6.6.2. Operation stage

6.7. Ecology 6.7.1. Project stage 6.7.2. Construction stage 6.7.3. Operation stage

6.8. Air quality 6.8.1. Project stage 6.8.2. Construction stage 6.8.3. Operation stage

6.9. Sound climate 6.9.1. Project stage 6.9.2. Construction stage 6.9.3. Operation stage

6.10. Demography, population, society and economy 6.10.1. Project stage 6.10.2. Construction stage 6.10.3. Operation stage

6.11. Landscape 6.11.1. Project stage 6.11.2. Construction stage 6.11.3. Operation stage

6.12. Waste management 6.12.1. Project stage 6.12.2. Construction stage 6.12.3. Operation stage

6.13. Land planning and constraints 6.14. Archaeological, architectural and ethnographic heritage

7. Environmental monitoring and follow-up 7.1. General considerations 7.2. Environmental monitoring

7.2.1. Water for consumption 7.2.2. Liquid effluents – Waste-water treatment plant

7.2.3. WTP sludges 7.2.4. Consumptions monitoring 7.2.5. Monitoring of turtles nests

7.3. Environmental monitoring plan 7.4. Environmental management in the operation stage

8. Impacts and measures summary 8.1. Introduction 8.2. Impacts global assessment

9. Identification of knowledge gaps 10. Conclusions 11. Bibliographical references

1. Introduction

1.1. Project and proponent identification This document comprises the Technical Report for Environmental Impacts Assessment of Eco-Tourism Project in Macaco, Boi and Uba Beaches, developed in the Previous Study, located in Príncipe Island, São Tomé and Príncipe. The project promotor is HBD STP, Investimentos Turísticos Unipessoal Lda, hereinafter called as HBD, based in Lisbon. HBD hired Matos, Fonseca & Associados Lda, hereinafter called as MF&A, an independent environmental consultant, to develop the EIA for Eco-Tourism Project in Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches, and follow-up of all environmental impacts processes. The project is still in a Preliminary Study stage, but the concept and main characteristics are already set. The EIA development in this preliminary stage allows that the recommendations and minimization measures to be included in a further stage, allowing a better integration in the environment, to decrease the negative impacts and enhance its framing in a Responsible Tourism prospect. This EIA also contributes to the final Project and its development. 1.2. Framework of legal regime to assess the environmental impact The Environmental Impact Assessment is legally framed by Environmental Laws of São Tomé and Príncipe (Law nr. 10/99), through nr. 1, Article 45 and by the Regulation of Environmental Impact Assessment Process (Decree nr 37/99 November 20th). Article 45 of the Basic Law on the Environment states that the plans, projects, activities and actions that may impact on the environment, territory, or the quality of life of populations, comply with environmental standards and must be accompanied by an Impact environmental study. The law also describes the contents of an environmental impact study and requires the approval of the impact assessment by the Ministry of Environment is a prerequisite for the licensing works. In Articles 7 and 8 is evident the public consultation to be held as part of the Environmental Impact Assessment. Regulation on the Procedure for Environmental Impact Assessment (Decree - Law no. º 37/99 of 20 November) is planned to conduct environmental impact studies for a particular type of projects (Annex I to that Regulation). The project under study fits in nº 16 of this Annex, such as: "Programs and projects that may directly or indirectly affect sensitive areas."

This law is also referred to the requirement for public consultation, in particular its Article 7. The competent authority for issuing the environmental permit, in accordance with the provisions of Article 3 of Decree - Law no. º 37/99, is the government agency responsible for managing the environment (now GD Environment). Considering the Statutes of the Autonomous Region of Príncipe (Article 5) the Regional Office that has borne the environment (now Regional Secretariat of Environment, Natural Resources, Infrastructure and Planning) is the competent authority for the process of Environmental Impact Assessment. The methodology followed in the preparation of EIA fulfilled the applicable law, including the requirements in paragraph. 2 of Article 6 of Decree - Law no. º 37/99 of November 30, as well as good practices in terms of preparation of the Environmental Impact Studies, including, where relevant, the specifications of the Portuguese legislation that complement the rules of S. Tomé and Príncipe.

1.3. Constraints on environment conservation and land planning The project is not in an area classified as a Natural Park, including the park to the south of the island and the area of Forest Azeitona. However, the entire island is considered a sensitive area, since it is classified as a Biosphere Reserve by the International Coordinating Council of the Man and Biosphere Programme of UNESCO. On the Príncipe Island there are no spatial plans approved. The island is regarded in some national plans and regional development. Was recently prepared the Plan and Sustainable Development Agenda of Príncipe (PADS), which was approved by the Regional Government, but is awaiting approval in the Regional Assembly.

1.4. EIA background According to the Article nº 5 from Decree nº 37/99, it was delivered to the General Directorate for Environment and the Regional Government, the Report for Scoping of Eco-Tourism Project in Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches, aiming to show to the national and regional authorities and remaining stakeholders (general population, environmental groups, economic groups) the characteristics of the Project, the environmental impacts, both negative and positive, from construction, operation and deactivation, as well as the methodology for its assessment. For the previous assessment of main impacts, a methodology was set to propose measures to decrease/compensate and monitoring plans.

We also made some visits to the Project location with the technical team responsible for this EIA. We made contacts and had meetings with the Regional Government, namely with the President of Regional Government, Secretary for Environment, Natural Resources, Infrastructures and Land Planning, technical team from this Secretariat, Director of Príncipe Natural Park and representative of a local NGO – ARPA. We also had meetings with the Central Government, namely with Director for Environment and Director for Natural Resources and Energy. In these meetings we presented the Project, the methodology to assess it in this Document, as well as the expected impacts, in this stage of assessment and foresseen measures. We asked the opinion of stakeholders, and they raised issues related to accesses maintenance, materials transports to construction works, nature conservation and potential interferences with population, and all the issues were considered in the previous document (Scope Report) and more detailed in this Report. In this Report, the methodology presented to the Authorities was followed. We will also make a public presentation of this EIA.

1.5 Identification of responsible team for the EIA development and indication of its schedule

Matos, Fonseca & Associados, Estudos e Projectos Lda, developed this EIA during the months of September 2012 to April 2013. The technical team responsible for this document was (Table 2.1.): Table 2.1. EIA Team Name Qualification Job Eng. Margarida Fonseca Graduated in Environmental

Engineering – Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa Post-graduated in Integrated Systems for Management – Quality, Environment and Safety in NASQ – ISCS do Sul – Egas Moniz Masters in Environmental Engineering – Management and Environmental Systems – Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa

General Coordination Waste Management and Effluents Environmental Managements and Certification

Dr. Nuno Ferreira Matos Graduated in Biology – Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa Masters in Natural Resources Management – Instituto Superior de Agronomia da Universidade Técnica de Lisboa

General Coordination Ecology – Fauna Landscape Land Planning

Eng. Miguel Subtil Graduated in Civil Engineering – Hydraulic Profile, Water Resources and Environment – Instituto Superior Técnico MBA in Management – Universidade Católica Portuguesa

Water Resources

Eng. António Albuquerque Graduated in Forest Engineering

Ecology – Flora and Habitats

Prof. Manuel Oliveira da Silva

Graduated in Geology – Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa Phd in Geology (Hydrogeology) – Universidade de Lisboa Aggregation in Geology/Hydrogeology – Universidade de Lisboa

Geology and Underground Water Resources

Eng. Manuela Pires Graduated in Civil Engineering (Hydraulic)– Instituto Superior Técnico de Lisboa Masters in Hydraulic and Water Resources – Instituto Superior Técnico

Surface Water Resources

Eng. Rui Pires Graduated in Water Resources Engineering – Universidade de Évora

Surface and Underground Water Resources and Geology

Eng. Filipa Colaço Graduated in Environment Sciences – Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa Masters in Environment Engineering – Environmental Systems Management – Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa

Climate. Socio-economics Air Quality Waste Management Cultural Heritage

Eng. André Câncio Rodrigues

Graduated in Environment Engineering – Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa Post-graduation in

Socio-economics. Land Planning and Constraints

Management Integrated Systems – Quality, Environment, Safety and Social Responsibility – SGS Portugal SA.

Eng. Marta Machado Graduated in Biophysics Engineering – Universidade de Évora Post-graduation in Assessment and Municipal Cartography – Centro de Estudos Geográficos da Universidade de Lisboa

Geographical Information Systems. Soils

Eng. António Faria Graduated in Environment Engineering – Universidade dos Açores Post-graduation in Geographic and Geo-informatics – Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa

Air Quality and Noise

2. Project location, aims and description 2.1.Project Aims and Location

In Príncipe’s language, Meshenti means “I feel it”, corresponding to the emotional boundary that is created between the island and the visitor. The “Meshenti retreats” aim to create experimental accommodations, allowing an interaction bewteen the population, understanding the social movements and local culture. By promoting an approach based on sustainable development, Meshenti aims the conservation of ecossystems and protection of biodiversity that can be found in the island. As an unique destination, unknown for most of the countries, Príncipe island aims to be a worldwide reference for Responsible Tourism. In this framework, we have the Meshenti projects, with the Eco-Tourism Project in Macaco, Boi and Uba Beaches, aiming to provide a tourism infrastructure with high quality, complying with the high standards in the scope of social and environmental demands, promoting the economic development in the Region and improving the life quality of populations. This Project aims, with its characteristics (reduced number of accommodations), by the construction, materials and equipments options, social dimension, by choosing local workers and training them, to be a Project that promotes the sustainable development of the Autonomous Region. This Project frames the environmental, social and economic perspectives, in a regional point of view, framing itself as a reference of Responsible Tourism. Are expected 54 accommodation units for Macaco Beach, including laundry services, SPA, pool and kitchen. For Uba Beach there is no definition of eco-Tourism Project, but it will have a very small dimension (10 accomodation units for a maximum of 30 guests) and in terms of infrastructures, it will only have its own kitchen. It is framed in a wider investment project, that includes the rehabilitation of the road from Roça Paciência to Macaco Beach and Boi Beach (with an ongoing EIA ), the Ecological Agro-Tourism Project in Roça Paciência (with an ongoing EIA) and the Eco-Tourism Project in Beach Sundi (with an ongoing EIA), the Roça Sundi Project, new Bom Bom Tourism Project, improvement of Príncipe airport, besides some social and cultural initiatives that HBD is developing. The Eco-Tourism Project in Macaco, Boi and Uba Beaches is located in the northeast part of the island and develops in the coastline along the Macaco and Boi beaches, in the area granted to HBD (Macaco, Boi and Uba). In Figure 2.1 we present the national and regional framing of the Eco-Tourism Project and in Figure 2.2. the area of the Project in a scale of 1:25 0000 (concession area and intervention area).

Currently, there are some buildings in Macaco Beach that belong to a deactivated tourism project that never worked before, comprising 30 bungalows, common areas, pool and others, located in the beach area and that are very degraded. These buildings will be destroyed and replaced by the new project. In Pictures 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5 and 2.6 we show different views from the Project location area. Picture 2.1. – View to Macaco Beach Picture 2.2. – View to Macaco Beach Picture 2.3 – Former tourism project in Macaco Beach Picture 2.4 – Boi Beach Picture 2.5 – View to Boi Beach Picture 2.6 – View to Uba Beach

2.2. Project description 2.2.1. Concept

The Eco-Tourism Project in Macaco, Boi and Uba Beaches is located in the northeast part of the island and develops along the coastline in Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches, in the area granted to HBD (Macaco, Boi and Uba) (see Figure 2.2) of the beaches considered with the highest value and beauty in the island. This location was considered on the scope of the Sustainable Development Plan of Príncipe Island (PADS) as a tourism area, with a maximum of 100 accommodation units. With the Project concept development, and by integrating the project into the territory, and reducing the negative impacts on the environment, the project evolved by reducing the number of foressen accommodations in the area – 64 in the total of three beaches. The enterprise will be located mainly in Macaco Beach, and Boi beach is reserved to relax and leisure activities (SPA). For Uba Beach is expected a very small structure, based on the concept of take advantage of the natural characteristics, with houses built in the trees (concept cocoon type). In Figure 2.3 we present the Project implementation. Figure 2.4 shows the previous concept foreseen to Uba beach. Figure 2.4. – Accommodation concept foreseen for Uba beach. The enterprise for Macaco beach, still in definition stage, will be the first luxury 5* hotel in West Africa, offering excellent structures combined with excellent service, non intrusive, with a perfect location, in the middle of the forest that involves the isolated Macaco beach. The resort will promote the African culture, by representing the African continent in each of the 54 accommodation units,

and the African art will be represented inside and outside the public areas and in the natural environments. The Project concept is characterized by the combination of nature, architecture and African art. Most of the buildings will fit perfectly in the vegetation, in order to allow the art to combine with the natural landscape. Throught the leisure activities, the guests will have the opportunity to participate in educational activities through art lesson, culinary lessons, conferences about environment, eco-tours and others. Regarding the SPA, that will be named Meshenti SPA, will have an holistic approach combined with traditional healers and the art of anti-aging clinics, offering the tourists the opportunity to experience old and relaxing treatments, discovering and learning about the traditional medicine and local medicinal plants, allowing the protection and conservation of natural and cultural heritage of Príncipe. The main aim is to promote the value of tradicional medicine in Príncipe integrating the practices in the Sustainable Tourism. The SPA will fit the topography and will be perfectly integrated into the landscape. Therefore, the base philosophy is the landscape and the high ecological values of the island. The landscape byophisic support must offer conditions to conservation of life cycles operations, as well as coexistence of different beings and the human presence. Therefore, the several specificities of places and ecological functions of the landscape imply the concept and preferable uses. The ecological aptitude in a specific activity is a key concept in planning, a basic rule of sustainability of several structures that compound the landscape (ecological structure / production structure / building structure). The aptitude of a certain unit of landscape is determined by understanding the characteristics of byophsyical systems regarding the demands of uses and desirable functions and effects of those uses. The used criteria to determine the aptitude to “built” occupation are mainly the relief, bioclimatic comfort, geotechnical conditions, natural values /ecological) and built, availability of water resources, natural risks (floods and others). The used criteria to determine aptitudes to nature conservation are the significant natural values, rarity, and sensitive ecossystems.

These measures are crutial to reduce the impacts in the communities, namely:

- Conservation of ecossystems diversity (not interfering with biotopes); - Coastal systems conservation; - Plan the leisure activities, namely the accesses and restrict the vehicles

circulation and promote other types of transport. We aim that this Project has the future certificate by the international standard of responsible tourism of Biosphere and follows the principles in the Sustainable Tourism Chart (Sustainable Tourism World Conference, Spain, 1995). The International Standard of Environmental Management - ISO 14001 will be a basic document to the construction stage and the future management.

2.2.2. Characteristics For Macaco beach are expected 54 accommodation units, corresponding to 35 as luxury accommodations (with 65m2), 19 to suite accommodations (with 90 m2),one restaurant, one gym, a tennis court, a kids center, a music area, a library area, a video room and conferences room, a study and art gallery, a nightclub and shop. There will also be a SPA, in Boi beach. In Figure 2.5 we present the common areas in the resort. Figure 2.5 Common areas in the resort The luxury accommodations, located in the hillside, are scattered in the vegetation, a perfect place to relax. The outside and inside structures will allow a perfect isolation of the guests, allowing to enjoy the natural environment with forest characteristics. The roofs will be covered by vegetation and façades made with wood and vegetation covers, allowing a perfect integration of the accommodations in the forest environment, promoting a total comfort. Each accommodation with have a balcony. The suite accommodations (with 90m2) offer a living room with TV, that can be separated by doors and become a king size bedroom, with closet and bathroom. The big wooden terrace has a pool that allows to “dive into the forest”, with a bridge that links to a “nest room” in the trees to relax and experience local treatments. It will also have direct access to the beach. The Project is still in definition stage, so these data can change, but the concept remains the same. In Figures 2.6 and 2.7 we show the plan of a suite pavilion, a section where we can see the camouflage concept with the vegetation outside the accommodation unit. Figure 2.6 – Suite pavilion concept Figure 2.7 – Concept expected to camouflage, with vegetation

The SPA is still in a preliminary stage. Regarding the sustainability of the Eco-Tourism Project, it is important to mention that previous to the materials and techniques that promote energy efficiency, it is important to guarantee the correct implementation and orientation of the accommodations and services, in order to allow a bioclimatic comfort, through wind and sun exposure, promoting the minimization of artificial systems. The best solutions are being developed in what regards to materials and techniques that allow the optimization of energy solutions. The area distribution is made through a carefull integration in the landscape (see Figures 2.8 and 2.9). Figure 2.8 – View from the common area of the resort Figure 2.9 – Resort integration into the landscape The Project aims to improve the forest area, by replacing the cut species during construction works, with local species, ecologically adapted to the area and with natural interest. The Project development in its different components (infrastructures, buildings, equipmenst and others) will comply with the legislation of São Tomé and Príncipe, and Portuguese legislation, when necessary.

2.3. Access The resort accesses will be made through a road that will be improved, that links Roça Paciência to Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches, as presented in Figure 2.2 in this Report. This rehabilitation project has its own EIA and the impacts will not be assessed in this EIA.

2.4. Materials Although the building materials to be used are not set yet, nor the public spaces, its choice will have the following basic assumptions: - Porous materials to pave the surfaces, in order to promote the water

infiltration into the soil, decreasing the surface runoff and erosive processes;

- Lasting materials and with quality, whose production process is not considered pollutant, nor any of its components;

- All the vegetal material used in plantations, whether in habitats conservation, whether in green structure that sustains the built structure,

shall be from a local origin, i.e., the genetic material shall match the endemic vegetation, in order to prevent a possible genetic pollution;

- The sand used in the construction works is not from Príncipe beaches.

2.5.Construction stage 2.5.1. Time schedule and related parameters

The Eco-Tourism project in Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches will start on the 1st quarter of 2014 and will end in March 2016 (Macaco Beach). The construction works have an estimated period of two years and will involve 150 workers.

2.5.2. Construction activities

2.5.2.1. General considerations Taking into account that the Project is in a Previous Study stage, there are no available data about construction methods, which allow a detailed description of the different construction stages. However, the actions for a work with these characteristics are described below:

2.5.2.2. Construction activities The Eco-Tourism Project in Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches construction will be developed in an appropriate way, complying with all the technical requirements regarding technology and environmental and safety requirements, in order to prevent and/or minimize all the negative consequences for the environment, whether in the construction stage, whether in the operation stage. All construction works may cause significant environmental impacts if are not dully taken care of and controlled. The resort construction will be developed in a sensitive area from an ecological point of view and theses issues must be dully guaranteed. Therefore, the construction stage will include the following main actions:

- A construction site; - Land cleaning (removal of previous buildings) and earthmoving; - Infrastructures building; - Civil construction works; - Accesses to the resort, streets and interior accesses; - Site deactivation; - Outdoor works; - Mechanical and electric equipment; - Tests.

The construction site will be installed in the intervention area, in a place where it doesn’t affect any natural area and far from the waterline. The construction site will be sealed. After the preparation works, after the removal of existing buildings, the earthmoving works will start, to place the construction platforms. These works will not be significant, once the structures are very light. After the conclusion of the construction of buildings and structures for the enterprise, the works of land movements will start to place construction platforms. These movements can have a significant impact, since the project areas area steep. Regarding the land movements in this Project’s stage, there are no predictable values. The action that will cause land movements are:

- Superior cover pickling, storage and replacement of green areas; - Excavation / embankment related to buildings and other components,

including the accesses; - Superficial modelling of forest areas, according to the Project;

The different building will be built, including the infrastructures auxilliary buildings and maintenance (water treatment, sewage, waste area, maintenance area and others). The water supply infratructures will be built and also for effluents treatment. As mentioned, the concept of these infrasturctures is an ongoing process, and we promote simple solutions, lasting solutions with low environmental impacts. In parallel, all infrastructures that will support the construction works will be built, allowing the necessary work conditions. The underground networks will be made, according to the project. To collect the waste created in the construction works, a draining network will be built to collect the domestic effluents and separate them from the rainwater effluents. There will be a geological and geotechnical work in the site, for soil characterization and knowledge of foundation conditions for implementing the various buildings and structures to build. After the conclusion of the construction of buildings and structures for the enterprise , as well as removal of all infrastructure of the construction site , the exterior will be fixed , including replacement of natural vegetation , which comply with the conditions of the project functionality, meeting the landscaping criteria most appropriate for such an installation and respecting the

environment . These outside areas fixing works will be based, primarily, on the planting of tree species characteristic of the island and high landscape values. 2.5.2.3. Water and power consumptions, effluents, waste and produced emissions In regards to material consumption, it is expected to use various materials of construction (fabric, wood, concrete, steel, geotextiles, several materials (PVC, HDPE) intended to be waterproofed, to drain or separate other materials, electrical cables, among others, although the characteristics of the modular structures reduce the amounts of such materials to values that are not significant. Given the characteristics of the work, there is no need to have onsite concrete plants, but some small mixers. As mentioned above, the sand used in the construction works is not from the beaches of Príncipe island. As for the electrical power, there are no estimates, and the consumption may take some significance since much of the operation of the equipment will work with electricity, implying the existence of a power generation system on site. In the construction works there is production of wastewater, including sanitary and due to washing of vehicles and equipment, if carried out in the work zone. The effluents from domestic sources will be properly treated prior to discharge into the water to prevent their contamination. In the remaining wastewater produced in the construction site (including washing of mixers) , if any, are routed to a settling tank to allow separate suspended and settleable solids to a separator of hydrocarbons, if there are contaminated effluents with these substances. Waste resulting from these treatments will be removed from the work area and led to an appropriate destination to be determined according to the available infrastructure on the island at the time of completion of the work . The definition of treatment systems will be borne by the Contractor , being the promoter of the project (HBD) the responsible for verification of implementation and efficiency. It is noted that , despite all the care that may be required and taken in execution of the works and moving materials and products , should not be excluded a possibility of small accidental spills of products related to operation and maintenance and supply machinery and vehicles used for work (diesel , oils and other hydrocarbons) . To safeguard these and other accident situations the Promoter will require in the Specifications Document the implementation of a Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMP) in the work activities , which includes environmental monitoring of such situations (see Chapter 7 and Annex 1). With what regards the air quality, the site activities are likely to generate gas emissions, particularly carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) resulting from the operation of the combustion equipment used in the work and vehicles transporting materials and lands. Dusts are typically the most important sources of emission.

In terms of noise, although it is not possible at this stage to know exactly what levels of noise will be issued during the construction phase, these result primarily of the sound pressure levels produced by the work allocated to future works and movement of vehicles. The waste produced during the construction phase will be from the removal of wooden houses that are on the beach, the activities of land preparation (clearing), construction activities and also the excess soil from the excavations. These wastes are managed in an environmentally correct way, by adopting a Plan of Waste Management on site, whose design and implementation will be part of the Specifications Document of the contract, and whose bases are presented in Chapter 7 and Annex 1 of this Report.

2.6. Operation stage 2.6.1. Chemicals consumption

The chemical related to the operation are the ones related to cleaning activities (detergents, other cleaning chemicals, others) and the ones related to maintenance activities. In this stage, it is not possible to list the products that will be used in the Project operation, nor its quantities. However, HBD wants to implement a consumption policy based in the consumption of less pollutant products, taking into account its life cycles. The promotor wants to certify the enterprise through the environmental management rules applied to the hospitality industry and by the requirements of the international standard of responsible tourism (Biosphere responsible tourism, according to the rule ISO 14001), where those issues are addressed based on a policy to reduce consumptions and use less pollutant substances. 2.6.2. Water consumption and supply Water consumption expected are about 76 m3/day for drinking water supply (Macaco and Uba beaches). Is underwaya project to define the solutions for collection and treatment of water and sewage treatment to be adopted in this Project , housed in a study covering all projects of HBD - General Plan for Water Supply and Sanitation - Definition of specific solutions the Tourism Projects HBD . Preference will be given to quality solutions assuring high reliability according to international standards. . This study (referring to either the water supply or sanitation) is divided into three phases , the first phase corresponds to the definition of basic data (water consumption , characterization of existing resources (surface and groundwater) and evaluation of possibilities of use in each of the projects envisaged in the case of water supply and characterization data (pollutant charges) , specific

characteristics of effluent production and presentation of preliminary treatment solutions , in the case of sanitation. The second and third stages correspond to the alternative solutions compared to the technical, environmental and economic criteria, and the project development. So far, the first stage is already concluded, and the second stage is ongoing. The data results will be presented in the chapters related to the surface water resources and hydrogeology, highlighting the following main conclusions:

- There are favorable conditions for the operation of water intakes with quality and quantity for each of the projects under review and for each alternative technically possible collection of groundwater / surface and sub-surface;

- There are origins in the operation or that have historically been used with natural improvements and proper deployment of infrastructure for capturing, storing and transporting, that can ensure the water supply to the projects;

- Given the characteristics of the hydrogeology of the island will still likely able to capture subsurface other water lines, not identified at this stage and never used, but that will always represent additional security, due to the simplicity of possible measures for the implementation of prospecting and collection.

In the case of this Project were identified possible sources of surface water (Terreiro Velho or river next to Uba beach) and groundwater source (spring in Mangrião) being, as already mentioned, the current definition of solutions, and comparative tests will be performed. 2.6.3. Power, effluents and waste The project will have its own wastewater treatment facility, favoring solutions with lower environmental and visual impact , which adopted treatment has high reliability, ensuring quality according to international standards, but technologically simple and appropriate to the reality of region. As previously mentioned, there is an ongoing study to develop solutions for sanitation systems being the main conclusions the following:

- With respect to sanitation, it is feasible to implement compact solutions either by fixed biomass or biomass in suspension or extended solutions, preceded by a pre-treatment, and ideally the solutions that will be favored have characteristics of simplicity, robustness, low power consumption and high quality of the treated effluent.

There is also a system of separation, collection and storage of waste, minimizing environmental impacts originating from the solid waste produced. A operating system that minimizes the production of packaging waste will be privileged. The energy consumptions, although are not yet quantified, are significant. The definition of the power system to adopt is still in process and the project will privilege less complex solutions with less environmental impacts, to minimize the fossile fuels. 2.6.4. Jobs and qualifications It is expected that on the fourth year of the Project’s operation, the number of employees will be 203, 88% of them local people and only 12% will be people from outside São Tomé and Príncipe. Table 2.1 features the staff allocation per year of operation and origin. For Uba beach the staff is not yet defined, so the real numbers are higher than the ones presented. The workers will have a training program, demanding and detailed, including the following phases: - 12 months of a training course for local workers for the following areas, starting in September 2015 - reception and administrative services, laundry, restaurant and bar, kitchen and pastry. This course should be equivalent to 12th grade and will establish partnerships with schools of international renown , so that the Príncipe island is seen as the 1st tourist destination in West Africa; - 3 months training course based on " management of luxury" starting in June 2016 – all expats, regardless the previous experience, will attend this course that will applied by the best luxury tourism experts, in order to obtain the desirable level of a 5* luxury service; - 1 month training course in Responsible Tourism management , starting in September 2016 - This course is for all staff and aims that all workers assimilate the position of Príncipe Island as a responsible tourism destination, under the concept of the Biosphere Reserve. Table 2.1 Staff requirements for Eco-Tourism Project in Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches (resort in Macaco beach) Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Number of expats 20 21 22 24 Number of local workers 127 151 168 179 Total of workers 147 172 190 203 % of local workers 86.4% 87.8% 88.4% 88.2% Number of workers/accommodation

2.7 3.2 3.5 3.8

2.7. Characteristics of project deactivation stage Taking into account the typology of this project, there is no perspective of inversion of the factors that led to its achievement, and is not expected, in a short term, the deactivation phase. However, the possible decommissioning of this project can be undertaken with full removal of all structures of the Project, or rehabilitation, and conversion to another type of space / occupation that, to date, it is not at all possible to predict. Thus, it is recommended that prior to deactivation, an environmental assessment will be performed according to the reality and the current legislation, which will include the correct procedures in environmental and social terms to apply in the deactivation of this project.

3. Methodology and general description of EIA structure 3.1. Methodology 3.1.1. General methodology

The methodology adopted for carrying out the EIA, in addressing each component of the environment in question, is based on the following aspects: 1) Obtaining information relating the current state of the environment of the study area, necessary to define the current situation: - Analysis of the available thematic bibliography and summary of the most important aspects relevant to the assessment of impacts on the biophysical and socio-economic development; - Analysis of the mapping of the study area; - Analysis of Plans and Planning conditions and legal documents associated; - Recognitions and field work in the area of intervention by experts involved in the EIA, in January 2013, with the most significant expression in the fields of socio-economics, ecology, landscape and land use, - Meetings with the different elements of the technical team. 2) Identification and characterization of potential environmental impacts determined by the construction and operation of the Project; 3) Assessment of the impacts resulting from the implementation of the project, using a methodology based on criteria which allow their graduation in very significant, significant or very significant positive or negative; 4) Proposal of measures to minimize the negative impacts determined by the Project; 5) Identification of other measures to the environmental framework of the Project and monitoring measures and environmental management; 6) Identification of knowledge gaps; 7) Conclusions. 3.1.2. Study areas definition and work scales

The study area was defined based on the characteristics of the project and its surroundings . So , was selected as the area to assess the direct environmental impacts of the Project , the area where HBD wants to implement the project , to a larger scale, the limits of HBD concession.

However , when deemed relevant to the objectives of this EIA, it was extended to the area of study of each descriptor , according to the criteria defined by experts of the various thematic areas in the EIA. This is the case of socio- economy, where the study area was extended to communities in the area surrounding the Project , as well as the island itself . It is also the case of descriptors such as air quality , water resources , waste management or landscape . The cartographic work adopted correspond to the scales 1:120 000, 1/25 000 (Military Chart), and the scale of detail (Figures Project), presenting the results to different scales, in accordance with the objectives of the work. The notion of time , was treated on the basis of time horizons marked by concrete events that individualize periods with specific functional characteristics - construction and operation - and matching horizons short and medium / long term . It is noted that, for the Project subject of this EIA, it is not possible to define the period of life, since the deactivation is not expected. However, bearing in mind that the best practices of preparing Environmental Impact Studies recommend an approach on this stage, it is considered that prior to deactivation is carried out study that fits the operations associated with this decommissioning environmentally correct. 3.1.3. Legislation The study was based on the legislation in S. Tomé and Príncipe, including the following: - Law No. 10/99 (Law on the Environment); - Decree-Law n. º 37/99 (relating to Environmental Impact Assessment); - Decree-Law n. º 35/99 (on the inert extraction); - Law n. º 11/1999 (on the Law of Conservation of Fauna, Flora and Protected Areas); - Law n. 5/2001 (Forest Law)

- Decree n. º 36/1999 (Decree on Waste). However, in the areas where there is no environmental legislation, or where it can be supplemented, was used as a reference the Portuguese legislation. This is the case, for example, for water quality, waste, air quality and noise. 3.1.4. EIA Structure The EIA is constituted by two volumes: this particular report, which is the Technical Report and a volume with the Non-Technical Summary, for the public

consultation. This report consists of 10 chapters described below. Chapter 1 - Introduction, we identified the main features of the project, with regard to the responsibilities of implementation, the relevant licensor and the team responsible for the preparation of the Environmental Impact Study. Chapter 2 - Objectives, Justification and Project Description where the definiton of the project will be presented, and stating their objectives and their place within the prospects for economic development and social and environmental (sustainable development) at the regional (Príncipe Island) and National (São Tomé and Principe). We will also present the description of the Project. Identifies the components and actions of the Project that will induce potential changes in the environmental quality, biophysical, and socio-economic, planningl and socio - cultural , making the distinction between the different stages of the Project: construction stage and operation stage. Chapter 3 - Methodology and description of the general structure of the EIA corresponds to this chapter. Chapter 4 - Characterisation of Reference Situation , describing the environmental situation of study area prior to the implementation of the project , analyzing the environmental components more likely to be disturbed by the construction , operation and decommissioning of the same , according with the established context. Chapter 5 - Identification , Analysis and Impact Assessment ( direct, indirect , potential , global and significant ) are identified and assess the main impacts that are negative and positive , arising from the construction and operation stages of the Project. Chapter 6 - Minimisation Measures / Mitigation of Environmental Impacts, where we identify a set of measures to enable an environmentally framing of the project and , on the other hand , where we define measures of appreciation for the positive impacts generated by the the project itself. Chapter 7 - Monitoring and Tracking Environmental, where we identify a monitoring plan and environmental management for the Project under review, including the components where the monitoring is essential for proper environmental management of the Project and / or to clarify the effectiveness of some the mitigation measures proposed. Chapter 8 - Summary of Impacts and Minimization Measures. Chapter 9 - Identifying Knowledge Gaps, where we identify the major information gaps arising during the EIA. Chapter 10 – Conclusions - summarizes the main conclusions of the examination.

These chapters ensure a complete analysis of all relevant descriptors, with the deepening of their analysis based on the discussion of the scope, which is presented in Chapter 3.2. 3.2. Scoping of EIA 3.2.1. General considerations An important requirement for the proper development of the EIA analysis is to ensure a definition of its scope, i.e., the analysis of the fields to cover and, above all, its degree of depth, depending on the type of impacts induced by the Project , the specificity and sensitivity of the environment that will host it. 3.2.2. Analysis areas and depth The purpose of the EIA for Eco - Tourism Project in Macaco, Boi and Uba Beaches is the measurement, characterization and evaluation of environmental impacts resulting from the implementation of the Project, in its different stages, in order to implement measures to minimize / compensate the significant adverse impacts detected, in order to obtain its appropriate environmental framework. This particular project has peculiarities that matters to consider carefully and that are associated with the characteristics of its location area (Island with high sensitivity and high environmental value and social area and beaches with relevant ecological values) or the difficulties that this type of intervention has always been covered, and should be carefully safeguarded under the environmental point of view. The discussion was carried out within the document "Proposal for Scoping Definition", previously delivered to the authorities, and we present a summary in this document. The definition of the depth of the analysis of the different descriptors depends, as already mentioned, of the general characteristics of the project, the sensitivity of the area where is located and, above all, of its area of influence. Therefore, taking into account the characteristics of either the project or the deployment area, the descriptors selected as most relevant for the present study are the following: Ecology - despite the project to develop outside the area of the Natural Park of Principe , the whole Island is considered a sensitive area , since it is classified as a Biosphere Reserve by International Coordinating Council of the Man and Biosphere Programme of UNESCO . Thus, the approach to all aspects of the ecology ( biotopes , habitats , flora and fauna ) , is of particular relevance in this EIA , being a descriptor of high importance ; Socio -economics - the social and economic issues in this Project are especially important in the analysis of the environmental impacts of a project like this and

inserted in the socio- economic reality of Príncipe Island . In fact , the Autonomous Region of Príncipe is characterized by a incipient economic development , employment being focused on the Regional Government and more recently, in some private developers projects. The tourism offer is virtually nonexistent , focusing on a few tourism establishments with poor quality . The professional training is deficient and there are no professional training courses at the technical level. On the other hand , in the intervention area there are some fishermen houses, some of which serve as housing . By the positive impact that this project can lead to socio-economic level, this descriptor is considered of high importance; Landscape - the area of development of the project, its natural wealth, presents equally, a rich landscape, aspect that stands out as particularly relevant either to the objectives of a project for tourism as for the impacts that it can lead to an area of high sensitivity as that in which it operates. Thus, the landscape is assumed in this study as a descriptor of high importance, and factors associated with change in the characteristics of the site of intervention and their surroundings are deeply analized; Surface Water Resources – The project analysis is developed in a coastal area , which flows into a water line . The possible intervention by the water line project and its proximity to the coast makes this descriptor with a high importance in the present study , being performed a detailed analysis of its associated impacts , as well as the proposal of a set of mitigation measures that promote the sustainable management of the enterprise; Waste Management - taking into account that a project of this nature involves the production of amounts of waste , although little quantitative significance , but with different types and for the operation of the Project, will be necessary to provide a set of facilities to enable their collection or treatment , this issue has been carefully evaluated and studied, and identified the aspects that should be anticipated and tackled on the later stages of the Project. It is considered as a descriptor of medium / high environmental importance in the present study; Geology , Geomorphology and Hydrogeology - issues related to the operation stage of this project warrants a careful analysis of this descriptor , in terms of checking for any effects at the level of the hydrogeological conditions . Are also analyzed and considered the geological and geomorphological conditions , especially for the construction stage. It was considered, therefore , that descriptor as the average environmental importance; Soils - taking into account the characteristics of the intervention area mentioned above , and that the project involves land use , it is considered that this descriptor has an average importance in the study by performing an analysis of their impacts ; Air Quality - The main negative allocations , the level of this descriptor , result from the issuance gas and dust for equipment related to the works . In the operation phase , the impacts are related with the increase in road traffic , but is

expected very low traffic. Thus , this is a descriptor low / medium environmental importance of this study; Noise Environment - as Air Quality , the main negative allocations at this descriptor result of the construction stage, including at the level of functioning and circulation of equipment and machinery related to the construction works . Taking into account that in the operation stage is not expected occurrence of significant adverse impacts , this is a descriptor of low environmental importance in this study. Climate – the project does not include any sensitive impacts on climate , justifying its analysis while"Descriptor" support to all other and general characterization of the study area . It is a descriptor with low environmental importance in the present study . Heritage - there are no buildings with heritage value in the project area. Thus this descriptor is considered of low importance.

4. Characterization of reference situation 4.1. Specific methodology The Characterization of the Reference Situation is a description of the current state of the environment in a specific space (corresponding to the area of the Project intervention), which is likely to be changed by the project. The analysis was performed using the bibliography of specialty visits and field reconnaissance conducted in the area of intervention by experts involved in the EIA. Therefore, the following subjects were considered to this analysis: Biophysical Level: - Climate; - Geology, Geomorphology and Hydrogeology; - Surface Water Resources; - Soils; - Ecology (Flora and Vegetation, Fauna and Habitats); - Air Quality; - Sound Environment; - Landscape. Socio-economic Level: - Demography, Settlement, Society and Economy; - Waste Management; - Spatial Planning; - Cultural Heritage. 4.2 Climate 4.2.1. Climatic framing Located in a region where the equatorial climate is predominant, the island of Principe has a humid tropical climate with diverse microclimates due to the influence of translation of seasonal equatorial ow pressures, monsoon winds from the south, the relief and warm Gulf current. The climate of the island, slightly modified by insularity, has an average temperature of 25/26 º C, and although there are no large temperature ranges, the temperature tends to vary with altitude and time of year. It is possible to define four climatic zones on the island of Principe, which escalate from the super-humid climate to semi-arid, south to north. The Project area is located on the northwest coast of the island.

The data and studies on the climatic characteristics of the island of Principe are scarce and outdated, however, it is possible to present some data based on theexisting literature. 4.2.2. Climatological stations The climate of the study area is characterized based on the records of climatological station closest to it. Next to the project intervention area, about 1,8 km northwest, there is the climatological station of Belo Monte. However, this station has no information that allows to obtain all climatological data necessary for the analysis of this descriptor. To complete the characterization climate of the area, taking as reference the values recorded at the station of Santo António Weather Statistics corresponding to the period 1952-1963, published by the National Weather Service (1965). This station is about 5 km, southeast of the Eco - Tourism Project in Macaco, Boi and Uba Beaches. 4.2.3. Air Temperature The island's average temperature is 25 º C, tending to vary with altitude and time of year, moderately. Temperatures increase as we move from higher areas to lower ones. Coastal regions round average temperature 27 ° C, and the mountainous regions slightly cooler, with temperatures around 21 º C. Figure 4.1 features the air temperature recorded at the station of Santo António (1952-1963), whose years average is 24.8◦ C. There is no wide variation between the averages of the months, and the maximum temperature is 25.8 ◦ C in the months of March and April, and the minimum in July, 23.5 ◦ C. Figure 4.1. Average temperatures recorded in Santo António, Príncipe island, for the period between 1952 and 1963. 4.2.4. Relative humidity On the Príncipe Island the relative humidity is very high, exceeding 80% (82% - 87%) and as the temperature tends to vary with the time of year and altitude. The intermonthly humidity expresses the close relationship with the air temperature, observing smaller values of humidity in the dry season, called Gravana. During the rainy season, roughly from October to May, the humidity reaches the highest values, especially in January with 85% at 9am and 96% at 9pm.

The relative humidity in the climatological station of Santo António is on average each year, 83% at 9 am, which is considered representative of the average daily humidity. As mentioned above, given the orographic profile of Príncipe island, there are many areas with a microclimate, being the area of project intervention inserted in semi-arid zone. 4.2.5. Rainfall According to Conceição (1989 ) , the average annual rainfall for Príncipe island is 2328 mm , which for an area of 142 km2 is equivalent to a volume of 330.576 hm3. Rainfall in Príncipe island varies significantly with latitude at around 2000 -2500 mm in the north and 4000-4500 mm South. What causes the big climate difference is orographic distribution, since it determines the amount of rainfall and its distribution. The air with moisture brought by winds from the south and southwest , rises and cools across the mountains causing abundant precipitation on the slopes facing the wind (upwind). On the slopes of downwind (north and northeast ) , the descending air warms by compression reducing their relative humidity causing weak precipitation (Conceição , 1989). The island of Príncipe is characterized by the existence of only two seasons , the rainy season from October to May , the months of most heat in the island, the dry season, or gravana, from June to September (see Table 4.1) . According to the study from Hydrological Monograph S. Tomé and Príncipe ,1989 in Roça Belo Monte (climatological station) , the rainfall values are around 2500 mm with a period of low or no rainfall (in July and August). Table 4.1 Seasons Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Rainy season (warmer months)

Dry season (gravana)

R = 0, cooler

R = 0, cooler

R = 0, cooler

R = 0, cooler

Gravanito Less abundant Rainfall

Less abundant Rainfall

Note: R= Rainfall

The Meteorological Services (1972) traced the chart for Isohyets Average Annual for Príncipe Island, based on information from various stations on the island, one of which is Belo Monte. The analysis of the scheme shows the monthly rainfall at

Belo Monte station with two rainy periods above 200 mm average monthly from April to May and October. May is the most rainy month with 300 mm on average, followed by October with 282 mm. In August the rainfall does not exceed an average of 27 mm (vd. Figure 4.2). The average annual rainfall is about 1732 mm with a period of low rainfall in July and August. Figure 4.2 – Adopted elements to trace the charts of annual average isohyets (mm), in Belo Monte climatological station in Príncipe island. The average annual rainfall in Belo Monte station is divided by 115 days of rainfall, with 56 of these days with rainfall exceeding 10 mm (Meteorological Service of São Tomé and Principe, 1975). 4.2.6. Wind According to the Hydrographic Office (1968), winds in Santo António, during the dry season from June to September (gravana), occurring from southern quadrants. During the rainy season tornados are frequent, usually before the heavy rains. The duration of these local perturbations do not, in general exceed half an hour. According to the climatological statistics for the period of 1952 to 1963, winds in Santo António are predominantly from west (W) or East (SW) throughout the year, checking a higher prevalence of westerly winds from October . The winds are usually weak (6.3 to 10.08 km / h), (vd. Figure 4.3). Figure 4.3. – Wind rose in Santo António city, Príncipe island, annual average (1952-1963) 4.2.7 Sunlight Sunlight in the area of project intervention has not been characterized based on the station of Santo António, since no data are available on this climate variable. However, according to (Oliveira, 2002), the annual insolation for São Tomé and Príncipe is relatively low and varies between 900 and 1200 hours in low and medium altitudes. 4.2.8. Summary characterization The climate in the area where this project is (Principe Island, specifically the Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches)is an equatorial climate, humid tropical The average annual air temperature is 25 ◦ C, and there is an average annual rainfall of around 1732mm with a period of low or no rainfall from July to August. The sunlight in the area of project intervention is relatively low and varies between 900 and 1200 hours in low and medium altitudes, the relative humidity is very high, on average, each year, 83% at 9 am, which is considered representative of the daily average humidity.

The predominant winds are from west (W) or East (SW) throughout the year, checking a higher occurrence of westerly winds during October. The winds are usually weak (6.3 to 10.08 km / h). The lack of current data do not allow to check any latest changes in the climate of Príncipe island, including the impact of climate change. However, according to the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (2006) the increase in temperature and decrease in rainfall are currently grounds for great concern across the country. 4.3. Geology, Geomorphology and Hydrogeology

4.3.1 General framework

4.3.1.1. Geology and geomorphology Príncipe island is essentially a basaltic nature tephrite-phonolitic (see Figure 4.4). The oldest rocks correspond to palagonitic gaps (31 Ma), with fresh basalt blocks, which occur in a small outcrop in the south of the island. These gaps presumably represent a stage of underwater development of the island. According to (Fitton and Hughes, 1977) there are two lava series: the ancient and the modern lava series. The first series (24 Ma to 19 Ma) corresponds, petrographicly, to a series of alkaline basalts and hawaiitos, cut by numerous dykes, with a predominant direction of NW-SE, with the same nature of the lavas. The modern lava series corresponds to basanites and nephelinites (5.5 to 3.5 Ma) which are based on a variance of the previous series. These series are mainly exposed in the northern part of the island and, in some areas (Sundi, Santa Rita, and Paufita and Belo Monte), are covered by laterite vacuolar clay. There are some outcrops of limestone with fossils (Miocene) corresponding to a sedimentary episode that has occurred between the two eruptive cycles. The south of the island is composed of phonolitic chimneys (7 to 5.3 Ma) and with phonolitic, trachytic and tristanitic nature, that sometimes extend to the north. Opposite to what happens on the island of São Tomé, there are no traces of recent volcanism on the island of Principe. Regarding the geomorphology, on the island there are two regions with very different characteristics and which clearly bind with geology. The northern part is relatively low, not exceeding 180 m, with only minor elevations above this surface. This mainly corresponds to upper basalt and laterites.

The central and southern parts have a much more irregular and rugged topography, where there are the highest peaks of Príncipe, Mencorne (935 m) and Cariote corresponding to phonolitic chimneys (see Picture 4.1). Picture 4.1. – View from the phonolitic chimney in “Dois Irmãos” (R. Caldeira) Across the island there are very steep coasts, especially in the north, Precipício and on the south coast. 4.3.1.2. Hydrogeology From the hydrogeological point of view, taking into account the geological nature of the island of Principe, there is a characteristic context of fissured means with the underground movement limited to existing fractures in basaltic structures and in the separation of structures and eventual fragmentation that can occur due to presence of veins that are referenced in the geological description. It can occur some confinement of underground circulation if there is a presence of intercalated paleosoild or levels of fine pyroclasts that behave as impermeable. The same pattern can occur in the outcrop area of the island where the laterites are. Under these conditions, it is normal to have a sub-surface circulation, more or less diffuse, having many springs, with a weak flow, and that can be considered as temporary springs, since they depend on the rainfall. Generally, they correspond to “suspended aquifers”. Figure 4.4 In regional terms, there is a saturated base level, which composes a freshwater lenticule, that overcomes the sea water, with width and balance depending on the hydraulic potencial of freshwater (see Figure 4.5). Figure 4.5. Hydrogeoological model in volcanic islands It is important to highlight that, in terms of underground waters quality, they are few mineralized, although they can feature amounts of Fe and/or Mg above the normal amounts, withouth overcoming the permissible limits. In the scope of the General Plan for Water Supply and Sanitation – HBD Specific Solutions for Tourism Projects (MFA, 2012), many sub-surface areas were identified (see Figure 4.6). One of the collections of underground water (Mangrião) made for analysis is whitin the limits of HBD concession.

4.3.1.2.1. Hydrochemical features and underground water quality In the scope of the abovementioned General Plan for Water Supply and Sanitation, there were some sampling actions, allowing a chemical characterization of the water samples. Figure 4.6 features the collection locations where the analysis were made. Although not all the collections analyzed (see Pictures 4.2 to 4.4) are in the concession area (only Mangrião collection point), we used all the data in this study as general characterization. The results are shown on Table 4.2. The waters are few mineralized, due to the lithological types and because the contact time between water/rock is very short. The waters feature low ions, low bicarbonate and absence of calcium in TH value (hardness). The chloride amounts are very low. They don’t show fluor and the amounts for nitrate, sulphate and phosphate are very low, which indicates the absence of contaminants of animal origin or fertilizers. Table 4.2 Chemical analysis (Collection – December 2012) Test Method Units Results Results Results Underground Mangrião Água Telélé Alambique Alkalinity NP EN ISO 9963-

1:2000 Mg/ L CaCO3 16 <1.5 25

Turbidity SMEWW21 30B NTU 11 0.4 36

Bicarbonates Mg/L CaCO3 19.5 -- 30.5

Ph at 20ºC SMEWW4500 – H B

Sorensen Scale 6.8 6.3 7.1

Phosphates SMEWW4500 – P E

Mg/L P2O3 <0.14 <0.14 LQ 0.25

Nitrates ISSO 13395:1996 Mg/L N O3 <0.1 3.7 1.8

Aluminium ISSO 11BB5:2007

Mg Al/L 0.06 0.11 0.15

Iron ISSO 11BB5:2007

Mg Fe/L 0.8 0.04 1.3

Manganese ISSO 11BB5:2007

Mg/L 0.06 0.01 0.2

Fluoride SMEWWW 4500 F C

Mg/L F <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

Sulfates SMEWW4500 504 E

Mg/L SO4 <1-5 LQ <1-5 LQ<0.1 <1.5 LQ

Chloride SMEWW 4500 CIB

Mg/L 9.1 <9.0 LQ <9.0 LQ

TH ºF 2 0.8 3

Faecal UFC/100ml 910 25 67000

coliforms Total coliforms

UFC/100ml 35000 430 17000

Source: MFA (2012) General Plan for Water Supply and Sanitation – report 1 and 4 Picture 4.2 – Mangrião collection area Picture 4.3 – Água Telélé collection area Picture 4.4 – Alambique collection area From the analysis of the results obtained, the most relevant aspects include: - Nitrates values are very low. The presence of nitrate in groundwater is usually associated with agricultural practices which use of nitrogen fertilizers; - The chloride concentrations are very low, being below the limit of quantification in four sampling points. The values obtained allow us to conclude that there is no sign of salt intrusion (brackish water); - The parameters indicators of bacterial contamination (fecal coliforms) indicate a strong likelihood of fecal contamination, either in groundwater collections, both in surface abstractions, except on the Água Telélé collection area. However, the values of these parameters may not match the actual quality of the water, since the time between the collection and laboratory tests, which may be induced microbial growth;

- The global analysis on the quality of the analyzed water collection points indicates very little mineralized waters with low alkalinities, aggressive and thus potentially corrosive piping, equipment and structural elements in concrete, such as water tanks. The presence of turbidity levels (with one exception), iron and manganese values justify high oxidizability, although this parameter was not determined; - No pesticides were detected in the waters. The samples indicate good water quality from the chemical point of view. Still, it should be noted that these hydrogeological means are very vulnerable to pollution. 4.3.2. Concession area 4.3.2.1. Geology and geomorphology By the analysis of the Geological Sketch of the Príncipe Island (see Figure 4.4), basalt and laterite occupy almost the entire concession area, with the laterite in

the south, occupying two small areas in a total of 0.06km2 from the 1,62km of concession area. As for geomorphology, the concession area belongs to the northern part of the island, which is relatively low, not exceeding 132 m. In the coastline, besides Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches, there are basaltic formations, in steep or entering the ocean (see Picture 4.5). There is also a slope area in the east side of Macaco beach and areas of basalt rocks next to the sea (see Pictures 4.6, 4.7 and 4.8). Picture 4.5 – Basalt entering the ocean, next to Macaco beach Picture 4.6 – Basalt rocks, next to Macaco beach Picture 4.7 – Southeast point in Macaco beach Picture 4.8 – Slope in Macaco beach 4.3.2.2. Hydrogeology Given the geological nature of the Príncipe island, there is a characteristic context with fissured means, with the underground circulation limited to existing fractures in basaltic drained and separation, and eventual fragmentation that can occur due to the presence of veins that are referenced the geological description. Under these conditions, it is normal to have a sub-surface circulation, more or less diffuse, having many springs, with a weak flow, and that can be considered as temporary springs, since they depend on the rainfall. The collection are of Mangrião for surface and subsurface water (see Picture 4.2) was identified in the General Plan for Water Supply and Sanitation – Specific Solutions Definition for HBD Tourism Projects (MFA, 2012). This collection area is based on a laterite strip. 4.3.2.2.1 Hydrochemical features and underground water quality In hydrochemical terms, the results from the analysis performed in Mangrião is presented in Table 4.2. The sample shows water with good quality from a chemical point of view. The turbidity value for Mangrião is slightly high. Regarding pH, the sample shows some acidity.

The parameters that indicate bacterial contamination (fecal and total coliformes) have high amounts but they can be originated in the sample deterioration, since there are no pollution sources nearby. 4.3.3. Study area / Intervention area By the analysis of the Geological Sketch of Príncipe Island (see Figure 4.4), the basalts occupy the entire area of intervention. Regarding the quotas in Intervention Area land, ranging from the coastline up to about 45 m, with slopes of 18%. In the area of intervention there are no underground water collection areas. 4.3.4 Characterization summary The concession area is occupied mainly by basalt and laterite , with the laterite in the south, occupying small areas of 0.06km2 from the 1.62km of the concession area. Regarding geomorphology, the concession area belongs to the northern part of the island , which is relatively low, not exceeding 132m. In the coastline there some basalt formations, that are steep or entering the ocean. With regard to the hydrology , the characteristic context are fissured means with underground circulation limited to existing fractures in basaltic structures . There is sub – surface circulation, more or less diffuse , giving rise to the existence of springs , with a weak flow, and sometimes the springs may be temporary , depending on the rainfall. In the area of intervention there are no underground water collection areas. However , we identified the collection point of Mangrião. The analysis show good quality water from the chemical point of view. These hydrogeological means are very vulnerable to pollution.

4.4. Surface water resources

4.4.1 Quantitative issues

4.4.1.1. General framework 4.4.1.1.1. River system On Príncipe island, the spatial distribution of rivers is uneven, the largest quantity of water is in the southwestern part less populated , while the north and northeast, housing around two-thirds of the country's population , have lower abundant water resources (Bonfim V.M. , 2002) . This is directly related to the higher rainfall that takes place in these areas (Government of the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe , 1998a ) (Bonfim V.M. , 2002) . The unequal distribution of water resources results in frequent situations of water shortage in some areas of the island , despite the abundance of total water resources. The river basins are usually small, but generating watercourses with important riverbeds, and its location is strongly influenced by the characteristics of the relief (Bonfim V.M. , 2002). Figure 4.7 identifies the main water lines of the island . The river Papagaio , the largest in the island , has a basin with an area of 14.0 km2 , followed by streams of Banzú Bibi and with 8.4 and 5.1 km2 respectively (see Table 4.3) . All these water lines are outside the Concession Area. Table 4.3 Characteristics of the main rivers in Príncipe island River River basin

(km3) Spring (m)

Extension (m)

Observations

Papagaio 14.0 542 8.5 Deep valley, between the spring and the flow with “V” shape, with a rocky riverbed and waterfalls.

Banzú 8.4 750 5.1 In the medium and higher flow, “V” shape. The riverbed is mostly rocky.

Bibi 5.1 600 4.3 In the higher and medium the basin is symmetric, in the lower flow there are several affluents. With a rocky riverbed.

4.4.1.1.2. Rainfall The rainfall on the island is high, being more intense in the center, where it reaches average annual values exceeding 5000 mm. During the year there are two seasons: the rainy season and the dry season. The rainy season goes from October to May, coinciding with the warmer season. It rains almost every day, but for short periods of time. When the rain ends, the sky clears, the sun shines and it is very hot. It is characterized by violent thunderstorms, high temperature and rainfall often concentrated. The dry season is locally called gravana, from June to September. In July, usually the less hot month of the year, there is no rainfall most of the times. The months of January and February correspond to less abundant rainfall (designated gravanito). The southern part of the island is much more rainy than the north, about 2000 mm to 2500 mm of annual rainfall in the northern part of the island and about 4000 mm to 4500 mm in the south. The Meteorological Services (1972) traced the chart of Average Annual Isohyets for Príncipe island, shown in Figure 4.8. The concession area is crossed by isohyets 2000 mm and 2500 mm, increasing from south to north in this area. Based on the analysis of the publication of the Meteorological Service of São Tomé and Príncipe (1975), the average number of rainfall days per year at various stations is around 118 days per year. Regarding rainfall exceeding 10 mm, the average for the stations is 70 days. The three udometric stations that were in operation on the island in 1989 are, according to the "Monografia Hidrológica de São Tomé and Príncipe" those presented in Table 4.4 and Figure 4.7. Table 4.4 Udometric stations location in Príncipe island (from “Monografia Hidrológica de São Tomé e Príncipe”, 1989) Name River Basin Coordinates Coordinates Altitude Starting date Lat. N. Long.E. (m) Sundi Água Espique 01º40’ 07º23’ 168 1958 Santo António Príncipe

Papagaio 01º39’ 07º25’ 3 1960

Porto Real Papagaio 01º38’ 07º24’ 114 1958

For this document, we also considered the udometric station of Belo Monte, with data from 1961 to 1973.

4.4.1.2. Concession area 4.4.1.2.1. River system The concession area of Eco-Tourism Project in Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches covers 5 basins, most of them composed by water lines that sometimes are dry, with a torrential regime, flowing only when it rains (see Figure 4.9.). None of these basins is relevant from a regional point of view. The biggest basin is located southwest of the concession area (BH1), and the water line is on the edge. This basin has a total of 0.78km2, and 0.19km2 of the left margin are included in the concession area. In bedside, the basin as a round shape and in the last 500 m has a elongated shape. The main water line in its full extension has almost 1,5km. The affluents are inttermitent water courses. The biggest altitude of the river basin is located on 149 m and the main water course comes from the same altitude. The mouth of the river is on Grande beach. The other basin corresponds to a water line, in Uba beach, with about 1200m in its biggest extension. It comes from 60m high and the highest point is on 110m. The basin as a elongated shape, with a total of 0.44km2 in the concession area. On the northern part, next to Macaco beach, there are two inttermitent water lines (BH4 and BH5). They flow to southeast – northeast. The bed is located at 42m and the water lines come from 30m high. The basins have an approximate area of 13000m2 and 23000m2 to BH4 and BH5. The length is no more than 100m, and they flow in collectors of 600m to the mouth in Macaco beach, passing through the deactivated resort in the beach. The drainage is guaranteed by superficial flows in the coastal line. Picture 4.9 – Former resort on Macaco beach 4.4.1.2.2 Rainfall In the General Plan for Water Supply and Sanitation – HBD Specific Solutions for Tourism Projects (MFA, 2012), the coefficient C was determined to correspond to the monthly average rainfall / annual average rainfall and the related value in percentage for stations in Santo António and Belo Monte (see Table 4.5).

Table 4.5 Monthly average rainfall coefficient regarding the annual average rainfall in São António station (between 1931 and 1991) Month Santo António (1931 – 1991)

Coefficient % January 0.06 5.54 February 0.05 5.04 March 0.09 9.11 April 0.12 11.57 May 0.13 13.01 June 0.05 4.72 July 0.02 2.33 August 0.04 4.11 September 0.09 9.42 October 0.20 20.32 November 0.09 8.56 December 0.06 6.27

The concession area is located in the northeastern part of the island, where the average annual rainfall is below 2000mm. The closes udometric station is Belo Monte, 400m northeast from the Concession Area. On Table 4.6 we show the rainfall for Belo Monte Udometric Station (Meteo Services 1972). Table 4.6 Average rainfall for Belo Monde Undometric Station (mm) Stations Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Year

Nº Period Belo Monte

113 110 166 203 300 64 35 27 172 282 167 93 1732 10 1961/70

Source: Meteorological Services (1972)

From the Chart of Average Annual Isohyets for Príncipe Island (Meteorological Services, 1972), we present the weighted average annual rainfall and disaggregated average monthly values , according to the percentages shown above for the Santo António station, for the river basins and related to the entire concession area (see Table 4.7). The Santo António Station is located 5km southeast of the concession area. These areas are located in the ishoyets of 1500mm and 2000mm. It was considered an average annual rainfall of 1750mm.

Table 4.7 Average annual rainfall and monthly averages in each river basin Annual rainfall (mm)

SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG

1750 164.9 355.6 149.8 109.7 97.0 88.2 159.4 202.5 227.7 82.6 40.8 71.9

For the weighted average rainfall, we used the following formula:

Where:

P – average rainfall on basin (mm);

Pi – average from two isohyets (i+1);

Ai – basin area between the two isohyets (km2);

A – basin total area (km2).

4.4.1.2.3 Evapotranspiration Bettencourt (?) determined the average annual potential evapotranspiration by the Thornthwaite method, equivalent to 1 353 mm, for the station of Saanto António, situated in the basin of the river Papagaio, which is about 5 km in a straight line, Southeast to the concession area. According to the author, the actual evapotranspiration corresponds to 1275 mm per year. Thus, the mediumcoefficient culture of the basin is equal to 0.94. In this case, it is the same culture coefficients for the Concession area (1.1 km2). The values for this area are 14.8 and 14.0 Hm3 hm 3, respectively. 4.4.1.2.4 Flows In general, the water courses of the island have characteristics of torrential regime and they can have a great flow in the rainy season and disappear practically during the months when there is less rain. Based on the average monthly rainfall (according to the percentages shown above for the station in Santo António) and the flow coefficients reported in Table 4.8 were evaluated monthly average flows (see Tables 4.9) and the corresponding average monthly flows (see Table 4.10.).

Table 4.8 Flow coefficients for each month Month C = Flow/Rainfall SEP 0.71 OCT 0.69 NOV 1.01 DEZ 1.08 JAN 0.83 FEB 0.76 MAR 0.62 APR 0.61 MAY 0.71 JUN 0.92 JUL 1.09 AUG 0,86

Table 4.9 Annual average flows and monthly average flows in each river basin Annual flow (mm)

SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG

1346 117 245.4 151.3 118.5 80.5 67 98.8 123.5 161.6 76 44.4 61.9

Table 4.10 Monthly average river flows in each river basin River basin

Area (km2)

SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG

BH1 0.782 35.3 71.6 45.6 34,6 23.5 21.5 28.9 37.3 47.2 22.9 13.0 18.1

BH2 0.082 3.7 7.5 4.8 3.6 2.5 2.3 3.0 3.9 5.0 2.4 1.4 1.9

BH3 0.444 20.1 40.7 25.9 19,7 13.3 12.2 16,4 21.2 26.8 13.0 7.4 10.3

BH4 0.013 0.6 1.2 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.3 0,5 0.6 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.3

BH5 0.023 1.0 2.1 1.3 1.0 0.7 0.6 0,8 1.1 1.4 0.7 0.2 0.5

4.4.1.3. Study area / intervention area 4.4.1.3.1. River system In the intervention area, the water lines are the ones described in BH4 and BH5, that flow in pipes in the last 100m, and the mouth is on Macaco beach (see Figure 4.9). The intervention area in Uba beach is between BH3 and BH4, being slightly intersected by BH3. 4.4.1.3.2 Rainfall In the study/intervention area we considered an average annual rainfall of 1750mm, as well as in the concession area. The monthly disaggregation is shown

on Table 4.7. Based on the Meteo Services of São Tomé and Príncipe data (1975), we obtained the average days of rainfall in udometric station in Belo Monte (see Tables 4.11 and 4.12). Table 4.11 Average days of rainfall, calculated for Udometric Station in Belo Monte Stations Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Year

Nr. Period Belo Monte

8 6 10 11 13 3 4 9 14 20 11 6 115 13 1961-73

Table 4.12 Average days of rainfall superior to 10mm, calculated for udometric station in Belo Monte Stations Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Year Nr. Period Belo Monte

4 4 6 6 8 1 1 1 6 10 6 3 56 13 1961-73

The average numbers for rainfall days per year are about 115 days per year, lower than the 118 days a year on the island. As for rainfall exceeding 10 mm, the average for the season is 52 days, less than the 70 days a year on the island. 4.4.1.3.3 Evapotranspiration It is considered as an average annual potential evapotranspiration the same that was considered to the Concession Area, equivalent to 1353 mm. In the Area of Intervention, in Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches, since the sandy soil infiltration is greater, reducing evaporation, it is compensated by higher evaporation from the ocean. The vegetation density is also lower in the intervention area than in the rest of the basin, with the least amount of plant transpiration. 4.4.1.3.4. Flows The Study Area / Intervention Area occupies an area located near the beach areas, developing along the coast, in Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches, with more importance to Macaco beach. The amount calculated of average annual flow fo the basins is 1346mm. The monthly disaggregation is shown in Table 4.9 and the monthly flows in Table 4.8. In Macaco beach there are water proof areas, with superficial flow increase, reducing the infiltration. The calculated amounts are underrated regarding the reference situation. 4.4.2. Qualitative issues 4.4.2.1. General framing

In December 2012, we carried out a sampling campaign, mainly in the northern part of the island of Principe, under the General Plan for Water Supply and Sanitation-Definition of Specific Solutions for HBD Tourism Projects (MFA, 2012). In this campaign, we collected surface water at three points (see Figure 4.6), whose results are presented in Table 4.13. The location of the sampling points were chosen according to the purpose of the data to be used (representative locations for collection of surface water for human consumption in the areas of the HBD project). Although none of those points are in the study area, we present the data for general characterization. Table 4.13 Analysis results for collected water samples Parameter Units Surface

collection

Ribeira Izé Bom Bom Ribeira daas Voltas

Ph at 20ºC Sorensen Scale 7.3 7.1 7.7

Turbidity NTU 12 67 80

TAC mgCaCo3/L <15 23 <15

TA mgCaCo3/L <5 LQ <5 LQ <5 LQ

TH ºF 2 3 3

Phosphates Mg/P2=3/L <0.14 <0.14 LQ 1.1

Nitrates MgNO3/L <0.1 <0.1 2.1

Aluminium Mg Al/L 0.08 0.1 0.28

Iron Mg Fe/L 1.6 0.39 1.9

Manganese Mg/L 0.03 0.03 0.2

Fluoride Mg/L F <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

Sulfates Mg/L SO4 <1-5 LQ <1-5 LQ<0.1 <1.5 LQ

Chloride Mg/L 9.0 <9.0 LQ <9.0 LQ

Faecal coliforms

UFC/100ml 2600 1100 21000

Total coliforms

UFC/100ml 13000 3000 29000

Regarding these results , it should also be noted that the number of analysis performed , constituting an asset , shall however be viewed with reservation because they concern only a single campaign , may not represent the average quality of available water. It is noted that the samples were transported to Portugal , with transport times inherent in this process , plus a non-scheduled cancelation flight. Thus , the results for the biological parameters should be considered with caution . The analysis were carried out also showed pesticide concentrations below the limit of detection in all samples . In the absence of legislation in S. Tomé and Principe regarding the establishment of standards of water quality for human consumption , it was decided to use the

Portuguese legislation as guidance in the analysis of water quality made, namely the Decree -Law n . 236/ 98 of 1 August on the production of water for human consumption and Decree -Law n . º 306/2007 of 27 August, on the quality of water for human consumption . From the analysis of the results obtained , the most relevant aspects include :

- The indicator parameters of bacterial contamination (fecal coliforms) indicate a strong likelihood of fecal contamination . The results should , however , be viewed with reservation because the time taken for sampling and determination of the parameters may have allowed the growth of coliforms and contribute to mask the actual results ; - The nitrate levels are very low. The presence of nitrate is normally associated with agricultural practices which use of nitrogen fertilizers ; - The global analysis on the quality of the water collection points analysed , indicates very little mineralized waters with low alkalinities , aggressive and thus potentially corrosive piping, equipment and structural elements in concrete, such as water tanks. The presence of turbidity levels (with one exception), the iron and manganese values justify high oxidizability , although this parameter was not determined.

The surface collection in Ribeira das Voltas presents the water with the worst quality, tested by EQUIL program (version 6.1) using the method Hallopeau-Dubin, to simulate the calc-carbonic balance of the water. The results are conclusive, that is, the water is aggressive, presenting a saturation pH 9.19 (sample pH is 7.7, and the highest of the set of the six collection points examined). 4.4.2.2. Concession area From the samples collected, none of them is included in the concession area. The existing water lines have no pollution sources, and it is not expected to exist problems with the water quality. 4.4.2.3. Intervention area In the intervention area there are no problems related to water quality. 4.4.3. Characterization summary In the intervention area, there are to basins with ittermitent water lines (BH4 and BH5), that flows from southwest to northwest. These water lines come from 30 m high. The areas of each basin are between the 13000m2 and 23000m2. The length is around 100m. They go in collector pipes fwith 600mm to the mouth (in Macaco beach), going under the platform where the deactivated resort is located (see Picture 4.9). The average annual rainfall is 1750mm.

Regarding the concession area, it crosses 5 river basins and most of them are made by water lines that sometimes are dry, with a torrential regime, flowing when it rains (see Figure 4.9). None of these basins is important at a regional level. The average number of rainfall days per year is 115 days. Regarding the rainfall superior to 10mm, the average of the station is 52 days. The average annual flow for basins in the study area is 1346mm. Regarding the quality of water, the existing water lines are free from pollutants. 4.5. SOILS 4.5.1. Framing In this chapter we proceed to characterize the soil reference situtaion in the area of the project intervention, particularly in terms of existing soil units. The work for the characterization of soils in the study area of Eco-Tourism Project in Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches was based on the document Carta de Solos do Príncipe, at a scale of 1/50 000, from Dinis et al, Carta dos Solos do Príncipe 1960. 4.5.2 Soil units The soils of São Tomé and Príncipe are mostly basaltic, with a slightly acidic pH, but close to neutral. The different soil types identified have, in general, good fertility (medium to high) and good water retention capacity (Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe, 2005). The main soil types existing in São Tomé and Príncipe are the parapherralitic and tropical brown fersialitic soils (more suitable for agriculture) and black clay (the most fertile) (Jewell & Quaresma, 2009). The Príncipe island is not so rich in terms of soils, such as São Tomé island. In Príncipe, the parapherralitic soils are more abundant (see Figure 4.10), corresponding to about 9301hectares, of which tropical fersialitic (S4), in small amount (approximately 770 hectares), existing mainly in the North, where they present ferruginous concretions and lateritic shells, (see Table 4.14). The stoniness is high in the south and laterization is more intense in the northern area (Albuquerque & Cesarini, 2009). Table 4.14

Types of soils in Príncipe island Type of Soil Percentage (of total) % Area (Hectares) Parapherralitic yellow soils (F4) 30.3 4230.4 Lytolit brown humid soils + Parapherralitic yellow humid soils + Parapherralitic brown humid soils (L3+F6+F9)

27.8 3888.4

Parapherralitic yellow soils + Laterite (F4 Laterite)

12.9 1802.3

Parapherralitic red soils (F1) 6.4 900.6 Parapherralitic red soils (F1) 6.0 836.4 Tropical fersialitic yellow soils (S4)

5.5 770.3

Parapherralitic yellow soils + Laterite (F4 Laterite)

2.8 387.1

Parapherralitic red soils (F1) 1.9 261.9 Parapherralitic red soils (F1) 1.8 253 Parapherralitic yellow humid soils (F6)

1.4 196.6

Parapherralitic yellow soils (F4) 1.3 183 Parapherralitic yellow soils (F4 + 5)

0.7 94.9

Parapherralitic soils (F) 0.6 78.7 Parapherralitic yellow humid soils (F6)

0.5 76.5

Alluvial Soils (A) 0.1 18 Total 100% 13 978.1

Source: (Jewell & Quaresma, 2009) The soils in Príncipe were identified as a fragile resource, with high vulnerability. The main causes of damage are related to deforestation of areas of steep slopes, which led to a direct exposure of the soil to the aggressiveness of the rains, with the use of areas of steep slopes for horticulture development, favoring the entrainment of the topsoil soils and also by general disorganized trees chopping, which reduces the national vegetation cover (Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe, 1998). This set of factors is reflected in a high risk of soil erosion, especially in coastal areas. In the intervention area, the soils are parapherralitic, red with eruptive rocks (F1) and between Boi and Uba beaches there is an area with “laterite materials”. These soils have a low fertility and the concession area does not have rich and productive soils. "The soils parapherralitic (ferralitic, ferralitic humid and ferruginous tropical) have low or very low fertility, which gets worse when the organic matter is eliminated, since it is a source of nutrients for crops. This is one of the main problems of land use in São Tomé and Príncipe, the maintenance and recovery of a high level of soil organic matter (Barros, 2011). " The soils are incipient. 4.5.3 Characterization summary

In the area of project intervention, the dominant soil order is the "Parapherralitic Soils, red with eruptive aphanitic rocks" and between Boi and Uba beaches tere are laterite materials. These soils have a low fertility level, thus the area of intervention does not include rich and productive soils. Soils are incipient. 4.6. ECOLOGY 4.6.1. General considerations and framing The characterization of the reference situation for the descriptor "ecology" is based on general information collection about the territory of Príncipe island, detailed for the intervention site and also based on fieldwork, in order to identify the main existing habitats and biotopes. The geographical location and isolation of São Tomé and Príncipe regarding the African continent, gave it a very rich biological diversity (Vaz & Oliveira, 2007). The combination of topography and climate conditions favor the existence of a wide variety of species and endemics, being São Tomé and Príncipe ranked as one of the countries with the highest levels of endemic species in the world (Government of the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe, 2009a), mainly birds, amphibians, higher plants, bats, reptiles, butterflies and molluscs, allocated in different ecosystems and habitats (Vaz & Oliveira, 2007). Figure 4.10 Figure 4.10 back The vast biodiversity, both in terms of habitats, both in terms of native and endemic species, both in land area and in coastal and marine areas of the island, led to the recognition of its international importance for classification by Birdlife International as EBA (Endemic Bird Area) and one of the most important 200 IBA (Important Bird Areas) in the world , and by WWF as one of the 200 most important ecoregions for biodiversity and is still recognized as one of 10 most important "hotspots " in the world.

This richness is recognized, and the national forests of São Tomé and Príncipe are considered the second in terms of priority conservation in Africa ( World Bank 1993 quoted by ( Vaz & Oliveira , 2007) ) . Besides the forests constitute the habitat of many endemic species, they also are the source of the main rivers that supply the population (Government of the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe , 2009a ). It should also be noted that the importance of these forest areas goes beyond the mere conservation issue, since the forest is a key factor in the economy in a mainly agricultural country. From the mid -nineteenth century , coffee and cocoa plantations were introduced both in the islands of São Tomé and Príncipe, which led to a general modification and destruction of the primary lowland rainforest . In the north of the island of Príncipe, these forests were also severely modified during a campaign held against sleeping sickness between 1911 and 1916. However , many endemic species adapted to the rain forest found in plantations. Since the 1930s and , in a special way , after independence in 1975, many crops have been abandoned and has been an extensive regeneration process of the forest, to the extent of the secondary forest , locally known as Capoeira , being a kind of recognized vegetation. These secondary forests cover an area of approximately 4000 ha of Príncipe island (29 % of the island). Structurally , these forests seem to present themselves in a natural state; however, further investigation reveals many non-native species and a limited diversity of indigenous species . The island of Príncipe, and especially the area covered by the PNP (Príncipe Natural Park) , houses a very high level of endemic species and subspecies of the islands of the Gulf of Guinea , which has a particular interest given the territory size. Some of these species have an internacional threatened statutes. Only considering the species included in the IUCN Red List (2008), we identify nine plant species, one bird species , four sea turtles species, one amphibians species and two invertebrate species (Albuquerque & Cesarini , 2009b). Only considering the endemic species in the country, included in the flora of the PN , the IUCN Red List includes six species, while 3 are in the pre–threat condition (Albuquerque & Cesarini , 2009b). In the case of reptiles, it is important to highlight that Príncipe territory stands out by species of sea turtles that have important areas of use. There are several beaches in Príncipe (some included in the Buffer Zone of the PNP and others outside this jurisdiction) , that are used for the reproduction of various species of this group. We highlight the Grande beach ( see Picture 4.13) , the beach Boi, Itsé beach, Marmita beach, Mocotó beach , Uba beach (very important sada turtle) Ilhéu Bom Bom beach (Director of the PNP,Com.Pess.).

Picture 4.10 – View from Grande beach – very important area for turtles reproduction. This importance, regarding the nature conservation, is expressed in the recent classification of Príncipe island as a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve. 4.6.2. Flora 4.6.2.1. Framing The vegetation cover of Príncipe island is typical of tropical areas, adding a tremendous biological diversity with a large number of endemic species allocated to some of representative ecosystems of the equatorial Afrotropical zone. The central and northern part of Príncipe island consists of lowlands and hills with relatively smooth relief, while the southernmost area presents a more rugged terrain, with a small mountain range where the peak Príncipe, the highest point of the island, which rises to an elevation of 948 meters. The island has several islets and rocks, among which are the Bom Bom islet, located on the north coast, and the Boné do Jóquei islet located in the southeastern part,with high ornithological interest. The Príncipe island integrates biodiversity hotspot of tropical forests of West Africa. As an oceanic island, the biological richness of Príncipe is accentuated by its geographic isolation, containing several species and subspecies of endemic flora. The available information indicates that, in the archipelago of São Tomé and Príncipe exists a number of species of flora of 1260, of which about 148 are endemic to this area. The number of floristic endemism in Príncipe island will be around the 40 species (Thorhaug , 2009). The ferns are distributed in 28 families, with 81 species and six endemic species. The group of Bryophytes is characterized by the presence of Marchantia, Anthoceros and Polytrichium and consists of 14 species, one endemic. The briofitas have 29 species, one endemic . The interest of the vegetation structure of the island lies not only in its diversity. For example, the Grammitis nigrocincta occurs only in Principe and in Madagascar. The intervention area of Eco-Tourism Project in Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches is going to be developed along the coastal area, in the northeast part of the island. The main area is located in Macaco beach. This area is currently occupied by a tourism entreprise that is deactivated and never been operated that strongly marks the location, from an ecological point od view (see Picture 4.11 and 4.12). Picture 4.11 – View from intervention area in Macaco beach Picture 4.12 – Macaco beach with human presence

These constructions change the local ecological landscape. In terms of vegetation, the area is strongly marked by typical species in coastal areas, like the coconut tree (Cocus nucífera). The front coastline is strongly occupied by coconut tree and “caroceiros doces” (Terminaleae catappa) (see Picture 4.13 and 4.14). Picture 4.13 – View from the beach, occupied by coconut trees and “caroceiro doce” (west) Picture 4.14 – View to east part of the beach Associated with this floristic typology , which assumes particular importance in the natural point of view, whether by its anthropogenic, we also highlight species like banana tree (Musa spp.), also without ecological interest. In the surrounding area , the vegetation structure is already diverse, with a typical forest in this area of the island, with greater diversity and presence of a mixture of pioneer species, cultivated and exotic like Bambusa vulgaris (bamboo), Cecropia peltata (“gofe”), Maesa lanceolata (“mutopa”), Dracaena arborea (“pau sabão”), Ficus sp . (fig tree), Harungana madagascariensis (“pau sangue”) and Cestrum laevigatum (“coedano”). Prominent species of trees include Pycnanthus angolensis (“pau-caixão), Pentaclethra macrophylla (“muandim”) and altilis Artocarpus (breadfruit), Artocarpus heterophylla (jackfruit), Treculia African (“izanquenteiro”) and Antiaris welwitschii (mulberry). Species of vines of common occurrence (vines) include Urera trinervis (“lutchiga”), Dioscorea spp . and Adenia lobata (MNRE , 2007; Thorhaug , 2009) ( See Picture. 4.15). In the study area we identified some introduced species, but also spontaneous species as the mulberry (Milicia excelsa), the “cedrela” (Cedrela odorata), the “marapião” (Fagara macrophylla) and “gogô” (carapa procera). Species of coral tree (Erythrina sp.) are also present. Picture 4.15 – View from the vegetation in the intervention area The framework areas of the project in Boi beach are at similar to the ones described for Macaco beach, particularly with regard to forest species supported on pioneers, cultured and exotic species. In this area the human influence is less felt, but still marked by the presence of species such as “caroceiro doce” or coconut (See Pictures 4.16 and 4.17). Picture 4.16 – View from vegetation in Boi beach area Picture 4.17 – Coastline in Boi beach, marked by the presence of coconut trees in Boi. Uba beach, with several of the other features described in the two locations, presents a more closed ecological landscape and is also marked on the shoreline,

by the presence of a similar vegetation structure, with “caroceiro doce” and coconut tree (see Pictures 4.18 and 4.19). Picture 4.18 – Uba beach Picture 4.19 – View from Cocus nucífera in Uba beach Although there have been descriptions of mangrove areas associated with Uba , in the intervention area, they were not identified. Again, and similarly described for Macaco beach and Boi, with the removal of shoreline forest comes a stain supported in pioneer species, cultured and exotic. In this area the human influence is less felt, but still marked by presence of species such as “caroceiro doce” and coconut tree. Another ecosystem identified in the study area, and reference matter , is marked by a sea fraction. The coastal and marine area in Príncipe encompasses a great diversity of natural habitats, highlighting the rocky cliffs with native flora, rocky islets far from the coast, forested rocky islets near the coast, the beaches of shingle beaches, carbonated sands, little bays deep, coral reefs and submerged or partially submerged sea caves. The marine flora although not very diverse, is abundant. The intertidal and subtidal zone plus some cyanobacteria are common genera of Chlorophyta Chloroherpeton, Thalassium and Chlorobium. With increasing depth and decreasing light, green algae are replaced by brown and red algae adapted to the conditions of the medium and infralittoral. The study area, on Macaco beach, is marked by a long sandy beach, interrupted by rocky outcrops with little support for a marine flora that is worth mentioning. On Boi beach, the outcrops are lower. On Uba beach, the ecological landscape is very diverse, more closed, marked by the “input" on the beach of the river and with a rockier substrate and less sandy. 4.6.3. Fauna 4.6.3.1. Mammals One of the main highlight on the fauna in Príncipe is that the levels of endemism are relevant and interesting for all groups, especially when taking into account the small size of the island. The National Report on the state of biodiversity in São Tomé and Príncipe lists a total of 19 species of mammals for the country (MNRE, 2007). The same report refers to the island of Principe a total of nine species. It should be noted that the Príncipe island now houses several stable populations of species of introduced mammals. One of the best-known species is the common

primate Cercopithecus mona, with populations distributed throughout the island. This species is common in the study area. 4.6.3.2. Birds Regarding birds, the same report refers the existence of 35 species on Príncipe island, with about 54% of endemism. Indeed, the combination of a high species richness and endemism makes the islands of São Tomé and Príncipe a priority in the conservation of birds in Africa. More recent data (Dowsett, RJ et al., 2013) reported a total of 75 species of birds (including errant). Of these, 10 are endemic (six of Príncipe and the remaining four of São Tomé and Príncipe). Table 4.15 shows the endemic species of the Gulf of Guinea, with confirmed presence in Príncipe island. Table 4.15 Endemic bird species in Gulf of Guinea, existing in Príncipe Scientific name Common name Endemism name Species Columba malherbii STPA Zoonavena thomensis Swallow STP Turdus olivaceaofuscu xanthorhynchus

Thrush P

Horizorhinus dohrni Chibi-peito-branco P Anabathmis hartlaubii Chibi-ficha P Zosterops ficedulinus ficedulinus

Tchili-tchili P

Speirops leucophaeus Tchiliquito P Dicrurus modestus Drongo do Príncipe P Lamprotornis ornatus Starling P Ploceus princeps Merlo P Serinus rufobrunneus rufobrunneus

Pádê, Chota-café P

Sub-species Bostrychia olivacea rothschildi

Ibis P

Treron calva virescens Green African pigeon P Columba larvata principalis

P

Chrysococcyx cupreus insularum

Cuco-esmeraldino STPA

Apus affinis bannermani Small swallow STPB

Halcyon malimbica dryas Pica-peixe-de-peito-azul P Corythornis P P- Príncipe, ST – São Tomé, A- Annobon, B-Bioko Of the 75 species listed for the Príncipe island, two are classified as having status of threat, namely quitóli - São Tomé owl (Otus hartlaubi) and Tchili-Tchili (Zosterops ficedulinus), both considered vulnerable. In general, endemic species presented in Príncipe seem to have a better adaptation to the secondary forest and shade forests than the endemic species in São Tomé. However, the forests that shelter the Príncipe more marked populations of endemic species or subspecies, while in the plantations are prevalent non-endemic species (see Table 4.16). Table 4.16 Number of endemic species / sub-species in Príncipe and non endemic breeding species found in different habitats in the island Types Primary

Forest Secondary Forest

Plantations Inland Waters

Endemic species

11 7 7 0

Endemic sub-species

7 7 6 1

Non endemic 2 2 10 5 20 16 23 6 According to Jones & Tye (2006 ) , the endemic bird species and subspecies endemic in Príncipe can be grouped according to their adaptability to environmental changes related to human activities, in three different sets (Table 4.17) . Most of the species are common and widely distributed on the island. These species have adapted to anthropogenic changes of the environment and are not affected by the specific hazards (group A, Table 4.17). A second group includes species that seem to have the ability to adapt to environmental changes introduced by men. Unfortunately, for these species we do not know the limits of adaptability and there is doubt that these limits of "specific resilience" are already achieved (group B , Table 4.17) . The third group includes species that use almost exclusively primary forest (where the majority of its population is concentrated) and only marginally, or extremely marginally, the secondary forests, plantations and other agricultural areas (group C , in Table 4.17).

Table 4.17 Adaptability of endemic species and sub-species in Príncipe to changes in habitats induced by men A B C Treron calva virescens

Turdus olivaceofuscu

xanthorhynchus Bostrychia olivacea rothschildi

Columba malherbii Zosterops ficedulinus

ficedulinus

Columba larvata principalis Speirops leucophaeus

Chrysococcyx cupreus

insularum Dicrurus modestus

Apus affinis bannermani Serinus rufobrunneus

rufobrunneus

Zoonavena thomensis

Halcyon malimbica dryas

Corythornis leucogaster nais

Horizorhinus dohrni

Anabathmis hartlaubii

Lamprotornis ornatus

Ploceus princeps BirdLife International ranked Príncipe island as an Endemic Bird Area (EBA) - EBA 083 Príncipe, based on the high number of endemic species and subspecies of endemic restricted distribution on the island. In 2001, the south of the island, occupying a third of the territory, has been classified as Important Bird Area (IBA) - IBA ST004 Príncipe Forest, comprising an area of approximately 5000 hectares centered at the coordinates 1 ° 35 00 'north, 7 22 00 'east. Within the IBA there is mainly a primary forest habitat of lowland evergreen that spreads from sea level to the summit of Pico do Príncipe (948 m). The status of the area as IBA does not confers formal protection, but identifies a critical habitat for the conservation of the unique diversity of birds on the island, and supports conservation initiatives, like the creation of a national park or Ecological Zone (Jones & Tye, 1988; Jones et al. 1991). In the study area, by its habitat characteristics and availability of ecological space,we do not identify species that may have a particular concern from theconservation point of view. The species observed are composed of elements relatively common, locally and regionally.

Locally, we observed species typical of these types of habitats (forests, rural / urban and coastal areas), such as Milvus migrans (black kite), Streptopelia senegalensis (rôla do Senegal), Psittacus erithacus (gray parrot) , Apus affinis (small swift), Ploceus cucullatus (tecelão malhado), Halcyon malimbica dryas (pica-peixe-de-peito-azul), (papa-moscas-cinzento) and Egretta gularis (reef egret). We also highlight the merle (Ploceus prínceps), and endemic species in Príncipe (See Pictures 4.20 and 4.21). Picture 4.20 – “Pica-peixe de peito azul” next to Boi beach Picture 4.21 – Merle next to Macaco beach 4.6.3.3. Reptiles As regards reptiles, the identified data point to a total of 19 terrestrial species (excluding turtles) in São Tomé and Príncipe (MNRE, 2007; GGCG website, 2011; Jesus et al 2005, Jones, 1993), of which 12 are considered endemic, increasing the level of endemism for reptiles to 63.2%. Príncipe island hosts thirteen species of terrestrial reptiles, three of them endemic to the island and six endemic in a shared form with São Tomé (Table 4.18). Table 4.18 Terrestrian reptile species in Príncipe Species Family Endemism Hemidactylus mabouia Geckonidae Hemidactylus greeffi Geckonidae STP Hemidactylus longicephalus Geckonidae Lygodactylus thomensis Geckonidae STPA Leptosiaphos Áfricana Scincidae STP Mabuya maculilabris Scindidae Mabuya blanlingii Scincidae Feylinia polylepis Anelytropidae P Rhinotyphlops feae Typhlophidae STP Rhinotyphlops newtoni Typhlophidae STP Typhlops elegans Typhlophidae P Boaedon lineatus bedriage Colubridae STP Gastropyxis principis Colubridae P

Endemism: ST – São Tomé, P – Príncipe, A – Annobón Source: GGCG, 2006 This characterization does not include a sample directly to reptile identification in the study area. However, and according the typology of the existing habitats and ecological features of the species, we considered as potential in the area species like Mabuya maculilabris (very common in a regional level), Afroablepharus africanis (related to leaves in the forest soils) and tamprophis lineatus bedriagoe, endemic sub-species in the islands of São Tomé and Príncipe. In the group of reptiles the sea turtles are noteworthy in terms of conservation. The species in Príncipe are:

Eretmochelys imbricata - better known in São Tomé and Príncipe as "sada turtle". It is the most coveted due to the high value of its shell in the manufacture of handicrafts. The beaches used by this species are Burras, Seca, Boi and Portinho. Dermochelys coriacea - commonly known as "ambulance turtle," is the most rare in the waters of the country. Lepydochelys olivacea - best known as “bastard turtle" or "fatô", is predominant in the waters of São Tomé, a little more rare in the waters of Príncipe (known to lay eggs only in Praia Grande). Its shell is not used, but their eggs are highly appreciated by the population. Chelonia mydas - best known for "white hand turtle". Their eggs and meat are much appreciated. Quite common in the Príncipe throughout the year. The beaches used by this species are Praia Grande, Burras, Boi and Sundi. Caretta caretta - best known for "big head turtle"; for this species there are no records of recent nesting in the Archipelago. In the period between June and September, the individuals of both sexes are approaching the coasts of the island. In the following season (mainly October to January) most depositions are concentrated, until the month of April. Anyway, it is possible to find sea turtles in the waters around the island at any time of the year. The first four abovementioned species are well adapted to all the beaches of the island, on different substrates, including beaches near Santo António, although there seems to be a decrease in nesting on the northern beaches of the island due to the constant disturbance of carburetors (Juste, 1994). Generally, the following beaches are used to spawn:

- Praia Grande (betwwen Ponta Café and Bibi river); - Praia São Tomé, probably the most used; - Praia Formiga; - Praia Rei; - Praia Boi; - Agulhas Bay; - Praia Mocotó; - Praia Ribeira Izé; - Praia das Burras; - Praia Macaco; - Praia Grande (the closest to Santo António city);

The last five beaches listed are those most commonly used to perform illegal catches.

According to the recent data (Hancock, Com.Pess., 2013), in Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches there were records of turtles nests. We highlight the number of nests in Boi beach. In Macaco beach four species were recorded: Chelonia mydas (green turtle or white hand), Eretmochelys imbricata (Sada turtle) and Dermochelys coriacea (“ambulância” turtle) and a nest of lepidochelys olivacea (“tatô” turtle) in Macaco beach. In Boi beach, three species were recorded. In Uba beach just one species – Eretmochelys imbricata. 4.6.3.4. Amphibians Regarding the amphibians in São Tomé and Principe there are seven species , all endemic . Six species are located in São Tomé and in Príncipe three . Three species are recognized for Principe island ( Loumont , 1992; Pfrender & Nussbaum , 1998; Jones & Tye , 2006; GGCG , 2006). One is endemic from Príncipe , Leptopelis palmatus, the largest species of arboreous frogs known in Africa . The other two species are endemic, shared with São Tomé, particularly Phyrnobatrachus dispar and Hyperolius molleri (formerly classified in the Nesionixalus family) (Drewes & Wilkinson, 2004) . Leptopelis palmatus is, undoubtedly, the most interesting species from the conservation point of view, being classified as " Vulnerable " on the IUCN Red List (2008) (Annex VIII). Regarding the amphibians, species were not observed locally, but the type of field work carried didn’t had that aim. It is considered that, according to the typology of existing habitats and ecological characteristics of the species, the more abundant individuals on site are Hyperolius molleri. 4.6.3.5. Ichthyofauna (fish fauna) Regarding the fish fauna, and despite the proximity to the West African coast, the fish fauna of the island of Príncipe is poorer than that found in the nearest mainland areas. However, the lower diversity is enriched by the existence of several species like Epinephelus ascencionis, Paranthias furcifer, Mulloidychtis martinicus, Bodianus pulchellus, Chromis multilineata, Gnatholepis thomsoni and Melychthis niger, which occur in the coastal waters of the eastern Atlantic ocean islands like São Tomé, Príncipe , Annobon, St Helena and Ascenção. The identification studies of commercial marine fish performed by the project "Evaluation of Fishery Resources", between the years 1993 to 1996 identified about 105 species for the waters of STP, from which 88 had commercial value. The families Carangidae, Serranidae, Sparidae, Scmobridae with 11, 9, 8 and 7 species used are the most fished species (ENPAB Marine and Coastal Ecosystems, 2002).

Afonso et al. (1999) defined 185 coastal marine fish species in São Tomé and Principe, distributed in 67 families. 156 of these species are considered to have commercial interest. A more recent study (Wirtz et al., 2007) increased this number to 244, of which 28 species are endemic to the Gulf of Guinea (12% endemism rate). Both São Tomé and Príncipe are the convergence point of the Benguela subequatorial current and the warm current of Gulf of Guinea, which causes an equatorial current in a westerly direction. This phenomenon is at the origin of an upward movement of deep water towards the surface, which is called "upwelling". This phenomenon facilitates the development of deepwater species with large dimensions. Thus, Príncipe is particularly rich in pelagic species, such as fish andala (Istyophorus albicans). Other species in the country are peixe fumo (Acanthocybium solandri), snapper (Pagrus caeruleostictus), bonito (Caranx crysos), the maxipombo (Hemiramphus balao) and flying fish (Cypselurus melanurus) (PNADD-Regional, 1998). 4.6.4 Characterization summary In terms of flora, the study area (considering the areas of Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches) is marked more particularly in its coastal areas, locally and regionally and not assume as having high conservation value. The presence is marked by “caroceiro doce” (Terminaleae catappa) and coconut tree (Cocus nucifera).The presence, in the area of Macaco beach, of a former resort contributes to this minor floristic interest. However, furthest from the coast line, in inland areas, the forest diversity contributes for the emergence of some species of greatest conservation value, typical from Príncipe Island. Refer to species like Cecropia peltata (“gofe”), Maesa lanceolata (“mutopa”), Dracaena arborea (“pau-sabão”) , Ficus sp., (fig trees), Harungana madagascariensis (“pau sangue”) and Cestrum laevigatum (“coedano”). Prominent species of trees include Pycnanthus angolensis (“pau-caixão”), Pentaclethra macrophylla (“muandim”) and altilis Artocarpus (breadfruit), Artocarpus heterophylla (jackfruit), Treculia African (“izanquenteiro”) and Antiaris welwitschii (mulberry). Species of vines of common occurrence include Urera trinervis (“lutchiga”), Dioscorea spp. and Adenia lobata. In terms of fauna, the areas of study also present as support locations for a fauna diversified, although more typically in the areas where human presence is felt. Still, the existing standards allow easy occurrence of some endemic species and with conservation importance. The use of the three beaches, especially for Boi as nesting areas for turtles, deserves particular attention.

4.7. AIR QUALITY 4.7.1. General considerations The air quality is the term that is used to translate the level of pollution in the air we breathe. Air pollution is caused by a mixture of chemicals into the air or resulting from chemical reactions, which would change the natural constitution of the atmosphere. These pollutants can have greater or lesser impact on air quality, depending on their chemical composition, concentration in the air mass in question and weather conditions. There is no legislation in S. Tomé and Príncipe for this descriptor, this is reflected in the absence of quantitative and qualitative data of the main air pollutants and air quality on Principe. 4.7.2. Framing of project intervention area The intervention area of the Project is characterized by forest lands, located in the northeast part of the island, developing along the coast, between Macaco and Uba beaches, being the main buildings in Macaco beach. Currently, in Macaco beach there are several buildings that correspond to a tourism resort that never worked. This resort will be destroyed and replaced by the new Project. According to the data collected, there are no sources of air pollution next to HBD concession area and Project intervention area. Regarding vehicle traffic, there are some roads nearby the intervention area. The road that goes from roça belo Monte to Terreiro Velho, with another road to the north, going to Macaco beach (about 750m) and the same road of Terreiro Velho, connecting to Boi beach, through a road with 1640 m, to Uba beach (see Pictures 4.22 and 4.23). In these roads, the traffic is reduced, once they are used only by residents and by turists that go to these beaches, so the emissions are very low. Currently, there is a new project for access the Project, with a specific EIA. The proposal is to improve the existing paths and build a new one. Picture 4.22 – Dirt road to access Macaco beach Picture 4.23 – Dirt road to access Boi beach

Other source of air pollution are the fires in the concession areas, that are very common to cook and heat. The particles emissions caused by wood burning are a factor of air pollution, not significant from a regional and local point of view. These emissions, next to the concession area in roça Belo Monte, are residual for the Project. 4.7.3. Characterization summary The forest and natural characteristics in the intervention area and the absence of important sources of air pollution, allow to conclude that the air quality is quite good and it not feature any pollution problems. 4.8. NOISE ENVIRONMENT 4.8.1. General considerations The noise environment is an important descriptor of the environment which is directly reflected in the quality of life for people, being noise a major cause of degradation of environmental quality in aglomerated housing. Noise pollution occurs when a particular sound environment changes the normal condition of hearing. Although it is not accumulated in the environment, like other types of pollution, noise pollution causes various damage to human being and the quality of life of populations. The noise appears as a level of discomfort, that depends on the characteristics of the sound and the susceptibility of the receiver, which is caused by a number of human activities such as industry, construction, among others. The WHO (World Health Organization) considers that a sound must have the limitation to 50 db (decibels - unit of measure of sound) that is not harmful to humans. Regarding Principe island, the noise is mentioned in two key documents of environmental policy:

- In the Law of the Environment - Law n. º 10/1999 - Chapter V, referring to Environmental Components, Article 42. º indicates "Safeguarding the health and well-being of the population determines the adoption of standards that sets allowable levels of noise and regulate the licensing and location of noise sources"; - Regulation on the procedure for environmental impact assessment - Decree n. º 37/1999, which in Article 6, paragraph 2, states that "the environmental impact study should contain at least the following information: ... (c) identification effects, direct, indirect, potential, and cumulative global most significant on the environment resulting from the

introduction of the activity as ... (IV) The emission of waste, pollutants, odors and noise levels.”

However, there is no specific legislation for the prevention and control of noise pollution in order to safeguard human health and well-being of people, for example by setting exposure limits. In this context, and regarding the quality of the noise environment on Príncipe island, there is no reference to measurements and / or acoustic evaluations performed at any point on the island, so there are no data on this descriptor.

4.8.2. Framing in the Project intervention area In the project intervention area, its rural and natural characteristics and relative isolation combined with a reduced human presence and activity, give this area a good quality of noise environment. 4.8.3. Characterization summary The noise environment is an important descriptor of the environment which is directly reflected in the quality of life of populations. On Príncipe island is not in force any law for the prevention and control of noise pollution in order to safeguard human health and well-being of populations. No data are available about the noise levels at any point of the island. In the area of project intervention, the noise environment quality is good, since the noise levels are anticipated as few significant, given the absence of sources of noise pollution. 4.9. LANDSCAPE 4.9.1. Framing The Príncipe island , for its richness in terms of natural, architectural and cultural landscape has an interest of huge importance . The term "landscape" can be understood in different ways , more or less systematized. The most common concept is linked to what is observed and the importance or impact this has for the observer . From this point of view, Príncipe island has an undeniable scenic interest (see Pictue 4.21) , in which the natural characteristics also strongly marked by naturalness, few affected by human presence, brand and clearly of what is "observed". The closed forest patches, marked by a very valuable floristic diversity, contrasts with the surrounding "sea", to create a set visually very attractive and that immediately captures the attention of observers .

This “macroscopic” landscape is enjoyed, in its entirety, from the distance . The access to the Príncipe island, whether by air or by sea, allows to identify a visual heritage absolutely unique, giving an image of arrival to a place where human influence has not been felt. Picture 4.24 – Aerial views from Príncipe island This resource, understood as globally valuable in the island, finds its support in many “parts” that compose it. The landscape richness of Príncipe is “created” by several places and experiences. In this analysis, we seek to present an assessment of the landscape as a resource in the area of influence of the project under review, focusing, whenever possible, a technical approach and minimizing subjectivity that is always associated to a value analysis of any landscaped area and that necessarily has to be part of it. Thus , the characterization of the reference situation of the landscape descriptor in the Environmental Impact Study aims to know and understand the area, particularly the planned site for the Project . This characterization includes several methodological approaches, an initial characterization study with the aim of structuring elements of the territory and later a more subjective characterization, which is the characterization and assessment of visual outcome of the territory - landscape . The characterization and visual analysis are performed according to the methodology proposed by the Countryside Commission - Landscape assessement . 4.9.2. Project influence area The study are cover the Eco-Tourism Project area of Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches, with a surrounding area. The selected area as study area for this descriptor is based on the identification of a visual basin of the project. This visual basil corresponds to an area from which it is possible to view the future resort, limited based on topographical elements and considering the elements of observation, namely the vegetation surrounding the resort. The resort will have a visual basin that is pratically non-existent, from the land area. Due to the local characteristics, the project area is seen only from the nearest locations. Reagrding the sea level, the project is visible from all coastal area next to Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches, but is “hidden” by the vegetation structure (see Picture 4.25). Picture 4.25 – View from Project area (Macaco beach), from the sea

Generally, we can consider that the territory integrates a typical scenario of the northern region, in terms of colors and shapes, from the structure elements of the landscape, namely geology, geomorphology, soils, vegetation and soils, a landscape marked by the coastal nature, but also by human presence, marked by the existing vegetation and by the elements from the former resort in Macaco beach, that stands out from the landscape and reduce its value (see Picture 4.26). Picture 4.26 – Macaco beach, with the former resort that marks the landscape and reduce its value. The vegetation creates a closed envrionment, with reduced land access, reducing the visual horizons, limited to the sea level. 4.9.3. Landscape structural organization 4.9.3.1.1. Landscape aesthetic attributes The visual quality is the result of expression of the scenic area determined by the presence of the main structural factors of space and the dynamic that these interrelated factors provide. This is a feature very difficult to value in an absolute way, because it is dependent on subjective factors such as sensitivity and interest of the observer, the time of day of observation, weather conditions, among others. However, this visual analysis can be performed based on defined parameters, such as the scale of the landscape, landscape diversity, harmony, movement, texture, color, uniqueness, stimulation, and pleasure (Countryside Commission, 1993). Thus, based on field work in the available cartography and photographic elements, we made an analysis based on perceptual visual attributes of the intervention area (see Table 4.19). Table 4.19 Visual attributes from the study area Scale Reduced X Small Wide Wide Framework Closed X Closed Open Exposed Diversity Regular Simple Varied X Complex Harmony Harmonious Balanced X Discordant X Chaotic Texture Soft Managed X Natural X Wild Color Monochromatic Soft colors Colorful X Bold colors Shape Plane Wavy X Winding Uneven Uniqueness Trivial Common Unusual X Rare

Indeed, the study area has a "reduced" scale (it is a very contained in space and visually) and a “closed" framework. As mentioned, the area is contained in a

forested closed area, only being observed (by land) in the immediate area of deployment. Its diversity is "varied", with tree elements to mark the area. In terms of harmony, the area is marked by being "discordant", mainly in Macaco beach, where the big landscape potential is marked by the presence of buildings of a former resort, reducing the visual interest. These elements are discordant with the framed space (Picture 4.27). Picture 4.27 – View from Macaco beach, with some buildings – Landscape with a “discordant” harmony. In Boi and Uba beaches, the landscape is natural without the presence og built elements that can reduce its harmony (see Pictures 4.28 and 4.29). Picture 4.28 – Uba beach framing Picture 4.29 – Natural landscape from Boi beach This is felt even on the texture of the landscape. The naturalness is marked by human presence, which transforms a mixture of texture between "natural" and "managed". We highlight that the presence of coconut trees is a sign of human presence. The landscape is "colorful", with greens of vegetation, punctuated by the bright colors of eritrinas and other species, with a strong contrast to the "golden" sands, the black rock and the blue sea and sky. It is an almost garish landscape (see Picture 4.30). Picture 4.30 – Different colors, with a contrast with green vegetation, the black rocks and the blue from the sky and sea, and golden sands – Colorful Landscape This classification is commom to the other beaches, where the colors mark the visual scenario. We highlight Boi beach, the blue waters, a unique feature of the island. Picture 4.31 – Boi beach. Colored waters, sand and vegetation – Colorful Landscape Its shape is "wavy", by the vegetation and basalt rocks that reinforce the visual line (see Picture 4.32) Picture 4.32 - Wavy landscape, marked by vegetation structure and rocky structures.

Regarding the uniqueness of this landscape, within the region, as mentioned, the Principe island has a large number of areas with this typology, the conjunction of all the factors that mark the landscape of the beach Macaco and Boi, that can be considered as “unusual”. 4.9.3.1.2. Visual values Visual values are considered the visual components of a landscape that, due to their specificity, contribute to the increase in visual quality. These values can be built (chapels, monuments, sightseeing, etc.) and natural (geomonuments, geological formations, vegetation formations, among others). As regards to the study are, we highlight the vegetation as the most striking visual value. Although this has characteristics (in the nearest area) that have deviated from their "optimal ecological", it is assumed, even as the main feature of the local landscape. The rocky formations with basalt characteristics and dark colors are valued elements of the local landscape. 4.9.3.1.3 Visual intrusion The visual intrusion is a negative factor to take into account the visual analysis and it is related to the presence of foreign elements to the landscape, such as structures or infrastructure that by its location, height, volumetric, color, architectural quality, among other factors, compromise the quality of the landscape, reducing its visual value and tourist attractiveness and, hence, its economic value. The study area is strongly marked by the presence of buildings related to the former resort that, by its location in the beach area, are considerd factors of visual intrusion, reducing the landscape value (see Picture 4.33). In the other areas, there are not elements that can be considered as visual intrusion factors. We highlight the lack of sand in Uba beach that reduzes its landscape potential, being a deviant factor from the landscape value. Picture 4.33 – Visual intrusion marked by the former resort 4.9.3.1.3. Visual absorption capacity The visual absorption of the landscape is the ability it has to absorb, visually integrate or disguise human activities, remaining its character and visual quality.

This ability provided by the landscape is assessed based on the greater or lesser ability to withstand a visual impact. The intervention area has a high capacity to absorb visually human activities, since it allows, provided that the proposed activities are properly structured and planned, to hide them in an integrated way. The absence of a system viewed from land and vegetation structure (very closed forest spots) allows this high level of visual absorption. 4.9.4. Characterization summary The study are for Eco-Tourism Project in Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches shows a landscape that, by its characteristics, it is only visible (and enjoyable) from the sea level or a land area next to it. The landscape, marked by colors like green from the vegetation, red and yellow of some species, golden sands, blue sea and sky and dark rocks mark the framing landscape (mainly in Macaco beach), having all the attributes to be classified as having high quality standards. However, in Macaco beach it is very reduced due to intrusive elements (the buildings from former resort in Macaco beach), that cause a discordand and confusing landscape. Boi beach has a high quality landscape, with unique characteristics. Uba beach, with high landscape quality, only has a problem of lack of sand. 4.10 DEMOGRAPHY, POPULATION, SOCIETY AND ECONOMY 4.10.1. General considerations The socio-economic characteristics of the study area was made by using the data already available from the 2012 census from the site of the National Statistics Institute of São Tomé and Príncipe, and the information gaps were supplemented with data from the 2001 census. We also considered other cartographic sources and bibliography, as well as the study of the area of influence of the Project. This analysis aims to, wherever possible, address the following scales: Príncipe island, the HBD concession area (the area surrounding the project) and the project intervention area. The socio-economic data on Roça Belo Monte, the main population center in the concession area and, hence, from the implementation area of the Project are quite limited, so the analysis is essentially qualitative. In the area of the project intervention, we gave particular importance to the identification of buildings, infrastructure and equipment, as well as in their vicinity, to the extent that the construction and operation of those buildings will interfere with people's daily lives and the activities they develop.

4.10.2. Territory and demography São Tomé and Príncipe is divided into seven townships, six of them in São Tomé (Água Grande, Cantagalo, Caué, Lemba, Lobata, Me-Zochi) and another in Príncipe (Pagué), although there are other islands of reduced dimension besides the two main. The majority of the population is concentrated in São Tomé. The district organization of thePríncipe island, Pagué, supports the entire island. According to Table 4.19, the variation of the resident population of Príncipe between 1991 and 2012, resulted in an increase of about 37.8%, which indicates an effective annual growth of around 1.8% over the past 21 years. However, the population growth was more pronounced in the last decade, with the population of the island increasing approximately 28.8%. There is a balance maintained over time between the population numbers of males and females, although the male population is always in greater numbers. Table 4.19 Resident population in Príncipe island, period between 1991, 2001 and 2012 Region 1991 2001 2012 Variaton of

resident population 1991/2012 (%)

Total M F Total M F Total M F Total M F Príncipe 5471 2796 2675 5966 3087 2879 7542 3892 3650 37.9 39.2 36.4

Source: Adapted from INE STP 2005 and INE STP 2013

In Príncie island in 2001, the population had a birth rate of 38.4% and a mortality rate of 5%. The child moratlity rate in the same year was 87.9%, a number below the average in sub-saharian Africa for the same year (107%), (Unicef, 2002). The child mortality rate in Príncipe in 2001 wa higher in female gender (see Table 4.20). Table 4.20 Birth rate, mortality and child mortality rates, total and by gender in 2001 for Príncipe island Total Men Women Birth rate by gender, 2001 (%) 38.4 33 44.1 Mortality rate by gender, 2001 (%) 5 4.9 5.2 Child mortality rate by gender, 2001 /%) 87.9 47.8 121.1 Source: INESTP, 2003a

The average household size in 2012 was approximately 3.7 people, being slightly higher in urban areas (INESTP , 2013) . The urban area on the Príncipe island is confined to Santo António. Apart from this main cluster of Principe island, the urbanization process was very weak , a result of current emigration either to the capital or other countries. This phenomenon is still visible, largely due to the need to leave the island to seek better living conditions and job opportunities . In 2001, 1 685 inhabitants abandoned the island, about 4.8 % of the resident population; however this migratory movement was compensated by the entry of 1593 inhabitants. These data mean a greater balance in migration flows (INESTP , 2003b) . According to the PADS - Report II , developed in 2012 , the Príncipe island is divided into six installments , northwest, northeast , west , city and surroundings, and south. Regarding the population distribution by territory it appears that about half of the island (south) is almost uninhabited , with no visible activities besides fishing, and even this activity, on a temporary basis. Indeed , all the social and economic life is developed from its geographical center to the northern limits. With the exception of primary health care and educational centers of the pre -school and 1st grade in Santo António, the main population center (located in the northern part of the island) focuses main services and facilities, which makes people to have to drive to the city center for relevant activities such as trade and public services. People living outside the city of Santo António are scattered in several communities (former farms), with a differential profile, due to their size, either by type of economic activity developed (agriculture or fishing , supplemented by jobs on public services). Northwest from the HBD concession area there is only a community, Belo Monte, with small dimension (see Figure 2.2). This community is considered fixed and has fishing and rural characteristics. The Project is developed along the coastal area in Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches, in an area withouth human occupation. However, in Macaco beach there are several buildings that belonged to a former resort that was never working. In Pictures 4.34 and 4.35 we can see the look of the former resort in Macaco beach. Picture 4.34 – Former resort in Macaco beach Picture 4.35 – Former resort in Macaco beach We highlight that the community, with constant presence characteristics in the nearest territory, is Roça Belo Monte, above mentioned.

4.10.3. Education On Príncipe island, and regarding education and qualification, it is important to mention the educational levels but also the infrastructures available. According to the Census 2012 data on levels of literacy and education, the vast majority of the population over 6 years old is able to read and write (see Figure 4.11.). Chart Blue – can’t read or write Red – Can read and write Green – Just read Source: INESTP, 2013 Figure 4.11 – Literacy (6 years old or more), 2012 Regarding education, in 2012 43% of the population attended an educational institution or day care, which is indicative of a young population but especially focuses the importance of acquiring of educational competences. However, there are still 15% of the population that never attended or attend any educational establishment (see Figure 4.12). Chart Blue – Do not attend / never attended Red – Do not attend, but already attended Green – Yes, attend Source: INESTP, 2013 Figure 4.12 – Population that attend any education or day care institution, 2012 According to 2010 data (the most disaggregated information), a total of 2840 students attended schools, 724 preschool, 1492 in primary school and 624 in high school. By the lack of mandatory attendance of pre-school, there was an increase of students from preschool to 1st grade, a level at which it begins to identify a trend of decreasing student population along the educational path (to 11th grade). Basic education (up to 6th grade) has 50% more students than high school, registering a break in the passage from the 1st to the 2nd grade (- 79%) (PADS - Report I, 2011). Regarding existing education infrastructures in Príncipe, there is a total of 21 schools, divided by the various levels of education, which correspond to twelve

kindergartens and pre-school education (57% of total), eight basic education schools (38%) and only one high scholl (5%), (PADS - Report I, 2011). It is noted that in Santo António recently began a 12th grade class, in a evening regime. In Roça Belo Monte there is a day-care equipment. 4.10.4. Sectors of economic activity The Príncipe island’s economy is characterized at the institutional level, with a strong dependence of transfers from the Central Government and International Cooperation, regarding the expenses and investments. It is also characterized by high level of informality, by reduced economic base and the importance of direct trade ( PADS - Report II , 2012). The Government of Princípe island is the main employer in the region and , consequently , the one with utmost importance with regard to payment of wages . In 2011, from the approximately 1.5 M € running cost , it is estimated that less than half was intended for this purpose, introducing about € 540,000 in net wages in the regional economy ( PADS - Report II, 2012). Recently private developers have assumed significant importance as employers . As an example, HBD employs 384 people (March 2013) ,of which 352 are local and 32 are expatriates. The city of Santo António concentrates the main services and public structures of the island, but also the trade activities and the main activities are performed in the city, thus the populations of other aggregates scattered throughout the island often have to drive to the city center to have access to a wide range of activities. Outside this more urbanized center, the predominant economic activities in the farms (roças) and in the remaining clusters scattered around the island are essentially based on agriculture, livestock and fishing. Primary Sector Agriculture, livestock and fishing, although poorly organized, are the main economic base of Principe island, inherited from an economic paradigm developed in recent decades and patent in the living styles. These are the basis of a domestic economy, essential to the livelihoods of households, but also crucial to the economy of the island (social and commercial), from where we can highlight the cocoa crops. These sectors are described based on the PADS - Report II, 2012:

- Agriculture - According to the Regional Government estimates, there are about 700

farmers on the island but in practice only work effectively between 400 and 500;

- Among the existing crops, cocoa, coconut, palm, coffee, matabala, plantain, cassava, sweet potatoes, breadfruit, lemon and orange trees are the main crops; - The agriculture activities in the territory are characterized by being subsistence without commercial intentions (except cocoa), not only due to poor internal and external transportation infrastructures, but also the small size of the local market and lack of access to credit;

- The Cocoa stands out as the product of largest commercial expression, and in this context, we highlight the development of organic cocoa which is assumed under the PADS scope. This is a priority for the Regional Government. According to this objective, the creation of three cooperatives of producers on the island, was promoted, grouping several farms through its geographic location: Sio Sul: Terreiro Velho, São João, Nova Estrela and Abade; Bio Centro: Porto Real, Montalegre, Pincaté, Ponta do Sol and Gaspar; Bio Norte: Azeitona, Santa Rita, Praia Inhame, Picão, Belo Monte, Sundi";

- Taking into account the low profitability of agriculture, many farmers are now developing livestock activities, to increase the land’s profitability.

- Livestock - According to the data from the Regional Government, for the years 2009 to 2010, 25 communities were identified that, in 2010, aggregated 1206 breeders (+218 compared to 2009). The “center/west" and "south" areas fit as the main breeding areas in the territory.

- Fishery - The fishery sector is one of the most important economic activity in

Príncipe, with strong traditional characteristics. In 2010, there were 250 registered fishermen, who are required to possess a fishing license (with a cost of 7 500 STD/month, renewed annually in the Port Authorities); - The main species of fish caught are: Flying Fish, Maxipombo; Octopus and Cuttlefish; - Part of the fish is consumed in the fishing communities, while the other part is sold at the local market in Santo António by the "palaié" and the surplus is sold in São Tomé after being dried (shipping has a cost of 150 000 STD/bag, 1000 STD/kg).

Next to the HBD concession area, there is a small community of roça Belo Monte, based in agriculture and fishing. In this farm, wood is also an activity, but the handmade production is used as a power source by the communities and not for selling.

Secondary Sector In the Príncipe island, the secondary sector does not have a significant weight in the economy. The existing processing business are associated with the processing of palm oil (almost handmade), fish drying and production of "cacharamba" (rum), also handmade. These are activities that ensure the livelihood of many families, either through processing to consumption (palm oil), either through processing to sell (dried fish and cacharamba) (PADS – Report II, 2012). Tertiary Sector Regarding the tertiary sector, this covers activities related to services, trade, transport and tourism. In this context , tourism plays an important role for the growth and development of the region, however, we must also highlight the trade, its importance not only economic, but especially social (market and kiosks). The trade is mostly retail (more than 90 % of transactions) and mostly small and informa , even what is done in the few existing stores and market in Príncipe. In the case of kiosks, these are spread throughout the island (especially in the city, but also in other place of smaller size)( PADS- Report II, 2012). With a very open economy, largely due to high levels of imports, since the domestic production is almost zero, the transport costs are aggravated by inefficiencies in the existing harbor and ships, having a great influence on domestic prices and, therefore, in trade activities. This has a negative reflex on the competitiveness of the economy. Considering the importance that tourism plays in the tertiary sector and the attractiveness of the territory for this activity, we shall give a special analysis of the regional supply and demand.

Tourism Tourism in São Tomé and Príncipe is an economic activity that has assumed an increasing role in the panorama of the economic revitalization of the country, taking into account the foreign investments made in the territory and the ability to generate foreign exchange. According to the World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC), the direct impact of the tourism sector of São Tomé and Príncipe in the national economy in 2010 was 3.5% of total GDP (about seven million dollars). In terms of creating jobs, the tourism industry represented 2.9% of total employment in the country (about 1 300 jobs). Nevertheless, the WTTC predicts that the tourism sector in the

country will grow at an average of 7.6% / year over the next decade (PADS Report I, 2011). In the national economic outlook, the main challenges for the tourism sector are to overcome the limitations in terms of lack of tourist infrastructure and support (accommodation, transport, services, etc.), the lack of qualified labor, the limited number of areas linked with the European market and the incidence of malaria in the country. In Principe island, the hotel supply is concentrated mainly in Santo António. It comprises small units, with a guest house typology (see Table 4.21). It is in the north of the island where is located one of the most exclusive resorts in the archipelago, Bom Bom Island Resort, owned by HBD, which has 21 bungallows by the sea, equipped with bathroom, air conditioning and balcony. Table 4.21 Hotels in Príncipe island – 2011 Name Typology Rooms Location Bom Bom Island Resort

Resort 21 Príncipe island

Roça Abade Guest house 6* Príncipe island Pensão Palhota Guest house 10 Príncipe island Pensão Romar Guest house - Príncipe island Pensão Arca de Noé Guest house 6 Príncipe island D&D - 6 Príncipe island

* 6 rooms under construction

Source: PADS – Report I 2011 The registered demand by these hotel units is mainly international, especially the markets of Portuguese and Spanish visitors. Tourists, in general, are characterized by high educational levels and ages between 36 and 65 years (PADS Report I, 2011). The main assets of the region to attract tourist markets include the nature and safety and tranquility; also the beauty of the beaches and its potential as a destination for sun and sea and the history and culture of the country may contribute to attract visitors. Among the most sought activities, we highlight the walking and hiking activities, fishing and going to the beach, being the most significant tourism products the ones associated to culture, nature and circuits. The average stay on the island oscillates between the two nights of domestic tourists and longer stays for foreigners, between 4-7 nights (PADS Report I, 2011).

These units do not have contracts with tour operators and take little visibility on the Internet. The rack rates charged in high season for a double room, ranging between € 25 and € 70 (PADS Report I, 2011). The occupancy rate in 2010 was around 40% to 50%. The operational data collected from various agents are not coincident. However, considering the information collecte, we can relate gravana (June-September) to the time of greatest demand, while the low season corresponds to the months of January, April, July and December (PADS Report I, 2011). We highlight some of the major constraints to tourism development on the island of Príncipe (PADS Report II, 2012):

- Lack of management, planning and organization of tourism activity; - Lack of tourism office; - Lack of destination promotion and its potential; - Access to destination, internationally, in what concerns the access to São

Tomé airport, and internal access to Príncipe airport; - The need of a international airport in the island; - The airline rates; - The sea transportation; - The lack of conditions to sports and leisure activities, such as underwater

fishing. Access The Príncipe island has a set of limited infrastructures and it is mostly damaged, not adapted to the people’s needs. The road network in Príncipe is composed by 18 km of roads, being in a poor state of conservation (especially in the city of Santo António, in the direction of Porto Real and in locations further away from the city). In the south of the island, from the area of Ribeira Fria, there are no roads, but paths that allow the passage of people, although in many situations are impassable (PADS - Report I, 2011) . The dirt roads are passable, but some are badly damaged by rainfall. The climatic conditions (high rainfall) associated with poor implementation and lack of maintenance contribute to this situation. The rural roads are only passable with off-road vehicles and tractors, sometimes with great difficulty. The land transport sector is undeveloped and is characterized by the existence of some taxis and vans that ensure connections (regular or not) between the city of Santo António, the airport, Sundi, Picão and Porto Real. The connections with São Tomé are made by air, there are currently about three

to four flights a week between São Tomé and Príncipe. The airport performs small-scale operations, both passenger and cargo, and mail, between the islands of São Tomé and Príncipe. It is still used as infrastructure for medical evacuation, due to lack of qualified medical personnel in the hospital on the island. The airport currently has serious limitations to the accessibility to the Príncipe, with ongoing improvement works which include the extension of the runway. It is expected that these works are completed in 2014. Transport by sea is also critical in Principe island , the only port infrastructure currently exists is the Port of Santo António . The tiny depth of the pier, the high altitude from sea level , the constant silting waste brought by the river Papagaio and lack of handling equipment for vertical and horizontal load, make the port an infrastructure that barely meets the interface role requirements between maritime transportation and the island. Accessibility in the immediate surroundings of the intervention area of the project is a road that goes from roça Belo Monte to Terreiro Velho, going north to Macaco beach (with 750m), and continuing to Terreiro Velho connecting to Boi beach, through aroad with 1640m, going to Uba beach. The roads to Macaco and Boi beaches correspond to wide roads. There are new proposals to access the Project area, with a specific EIA. It was proposed to rebuilt the existing paths and create a new road. In Figure 2.2 there is a plan of the roads to improve / build. Príncipe island is marked by its weak economic activity, now greatly reduced compared with all the historical and economic importance of the past. Nowadays, all its formal economic activity is greatly reduced and the informal is much stronger. As major constraints to the island's economic statement, we identify a set of variables, such as the lack of organization, lack of critical mass, the lack of technical production and processing, the lack of training and innovation, technical monitoring, and especially the lack of infrastructure and equipment. Again the lack of financial resources condemns the development of economic activities (PADS Report II, 2012). 4.10.5. Society Violence, crime, prostitution, social helplessness, are phenomena that are usually associated to urban areas; in Príncipe, they are not a certainty but a possibility. The main difficulties/problems of the island are domestic violence, early motherhood, HIV/AIDS, polygamy and the social issues and health issues associated, the role of women in society, aging, rape, alcoholism and lethargy (PADS Report I, 2011).

Domestic violence is a growing reality in the social context of Principe. Domestic violence is openly perpetrated by man on women and children (primary victims). Understanding the need to change this situation, initiatives have been developed by the Regional Government and civil society in order to provide victims of violence with tools to help them overcome the situation (PADS Report I, 2011). These initiatives are:

- Regional Government: Service Centre Against Domestic Violence (CACVD), which develops actions to identify cases of domestic violence and to raise awareness of the main victims (women);

- Civil Society: institutions such as "Associação das Mulheres do Príncipe" and "Organização das Mulheres de São Tomé e Príncipe" develop work with communities in order to diminish these occurrences. The Church plays an important role in prevention and assistance to victims of domestic violence.

With regard to drugs, there has been an increase in consumption, but in Príncipe the cases identified are rare. To date, there were no drugs seized at customs on the island (although there is an inability to do so) (I PADS Report, 2011). WHO data (partial studies carried out in 2003 on the behavior of young people in STP, based on a sample of 586 subjects (290 boys and 296 girls)), showed that alcohol was consumed by 32.5% of girls and 32 1% of boys between 15-17 years, and 66.9% of girls and 65.8% boys, aged 18-24, 30.5% of girls and 36.4% of boys smoked and 25% of girls and 33.3% boys of 15-17 years and 75% of girls and 33% of boys aged 18-24 consumed marijuana. This is the reality for the country, which can be transposed to Príncipe, but with a higher incidence of alcohol. In a short term, this may pose a threat to Príncipe that, considering the lack of resources and social context, may become an area of easy penetration for drugs, a fact recognized by the authorities, who also assume their inability to cope the growing problem (PADS Report I, 2011). Another risk factor is juvenile prostitution that occurs in São Tomé (no records or occurrences in Principe), which increases the risk of spread, compounded with the growth of tourism. 4.10.6. Characterization summary

The population in Principe is concentrated mainly in the northern part of the island. The southern half of the island is almost uninhabited , with no visible activities besides fishing, on a temporary basis. Indeed , all the social and economic life unfolds from its geographical center to the northern limit. People living outside the city of Santo António are scattered in diverse communities (former farms), with a differential profile, due to their size, and by the type of economic activity developed (agriculture, livestock and fishing , supplemented by jobs in public services). In Príncipe island, the secondary sector does not have a significant weight in the economy , since the tertiary covers activities related to services, trade, transport and tourism. In this context , tourism plays a central role for the growth and development of the region. However, we must also highlight the trade, its importance not only economic , but mainly social (market and kiosks). As major constraints to the island's economic statement, we identify a set of variables, such as the lack of organization, lack of critical mass, the lack of technical production and processing, the lack of training and innovation, technical monitoring, and especially the lack of infrastructure and equipment. Again the lack of financial resources condemns the development of economic activities (PADS Report II, 2012). In the national economic outlook the main challenges for the tourism sector must overcome limitations in terms of lack of tourist infrastructure and suppor (accommodation, transport, services, among others), the shortage of qualified labor , the limited number of connections with areas like the European market and the incidence of malaria in the country. In the island of Principe , hotel supply is concentrated mainly in Santo António . The Project is located northeast of the island and develops along the coastal area of Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches, without human presence. In Macaco beach there is a former resort that never entered into operation. The nearest community, with fixed characteristics, is in roça Belo Monte and it is outside the concession area. Roça Belo Monte has a small dimension and has rural/ agriculture/ fishing characteristics. There is a education equipment (day care). The accesses are made by a road that links Roça Belo Monte to Terreiro Velho, going to Macaco beach (750m) and continuing to Terreiro Velho, connecting to Boi beach, with more 1640m, and also going to Uba beach. It is expected to improve the accesses, with a specific EIA ongoing. The proposal is to improve the existing paths and build a new one.

In social terms, the main difficulties/problems of the island are domestic violence, early motherhood, HIV/AIDS, polygamy and associated social and health issues, the role of women in society, aging, rape, alcoholism and lethargy ( PADS Report I , 2011). The drug and prostitution are likely to be risk factors. 4.11 WASTE MANAGEMENT 4.11.1 General considerations In this Chapter we perform an overview of issues related to waste management, taking into account the waste that will be potentially produced in different phases of the Project, as well as a brief legal framework regarding this subject. The waste management as regards the scope of this project, is regulated by the following key certificates:

- Law on the Environment - Law n . º 10/1999 - Chapter V , referring to Environmental Components, Article 41 . º indicates "1) The issuance , transportation and disposal of waste and effluents are subjected to prior authorization duly titrated by a guide transport which states its origin and destination, 2) waste effluents should be collected, stored, transported, disposed or reused in a manner that does constitute immediate or potential danger to the health or cause harm to the environment, and 3 ) the discharge of waste and effluents can only be made in a place determined for this purpose by the competent authorities and the conditions previously authorized."

- Decree -Law n . º 36/1999 , of August 3rd. States the essential data to consider the licensing of different operations in collection, transportation, storage, disposal or utilization of solid waste, with a view to the conservation of species and environment. Lays the foundations for a system of compulsory registration of waste and sets powers and responsibilities in risk management.

4.11.2. Urban Solid Waste (USW) The lack of resources in waste management is the main constraint in countries like São Tomé and Príncipe, being a common concern issues like its collection, final deposition processes, selective collection and referral to treatment centers and recycling. Currently, the responsibility of each District/Regional Council is to

decide, on its territory, the location or sites for the final disposal of wastes which, in general terms, is expressed in the proliferation of small bins, which have effects such as land degradation, pollution of soil and water, among others. In Santo António, waste collection is done in containers (about 40 containers with different capacities), and by using a tractor with a trailer for transport and deposition in an official dumpster near the city, which became operational in November 2010. The timing of collection is not certain, depending on the number of times, per day, the tractor can reach the dumpster, and it can not achieve a daily collection of all containers. There is no separate collection . The collection system is inefficient, which is explained by the lack of equipment, as well as by the large distance between the city and the local dump. The poor conditions of the access road to the dump also contribute to increase the time necessary to bring the waste to its destination, also contributing to a quick degradation of the vehicles. The poor collection system results in the occurrence of full containers and waste scattered in the nearest areas (see Picture 4.34). Picture 4.34 – Containers and surroundings The dumpster has not proper operating conditions, performing an operation of excavation in soil with poor drainage. The waste do not undergo any compression actions, resulting in very poor deposition conditions (see Picture 4.35). Picture 4.35 – Dumpster where the waste from Santo António city is disposed In the other communities there is no system of collection and disposal, and waste is deposited at arbitrarily selected sites, usually without any criteria and often near water lines, contributing to its degradation, besides being a serious public health problem. On the Project area there are no scattered waste, since there is no human presence. There is a lack of awareness regarding this issue and its importance. However, the contacts made with representatives of the Regional Government with responsibilities in this field, we can see that there is an awareness that the problems exists and the urgency of its solution. One example of this concern is the pilot project for composting, that is now under construction.

4.11.3. Characterization summary The situation in Principe island regarding waste management is characterized by lack of adequate infrastructure for the waste collection, transportation and deposition. There is only one waste collection system in the city of Santo António, and even this one is deficient. In the other communities and farms there is no system for waste collection and deposition, and the waste is disposed without any discretion and often near water lines, contributing to its degradation, turning into a serious public health problem. There is no separate collection of recyclable waste and there is a weak awareness of the general population regarding this subject. 4.12. LAND PLANNING 4.12.1. General considerations The land has as main objective to manage the interaction between the human activities and natural space . In this context , there are a set of tools aimed to provide authorities with guiding documents , both in terms of planning , both in terms of management, always associated with a philosophy of environmentally sustainable development, thus determining which sectors must be developed, what the uses and limitations of soil and what the priorities for intervention. The Government has defined as main objectives the need to develop a "letter of Land Planning" and a land Planning, since the planning plociy is a structural dimension in development policy, particularly in terms of the occupation and the interactions between the various areas/territories ( Government of Príncipe Autonomous Region, 2008) . One of the priority will be to classify the soil taking into account the classification into "urban " and " rural", so as to allow their use in regular function of the dominant use ( Government of Príncipe Autonomous Region, 2008). Regarding the territory and its occupation, it seems that about half of the island (south) is practically uninhabited, not having visible activities beyond fishing. In Príncipe Island there is no real demarcation of the urban area from the rural area because there is no real urban agglomeration. The main settlements are beyond the City of Santo António, the farms (roças). However, on the island there are no spatial plans approved. Príncipe is only considered in some national plans of regional development. Recently , it was developed (2012) the Plan and Sustainable Development Agenda for Príncipe (PADS-Report II), a document that was already approved by competent authorities but is awaiting legislative consecration, therefore it does not constitute a binding instrument. The PADS is an instrument of territorial management that defines the guiding principles of the occupation of the territory, and the infrastructure networks and

equipment of fundamental level that promote the quality of life, support the economic activity and ensure optimal access to culture, education, training, justice, health, social welfare, sports and recreation. This document includes a summary of the various areas that make up the territory of the Príncipe island (see Figure 4.13). The PADS (Report III, February 2012) provides the development of two Development Plans (PU), one to the city of Santo António and another for the airport and surrounding area. Additionally, it provides the preparation of a Detailed Plan (a management tool, whose function is to establish and implement with efficiency and quality in a certain area of land, the urban discipline) to the city of Santo António. In this same report, in the Chapter on the Main Options, it was defined a set of guidelines with the aim of promoting a balanced management of the territory but in addition to encourage economic and social development, with the opportunity to enhance the tourist vocation of the territory for which they were defined based on its profile, the areas of tourist intervention. Maximum capacity of tourist operation are mentioned (maximum number of "Accommodation Units"). For Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches, the maximum capacity is set in 100 accommodation units. In the same document are established lines of protection to prevent any damaging operation for the landscape and the local natural resources (a line of full protection at 25 meters counted from the Line of High Tide Chart of Equinoctial Waters, and a second protection spot in the next 100 meters, in which the interventions should comply an specific approval). This PADS recommendation is observed through the development of Environmental Impact Studies that allow assessing the potential damage of each project on the landscape and natural resources. It is important to highlight that the PADS, document already approved by competent authorities, is awaiting the legislative consecration, so it is not a binding document, but a guiding one. 4.12.1. Framing in the Project intervention area The are for Eco-Tourism Project in Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches, in Príncipe island, São Tomé and Príncipe Republic, is located northeast of the island, developing along the coast, next to Macaco beach and Uba beach. The main buildings will be on Macaco beach. In the Project area there are no populations or houses. The Project is inside the HBD concession area.

As mentioned, the Project is developed along the coastal line of Macaco and Boi beaches. Are expected 54 accommodation units in Macaco beach, corresponding to a maximum of 122 guests and a maximum of 10 accommodation units in Uba beach. Figure 4.13 Figure 4.13 back The intervention area is not inside the classified area as Natural Park, since this area covers the southern part of the island and the area of Azeitona forest. However, the entire island is considered as sensitive zone in ecological and environmental terms, since it is classified as Biosphere Reserve by the International Council Coordinator of Man and Biosphere Program, UNESCO. This reserve is part of a worldwide network of protected areas that are considered as natural labs to test different models of sustainable development, capable of concilliate human activities with biodiversity and land, water and marine ecossystems. Taking into account the plan created in PADS, the intervention area is inserted in a Requalifying Forest Area and Tourism Area. 4.12.3. Characterization summary The lack of the various instruments for territorial management in Principe island results in the absence of any constraint of land use in the area of implementation of Eco-Tourism Project in Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches. The area is not part of the Natural Park; however, the entire island is considered a sensitive area, since it is classified as a Biosphere Reserve by the International Council Coordinator of the Man and Biosphere from UNESCO. The Planning and Sustainable Development Agenda for Príncipe (PADS- Report II, December 2012), drafted in 2012, is a document already approved by competent authorities but is awaiting the respective legislative consecration, being a guidance document and not a binding one. It aims to set the guiding principles of the discipline of land occupation, the infrastructure networks and essential equipment to promote the quality of life and to supporting economic activities. This plan includes the synthesis plan and the proposal for development of a set of other plans. Since tourism is a sector with an important role in the development of Príncipe island, it is important to encourage the tourism vocations in the island in a sustainable way. Thus, there is a set of guidelines, such as the maximum loads of tourist operation and protection lines, that aims to conciliate the tourism operation as a preservation process of natural values. Taking into account the synthesis plan developed in PADS document, the project intervention area comprises a Requalifying Forest Area and a Tourism Area.

4.13 HERITAGE 4.13.1 Heritage elements The characterization of "heritage" in terms of the present study supports an analysis performed for the built heritage, with historic or heritage value. Historically, the Príncipe island is associated with numerous farms (roças) in the second half of the nineteenth century and early twentieth century, particularly in the north and center of the island, which were consideres as agro-industrial facilities tho support the intensive cocoa exploration. In the later colonial stage, it should be noted the construction of the runway in 1949 (Asphalt in 1968) and an airport terminal in 1970 (a modern building with one floor with a control tower) and the construction of Padrão Henriquino in the city of Santo António, in 1960. In the Project intervention area there are no relevant structures from the heritage point of view. 4.13.2 Characterization summary Notwithstanding the heritage interest that Príncipe island supports, in the intervention area we did not identify any important element.

5. IMPACTS ASSESSMENT 5.1. METHODOLOGY AND ASSESSMENT CRITERIA In this chapter we present the forecast of the environmental impacts of construction and operation of this Project, taking into account: a) The characteristics of the Project, as well as possible actions that interact with the environment; b) The characterization of the current situation, presented in Chapter 4. As mentioned in Chapter 2, there is no perspective of a factors inversion that led to the Project development, and it is not expected, in a short term, the deactivation stage. So, we do not address the impacts at this stage, and it is recommended that prior to the Project deactivation to perform a study to minimize the environmental and social impacts of this deactivation. The forecast of environmental impacts allows to substantiate the environmental impact assessment and proposed mitigation measures for negative impacts and likely to generate positive impacts, presented in Chapter 6. The identification of potential environmental impacts caused by the Project was prepared considering the inherent characteristics in the implantation site,based on the experience and knowledge of the environmental impacts caused by projects of this type and previous experience of the technical staff in carrying out environmental impact studies. With regard to its potential, impacts were classified as positive, negative or neutral. As regards the magnitude, we forecast techniques to demonstrate the intensity of the impacts , taking into account the aggressiveness of each of the proposed actions and the sensitivity of each affected environmental factors. Thus, when possible, we translated the magnitude of the environmental impacts potentially occurring into a quantitative way, or when this was not possible, in a qualitative way, but in an objective and detailed way. Thus, the impact magnitude was classified as high, moderate, low or null.

Regarding importance, we adopted an assessment methodology predominantly qualitative which clearly identify and convey the significance of the environmental impacts determined by the Project in each of the descriptors analyzed. Thus, regarding importance, the environmental impacts of the project under review were classified as not significant, less significant, significant or very significant.

The criteria that we considered to establish the classification are:

- Negative impacts on water, air or noise environment quality are considered significant if there is violation of criteria or quality standards, being very significant if the breach determines a significant break from the standards established, if the extension of the affected regions is important or even if they are checked for an extended period of time; on the opposite side, if the project promotes improvements in these descriptors, the impacts are classified in the same way but as positive;

- The negative impacts on soils will be considered significant if important areas are affected, particularly when these soils have good aptitude for purposes than those provided in the Project, and should be considered very significant if the Project greatly affects agricultural extensions. Also, on the contrary, if the Project induces improvements to the land, impacts are considered positive;

- The negative impacts on flora, vegetation and fauna are considered

significant if they determine important differences on the balance of the ecosystems, introducing ruptures or changes in ecological processes affecting or destroying the diversity and stability of populations, animal or plant species, endemic or threatened species, or affecting in some way, the natural heritage protected by specific legislation; the impacts are considered very significant if the importance of balance or species are affected, or if the extension of affected areas is considerable; if the project induce improvements in the existing conditions, promoting the attraction of fauna and establishing favorable conditions for natural promotion, the impacts are considered as positive;

- Regarding the landscape, although it is a major environmental factor,

the negative impacts to be considered as significant are the ones that determine changes on areas of recognized value on the landscape, depending on their intrinsic value or their rarity, taking into account the degree of intrusion caused, the extent of the area affected and the number of potential observers involved and should be considered very significant if these parameters assume an important expression; if the project promote landscape improvements, the impacts are classified as positive, being scaled according to the improvements;

- Regarding the descriptors for land planning and socio-economics, the

impacts will be considered significant (positive or negative depending on the changes introduced), when interfering with instruments, plans and planning policies previously established, inducing changes on the way and the living standards of affected populations, if they determine changes in the standards of mobility, economic activities and employment, or when they involve large investments, being considered very significant when the extent of the affected regions or populations is determined.

It was considered important the classification of the impacts according to the scope of influence, likelihood of occurrence, duration, reversibility, timing, its type and the possibility of minimization. According to their scope of influence, the impacts are classified as local, regional or national taking into account the size of the area in which their effects are felt. The likelihood or certainty of impacts should be determined based on the knowledge of the characteristics of each action and each environmental factor, allowing to identify impacts as certain, probable or improbable. Regardin duration, the impacts are considered temporary, during a certain period of time, and permanent for a long period of time. A for reversibility, the impacts are reversible or irreversible depending on the corresponding effects remaining in time, at a medium to long term, particularly when the related cause is no longer visible. In addition, and whenever it was considered justifiable, we distinguish the type of impact, or if we were facing a direct impact - one that is determined directly by the project – or an indirect impact - one that is driven by activities related to the Project. The effects were also analyzed for their possibility of minimization, i.e., if it is applicable to the execution of mitigating measures (minimized impacts) or whether if its effects will be felt with the same intensity regardless the precautions that will be taken (not minimized impacts). 5.2. ACTIVITIES WHICH GENERATE IMPACTS The main activities that may generate environmental impacts are grouped in the following stages:

- Project construction; - Project operation and maintenance.

The activities identified for each stage were: 5.2.1. Project construction: - Building site; - Land clearing (clearing and removal of existing buildings) and land movements

(less significant); - Execution of infrastructure, including the berths pier; - Civil construction works (also less significant, existing mainly in the support areas); - Building of streets and interior accesses; - Assembly of accommodation units (Uba beach); - Decommissioning of the building site; - Execution of the exterior works; - Installation of mechanical and electrical equipment; - Tests; - Creating jobs and boosting the economy.

5.2.2. Project operation and maintenance:

- Existence of a new tourist resort on the island, located on Macaco beach with some structures in Boi and Uba beaches; - Use of tourist resort by the guests / visitors, in its many options, including the use of restaurant ; - Increased traffic on the access road to Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches; - Resource consumption by the normal operation of the Eco-Tourism Project in Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches; - Production of waste , effluents and emissions by normal operation of the Eco – Tourism Project in Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches; - Creating jobs and increasing the skills of workers through appropriate training as part of a training program; - Generating wealth by exploiting the Eco-Tourism Project in Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches, either directly through taxes and creating jobs, and indirectly through all the activities that this Project will promote; - Maintenance actions in Eco-Tourism Project in Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches.

5.3. CLIMATE 5.3.1. Construction stage During the construction stage, it is not expected to occur microclimatic changes. The removal of vegetation will be few significant and compensated by the planned afforestation, so any impacts that this action could have in terms of increased air temperature and decreased soil moisture will be compensated. Thus, it is considered that there are no impacst at this level. 5.3.2. Operation stage In the operation stage, it is considered that there is no impacts. The positive impacts can be promoted by reinforcing the forest structure.

5.3.3. Impacts summary In the construction stage, we expect null impacts, once the vegetation to be removed is less significant and will be later compensated. In the operation stage, the impacts are considered positive, although not significant, due to the implementation of the support and improvement of local forest structure, as expected. 5.4. GEOLOGY, GEOMORPHOLOGY AND HYDROGEOLOGY 5.4.1. Construction stage The geological and geomorphological impacts during this stage will occur due to installation of construction site, land cleaning, land movemens, vehicles and machinery and construction of buildings (accommodation, common areas and service/maintenance areas), infrastructures and accesses to the resort. Despite being less aggressive interventions, and favoring the use of prefabricated materials in modules, there will always be a disturbance caused by construction activities, including the transport of machinery and equipment for the construction site. Thus, it is considered that the handling and movement of machinery and equipment for the area of Eco-Tourism Project in Macaco beach, will induce changes in the geomorphology of the site. The activities of land clearing (clearing and removal of existing buildings) and movements of land resulting from construction activities, have some significance. In fact, this area has some different heights (quotas varying from 30m to 45 m in luxury accommodation area, between 3 and 10 m in suites areas west and 8m to 30m in suites areas, east area (see Figure 2.3). The construction in steep areas is very sensitive and can create high significant impacts. Associated to these activities, can occur phenomena like landslides that will result in significant land problems, risks for workers and other people in the area. This impact is negative, high magnitude and very significant. It is a minimizable impact if the locations are considered and careful planned. It is important to consider that the Project’s concept aims to reduce the land movements, as we can see in Figure 5.1, where it is visible that the building adapts to the land, in order to reduce the need for excavations. However, some land movements will occur, and this impact is negative and significant. This impact can be minimized by using other lands in the intervention area, by adapting the Project to the local topography and deposition of lands in places

where it can not produce environmental impacts. These measures are described in Chapters 6 and 7 and allow to reduce the negative impacts to less significant. Regarding the pool, it is expected for an area where currently there is a platform, where some bungalows are located in the current resort. In this case, the land movements will be less significant and the changes on morphology will be reduced, since the existing platform will be used. The same will happen to common areas (where the quotas vary from 3 to 10m), where part is occupied by an area currently built. Regarding Uba beach, the type of accommodation to build will not induce significant impact in this descriptor. Figure 5.1 – View from a accommodation plan. There is a risk of contamination of underground water resources by accidental spills of oils and fuels related to machinery and equipment, as well as discharge of waterwaste, that can cause infiltration of contaminants to the waters. These geological means are vulnerable to pollution. However, there are collection points nearby that can be contaminated. The negative impacts are less significant and with moderate magnitude, temporary and reversible. These impacts can be greatly reduced by adopting the mitigation measures and environmental management (Chapters 6 and 7 of this Report), becoming less significant and with reduced magnitude. 5.4.2. Operation stage In the common areas, in geomorphologic terms will occur negative impacts, less significant, since there are buildings that negatively characterize the place and those buildings will be removed in order to adapt the Project in the natural morphology. These impacts can be minimized by adopting solutions to mitigate the geomorphologic changes, integrating the buildings in the existing topography (see Chapter 6 of this Report). We highlight that the buildings (namely the suites in east area and luxury accommodations) will be built in very steep lands. The access paths to the accommodations, as well as the main access, will be in a elevated side, with the risk of landslide. This concern is highlighted by the land characteristics and by the climatic conditions in the island. The impacts are negative and significant. Therefore, it is important to have a careful management in all areas, foreseen in Chapter 6 and 7 of this Document. Regarding Uba beach, the accommodation types will not induce significant impact in this descriptor.

In what regards to hydrogeology, this resort will not have any negative influence in the underground waters, once the constructions areas are very reduced, and by its location next to the sea, will have almost zero impacts at this level. The contamination risk will only occur by a incorrect handling of treatment systems, wastewater and waste storage. This can be a significant impact, with high magnitude, local and permanent, but minimizable if the correct measureas are adopted, mentioned in Chapters 6 and 7 in this Report. 5.4.3. Impacts summary The negative impacts resulting from Eco-Tourism Project in Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches will be mainly during the construction stage. Therefore, will be land movements and machinery / materials, inducing changes in the geomorphology. The machinery movements will induce some significant changes in the place geomorphology. The deforestation activities, removal of former buildings and land movements will also result in significant impacts, with high magnitude, but minimizable by adopting the specific measures for this stage (see Chapter 6). The accidental spills in the construction stage can be a significant impact, but minimizable by adopting the mitigation measures and environmental management measures. In geomorphologic terms, the negative impacts will be less significant in the common areas, once there are already some buildings in this place, and the new Project will be adapted to the natural morphology, assuming a significant character in the construction area of some accommodation units. These impacts can be reduced by adopting solutions that integrate the buildings in the existing topography. The negative impacts regarding contaminations by handling the water treatment systems, sewage and waste storage, can assume some significance, but are also minimizable if the correct mitigation measureas are adopted. 5.5. WATER RESOURCES 5.5.1.1. Construction stage The location for the Project is located in the coast (Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches) in HBD concession area. In Chapter 4 in this Report – Characterization of Reference Situation, refers 5 river basins in the concession area of Eco-Tourism Project in Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches, most of them water lines, with torrential regime, having flow only when it rains (see Figure 4.9). None of these basins has regional importance.

To the south of the intervention area there are two basins (BH2 and BH3), being the first a small water line, with 150 m length. The other basin is a water line in Uba beach, with almost 1200m. It comes from 60m high, and the highest point of the basin is 110m. The basin has an elongated shape, with a total of 0.44km2. To the North, next to Macaco beach, there are two water lines that are intermittent (BH4 and BH5). They flow from southwest to northwest. The bed is located at 41m and the water lines come from 30m. Each of these basins have an approximate area of 13000 m2, with more than 100m length, being piped in collectors with 600mm until the mouth (in Macaco beach), going under the platform located in the former resort with 30 bungalows. The drainage is made by surface flow in the coast area. The potential impacts on hydrology resulting from the construction of the project are related to the following aspects:

- Digging in the river beds and banks of waterlines or their diversion to deployment of infrastructures;

- Open access to water lines, or along their banks;

- Building site and places for materials deposit on flood areas;

- Potentiation of the risk of erosion with the consequent increase of sediment transport to the water lines. High loads of solid material causing the clogging of flood areas and also the natural or artificial obstruction of the waterlines passages;

These impacts may be significant and negative with high magnitude, not reversible and permanent if the necessary minimization measures are not taken during the construction stage. With the adoption of these measures and proper environmental management practices at work (presented in Chapters 6 and 7 of this RReport) these impacts can be reduced to few significant and with medium magnitude. Another important impact is the changing on the configuration of natural drainage network with impacts on the surface runoff, in Macaco beach. Although the water lines are already piped, the new Project may imply changes on the network. However, to reduce this risk and set the steps needed to ensure proper flow of these water lines, HBD is conducting a detailed hydrological study, which allows full analysis of the flow of affluents and to assess solutions for future definition of the water line. This may be in a covered piping or through the

diversion of the watercourses. Another option is to adjust the implementation of the project structures out of flood areas, if feasible . The completion of this study and the definition of related project will minimize the negative impacts resulting from any risk situations caused by changes in the flow. However, the negative impacts on natural watercourses continue to be relevant, especially if the option is channeling the water line, as it eliminates a section of a natural course. In the case of the deviation of the water line option, or building the structures away from the waterline, (this is the preferred solution from the environmental and safety point of view) , the impacts will be few ignificant and with reduced magnitude. 5.5.1.2. Operation stage In the operation stage, the impacts on hydrology are related mainly to maintaining the solution chosen for the watercourse. Thus, it is considered that the maintenance is adequate (as expected on Chapter 6), and the impacts will be less significant and with reduced magnitude. Another highlight is the impact on water consumption associated with the operation of this enterprise. The consumption is not very high (about 76 m3/day of potable water). Although there are often shortages of water in the island of Principe, these are due to the lack of infrastructure for storage and not exactly the lack of water on the island, as data of precipitation and flow in Chapter 4 of this document. So, if there are the necessary infrastructures to collect, distribute and store thewater, ongoing process under the "General Plan for Water Supply and Sanitation - Definition of specific solutions for HBD Tourism Projects", already quoted on Chapter 2 of this Report, the impacts associated with water consumption will be less significant and with reduced magnitude, certain and permanent. 5.5.2. Water quality 5.5.2.1. There are no data that allows an objective characterization the water quality from this basins. However, the existing water lines are free from pollution sources, and problemas are not expected in the water quality. In terms of water quality, the potential impacts caused by construction of the Project will follow. There are predictable impacts associated with land movements that result in degradation of physic quality of water lines materialized in increased turbidity and solids in suspension, as a result of the activities of clearing, changing the land morphology to build the different components of the project, the transportation of land that will be performed, an effect that will be felt

particularly in drier periods and windiest days. In the periods of higher rainfall, surface water drainage, with higher solids content, can translate into specific changes in quality in the receiving environment. The impacts associated with the movement of machinery and vehicles connected with the construction work will correspond to a degradation of the physical and chemical quality of the water environment, resulting, on the one hand, increased turbidity and suspended solids, inherent in the movement of such equipment (resulting from either changing the morphology of the land, whether the deposition of dust), and secondly, the increase in oil content and some heavy metals (zinc, cadmium, copper, chromium and lead), resulting from possible spills of oils, fuels and lubricants and release of pollutants from the exhaust gases. Given the characteristics of the site in terms of hydrographic network, already mentioned, there will be a local negative impact, temporary, significant reversible, direct and minimizable. Its significance can be reduced to insignificant if the mitigation measures are followed, as mentioned in Chapter 6. Its magnitude may be moderate to high, depending on the conditions of maintenance of vehicles and machinery allocated to construction activities and effectiveness of the system of waste oils collection from such equipment. The inadequate management of wastewater and solid waste produced by the adoption of incorrect solutions or the use of insufficient facilities designed to drain and treat urban waste water and solid waste produced on site, as well as accidental occurrences associated to transport deficiencies, containment, storage or handling of fuel, lubricants, or other chemicals to be used can correspond to a deterioration of physical , chemical or microbiological surface water, depending on the source of the problem, and lead to indirect negative impacts and significant to water quality. These are unlikely negative impacts, with reduced magnitude, significant, with a local scope, temporary in duration, largely reversible, immediate direct and minimizable by the adoption of a Plan of Environmental Monitoring (see Chapter 7 - Environmental Monitoring). 5.5.2.2. Operation stage Impacts on water quality associated with the operation of the project are related with the production of liquid effluents to be treated through appropriate treatment. These effluents are reduced in quantity , and after its treatment the quality will allow discharge into the water without causing problems in its quality. As already mentioned, the solutions for effluent treatment are being studied under the "General Plan for Water Supply and Sanitation - Definition of specific solutions for HBD Tourism Projects”, whose solutions are defined on the basis of Portuguese legislation, since there is no legislation regarding the quality of water in S. Tomé and Príncipe, that will allow to collect water quality to its discharge in

water environment. The discharge site will be in the river but yet to be defined. Thus, it is considered that the impacts are less significant, with reduced magnitude, permanent and certain. Are not expected any discharges into the aquatic environment that might influence the water quality of sea water. 5.5.3. Impacts summary The impacts during the construction stage related to hydrology are associated with changes in the natural configuration of the drainage network and hence the runoff regime, by the construction of some structures of the Project in the waterline, and it can result in significant negative impacts. We are developing a study to define the more correct technical solutions that reduce these effects. The completion of this study , and the definition of the project related, will minimize the negative impacts resulting from possible situations of risk caused by changes in the flow. However, the negative impacts on natural watercourses will continue to be relevant, especially if the option is channeling the water line, since it eliminates a section of a natural course. In case of choosing a waterline diversion, or by removal of the structures of the same project, the impacts will be insignificant and with reduced magnitude . The impacts associated with the consumption of water in the operation stage will be less significant and with reduced magnitude, certain and permanent. The impacts on the construction stage, in terms of water quality are associated with the movement of lands, movement of machinery and vehicles and inadequate management of wastewater, waste and chemicals on site, considering that they may be significant negative impacts with moderate to high magnitude, but minimizable to lower levels if the recommendations are adopted and minimization measures are taken and environmental management is followed, as in Chapters 6 and 7 of this Report. Impacts on water quality from the operation of Eco-Tourism project in Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches, while negatives and with less significance and reduced in magnitude, firstly over the fact that discharging effluents will undergo proper treatment, and secondly because of the flow discharging is properly treated. Monitoring and environmental management measures provided for this level will allow even more control and reduce these impacts. 5.6. SOILS 5.6.1 Construction stage During construction activities that potentially originate environmental impact on soils, correspond to the temporary occupation of the soil (and potential loss) associated with the facilities, the actions of clearing, stripping and actions

embankment soils for deployment of infrastructure, the compaction of land for infrastructure to support the work and the Project, and also due to the movement of machinery and vehicles used to work and possible soil contamination arising from discharges or uncontrolled spills of hazardous substances, such as oil or fuel. However it should be noted that all actions envisaged for the implementation of this Project have a less aggressive character which, combined with the poor quality of the soil in place, (low productivity soils) will prevent the occurrence of very significant impacts . It is expected that there is a gradual loss of soil and a decrease in the quality of these soils by their compactio , contamination or allocation by changing patterns of water and wind drainage, with consequent increase of erosion. This impact, mentioned in the preceding paragraph, it is negative less significant (which may be reduced if the mitigating measures proposed in this EIA are applied) . Indeed, given the temporary nature of these actions , and if the measures of environmental management are implemented in stages of work to minimize the phenomena of erosion and contamination, among other relevant aspects, it is considered that these impacts will be temporary, reversible and partially minimizable. The most affected areas will be related to infrastructures and common area as well as maintenance in Macaco beach. In Uba beach can occur some changes with the construction activities, but are reversible considering that the accomodations are not occupying the soils. 5.6.2. Operation stage In the operation stage of the Project, the actions related to changes in the construction work stage will continue to be felt and will come from occupation, infrastructures that constitute the Project. The areas occupied by infrastructure and buildings of the Project will be with soils occupied for other purposes, thus compromising their use. However, taking into account the type of soil , the uses to which they are currently subject, and the typology of interventions, the identified impacts are considered less significant . In Uba beach, considering the accomodation type, there are no impacts expected. The requalification and improvement of surrounding forest area, with local species, ecologically adapted to the area, will help to promote the conservation of existing soils in the area with no intervention. There is already an area with former buildings where the soil does not exist. Thus, we consider the impacts as positive, less significant and with reduced magnitude. 5.6.3. Impacts summary

The main negative impacts on soils are associated with the construction stage in which various activities (such as the installation of a building site, the clearing of land with some clearing and movement of lands, execution of infrastructure , construction of indoor access and civil works) will change the soils profiles, contributing to their degradation. However, taking into consideration the types of activities , that are very localized and without high degrees of aggressiveness in environmental terms, associated with poor quality of existing soils, no significant negative impacts are expected. It is important to emphasize the importance of the implementation of mitigation measures to reduce the impact of these actions, as well as environmental management actions. In the operation stage will occur the occupation of some land that previously was devoted to forest use in areas occupied by infrastructure and components of the Project, which indicates a negative, but less significant. On the other hand, promotion expected in the Project, the improvement of forest cover in the area surrounding the entreprise and specifically in the area that was previously with buildings (it is planned to plant trees in areas assigned to the Project, even in the area occupied by tents , restaurant and other infrastructure of the project) , will contribute to the establishment of conditions for the reappearance of soils with good quality . This impact is positive and less significant. The impacts are related mainly to Macaco beach, and there are no expected impacts in Uba beach. 5.7. ECOLOGY 5.7.1 Construction stage As mentioned at the level of characterization of the reference situation, despite the tremendous conservationist value of the whole Príncipe island in ecological terms, the study area (Macaco beach), has some ecological interest, reduced by the presence of a former resort in Macaco beach. This resort, specially in the coastal area, reduces the ecological interest, marked by the existing buildings but also by the vegetation, strongly influenced by human presence. Notwithstanding this fact, mainly in the interior areas, marked by species with more conservation interest, typical from Príncipe island, such as Cecropia peltata (“gofe”), Maesa lanceolata (“mutopa”), Dracoena arborea (“pau sabão”), Ficus sp. (fig trees), Harungana madagascariensis (“pau sangue”), Cestrum laevigatum (“coedano”), Pycnanthus angolensis (“pau caixão”), Pentaclethra macrophylia (“muandim”) and Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit), Artocarpus heterophylia (jackfruit), Treculia africana (“izaquenteiro”) and Antiaris welwitschii (mulberry). Some vine species of commom occurrence (vines) include Urera trinervis (“lutchiga”), Dioscorea spp. and Adenia lobata. As for fauna, the study areas are a support for diverse communities, more typical where the human presence is felt. Nevertheless, the calm standards allow some endemic species and others with conservation importance. The use of the three beaches, highlighting Boi beach, as turtles nest areas, must be highlighted.

Specially in the construction stage, with different activities, there will be some changes regarding flora and fauna, that will result in impacts. Regarding the flora, its changes and impacts , they will be felt in all areas of intervention and are associated mainly to the installation of a building site, the land clearing (clearing and removal of existing buildings) and land movements (less significant), the implementation of the infrastructures, construction works, streets and interior accesses, as well as assembly of cocoons in Uba beach. These activities will result in changes to the existing species. These impacts will be felt mainly in the biotic space (by cutting vegetation, with loss of flora elements and consequences for the fauna species that use it) and disturbance regarding construction works. In the common area, with the existing buildings, there are no main impacts expected, whether for flora or fauna. In this area, the flora species are deeply changed regarding the ecological features of the island. This type of flora occupation has results in the fauna, not allowing the occurrence of species with conservation interest or natural importance. In the Suites area (in East and West area) and Luxury Accommodations, the flora types is diverse, with several species, well adapted to the place, some with conservation interest. It is important to mention that this type of vegetation is not original to Príncipe island, changed by human presence. The impacts rsulting from desforestation, are negative, with high magnitude and significant. The accommodations will be set avoiding the destruction of tree elements. This measure is included in the mitigation measires in this EIA. The impacts are certain and reversible (the Project expects mitigation measures to promote forest species with natural interest). The interventions in Boi and Uba beaches will not result in significant changes at an ecological level. In Boi beach, the intervention will not change the area, and there are no impacts expected with loss of biotic space. In Uba beach, the Project concept is to use the tree elements to implement the structures cocoon type, with no negative impacts. Thus, the impacts related to Boi and Uba beaches are negative, with medium magnitude but less significant. Will be permanent but minimizable. Thus, regarding the common areas in Macaco, there are no significant impact to the species (already influenced by the former resort), in the areas related to other buildings, there are some negative impacts related to birds groups. There will be loss of biotic space, assumed as a negative impact, with high magnitude and local significance. The importance of this impact is reduced by replacing habitats. The Project expects a careful implementation of structures, reducing the deforestation.

Regarding Boi and Uba beaches, the types of intervention will not result in significant impacts for fauna. There is a negative impact, with medium magnitude, but less significant. This will be a permanent impact, irreversible but minimizable. The disturbance related to the construction work will result in local fauna communities affected. In this stage it is expected a temporary remoteness from species that use this area. There are other habitats to use, so this impact is less significant. The main concerns are related to turtles nests in the beaches. There are no affected areas, since there will be no noisy activities in the nesting period, during the night. This is a mitigation measure included in this Report, regardless the Project not expect any night acvtivities during construction stage. There is a possiblity of smashing or run over some species with less mibility. The most affected species are the ones with less mobility, amphibians and reptiles. However, the type of intervention does not expect significant losses. There are negative impacts regarding this issue. The exterior works will use local species, adapted to the location, being considered a positive impact, with significance, since it will improve the local flora community, mainly in Macaco beach. This impact is positive, significant, high magnitude and permanent. 5.7.2 Operation stage During this stage, the impacts on fauna will be the result of the presence of the entreprise, with related local disturbance. The area with most distrubance is Macaco beach. For Boi and Uba beaches, the type of interventions will not cause significant impacts to fauna communities. In Macaco beach, the Project will promote some changes on the current conditions. The presence of users will contribute to a local disturbance. Taking into account the Project concept, the changes will not be significant for the local communities. However, it is expected for common areas to be less used by local species. The area is already very affected by the current buildings, and the impact will be negative, with reduced magnitude to medium, but less significant. The biggest concerns are related to some changes in the nesting of the four turtle species that currently use these beaches to lay eggs. The human presence in this area, the noise increase, the lighting, will contribute to a negative impact, with medium to high magnitude, permanent, reversible and minimizable. The mitigation measures must be followed. We highlight the efforts that HBD is doing to protect the turtles in Príncipe island. This work is very significant to the conservation of theses species.

This Project aims to improve the forest species in all intervention area, its maintenance, that will contribute to, mainly in suites and luxury accommodation areas, create more biotic spaces with quality to attract more species. This positive impact is classified as medium magnitude and less significant. Regarding the PADS reference to limit the interventions in a line of 25 m counting from the sea level, the Project has some buildings whitin that area. However, according to the analysis performed, these buildings will not result in damages for the ecological level. There are no impacts regarding the restrictions occuring from this rule. 5.7.3 Impacts summary The Project will cause some negative impact in the construction stage and will be related, mainly, to the loss of biotic space (deforestation, loss of flora elements and effects on fauna communities). Taking into account that the biggest (and heavier) interventions will be on Macaco beach, for this place there will be negative and significant impacts. The accommodations will be build in order to avoi the destruction of tree elements with interest. For Uba and Boi beaches, the interventions are not significant, due to its small typology. In the operation stage the impacts will be, mainly, on fauna. The area with more impacts will be Macaco beach. The users and staff presence will contribute to a local disturbance. The Project concept does not expect significant impact or significant changes on the local communities. However, it is expected, mainly in the common areas, to exist less species. However, the current place is already changed by buildings related to the former resort in Macaco beach. The biggest concerns are related to turtles nesting, that use the beaches to lay their eggs. The noise increase, lighting, will contribute to a negative impact, medium to high magnitude, permanent, reversible and minimizable. The mitigation measures must be followed. 5.8 AIR QUALITY 5.8.1 Construction stage During the construction stage of the Eco –Tourism Project in Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches, the impacts on air quality may be negative, either due to the operations of clearing and land clearing, with removal of existing buildings, the movement of machinery and earthworks, either due to increased heavy vehicle traffic, originating from the transport of materials. The impacts will be felt in the area surrounding the construction work and the surrounding areas to routes of materials transport needed for the construction works.

The land movements will lead to the emission of particles, that by its size, will be on the ground, at short distances from the site. The clearing required for vacating the land is also an activity that will bring an increase in the concentration of particles into the air, as well as to temporarily leave the soil unprotected, and the cutting process itself is a an activity that will provide some particles emission. These emissions depend on the size of the work area and volume of mobilized soil. The temporary increase of heavy vehicles traffic at the implantation site, during this stage, will also contribute to an increase in emissions of pollutants, typical of this type of sources (mainly NOx, CO, and particles) to the atmosphere. The emission of these pollutants can cause changes in the air quality, the intensity of which will depend on the characteristics of the equipment and the type and duration of the work. Emissions depend on the distance, traffic volume and speed circulation, the soil type involved and atmospheric conditions (moist climate disfavor the occurrence of emissions). Emissions of dust feature a great variability depending on the weather and the type of operations underway. The route, the travel distance and the site of deposition depends on the particle size and density, type of soil of surrounding areas and the wind characteristics. The distance traveled by the particles, with average wind speeds, is very small for particles greater than 10-15 mm; between 6-9 meters for particles over 100 um; ten meters to particles between 30 and 100um (EPA, 1985). Rather, the particles with less than 10 um may be kept suspended by turbulent phenomena of the atmosphere and achieve greater distances. The particle size produced by the movement of vehicles and machinery used in the construction works and the movement of land involved is greater than the fraction considered as inhalable (aerodynamic diameter less than 10 um), so it does not requires possible risks to public health. It is noted that all of these effects, although they will occur, there will not be significant at the work site, because it does not exist in the populations that might be affected. Regarding the movement of vehicles to construction work area, some people may be affected, but the expected traffic volume will be very small since the work itself has a very low impact . The movement of heavy vehicles will extend from the period of preparation and land cleaning and activities of excavation and embankment, until the conclusion of the assembly work and will be causing negative effects, less significant, by the surrounding characteristics, with moderate magnitude, direct and indirect , due to atmospheric emissions produced , affecting air quality at a local scale, they are minimizable by the adoption of mitigation measures provided in this Report.

5.8.2 Operation stage In the operation stage, the impacts can be mainly originated by the following causes: increased car traffic induced by the existence of the tourism entreprise, increased traffic of vessels and operation of power generation system, with the related consequences in terms of gas emissions. The increase in motor vehicle traffic will be less significant, since it is a small resort (only 54 accommodations units in Macaco and 10 in Uba). Besides the guests transport, there is also the staff transport and resort supply. The impacts are, regarding vehicles and boats traffic, less significant with reduced magnitude and minimizable. The power generation system will made through renewable energies (ongoing study, as mentioned in the Chapter for Project Description), reducing the fossil fuels. The impacts are less significant, depending on the characteristics of fuel. These impacts are minimizable by adopting the mitigation measures and environmental management in Chapters 6 and 7. 5.8.3 Impacts summary Impacts during the construction stage have a negative character. The fact of being temporary and othe sensitive receptors are significantly distant from the places of work, makes these impacts less significant, with a moderate magnitude, local scope, minimizable, taking into account the measures proposed in a separate chapter. In the operation stage are expected negative impacts due to the increased volume of traffic and movement of vessels and hence increase emissions, although these are considered insignificant, with reduced local magnitude, and with no expression in the regional context. The impacts on power generation are less significant, since there will be efficient systems to produce power. However, this depends on the fuel’s characteristics and consumption. 5.9 NOISE ENVIRONMENT 5.9.1 Construction stage It is during construction stage that occur temporary noisy activities, which are associated with emission of noise levels due to the characteristic activities of these stages, especially by the use of machinery, trucks and excavation operations. The movement of machinery and vehicles will cause negative impacts but will mitigated because there are people living in the vicinity of the construction works area. The transport of materials and workers to site may cause disturbance, since they cross populated areas (such as Roça Belo Monte) but also

the communities that exist in the vicinity of roads linking Santo António to Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches. However, the construction stage will be limited in time, so the acoustic impacts, although negative and significant in nature, will be temporary, localized and reversible, completely ended after the completion of the work. The magnitude of these impacts will be directly related to the perceived sound levels the during the work on affected people, depending on many factors not yet known (traffic vehicles volume used for work, quantity, characteristics, location and operation schemes of other equipment and machinery, among others). Nevertheless, it is expected that in the people with a noisy environment (the ones along the paths), some negative impacts may occur with medium to high magnitudes. These impacts will be minimized by the adoption of appropriate mitigation measures. 5.9.2 Operation stage As for the construction stage, currently it is not feasible to quantify accurately the noise levels from the operation of the Eco-Tourism Project in Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches (generated by operation of equipment provided and the activities to be developed), as no precise details are available at sources (characteristics and quantity of noisy equipment, location, operating regimes), that will be developed in the later stages of the project. However, the main noisy sources will from air conditioning equipments, generators, pumping systems to water and sewage, waste handling and the maintenance activities, resulting in significant noise, if not controlled. Moreover, the high quality standards of the project involve the adoption of constructive solutions and noise control suitable to ensure acoustic comfort of users and compliance with the Portuguese law. Considering what was above mentioned, it is expected that the noise originating from the operation of the Project will not cause a noise disturbance situations either in the area of enterprise, whether abroad. As for road traffic and vessels generated / attracted by the Project, which seems to be a noisy source, is expected that the operation of the project determines an increase in the volume of vehicles on roads that access the building and handling of boats. However, the number of vehicles will be very reduced, due to the number of accommodations that the Project will have. The possible acoustic negative impacts are less significant, minimizable and with reduced magnitude.

5.9.3 Impacts summary Taking into account the characteristics of some of the activities to be undertaken during construction, and inherently noisy, especially for vehicles, acoustic significant negative impacts may occur with moderate to high magnitude for the receivers located in vicinity of the access paths. The lack of people living near the site of work decreases the impacts during the construction stage. These impacts are temporary, reversible and minimizable. Regarding the operation stage, taking into account that the activities to be undertaken in this stage will be less noisy, and though the noisy equipment to install (electromechanical and others) will necessarily be subject to measures in order to obtain acoustic comfort conditions suitable for users of the enterprise or the fulfillment of regulatory requirements applicable to the noise emissions ( will be used the Portuguese law, since there is no specific legislation for noise in S. Tomé and Príncipe) is not expected to occur significant accoustic negative impacts. 5.10 LANDSCAPE 5.10.1 Construction stage As mentioned in the Characterization of Reference Situation, the studied area for the Eco-Tourism Project in Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches has a landscape, that by its characteristics, it is only visible from the sea, or the nearest terrestrian area. The Project will be developed with different stages, in framing areas to these beaches, and the biggest interventions are in Macaco beach. It is here that the most important fraction of the Project will be developed, with different structures that will change the landscape. In the construction stage, the main impact will be related to introduction of different elements in the landscape, namely machinery, construction materials and construction site, creating a visual intrusion. On the other hand, the actions related to deforestation, land movements, will be felt in the surrounding area, creating disturbance on the visual territory. There will be a loss of visual quality and changes on the landscale and current use of the soul, destroying some vegetation, and other actions related to land movements. The current landscape is marked by human presence (mainly in the intervention area for common area construction), will be changed, resulting in an area with yard characteristics. Although the local landscape characteristics, with reduced value by the presence of buildings in the beach, there will be negative impacts, with high magnitude, but reversible impacts. For the other areas, namely the

suites and luxury accommodations, it is considered that will be a negative impact, with high magnitude and very significant. However, these impacts will temporary, reversible and minimizable. This impact will only be felt on the direct intervention area and from the sea. In Boi beach area, the intervention will be very smooth, and will have a negative impact, with medium magnitude and local significance. It will also be temporary and minimizable. For Uba beach, the type of intervention will not promote any sensitive changes on the landscape. The interventions are hidden in the forest and will not result in significant landscape impacts. 5.10.2 Operation stage At this stage, the structure of the local landscape will change, moving from the current situation with a group of buildings, disorganized and environmentally unframed, for a situation of a set scenically designed, supervised and supported. The structures for the this location will change, in a significant way, the local landscape. The whole visual framing will be changed. The inner characteristics identified will suffer some changes. It is expected a “harmony” level in the landscape. Currently, the local landscape is classified as “balanced and discordant” – due to the presence of a former resort in Macaco beach – and with the new Project, the landscape will be in “harmony”. This will be a positive impact, with high magnitude, significant. The changes on the patterns of forest occupation, related to the buildings and infrastructures, contribute to this classification. On the other hand, the “texture” parameter, currently as “Managed” and “Natural”, will be, clearly, of a “managed” landscape, with quality. This impact is negative, with medium magnitude and local significance. In Figure 5.2 we show the visual simulation of the future resort. Figure 5.2 – Visual simulation of the future resort. Regardless the good framing, the Project will have a strong impact on the landscape, increasing the area as a less natural and managed landscape. In the suites and luxury accommodation areas, in Figure 5.2, the landscape changes are the less felt. The measures in terms of this Project to implement vegetation curtains in the front of the accommodation (sea view), with strong forest recovert, will allow a fusion of these structures in the landscape. Figure 5.3 features the concept related to the vegetation curtains.

Figure 5.3 – View of the solution with a tree curtain used to integrate the accommodation into the landscape It is important to mention that in the roofs will exist some spaces that will be occupied by natural areas (gardens with local species) that will contribute to the integration of these elements in the landscape. Regarding the common pool, it will be placed in an area where it will be highlighted from the landscape. Its location will be made in an area currently occupied by former buildings, promoting an improvement of the current situation. This impact is positive, but less significant. Thus, the impacts on the landscape will be less felt. The impact is negative, but with reduced magnitude and significance. Regarding the existing reference in PADS about interventions conditions, a line with 25 m measured from the water level, the project does not include buildings within the area. It also mentions that according to the previous analysis, the Project will not cause harmful effects globally and significant at the landscape level. It is not considered , as well as refers to the level of the descriptor "planning" that there are impacts at the level of restrictions potentially arising from this rule. Regarding Boi beach, there are no impacts expected for the landscape. There will be a negative impact, with reduced significance and magnitude. In Uba beach, the interventions, by its full integration into the landscape, are not sensitive impacts. The resort will have another important characteristic. By requalifying the space and attracting guest to the place, it will allow the enjoyment of the landscape. This impact is positive, with hight magnitude and regional significance. One of the most highlighted aspectd in the PADS was the difficulty to enjoy Príncipe’s landscape. This Project will promote the decrease of this limitation. 5.10.3 Impacts summary The landscape of the intervention area, mainly in Macaco beach, is strongly marked by the presence of a former resort, that by its characteristics (size, colors, place and degradation state) is a disturbance factor, reducing the value of the landscape that could be unique. With the construction of the Eco-Tourism Project in Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches, this situtaion will be solved. The project is well framed, and will improve the landscape. However, by its dimensions, the landscape will be changed, and the natural features will be managed. This will imply a negative significant impact, strongly minimizable by the quality of the intervention. On the other hand, the resort will attract more turists and will contribute for the enjoyment of the landscape in Príncipe. A very significant positive impact.

5.11 DEMOGRAPHY, POPULATION, SOCIETY AND ECONOMY 5.11.1 Construction stage One of the main impacts on this type of Project lies in the economic activity dinamization related to a local and regional scale, as well as the benefits that can bring to the population, namely by creating jobs, developing training actions (hospitality area and related activities, for example). The investment amount (around 20 million Euros)will have positive impacts on the local and regional economy, mainly because it will be made in a region with lack of investiments. As mentioned in the Chapter “Characterization of the Reference Situation”, Príncipe Autonomous Region has serious problems regarding the social and economic development, being strongly dependent of the Central Government and International Cooperation, thus this investment will mean a positive impact, irreversible, regional scope, and will have a stronger significance once the construction is concluded. However, the regional economic activity will be equally developed in the construction stage, since the market of construction materials will be developed. The companies’s mobilization and suppliers are examples of assets, from the economic point of view. These impacts will be positive, significant, with a medium magnitude, direct and indirect, short term and reversible, being considered as significant on a regional scope. The jobs created in the construction stage, either directly or indirectly, through the development of the regional market, will mean a positive significant impact, temporary with high magnitude. As a negative impact we mention the disturbance that the people may feel, living in the surroundings where the heavy vehicles will run, to acces the construction site. Thus, it is considered as a negative impact, with medium magnitude, certain, temporary, reversible and significant, but minimizable. 5.11.2. Operation stage At the operation level, the main factor to retain in the evaluation of socio-economic impacts is related with the high value of a project of this nature, from a responsible and environmentally tourism point of view, socially and economically framed, can bring to the Autonomous Region and even for the country. This project will induce socio - economic success at different levels. Thus, it will be responsible for the creation of 203 direct jobs (4 year project), and of these 179 are for local workers, being a significant positive impact, with high magnitude, certain and permanent. We add the fact that the workers going subjected to a specific training courses (over one year of training ) equivalent to

12th grade. In a country and in a autonomous region where the training is quite poor, the associated positive impact is very significant. In a territory characterized by the scarcity of jobs, both in areas that require a higher qualification, both in operational areas, Eco - Tourism Project in Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches arises as an opportunity for renewal and rejuvenation of the regional employment market, by its attractiveness , fixation and enhancing the human resources. It is important to mention that for raising human resources, the Project envisages a strong focus on the region's resources, which will be awarded as a priority issue in politics of human resources in the tourism entreprise. Will be given an increased focus on younger people, and the training areas should not only be related to tourism, it is important to get qualification in other areas of competence: translation, communication, marketing, performing arts , maintenance of buildings and equipment, hygiene and security, among others. On the other hand, and according to a multiplierfactor commonly adopted in tourism consulting, for every direct employment in hotels should generate up 1.5 indirect jobs, which relates to the supply network and subcontracts that are generated around the tourist development. Indirect employment to create or sustain, will be related to the potentiation of productive systems in Príncipe, but also at national level, promoting the development of business associated with tourism (crafts, catering, general trading, agricultural production), by promoting sustainable agricultural practices and encouraging individual initiative and collective based on the values of a Responsible Economy. Regarding the tourism development, it should be noted that in Príncipe island the tourism offer is deficient, being centered mainly in the city of Santo António and the corresponding units of small size and guest house. The operation of the Project will allow the promotion of tourism, with quality, enabling the development of the island and the protection of natural values. These positive impacts are even more relevant when the project is framed in the overall HBD project tourism and agro-tourism in the island, consisting of four tourism projects, two of which are Eco-Agro-Tourism (Roças Paciência and Sundi) and the other two with Eco-tourism character (Eco-Tourism projects in Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches and Resort Bom Bom). This latter is currently the only luxury unit existing on the island, but whose conversion into a unit of high quality and greater integration in the landscape , is expected in the medium term and the agricultural projects (Roça Sundi and Paciência), are currently in operation and hold a significant number of employees. It is important to mention that currently Macaco, Boi and Uba resort, Sundi, roças Sundi and Paciência, HBD already has 385 workers in Príncipe, being 352 local workers (data from March 2013).

It is also important to mention that there is a training course for construction workers that will allocate 40 people in three years. Thus, the implementation of the project will contribute clearly to a socio-economic development of the Príncipe Autonomous Region, and throughout the country, which ranks as a strong positive effect. It is expected that the majority of tourists go to Príncipe by going first to São Tomé, thus in this territory also will be felt the positive impacts associated with the increase of tourists in the country. It is thus expected that the implementation of this project promote a strong attraction for tourists, especially foreigners, who will use the region, exploring its natural conditions and enjoying the existing spaces, which extends the scope of the positive effects identified throughout the region and nationwide. The expected increase in seasonal population extending almost the whole year due to good climatic characteristics of the region, particularly tourists with high purchasing power, can lead to an increase of economic activities in the surrounding region, which will be a positive impact, significant, certain, permanent with a high magnitude, with direct effects on the regional economy and reflected in the national economy. However, there are some risks associated with the entry of tourists in the region associated with the increase of phenomena such as prostitution, drugs and violence. These could be significant adverse impacts, but minimizable if the proper follow-up of these social issues is done by the Regional Government. It is emphasized that in the implementation of PADS actions are planned, in the area of economy and society, the promotion of gender and family, support offcies, promotion of products and services on Príncipe island, among others that will allow to frame some of these problems. 5.11.3. Impacts summary In a socio-economic level, this Project will assume a high importance, allowing to recover an area that is currently degraded. We highlight the jobs creation, professional training, promotion of production systems in Príncipe, promoting businesses related to tourism (crafts, restaurants, trading, agriculture), that will cause positive impacts. These impacts must be analysed with the other projects from HBD. The importance of the Project at a regional and national level promotes the tourism offer in the Region, atracting to Príncipe and São Tomé population with purchasing power. There will be some negative impacts, with reduced significance, mainly during the construction stage, but will be clearly compensated by the positive impacts, creating jobs and developing the economy in the Region.

During the operation stage, it can occur some risks related to tourists entry, like prostitution, drugs and violence. These aspects will be significant negative impacts, but minimizable if the the correct follow up is performed, by the Regional Government. 5.12 WASTE MANAGEMENT 5.12.1 Construction stage During the construction stage, the project activities generating waste are related to cleaning activities and site preparation (including removal of buildings in Macaco beach), with the necessary actions and clearing activities actual construction, consisting primarily of demolition waste (temporary) and construction, metal, electrical, paper and paperboard, plastic, equivalent to urban solid oils, and others. Although is not available at this stage of the Project, the volumes of waste from land clearing and demolition are assumed to be significant . It is not possible at this stage to give an the exact identification of the type of waste, as well as quantitative identification, to be produced during construction. In qualitative terms, the experience in similar typology works points to a type of waste produced as shown below. It is noted that the rules of S. Tomé and Príncipe only divides the waste in domestic, industrial and commercial and agricultural products, and depending on their nature, are classified as hazardous and non-hazardous. Waste that will be potentially produced may be hazardous and non-hazardous. As a non-hazardous waste, here are some examples: organic: ( ex: food, green waste of deforestation); recyclable (ex: iron/metal, plastic, glass bottles, paper and cardboard), not recyclable and undifferentiated (ex: rubble, remains of brick/ concrete/stone waste (equivalent to urban) (WC/dining room/office). Regarding hazardous, oils and lubricants, fuel waste, batteries and accumulators and other equipment containing lead, mercury, cadmium and other heavy metals, paints and varnishes, glues, waste equipment under pressure (ex: spray cans and aerosols), textiles contaminated packaging waste products detergents and chemicals, and others. In the study area there are only some buildings (bungalows and common areas of a former resort). All facilities or infrastructures whose demolition is necessary, and are not likely to be reused, constitute demolition waste. In addition to these wastes, there are materials resulting from the movements of lands which should be conducted at an appropriate destination, in the case of not being used in other construction works of this project. It is assumed that this surplus land is less significant. The impacts associated with waste clearing are not expected to be significant if

the deposition and/or reuse is done in a technically and environmentally appropriate way. They can still be minimized by adopting good practices of waste management (see Chapter 6 – Mitigation Measures). In the case of used oils and solvents, likely resulting in the maintenance of equipment and construction vehicles, are considered hazardous if inappropriately discharged, inducing significant and negative impacts of high magnitude. In the operations of such waste, it should be taken into account the occurrence of spills and accidents. These contamination risks are substantially reduced with the adoption of appropriate measures (see Chapter 6 - Mitigation Measures) . In case there are situations of leakage of oil or other hazardous waste in places that are not waterproofed and if particular soil contamination occurs, if it is necessary to be removed, it is considered that there is a significant negative impact, with variable magnitude, depending on the importance of the spill, local and regional, permanent but subject to minimization. The adoption of correct techniques for managing these wastes with adequate transport and deposition thereof, in accordance with their degree of hazard (see Chapter 6 – Mitigation Measures) substantially reduces these effects. During the construction will also be generated urban solid waste and other waste equivalent, drawn mainly from the residence of workers in the construction site, although it is not expected that workers remain on site. The impacts associated with the production of these wastes are less significant, with reduced magnitude, regional, temporary and minimizable, taking into account that they will be deposited in suitable containers for that purpose, and that will be collected at appropriate time intervals. Often, in construction sites, there is a large contamination of containers with other USW, waste materials of construction works (metals , woods , plastics). This wrong procedure besides increasing the volume of USW and difficults its organic recovery, contributes to wastage of potentially recyclable materials. At the end of the construction stage, and the construction works are completed, there will be dismantling of the construction site and the consequent removal of all waste and surplus materials which were stored. In this case, it should be envisaged the reuse of these in another construction sites or similar activity. The absence on the island, at the date of preparation of this EIA, of appropriate infrastructures to waste disposal may hinder waste management. The contractor who is awarded the work will have the responsibility to manage waste properly. Thus, the definition and adoption of a Waste Management Plan to be adopted for the construction stage, is referred in Chapter 7, which sets and establishes all waste management practices in a environmentally way, in order to prevent and reduce many of the impacts associated with the production of waste at this stage.

5.12.3 Operation stage The waste produced in the operation stage will be originated, mainly, by maintenance and operation of the enterprise. It should also be mentioned the sludges to be produced in the treatment system which are the main waste to be produced in this infrastructure. The operation of the Project and its use by guests, visitors and employees, will result in the waste of very diverse types. It is planned to produce mainly waste typically urban, with recyclable fractions, but also hazardous waste. As for the construction waste , it may produce hazardous and nonhazardou, and this one may be originated mainly in maintenance activities of the enterprise. It also may occur recyclable and non-recyclable waste. It should be noted that as a basic strategy will be implemented in practice the reduction of the waste production and selective deposition, with a view to recycling, foreseeing the adoption of collections sollutions adapted to each type of infrastructure and activities, and the implementation of a selective collection system covering the entire project area. Containers will be implemented for each type of main waste. Will be favored the recycling operations, by installing the equipments that will make it possible. The hazardous waste will have its own circuits. Thus, these wastes are stored in technically suitable containers and sent for treatment outside the Island . Regarding restaurant’s waste in many facilities of the complex, there will be a system allowing the separate collection of frying oils and the selective collection of organic waste. In this framework, based on the principle of adoption of good practices of waste management, that is, the the waste will be taken to an appropriate destination, and fractions sent and the transport will be made in environmentally safe way, as well as their final destinations will be appropriate for the purpose, the associated impacts are less significant, with reduced magnitude, local scope, and minimizable if the measures proposed in a separate chapter are adopted. The adoption of a Waste Management Plan for the operation stage is essential to control and minimize the environmental impacts associated with the production of such different types of waste ( see Chapter 7 - Environmental Monitoring). 5.12.3 Impacts summary The impacts associated with waste management depend on the quantities, storage conditions ,temporary recovery capacities and typology of final

destinations, to be established for different types of waste in the different stages of the Project. Thus, the impact-induced waste production, is associated with a magnitude that mainly depend on the management measures adopted and included in the Waste Management Plan to be adopted, both in the construction stage and operation stage. During the construction stage, will be produced different types of waste, including waste classified as hazardous. The impacts associated with these wastes will be significant and with high magnitude and regional scope, and permanent in the case of the deposition is not made in a technically and environmentally appropriate way, but can be minimized by adopting good practices of waste management. The operation stage will generate similar waste compared to USW, whose daily production is not expected to assume significance, given the management expected to promote reduced production at source. It will also be hazardous waste produced mainly in maintenance activities. Depending on the hazard, degree of contamination and the final destination, it will induce negative impacts of variable significance, indirect, reversible both in the construction stage or operation stage. A sustainable waste management through environmental practices, will reduce the negative impacts. Overall, considering the scenario that will be defined and implemented good practices of waste management, it is considered that the impacts are less significant, compared to the expected quantitative, but with moderate magnitude, since in some cases there are hazardous wastes. 5.13 LAND PLANNING 5.13.3 Project stage The assessment of impacts on this descriptor is associated to the compliance or non-compliance of any land management tools, applicable to the areas for intervention. As discussed in terms of the characteristics of reference situation, the absence of the several territorial management instruments in Principe Island results in the absence of any constraint for spatial planning in the area of implementation of the Eco - Tourism Project in Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches. The area is not part of the Natural Park, however, the entire island is considered a sensitive area, since it was classified as a Biosphere Reserve by the International Coordinator of the Biosphere and Man Programme of UNESCO. The Sustainable Development Planning and Agenda for Príncipe ( PADS- Report III, December 2012), drafted in 2012, a document already approved by the competent authorities but is waiting for the respective legislative consecratio, is a guidance document and not a binding one, which aims to set the guiding principles of the discipline of land occupation, and even the infrastructure

networks and level equipment, essential to promote the quality of life and support economic activity. In this Plan, and in the Chapter concerning Great Options, it was defined a set of guidelines, aiming to promote a balanced management of the territory and an economic and social development, with the opportunity to enhance the tourist vocation of the territory, based on its profile, and the areas of tourist intervention. Are referred the maximum capacities of tourist operation (maximum number of "Accommodation Units”). For Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches the maximum capacity is set to 100 accommodation units. Thus, with 54 accommodations in Macaco and 10 in Uba beach, this project fits with the recommendations and should not have any impacts to this level. In the same document are established lines of protection to prevent any operation damaging the landscape and the local natural resources (a line of full protection to 25 meters calculated from the Line of Maximum High Tide of Equinoctial Waters and a second protection in the following 100 meters following, whose interventions should obey a specific approval). As shown by this study, are not expected impacts that may cause damage to the landscape or local natural resources, so the project meets the established in the PADS document. It should also be noted that the project contributes to the achievement of the objectives of PADS, particularly as regards investment in a sector of regional growth (and national) and since it is one of the commitments of the Autonomous Region, this will entail an significant positive impact on the level of spatial planning. We also highlight that the Project also contributes to the achievement of the PADS objectives related to the conservation, enabling the population and wealth on the island, in a sustainable way, among others. Finally , taking into account the summary plant developed in PADS, in the area of project intervention is the Requalifying Forest Zone and Tourism Zone. It can be seen once again that the Project meets the objectives in PADS, fulfilling the occupation of an area predestined to tourism and containing actions for improvement and upgrading the existing forest. Thus, there are no impacts on a land planning level. 5.13.2 Impacts summary The Document that will govern the use of the territory in the area of intervention, though being a guidance document and not a binding document, is the Sustainable Development Planning and Agenda for Príncipe (PADS- Report III, December 2012), prepared in 2012. This document establishes a number of restrictions and zoning for the studied area. The project is compatible with all of them. Thus, there are no impacts on a land planning level.

5.14 HERITAGE There are no impacts at an heritage level.

6 MITIGATION MEASURES OF NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND ENHANCEMENT OF POSITIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

6.1. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS The mitigation measures proposed in this chapter are intended to reduce the magnitude and importance of impacts in order to compensate the negative effects wherever possible. Some of the proposed measures are of a structural nature and may involve auxiliar and additional constructionworks, while others are non- structural, involving only rules that must be observed during the execution of the Project Implementatio , the construction stage and operation stage. The main aspects associated with minimizing impacts on many of the descriptors, arising from the construction stage of the Project, are associated with the proper management of the construction works and site, applying across various descriptors. Thus, this type of measure is compiled in a specific Chapter. It is also presented in this chapter that the measures applied potentiate the postive impacts of the Project. The Measures are arranged per descriptor, encoded in accordance with the stages to which apply (project stage, construction and operation stages) and numbered sequentially per stage. Thus, measures encoded with MP, are measures for the Project stage, MC in the case of measures for the construction stage, and ME for measures to operation stage, followed by the number of the measure, MP1 or MC1 and ME1 and so on. 6.2. GENERAL MEASURES 6.2.1. Construction stage In this chapter we present the general measures to be adopted during the construction stage of the Project. The measures aim to adopt a set of practices and procedures that allow a proper environmental management of contracts. For the construction stage of the Project, it is proposed the definition and adoption of an Environmental Monitoring Plan (PSA), comprising the measures listed below, as well as specific measures presented for each of the descriptors proposed according to Chapter 7 and Annex 1. MC1 - Definition and development of a Work Plan, in which is presented the contract planning, with a monthly detail, and explained the environmental measures associated with different activities planned, and which aspects should be included in the detailed Environmental Monitoring Plan (Annex 1), among others that may be identified as relevant. The Plan should detail the stages envisaged for land movements, clearing and deforestation, crossings for water

lines, construction site deactivation, recovery of affected areas and landscape integration, relating them to the mitigation measures provided. MC2 - The Work Plan shall include the following general guidelines: - Focus on space and time to carry out all work in order to avoid dispersion; - In the initial stage of the work must be identified sites for intervention in order to minimize the affected area. In these areas, proceed to the collection of soil layers and their proper storage layers for subsequent utilization and coverage of areas whose recovery is deemed to be necessary. The soils storage should be conducted in an appropriate place, being a solution in the recovery of the areas affected by the enterprise, facilitating the restoration of vegetation; - The location of parks materials, lending places and land deposits and all infrastructures to support the work, must be marked and/or sealed with flags and/or colored ribbons, fixed on stakes. MC3 - Regarding the location of the construction site, the most environmental strands possible must be safeguarded, namely: - It should be avoided the allocation of ecologically sensitive areas, landscaped or visual; - The construction site should be located preferably in the area permanently affected by the project, particularly in the area of buildings and infrastructure. In the case of not being possible, the site location should correspond to a site where the actions of deforestation are minimized; however, it is possible to resort to the existing trees to visually contain the construction site. Distance should be at least 20 meters from the water line existing in the area of intervention; - In the deployment platforms of the construction sites, it should be performed a network of peripheral drainage constituted by drainage ditches, which should be coated if the slope of the ditches exceed 2%. The discharge of the peripheral drainage must be made to the nearest water line, building retainers for solid to prevent its transport to the watercourse; - The occupation area should be as small as possible and should be sealed and clearly checked and workers should be informed that these barriers should not be overcome. In the barriers, sign plates must be placed, including the security rules, as well as the works schedule. MC4 – Regarding the lands movements, the Contractor must follow these rules: - The land movements and machinery must, as far as possible, focus on the use of existing accesses or less sensitive to compaction and soil sealing, preventing

movement of machinery indiscriminately throughout the land; - Proceed to the previous removal of the surface layer of soil in the excavation areas, construction site and deposit, so that they can later be used in recovery of areas affected by the Enterprise. The removal of the soils must be reduced to a minimum and take place before the use of areas allocated to the Project activities, in order to prevent compaction. The soil must be stored in piles (“pargas”), that should not be pressed by vehicles. A proper place for storage of these soils must be selected, with good drainage, covered and guarantee conditions so there is no mixing with other materials; - The materials (land) resulting from excavations shall be deposited along the ditches , after previous removal and storage of topsoil from the intervention area; - All materials from excavations should be reused in landfills, whenever they have the appropriate characteristics. The superficial layers of the soil, with quality, resulting from these actions must be separated and suitably stored for subsequent use in the biophysical recovery of temporarily affected areas; - The volumes of surplus excavation materials shall be transported and deposited in suitable places, to be set by the contractor and approved by the construction works owner. The choice of temporary storage place and/or final for these materials should follow the same principles for determining the location of the construction site; - In order to avoid erosion phenomena and gulleys, when necessary, measures should be adopted in order to contain the temporary embankments; - During the rainy season of greater intensity, the activities of land movements shall be controlled in order to reduce the risk of erosion and consequent solids transport and sediments into the aquatic environment (sea water and water line); - The land moving activities should be started as soon as the soils are clean, avoiding repetition of actions over the same area; - It shall ensure that the excess inert materials do not suffer from any mixture with any other types of waste. MC5 – Regarding the deforestation and clearing operations, to reduce the environmental impacts related, these rules must be followed: - It should be protected and preserved the existing tree and shrub vegetation in the surrounding areas for intervention, in the construction site and access;

- All actions of vegetation removal, stripping and soil compaction, handling and storage of materials should be strictly limited to the areas necessary for execution of the work; - The logging should be avoided out of the area in deforestation. If is not technically possible, the species logged should always be recorded and registered, and identified its location in cartography; - Clearing operations in areas where it is not necessary to perform land movements, and therefore, are not subjected to soil mobilization, should be made by clearcutting with shredders and trimming materials; - In the case of areas with scrub vegetation, forest loss is expected to be carried out by harrowing, with a mixture of cut bush into the topsoil. This layer of soil may be stored in piles and is suitable for covering slopes, containing a volume of seeds that will contribute to their revegetation; - The material resulting from clearing activities and/or deforestation should be stored in a location away from watercourses and should be privileged its valuation and marketing, when possible and economically viable. Thus, the Contractor shall manage with the Owner of the Work in the delivery of logged woody material. MC6 – Regarding the definition for machinery and vehicles circulation, the following principles must be considered: - The movements of machines should be limited to the construction zone; - If it is necessary to cross the water lines, it should be favored the use of existing places for that purpose; - The movement of vehicles and heavy machinery should obey preferred routes, previously defined, taking advantage of the existing paths. The paths should be clearly marked. In the case of existing accesses, the possible improvement actions should only include expanding access in cases strictly necessary. MC7 – To reduce the impacts on air quality, the following measures should be adopted in order to control the pollution: - The material loads to be transported or temporarily stored, susceptible of being swept away by the wind, should be covered; - Waste burning is not allowed; - The vehicles must have a regular maintenance, as well as machinery and equipment used, to prevent the increase of atmospheric emissions.

MC8 – To reduce the impacts on noise environment the used equipments must comply with the rules and technical specification in terms of noise emission, and there must be a regular maintenance. MC9 – In order to control the water resources and soils pollution, the following measures must be adopted: - The areas allocated to workshops , machine park and storage of chemicals should be waterproofed and with effective drainage. These sites should be in areas with appropriate technical infrastructures, with easy access in order to facilitate the operation of waste transfer and shall be equipped with secondary containment; - The maintenance and supply of machinery allocated to the construction work should be performed in site, and there must be a sealed area and a basin for removable retention for oil changes, and these materials should be further collected and stored in a sealed and covered place, until their expedition to appropriate final destination; - In areas where construction works are performed that may affect the water lines, should be implemented measures to interfere as little as possible in the water regime, in the existing vegetation and margins stability. The natural flow of the water line must bever interrupted. For all interventions in water resources, necessary in the course of the work , the Regional Government should be informed; - The yards and the different work should be equipped with all materials and resources necessary to allow them to respond in case of environmental incidents/ accidents, including accidental spills of pollutants; - In the event of environmental incidents/accidents, the procedures should be activated for a quick resolution of these incidents, which must be previously approved by the Company. It should also proceed to the immediate recovery of the affected area. MC10 – Definition and adoption of a Management Plan for Water Sources, Effluents and Rainfall Control and a Waste Management Plan, in order to guarantee a safe temporary storage and appropriate final destination. These plans must guarantee that the following aspects are considered:

- Implementation of an appropriate collection and treatment system for waste water, that shall consider the different characteristics from the effluents created during construction stage;

- To privilege the water reuse, when possible;

- The washing waters for cement must be sent to a waterproofed place, in order to proceed to the sanitation of all area and final destination after the work is completed;

- The waters which contain or could potentially contain chemical

substances, such as water with a high concentration of oils and fats should be conducted to a selaed tank, on waterproofed land, and should subsequently be forwarded to appropriate destination;

- The domestic wastewater (sanitary and dining areas) must be properly

directed to septic tank, or, alternatively, treated before being discharged into the receiving environment. Effluents and sludge should be forwarded to appropriate final destination, and it is not allowed to discharge sludge into water lines. The effluents, before being discharged, shall comply with the quality standards in Decree -Law n . 236/ 98 of 1st August (Portuguese legislation):

- The discharge of wastewater into the environment should be subject to

prior authorization;

- Maintenance of the rainwater drainage network must be in good working conditions;

- Waste susceptible to generate contaminated effluents by the action of

percolating of the rainwater should be stored in covered parking;

- Under the waste management scope, the waste must be valued, considering the selective collection principles;

- The waste should be segregated and stored separately according to their

characteristics and final destination. Storage locations for different types of waste must be identified;

- All waste classified as hazardous including oils, lubricants, paints and

solvents, as well as contaminated waste oils, should be properly packaged and stored in an appropriate place.

MC11 – Definition and adoption of a Plan for Training, Awareness and Communication of all workers related to the construction works, considering the information actions and envrionmental awareness, in order to aware all stakeholders in the process of all the situations that might create an environmental impact and importance of complying with all the rules, to reduce those impacts. MC12 – In the conclusion stage, the area should be cleaned, by removing all waste created during the construction stage, and promoting the recovery of natural conditions, in the intervention areas. In those areas, the soils that were

subjected to temporary infrastructures and vehicles circulation must be treated. The natural profile of the land surface must be recovered. 6.2.2. Operation stage For the Project operation stage, the following measure must be adopted: ME1 – Definition and adoption of a Environmental Management System, with the requirements of the international standard for sustainable tourism (Biosphere responsible tourism), as presented in Chapter 7, having the following considerations:

- Adoption of environmental management practices aimed at reducing water consumption, the reduction of waste production, which favors the reuse and recycling of the water, control of phenomena liable to erosion and the adoption of measures to prevent contamination of soil and water resources;

- Awareness and training of the responsible staff for the management and maintenance for actions that can generate environmental impact, as well as environmental management measures to be taken to minimize them;

- Creating signals and/or other means of information for users of the enterprise for the information and environmental awareness, alerting to the importance of context of the island of Principe , Biosphere Reserve , with a view to creating good environmental behavior by users;

- Control and maintenance of infrastructure and equipment in order to

minimize any risks that a malfunction may cause to the environment;

- Selective waste collection , storage under appropriate conditions and recovery where feasible;

- Implementation of Monitoring Plans (see Chapter 7).

6.3 CLIMATE Considering the impacts assessment made for climate, it is not necessary to adopt mitigation measures for impacts specific for this descriptor. 6.4 GEOLOGY, GEOMORPHOLOGY AND HYDROGEOLOGY 6.4.1. Project stage MP1 – The selection of places to implement the different component of the Project in more steep areas must be analyzed as regards to geology, geotechnics

and morphology, in order to reduce the “cuts”, the need of big land movements, slopes with steep areas, guarantee the proper natural drainage and stability of buildings. A geotechnical study should be performed. 6.4.2. Construction stage The applicable measures for this descriptor in the construction stage are in the chapter related to general measures. 6.4.3. Operation stage ME2 - Regular cleaning and checking the operating conditions of drain lines, to facilitate the collection of rainwater, removing the excess water and promoting reduction of soil mineralization; ME3 - Maintenance of waste storage and control of operation sewage treatment system in order to keep them under appropriate conditions. 6.5. SURFACE WATER RESOURCES 6.5.1. Project stage MP2- Definition of solutions in terms of the Buildings Project, to promote water management in the perspective of minimizing the consumption of drinking water, by setting equipment that incorporate mechanisms for water saving; MP3- Conduct studies to define the areas potentially affected by floods (return periods of 100 years) to identify the project solutions to prevent/minimize changes in the flow of the existing water line, while preventing damage to the enterprise. The solutions should be adopted, if possible, to encourage management of the water line in the more natural regime possible; MP4 - Evaluate the development of the project of sewage treatment system to adopt (WWTP) and drainage network, the exact location of the treatment plant considering the sewers route network and optimizing energy consumption. Adopt national legislation with regard to requirements of the quality of the effluent discharge on the aquatic environment. In the case of the Water Treatment Plant (WTP) its location and supply network should be studied, in order to optimizate it. Should be adopted in terms of the project, the Portuguese legislation regarding the quality standards for human consumption. MP5 - Concerning the water treatment the following must be considered: We propose a solution based on a collection ( preferably underground or subsurface), with : Reception Tank (works as a natural sedimentation ) → Contact Tank (3 ppm of sodium hypochlorite and contact time of 3/4 hours to oxidation of oxidizable substances, including iron and manganese) → filtration (stage 1 or 2 , mono-ormultilayer , for removal of suspended matter and iron and

maganese precipitated) → filtration through activated carbon to remove odors and flavors → disinfection → tank for treated water. It is proposed to install compact treatment plants, mounted on a " skid " and protected from natural elements (heat , wind, rain). The use of a coagulant should be viewed as an exception as it introduces complexity in operation and requires the simultaneous determination of alkalinity. The treated water tank shall have a minimum volume able to cope with the average daily consumption for two days, also accommodating the volume of water needed for washing the filters, which should happen every day. With regard to fire fighting network, it can be fed from the water treated tank, in these circumstances, should be designed to accommodate the required volume to fight a fire. Alternatively, it will be able to design a tank dedicated to the fire fighting network fed by rain water (and additionally by water from the treated water tank). However, this solution, which is fed from the water recovery of roofs of buildings, should be examined. On the other hand, the use of rainwater also raises issues of quality, it is not unreasonable to think that the water can remain for long periods of time in the tanks. These proposals should be addressed in the development of the ongoing Water Treatment Project. MP6 – In what regards the effluents, we mention the following issues: The flows related to the Project operation are small, located in a narrow strip, for which is viable to think about compact intensive soluitons, either by fix biomass, either by suspension biomass, or extensive solutions, with a previous treatment. Due to soils characteristics, the inflitration solutions are not elegible. We propose the adoption of solutions that can deal with qualitative and quantitatives variations, often significant, of the effluent, guaranteing the quality of the treated effluent, reducing the electric power consumption. The effluent reuse in compatible ways might be a choice to consider, namely to irrigation systems or fire fighting. One of the most significant aspects associated to water treatment plants, results from the subproduct management, namely biologic sludge. Thus, we shall consider tretament solutions that minimize the sludge production, that is, operating in a low load regime (extended aeration). The tretament alternatives by fix biomass shall allow the correct operation during extended periods of time, with microbian growth, stopping its normal operation. The extensive solutions like the constructed wetlands, in one of its several variations (horizontal ou vertical flow), might be an interesting choice by the fact that it reduces the volume of the treated effluent, used to irrigation of the plants, guaranteing the microbiologic quality of the treated effluent, clearly superior to the intensive process, with an easy landscape integration.

In the following table we summarize the main positive and negative aspects related to the three solutions for the effluents treatment, like intensive process by fixed biomass and suspension biomass and extensive processes like constructed wetlands, with a previous primary treatment in dedicated tank. The average high temperatures do not restrict none of these treatment alternatives. Table 6.1. Advantages and disadvantages on the processes for effluents treatment Treatment process Advantages Disadvantages Fixed biomass - Consumes less power

than the process with suspension biomass

- Simple operation - Less sensitive to

variations on inflow conditions

- The general efficiency is lower than in the other processes;

- Needs a effective previous treatment;

- Sensitive to clogging.

Suspension biomass - High efficiency

- High power consumptions;

- Sensitive to inflow variations;

- Needs a regular control.

Constructed wetlands - Do not consume any power;

- Simple to operate; - Less sensitive to

variantions on inflow conditions;

- High efficiency

- Space occupied (2.5 m2/inhabitant/day);

- Effluent minimization to reuse (if the aim is to reuse).

The extensive process through constructed wetlands seems to present itself as an alternative to best fit the objectives (simplicity, robustness, low power consumption, quality of treated effluent). However, the choice of a treatment process that lacks necessarily a more detailed analysis should be conducted with the development of projects, because the available space and the architecture of each enterprise may affect the choice to be made. The solutions proposed here should be addressed in the ongoing System Sewage Treatment Project, and it doesn’t mean that there is no other choices, provided that fulfill the initial requirements. MP7 – Envisage in the Project the installation in areas of kitchens oils and fats separators. MP8 – The areas intended for the maintenance and workshops should have a system of separation of hydrocarbons associated to the drainage of these areas. MP9 - All equipment associated with the use of water (faucets, hoses, showers,

washing machine and dishwasher, sanitary discharge systems, among others) should minimize water consumption in accordance with the latest guidelines on this matter. 6.5.2. Construction stage As measures to minimize the negative effects of earthworks during construction and consequently, reduced possibility of existing natural drainage capacity and risk of contamination, we recommend the following measures (in addition to those already mentioned in the chapter General Measures): MC13 - Prior to construction work, think about the need to build of a drainage system surrounding the work areas, including the trenches coating and building sediments retention basins (depending on slopes and flow). MC14 - Minimize the potential for contamination associated with the presence and movement of vehicles used to construction activities through the parking of vehicles and machines in a paved place and with effective drainage, implementation of a program of regular maintenance of vehicles and the prediction of an effective system for the collection of waste oils and sending them for an appropriate final destination. MC15 - Adopt safe practices of transport, containment, storage and handling of chemicals for use, either as protection against spills, storms or fire or as protection against intrusion. MC16 - Ensuring the cleanliness of all the affected drainage elements, so as to avoid future problems of clogging or flooding, upon completion of the work. MC17 - The effluents from washing concrete mixers must be directed to a proper retention basin. At the end of the construction work, all the soil layer must be removed from the retention basin, containing waste concrete and must forwarded to appropriate treatment. The retention basins may be formed by pits dug in the soil and covered with geotextile. 6.5.3. Operation stage In the operation stage, the minimization measures are related to the management of drinking water consumption, with the optimum utilization of the WWTP and the maintenance of drainage systems, both natural and artificial: ME4 - Promote the implementation of a regular program of verification, cleaning and maintenance for the natural drainage system (water lines) in order to avoid a situations of clogging and obstructions. ME5 - Promote the implementation of a regular program of verification, cleaning and maintenance for installed drainage system, either rain or domestic, in order to avoid situations of clogging and obstruction.

ME6- Explore the plants in an effective way, optimizing the use of chemical produts, improving the water quality from the final effluent. ME7 – Monitore the effluent and comply with the discharge limits, according to the Decree Law n.236/98, August 1st (Portuguese legislation). Implement a monitoring program that allows to control the quality of the water. 6.6. SOILS 6.6.1. Construction stage The mitigation measures of the impacts on soils, during the construction stage, correspond to the measures already mentioned in the scope of general measures, that aims to reduce the erosion phenomena and soils compactation, related to good environmental practices on the management of construction sites and works, vehicles and machinery circulation, biophysic recovery of affected areas, and others. 6.6.2. Operation stage There are no measures for this descriptor on the operation stage. 6.7. ECOLOGY 6.7.1. Project stage MP10 - In actions for exterior / reforestation, the species must be selected and adapted to local ecological conditions, not using species with invasive character. Previously the beginning of the works must be submitted a plan to reforest the intervention area. The selection of species must consider the ecological conditions that might be achieved in the area. 6.7.2. Construction stage In order to prevent and minimize some of the main impacts of the construction stage of the Project on ecosystems of the study area, the mitigation measures should be complied, concerning the movement of machinery and vehicles used for work, preservation of tree specimens, the minimum allocation of areas, recovery of the affected areas, among others. Next, we present the specific measures to minimize the negative impacts of the construction stage of the Project, on ecological values in the study area. MC18 – The work activities, including the movement of machinery, should be limited to areas absolutely necessary for the implementation of the Project,

avoiding activities in neighboring areaswith unnecessary allocations of flora and fauna elements. MC19 – It is forbidden any activity that might cause distrubance or directly affect the turtles nesting areas in Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches with areas for laying eggs. 6.7.3. Operation stage In the operation stage of the Project, we did not identify significant adverse impacts. It is considered that the presence of the new enterprise could promote an improvement in the ecological conditions of the site. Thus, at the level of the proposed measures, it is intended primarily to establish some recommendations that allow visitors to enjoy the framing area of the Project, enjoying the natural conditions and contributing to strengthening the image of Príncipe as a place of great natural and conservacionist value. Thus, we propose the following measures for the operational stage of the Project: ME8 – Establishment of visits conditions, which is accompanied by an official with knowledge of the natural values existing natural on the framing area, promoting visits to areas of natural interest, whether on land or in the marine area. This measure aims to advertise the natural values , promoting the contact of its users with the existing natural values and respect for those values. This may represent an interesting measure of dissemination and awareness for environmental Project users. ME9 – Minimum required in terms of security and good management of the enterprise, the outdoor lighting in the beach area. Although the beach is not identified as a place for turtle nesting, this will allow for the continued use by several species that just will not see their calm conditions changed. ME10 – Awareness campaigns amongst the guest to appropriate behavior, namely in the exterior places, regarding the existing natural values. Particular attention to turtles nesting. ME11 – Restriction of night visits non-followed by technician and experts in the turtles nesting areas, during nesting season. ME12- Maintenance of forest area surrounding by forest management activities, avoiding the appearance of invasive species such as coconut and palm trees. ME13- Promotion agreements with research centers, universities, and other entities with responsibilities and interest in study of nature conservation and ecology, promoting conducting more detailed studies of the area to allow a detailed mapping of existing natural values in the concession area.

6.8. AIR QUALITY

6.8.1. Project stage MP11 - In the definition of the energy system of the enterprise shall be privileged solutions limiting the use of fossil fuels. Fuels to be used shall be sulfur reduced (preferably up to 1%). The energy production equipment should be installed having an efficiency as high as possible to minimize the emissions, with the reference emission limits established under the Portuguese law. MP12 - All equipment shall be installed, where possible, having the highest category on the efficiency of energy consumption. 6.8.2. Construction stage During the construction stage it is recommended, in addition to those already mentioned in the General Measures, the adoption of measures to minimize the emission and dispersion of air pollutants in the construction site and in areas adjacent to the work, taking into account the consequences that may arise for environment, including: MC20- Adopt measures to protect individual workers more exposed to air pollution during construction activities, according to the legal standards and tecnhical specifications established. MC21- Selecting, whenever possible, constructive processes and techniques that manage the emission and dispersion of less air pollutants as well as vehicles and machinery designed to prevent and control air pollution. MC22 – Reduce the vehicles and machinery circulation. MC23 – Take special care in operations of loading, unloading and materials deposition and construction waste material, especially if the type of powdery or particles, namely by controlled conditioning during loading, adopting smaller drop heights during unloading works, coverage and wetting during deposition in the affected area. 6.8.3. Operation stage Given the impacts likely to occur at this stage, it is not necessary to implement minimization measures. However, as the prevention of occurrence of air pollution we recommend: ME14 - Use, whenever possible, of electric vehicles over conventional vehicles (consumers of fossil fuels).

6.9. NOISE ENVIRONMENT 6.9.1. Project stage In the project stahe, the Measrures are related to compliance with the legislation in noise emission from appliances to be installed. Therefore it is recommended: MP13 - Electromechanical equipment assigned to the project (eg, HVAC systems, emergency groups) should, if necessary, be suitable for acoustic conditioning, compliance with the applicable legal provisions (Portuguese legislation), as well as to obtain conditions of acoustic comfort of users, with a predicted level of demand medium/high, thereby having noise emissions to the outside equal to zero or meaningless. 6.9.2. Construction stage It is considered that the measures in the General Measures chapter are sufficient to reduce the disturbance of the populations affected by the works noise. 6.9.3. Operation stage The activities involved in running the project under analysis (rest and leisure, controlled vehicle circulation, reduced and low speeds) it is considered that they don’t’ have any noisy characteristics, thus not predicting the need for special measures to reduce noise beyond what is usually implemented in electromechanical equipment and other areas with sensitive occupancy. 6.10. DEMOGRAPHY, POPULATION, SOCIETY AND ECONOMY 6.10.1. Construction stage The Measures contained in the general measures for the reduction of noise and emissions are also measures that apply to promote the well-being of populations. In addition to these it is proposed the following measures: MC24 - Using local workers during the construction stage, whenever possible, benefiting local population, contributing to one of the central objectives of Sustainable Development Plan in Príncipe.

MC25 – Correctly sign the accesses of the intervention area indicating speed reduction. MC26 - Create secure areas with limited access and properly signed, to reduce the risk of accident by people approaching the work zone. MC27 - Warn people that live in the areas most affected by the work, especially the circulation vehicle, about the work timing. 6.10.2 Operation stage Within the socio-economics, the measures related to improve the positive impacts and to establishing a series of recommendations, which should be included in the future management model of the enterprise. ME15 - Establish a protocol of cooperation with the authorities responsible for training, to develop a component of responsible tourism and to give priority to using local and regional workers. ME16 - Prioritise, whenever possible, the purchase of services (maintenance, supply materials, supply of goods and services) to companies in the region, thereby boosting permanent and indirect employment derived from the enterprise operation. ME17 - Promote visits / tours that promote customer interaction with the enterprise different communities and the inhabitants of the city of Santo António, in order to promote the dissemination of the cultural aspects of the island and promote the development of small local businesses. 6.11. LANDSCAPE 6.11.1. Project stage Comply with measures regarding the ecology, namely the ones related to forest requalification / improvements and the ones presented for geomorphology descriptor, related to integration of the elements in the land morphology. 6.11.2. Construction stage MC28 - Disturbing the smallest possible space of land surrounding the construction work, whether for materials storage or for parking machinery, among other uses related to construction, used only in planned intervention areas. MC29 - Safeguard all tree specimens and shrubs that do not disturb the execution of works.

6.11.3. Operation stage Apply all measures mentioned in all descriptors, specially in ecology. 6.12. WASTE MANAGEMENT 6.12.1. Project stage MP14 - Include in the Architectural Project all areas dedicated to the temporary storage of waste, and define their characteristics according to the type of waste to be stored, separatingareas for storage of hazardous waste from the rest. Should be set an area for storage of large waste, such as waste containers,paper and cardboard, plastics, pallets, etc.). Should be provided the recovery systems for waste whenever possible and set the final destination for all waste. 6.12.2. Construction stage Measures to be taken during the construction stage should be included in the Specifications of the Work, part of the demands placed on the contractor that the waste produced is properly secured and equated their final destinations in a technically and environmentally correct way. On the other hand, should be carried out an environmental monitoring, allowing the implementation of proper waste management policy, to be made under the implementation of the Environmental Action Plan to implement in the construction stage (see Chapter 7 and Annex 1). In this framework, we make the following recommendations: MC30 - Proceed with the preparation of a Waste Management Plan for the work, framed in the Environmental Action Plan to implement in the construction stage (see Chapter 7 and Appendix 1), in which should be defined lines of action for staging operations, packaging, transport and referral to an appropriate destination. Should be the main types and quantities of waste produced on site, their classification, their origin, destination and transport (explaining the locations of final destination and licensing of operations). MC31 - Must comply with all legislation, national, in effect, using Portuguese legislation whenever the national is silent with regard to waste management, including for the identification and classification of waste. MC32 - The place assigned to park temporary storage of waste should be clearly defined and identified for the purpose. Access to this site will be conditioned. Waste should be segregated and stored separately according to their characteristics and destination. Storage locations for different types of waste must be identified. MC33 - All waste classified as hazardous, including oils, lubricants, paints and solvents, as well as contaminated waste oils should be properly stored in an appropriate place and authorized by the Employer. Should be considered the

construction / implementing of a retention basin in order to minimize the impact of any spills. MC34 - Temporary storage of waste oils and fuels shall be in a waterproofed and covered place, with retention basin for accidental spills, separating hydraulic oils from motor for differential management. Containers should be clearly identified on the outside part. MC35 - Maintenance operations and supply of machinery shall take place within constructicon sites, in a place previously defined and with the necessary conditions for the purpose. All machinery should be properly inspected to ensure its proper functioning, reducing the risk of contamination of soil and water. MC36 – The oil filters , previously drained, absorbent materials and contaminated soils with hydrocarbons should be temporarily stored in sealed containers. MC37 - Removal of waste classified as hazardous including oils, lubricants , paints and solvents , and contaminated waste oils should only be initiated by the Contractor after approval by the Employer or his representative of the proposal of the final destinations. Should be presented a copy of the proof of the final destinations of these wastes, which must be conducted out of the island , to final destinations environmentally safe. MC38 - Regarding the production of household waste, the work site should be provided with containers to collect this type of waste , enabling the separation of this waste from industrial , hazardous and non-hazardous. For organic waste shall be privileged solutions of compost waste. For the remaining should be agreed with the Regional Government its final destination. MC39 - Is not permitted to reject any kind of waste to the soil or water lines. 6.12.3. Operation stage ME18 - Develop and implement a Waste Management Plan for the Eco – Tourism Project in Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches framed in the Environmental Management System to implement in the Enterprise (see Chapter 7), which should define collection solutions adapted to each type of infrastructure and activity. The Plan should be based on the philosophy of prevention of waste production through implementation of a policy of reducing the consumption of packaging, for example. It should also establish a system of selective collection of waste equivalent to USW produced in enterprise. These wastes must be disposed of according to their types. The collection periodicity should be appropriate to the type and quantities of waste produced, and should be ensured that the container capacity is never exceeded and that no organic waste long stay therein so as to be prevented from producing unpleasant odors or spillage of waste.

ME19 - Promote the reduction and recycling of waste, within the strategies defined in the Waste Management Plan, so that only in practical terms is not possible to valorize be forwarded to the final destination . The Waste Management Plan shall provide for monitoring methodology of the different waste fractions produced in order to be able set goals for future recycling . Should be adopted adapted collection sollutions for each type of infrastructure and business. The separate collection of USW produced in development should cover the entire area of the same and include equipment for collecting of all fractions were considered significant. ME20 – Implement a specific system for hazardous waste and must be defined a correct system from the technical and environmental point of view, according to legislation, local and containers for storage of such waste and its referral to an appropriate destination. ME21 – Evaluate the possibility of composting organic waste and green, to promote its valuation. ME22 – Promoting awareness actions on workers of the enterprise, including therestaurants, about the importance of implementing proper waste management so that it can minimize the production of waste, increasing the fraction of waste to recycling. ME23 – Promote actions among users of the enterprise in the sense of information and awareness of these practices for waste management and importance of compliance. 6.13. LAND PLANNING AND CONSTRAINTS MP15- Must be requested all necessary consents, either inherent in the construction of project either for its operation. 6.14. ARCHEOLOGICAL, ARCHITECTURAL AND ETNOGRAPHIC HERITAGE There are not any measures for this descriptor.

7. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING 7.1. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS This chapter constitutes the Programme Monitoring and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Eco-Tourism Project for Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches, which aims to define the process of observation and systematic collection of data on the state of the environment and environmental effects of the Project, possible to assess both the effectiveness of the mitigation measures proposed under the this EIA. . Environmental monitoring is a concept defined in the current legislative framework in the field of Environmental Impact Assessment . The monitoring program should be designed to: ensure compliance with laws and other legal requirements in this area, or other force that will have the force of law , developing the necessary efforts for continuous improvement of environmental performance of the enterprise , taking into account the innovations and improvements technology that may be effected during the lifetime of the project , developing the best practices for the rational use of natural resources , as well as predict and implement the best techniques for prevention and reduction of pollution at source , only to highlight the main . The negative environmental impacts identified for this project are, in general, less significant and yet are reduced by the adoption and implementation of measures to minimize identified in the previous chapter . Thus, we only need to identify the monitoring level for the operation of the Project and related quality control of water in the water line, the water quality for human consumption, the discharge of liquid effluents, with the control characteristics of the sludge before disposal (if they are applied in agriculture) and controlling the consumption of power, water and chemicals. This monitoring is proposed by its importance in the control of these environmental descriptors and not because the impacts they identified are significant . Also fits the optical implementation of a management environment system, with the certification by the " standards" of Responsible Tourism, in the operation stage. The management and control measures recommended either for construction or for operation stage allow a good environmental management of the Project without the need for monitoring campaigns for other descriptors. Below are the guidelines for environmental monitoring proposal for the monitoring of environment for the construction stage and to implement environmental management in the operation stage. 7.2. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING

7.2.1. Water for human consumption Samples should be collected from the treated water tank and in some points of consumption (taps that are located in the most unfavorable points the of building network, i.e., further tank, and with less pressure and more pressure). At each point should be determined the following parameters:

- T (in situ) - Conductivity ( in situ) - Ph - SSD - SST - TAC - Full alkalimetry (OH + carbonates + bicarbonates) - TH – Hydrotimetry (Calcic Hardness + Magnesian) - Fe - Mn - Chlorides - Sulphates - Chlorine - Fecal coliforms - Total coliforms - Salmonella, Escherichia Coli, Clostridium Welchi, fecal Streptococcus,

Giardia and Criptosporidium. The monitoring program of water for human consumption will be detailed in the project, the definition of the treatment system. This will measure the parameters to be monitored, the number of annual determinations, collection points, methodologies for collecting and processing laboratory results of treatment, among others. 7.2.2. Liquid effluents – WWTP effluent Given that we are talking about a wastewater treatment plant that will treat primarily domestic sewage, we propose to monitor the following parameters:

- Ph - CBO5 - CQO - SST - Fecal coliforms - Detergents - Total nitrogen - Nitrates - Total phosphorous - Oils and fats - Phosphates

The sampling site should be outside the WWTP in a box before connecting to the drainage system. The sampling frequency will depend on the treatment system to be adopted and the operation regime. Must always be sampled at the start of operation of the the system. In the first six months of operation shall be sampled bimonthly (every 2 months) and the last 6 months, depending on the previous results, the sample will remain bimonthly (in the case of concentrations of the parameters are very high) or will be every six months. After completion of each monitoring campaign, data should be analyzed against the estimated in Decree -Law no . 236/ 98 of 1 August (Portuguese legislation) using Annex XVIII - emission limit values in waste water discharge. At the end of each year monitoring, should be carried out an annual report, which shall include the results of the monthly monitoring reports and made a critical analysis of the results, relating them with the activities in question , assessing the need for additional measures. At the end of the first two years of the monitoring program it should be reviewed. The monitoring program of effluents will be detailed in the project, and the system definition treatment. This will measure the parameters to be monitored, the number of determinations per year, the collection points , collection methodologies and laboratory processing , treatment of results, among others. 7.2.3. WWTP Sludges WWTP sludge should be subject to monitoring. If these are conducted for recovery agriculture (vegetables), to be met by some monitoring requirements, which are framed by the Portuguese legislation (Decree-Law n. º 276/2009 of 2 October). The sludge must be analyzed at least twice a year, in the first year. If, during this period test results do not differ significantly from each other, the sludge can be analyzed only every two years. Again, this frequency is depending t on the system and recommended treatment amount of sludge produced and removed from the system. Thus, if the sludge is removed only occasionally (once a year or less), the analysis should be performed prior to deposition in the soil. The parameters to be analyzed in sludge intended for agricultural use are:

- Dry matter - Organic matter - Ph - Total nitrogen

- Nitric nitrogen and ammoniacal nitrogen - Total phosphorous - Total potassium - Total calcium - Heavy metals (cadmium, copper, nickel, lead, mercury, zinc and

chromium). After completion of each campaign, the results should be compared with the limits established in Decree-Law n. º 276/2009, above mentioned. If heavy metals occur in very small amounts after two analyzes, may be removed from the program. At the end of the first two years of the monitoring program should be reviewed. We refer, once again, the monitoring of the sludge should be carried out only in situations of their application in vegetables. 7.2.4. Consumption monitoring It is proposed to monitor the consumption of water, energy and chemicals. Records of consumption of water and energy should be daily and the weekly consumption of chemicals. These data should be analyzed and checked if there is any deviation from the normal functioning of the enterprise and should be used to set targets for continuous improvement in environmental management and certification process Biosphere. 7.2.5 Monitoring of turtles nesting There must be a monitoring plan for turtles nesting in Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches, as well as regarding the successful hatching. 7.3. ENVIRONMENTAL FOLLOW UP PLAN This chapter relates to environmental monitoring in developing in the Project construction, to ensure the implementation and enforcement of mitigation measures, general and specific, recommended in the EIA, the additional measures proposed by the Directorate General of Environment and/or the Regional Government, resulting from the process of Environmental Impact Assessment . The Environmental Management should be based on various environmental requirements, which should be integrated in the respective tender documents of the work to be performed by the contractor or developed and implemented by the developer. The Specifications document shall also include all mitigation measures contained in this EIA and possibly other proposals by the competent authorities of the resulting procedure in the Impact Assessment Environmental.

In Annex 1, in this report, we present the Environmental Monitoring Plan which should be compulsorily followed by the contractor. 7.4. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN OPERATION STAGE In the operation stage shall be defined and implemented an Environmental Management System (EMS), covering all components of the Eco-Tourism Project in Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches. Regarding the intention of HBD to implement and certify a system of Responsible Tourism Management in accordance with international standard hotels for the Biosphere, a environmental management component should be framed in this context. Environmental management will be addressed, from the perspective of standard EN ISO 14001 - the international standard for environmental management. The main aims for the Environmental Management System are:

- Produce regular and clear information on the environmental performance of the Eco-Tourism Project in Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches;

- Provide evidence of compliance with environmental regulations;

- Promote continuous improvement in relation to its environmental performance, control environmental aspects associated with the operation of the Project and risk reduction resulting from possible environmental risk situations;

- Promote awareness and training of employees and guests to the

environmental issues;

- Promote good relationships with regional and national authorities, as well as community in general and employees during the period of operation of the enterprise.

Thus, this system should consider the following aspects (relating to environmental and social components): - Definition of a responsible tourism policy to include, regarding environmental issues, commitment of the top management of the enterprise in fulfilling regional legislation , national and/or international and other requirements to which the company endorses the commitment of continuous improvement, and pollution prevention should be appropriate to the scale of the environmental and social impacts of their activities and should establish the framework for setting and reviewing objectives and environmental targets. The policy must be documented, available and must be communicated to workers and guests; - It should identify environmental aspects and their impacts associated with each operation activity at Eco-Tourism Project in Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches,

either normal operation or in emergency situations, in order to assess the impacts with more relevance;

- It should be defined a mechanism that allows the identification of all legislation applicable and verification of compliance. Should also be defined which legislation to consider where the regional or national legislation is insufficient or nonexistent. It is recommended to use the Portuguese Law in cases where pertinent to its application;

- Establishing an Action Plan that includes objectives and environmental and social goals with a view to continuous improvement and establish the necessary measures to implement responsibilities, necessary means and establish deadlines. These objectives should aim, wherever possible, the more relevant environmental aspects;

- The responsibilities within this management plan should be established andcommunicated to stakeholders. Top management must have a representative within management system and shall ensure the availability of human resources and specific skills, infrastructure of the organization and the technological and financial resources necessary to implement and maintain the management system;

- Within the implementation of a management system, training and

awareness of workers is essential for the implementation of this system, as well as ensure proper operation of the Eco-Tourism Project in Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches in its different components. Thus, must proceed to preparation of responsible staff for ensuring the proper functioning of the enterprise, with anticipation regarding the date of entry into service, when possible, or even during the functioning. Is expected prior training (described in Chapter 2 this report), but it should be enhanced and updated;

- Effective communication, whether with employees or with guests and

users of the enterprise, either the exterior (and company officials), is fundamental in a environmental management system. Thus, it should be defined procedures for communication with the different stakeholders;

- It should be defined what documentation will integrate the system and

associated records. It should also be defined as such documentation will be controlled;

- The proper management of the enterprise should take into account the

necessity of performing operations, maintenance, and repair to ensure the achievement of appropriate levels of security, reliability and efficiency of their operation. Thus, it should define the operational control measures that make possible its operation safely and effectively and with a view to achieving the objectives and goals of the action plan. It should also be defined prevention, control and minimization of potential emergency situations;

- Where necessary, it should be defined procedures for monitoring and

measuring, needed to check the recommended environmental management system ( eg measuring consumption of energy and water, monitoring of waste production, quality water, effluent treatment plant, pond water, water for human consumption among others);

- Periodic evaluation of compliance with legal requirements, and other that

the company subscribe, defined for such a procedure. It should also be provided a mechanism that allows the organization to identify and treat the non-compliances (deviations from the system), actual and potential, and to implement the related corrective and preventive actions;

- It should also be considered periodic internal audits to the operation of

the system and top management should review its environmental management system with intervals to define but is recommended to be at least once a year. In this review should be evaluated the effectiveness and efficiency of the system and the need to amendments , among other things that the organization considers relevant.

Within the implementation of the environmental management system in the Eco-Tourism Project in Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches the following are specially important:

- Awareness and training of the staff responsible for the management and maintenance over the whole process, in matters of control and protection of the environment from the perspective of considering these issues as a strategic issue and a source of pride for staff involved in the effort to ensure a exemplary behavior in the enterprise;

- Promoting economic and social development of local communities;

- Protection of landscape and biodiversity;

- Preparation of the following Management Programs and Control:

- Consumption control (measurement and operational control):

- Energy consumption (electricity and fuel);

- Water consumption;

- Consumption of products (packaged materials and chemicals, for example).

- Control of the WTP:

- Operational control;

- Control use of chemicals;

- Monitoring of water consumed;

- Waste management;

- Control of energy consumption;

- Implementation of the maintenance program;

- Control of the WWTP:

- Operational control;

- Control use of chemicals;

- Monitoring the effluent;

- Monitoring sludge;

- Waste management;

- Control of energy consumption;

- Implementation of the maintenance program.

- Gas emission management:

- Operational control;

- Monitoring of fuel consumption;

- Implementation of a Maintenance Plan for vehicles and equipment;

- Emission monitoring (if set as required by operational conditions despite not being identified in this EIA).

- Noise emissions management:

- Operational control;

- Implementation of a Maintenance Plan for vehicles and equipment;

- Emission monitoring (if set as required by operating conditions despite

not being identified in this EIA);

- Waste management:

- Operational control;

- Implementation of procedures for waste management;

- Spill control (emergency);

- Measurement.

- Preventive Maintenance Schedule, including maintenance of

rainwater, network, domestic sewage, water supply, treatment systems, the other vehicles and equipment in order to keep them in good conditions of operation, reducing their environmental impacts;

- Risk control of hazardous materials;

- Internal Emergency Plan to minimize the risks associated with the

operation of the enterprose, including the implementation of a system to prevent and fight fires;

- Implementation of the provided Monitoring Plans.

8. IMPACTS AND MEASURES SUMMARY 8.1. INTRODUCTION The assessment of environmental impacts generated by the implementation of the project under study was made based on the matrix method. This methodology incorporates basically a list of activities or actions of the Project, together with other concerning environmental descriptors likely to be affected. The two lists relate to a matrix which identifies cause- effect relationship between activities and impacts on the environment. The relationships can be of various types, but in essence, seek to represent the existence, magnitude and type of impacts occurrence, being certain or probable. Its main interest lies in the ability to relate simultaneously all impactful activities and the associated impacts, enabling simultaneous consideration of all the variables involved. The matrix presented below incorporates, on the horizontal axis, the following specific actions (were selected the most significant, per stage) of the project, understood in its entirety. The activities identified in each of the stages are: Project Construction:

- Installation of construction site;

- Land clearing and land movements (removal of existing buildings);

- Execution of infrastructures;

- Civil construction works;

- Construction of interior access, access to the resort and streets inside the resort;

- Decommissioning of the construction site;

- Execution of the exterior works;

- Equipments and tests;

- Job creation.

Project Operation and Maintenance:

- Existence of a new turist resort in Príncipe island, located in Macaco

beach, with some structires in Uba and Boi beaches;

- Use of tourist resort by guests and visitors, including restaurant;

- Increased security on the access road to Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches;

- Resource consumption by the normal operation of the Eco-Tourism Project in Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches;

- Production of waste, effluents and emissions by the normal operation of

Eco-Tourism Project in Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches;

- Creating jobs and increasing the workers skills, through appropriate training;

- Generating wealth by exploiting the Project in Macaco, Boi and Uba

beaches, whether directly through taxes and creating jobs, whether indirectly, through all activities related to the resort;

- Maintenance actions of Eco-Tourism Project in Macaco, Boi and Uba

beaches. On the vertical axis, are considered the various factors of the environment potentially affected. The relations between the two axis are expressed through qualitative and quantitative indicators for the following descriptors: -Impact qualification + Positive - Negative - Importance 0 - Null 1 - Without significance 2 - Less significant 3 - Significant 4 - Very Significant

8.2. IMPACTS GLOBAL ASSESSMENT The reading of the impact matrix (Table 8.1) shows that the occurrence of negative impacts , is mostly marked by impacts that do not exceed the rating of "less significant". The most sensitive stage, at the level of negative impacts, is the construction stage, and the positive impactspositive will be felt, more clearly, in the operation stage. More significant, in the construction stage, we identify the impacts on the descriptors " water resources", "landscape" and "waste management", and all identified as significant will turn into less significant, if the mitigation measures are applied. The actions that cause greater allocations, at an environmental level, are the ones associated to the construction of accommodation and access and infrastructures related in steep areas and the access construction / improvements. These actions, due to their geological, geomorphological and climatic conditions, feature some landslide risks, causing negative impacts, veru significant, besides risks to the workers. However, these impacts can be minimizable through adoption of measures regarding the project’s development and construction works. It is recommended a deep analysis from a geological and geotechnical point of view, to select the places to implement the different elements of the Project, mainly in steep areas, in order to minimize the “cuts”, the need for land movements and steep slopes, assuring the bulidings’s stability. At the landscape level, in the construction stage, all planned interventions will cause visual disorganization of the area, giving it an aspect of " construction site".This impact will be significant, and this significance can be reduced with the implementation of the mitigation measures recommended. Regarding waste, also in construction stage, will be produced different waste typology , including waste classified as hazardous. The impacts associated with these waste will be significant in the case of the deposition is not done in a technically and environmentally way, but minimizable by the adoption of good practices of waste management . It is also important to highlight for the construction stage, the positive impacts that can take up as significant at the level of socio-economics, essentially resulting in the jobs creation.

In the operation stage, the impacts are expected to be marked by very positive aspects associated to the socio- economy descriptor, including job creation and wealth generation, identified as very significant impacts. Effectively, we highlight the importance of theProject at a regional and national level for the promotion and diversification of the tourist offer of the region, attracting to the Príncipe and S. Tomé population with high purchasing power. The negative impacts identified for this stage are, mostly, insignificant, with exception of some impacts associated with the production of wast e, which could take some significance. If the proposed mitigation measures are applied, these impacts will have a reduced significance. From the matrix analysis, the adoption of mitigation measures, including the monitoring plans, environmental monitoring in construction stage and environmental managements in the operation stage will reduce the negative impacts and increase the effects of the positive impacts. Table 8.1. Impacts summary matrix

9. IDENTIFICATION OF KNOWLEDGE GAPS The main knowledge gaps identified at this study are associated with gaps of basic information about Príncipe’s hydrological data, water quality, hydrogeology elements, among others. The gaps associated with the stage in which the project is - Preliminary Study, are, in general, expected in an EIA that is developed in this stage of the Project. Thus, this study will provide a fundamental working tool for the preparation of the Project Execution, where the mitigation measures proposed are incorporated. The available information on the activities of constructionwork, including type and location of construction sites and description of the construction process, is not yet sufficiently developed in order to allow a deep knowledge of its impacts. However , the mitigation measures and the Environmental Monitoring Plan proposed allow to anticipate any problems associated with these aspects. In terms of project elements existing in less detail, we highlight the infrastructure projects and architecture. However, it did not prevent identification of the most relevant impacts, and the definition of the corresponding mitigation measures and recommendations for the following stages. Thus, it is considered that the gaps did not question a careful assessment of impacts or the proposed mitigation measures and necessary compensation to minimize the impacts, in the case of being negative, or enhance them in case of positive impacts.

10. CONCLUSIONS We presented the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), under Preliminary Study, for the Eco-Tourism Project in Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches, in its stages of construction and operation. The development of this EIA, on a Preliminary Study stage, strongly aims to adopt an proactive attitude regarding the study and evaluation of impacts of the project, leading to the inclusion of suggestions and changes resulting from the EIA and the whole process of Environmental Impact Assessment. This is the case for the considerations made in the EIA about the concerns on the location of construction site, traffic increases, demolitions, measures to adopt in site, waste management and effluents, energy consumption, to name some of the most important aspects. Creating a Project with the characteristics of this one assumes one undeniable importance in terms of socio -economic development, what is meant by the planned investments. The project area was considered at the level of Sustainable Development Plan of Príncipe island (PADS) as having tourism vocation – sea, establishing a maximum of 100 accommodation units. Bu developing the Project’s concept, and integrating it in the same territory, by reducing the negative impacts in an environmental level, this Project was developed to reduce the number of accommodations for the area – 64 in total for three beaches. It is also important to mention that the Project contributes to the PADS aims, namely in what concerns the investment in a growing sector at a regional level (and national), being one of the investments of Autonomous Region, it will imply a very positive impact at a land planning level. On the other hand, it should be noted that the analyzed development project reflects clear concerns about sustainability issues, visible in the concept, with the environmental aspect, through increased care in adjusting the sensitivity of the area (island with high natural values and classified as a Biosphere Reserve). The proposal of a project supported in nature tourism, designed for the enjoyment of the natural environment in which it will integrate, is a proof of that commitment. Thus, there is as great impact resulting from the project the generation of wealth by investing in a growing sector at a regional level ( and national), being one of the investments in the Autonomous Region based in the Sustainable Development Plan for Príncipe (PADS): the Responsible Tourism. In a territory characterized by the scarcity of jobs, both in areas that require a higher qualification, both in operational areas, the Eco - Tourism Project in Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches arises as an opportunity for renewal and

rejuvenation of the regional employment market, by its attractiveness, fixation and use of human resources. Once again, we highlight that for the human resources raising, the project envisages a strong focus on the region's resources, which will be awarded as a priority issue in the human resources policy of the resort. Thus, the implementation of the project will clearly contribute to a socio-economic enrichment for the Autonomous Region of Príncipe, and throughout the country, which ranks as a strong positive effect, being enhanced by other ongoing projects. Also note the importance of the project at a regional and national level for the promotion and diversification of tourism in the region, attracting to the Príncipe and S. Tomé population with high purchasing power. Obviously, the intervention for implementation of a project with these characteristics will always imply the existence of allocations, with variable expressions, both in terms of the construction stage, both in the operation stage. In this case, after the evaluation, we manage to identify some issues which, by their sensitivity, are highlighted. In terms of ecology , which motivates and supports the classification of the area in question , were identified some potentially significant negative impacts , but collapsing . On the other hand , the contribution the project aims to give the experience of the natural environment in which it operates , is a strong positive impact . In fact, the role that is expected by the project (together with other similar projects the HBD has to the Island and the promotion that is intended , at the PADS for nature conservation ) can be expected that this project contributes positively to defense of nature conservation and to local and regional sustainability . From the landscape point of view, the intervention in an area with favored characteristics and unusual (like the color of the sea in front of Boi beach), some concerns arise from a possible degradation of this place. In fact, the Project will change the intervention area, becoming more managed and less natural. From this conclusion, for Macaco beach, the exception is the former resort that marks the landscape, reducing its interest. Gobally, and by a careful design of the Project and its concept, the landscape impacts, even with some negative side, will result in positive impacts felt locally and regionally, contributing to enrichment of a crucial resource in Príncipe island: the landscape. The issue of water resources and the solutions for the water lines that flow into Macaco beach is also a sensitive issue in this Project. The water lines will be affected by the buildings and might turn into a negative impact in terms of

security. Currently, the water lines are already piped in the final path, so the impacts will be less significant. There is a study that will allow to set the risk areas and set technical solutions to mitigate the impacts and guarantee the safety of the resort. The solutions that reduce the artificial water lines systems are more advised from a environmental point of view. In what regards geology and geomorphology, the Project expects the construction in steep areas with high unstable risks. The consequent stages will allow to reduce the significant impacts. There are also risks regarding the entry of turists in the region, related to increase of phenomena like prostitution, drugs and violence. These aspects are negative impcts, but minimizable with the correct follow up of social issues by the Regional Government. Regarding the other related descriptors, the impacts were identified for the construction and operation stages, and it is not expected to have significant negative impacts. We highlight that, in the scope of the several descriptors analyzed, there is a set of measures during the construction works that will allow to mitigate the impacts and compensate them, by implementing improvement programmes. We highlight the measures related to ecological value, trough reforestation with local species and sustainable managements with communities interactions, promoting the island’s culture and the development of local businesses, with the promotion of natural values for turists and visits that will allow the contact with the natural reality, in what regards the knowledge. We propose a carefull monitoring program that will reinforce the managements and will allow to follw up the effects that the resort might cause, allowing aditional mitigation measures, if necessary. Even though there are some environmental concerns, they will be reduced by mitigation measures in this EIA, by following the Environmental Monitoring Plan. It must be a Environmental Management System to the operation stage, in the scope of certification under the international standard of Biosphere Responsible Tourism. We also highlight the fact that the Project was developed to be adapted to the environment, instead of promoting an adjustement of the environment to the Project. This fact is a great mitigation measure. Carcavelos, April 24th 2013 Margarida Fonseca Nuno Ferreira Matos

11. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES

ANNEXES

Environmental Monitoring Plan for construction works in

Eco-Tourism Project in Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches

HBD STP

April 2013

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION 2. AIMS 3. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN SCOPE 4. ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY 5. IMPLEMENTATION AND OPERATION OF THE EMP 6. EMP COMPONENTS

6.1. STRUCTURE AND RESPONSIBILITIES 6.2. AWARENESS AND INFORMATION 6.3. COMMUNICATION 6.4. EMP DOCUMENTS AND DOCUMENTS CONTROL 6.5. OPERATIONAL CONTROL 6.6. ENVIRONMENTAL ACCIDENTS PREVENTION AND RESPONSES

7. DOCUMENTS THAT THE CONTRACTOR MUST DELIVER 8. MITIGATION MEASURES IN THE CONSTRUCTION WORKS

8.1. INTRODUCTION 8.2. MEASURES AND REQUIREMENTS RELATED TO THE WORK PLAN,

PROGRAMME AND/OR WORK PLAN 8.3. MEASURES AND REQUIREMENTS RELATED TO CONSTRUCTION

WORKS AND SITES MANAGEMENT 8.3.1. Construction sites and back-up infrastructures management 8.3.2. Construction works, deforestation

8.4. ENVIRONMENTAL MEASURES AND REQUIREMENTS RELATED TO LAND MOVEMENTS

8.5. WATER SOURCES, EFFLUENTS AND RAINWATER DRAINAGE MANAGEMENT

8.6. WASTE MANAGEMENT 8.7. ENVIRONMENTAL MEASURES AND REQUIREMENTS RELATED TO

ACCESSES AND TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT 8.8. ENVIRONMENTAL MEASURES AND REQUIREMENTS RELATED TO

AIR AND NOISE POLLUTION CONTROL 8.9. ENVIRONMENTAL MEASURES AND REQUIREMENTS RELATED TO

RECOVERY OF AFFECTED AREAS 8.10. GENERAL MEASURES AND REQUIREMENTS, INCLUDING SOCIAL

ISSUES

1. INTRODUCTION

This Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMP) is related to the construction of the Eco-Tourism Project in Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches and regards the HBD concerns about ensuring a high degree of environmental performance in the construction of several infrasrtuctures that integrate the Resort. Thus, we describe the different requirements of the EMP, regarding the guidelines related to the environmental performance that the Owner wants the Contractor to apply during the construction works. This Plan is compulsory for the Contractor.

2. AIM The EMP aims to guarantee the compliance with the environmental requirements and mitigation measures mentiones in the EIA, assuring the environmental monitoring of the works, definition of procedures and records related to operations that may have environmental impacts and assessment of results. In this Plan, all the environmental legislation in São Tomé and Príncipe is mentiones, namely:

- Law nº 10/99 (Environmental Law); - Decree nº37/99 (regarding Environmental Impact Assessment); - Decree nº35/99 (regarding the inert extraction); - Law nº 11/1999 (regarding the Law for Fauna, Flora and Protected Areas

Conservation): - Law nº5/2001 (Forests Law); - Decree nº36/1999 (Decree about Waste).

3. SCOPE OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN In the EMP are proposed the measures for definition of a environmental policy, appropriate to compliance with the objectives, the organizational structure, to implement on the Construction works, and the action lines that will allow the Contractor to implement and control effectively the operations and activities, developed in the works, with potential environmental impacts. Within the activities in the construction works of the Eco-Tourism Project in Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches, that may cause environmental impacts, we highlight:

- Constuction sites and works management; - Water sources and effluents management; - Land movements; - Waste management; - Accesses construction and maintenance; - Recovery of affected areas.

The environmental requirements, as well as the mitigation measures defined in the EMP, are applicable to all stakeholders, including subcontractors and services suppliers.

4. ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY The environmetal policy represents the Contractor’s commitment to assure the environment protection, establishing the principles that guide its environmental performance. The policy to adopt by the Contractor shall be based on the following principles:

- Compliance with legislation namely in environmental level, as well as other regulations/rules applicable;

- Implementation of environmental requirements and mitigation measures defined in the EIA and/or others that might be necessary;

- Implementation of procedures that can prevent the pollution phenomena, resulting from activities developed in the construction works;

- Implementation of actions/procedures that aims a continuous improvement, at an environmental level, from the activities developed in the construction work, as well as the EMP itself;

- The Contractor’s environmental policy shall be approved by HBD.

5. EMP IMPLEMENTATION AND OPERATION After the definition of guidelines, we need to develop and implement tools to support the environmental management, that allow an effective protection if the environment during the construction works. In the EMP implementation stage, a structure must be defined in order to allow the work execution:

- Comply all the environmental aims proposed; - Ensure the legal compliance of all activities; - Ensure the implementation of environmental requirements and

mitigation measures in the EIA, as well as other environmental impacts prevention measures;

- Ensure the operational control of activities that may cause environmental impacts;

- Identify and prevent situations that may cause deviations to the environmental performance;

Thus, the EMP includes the following components:

- Structure and Responsibilities; - Awareness / Information; - Communication; - EMP Documents and Documents Control; - Operational Control; - Prevention and Response in case of Environmental Accidents.

These components are developed in the following chapters.

6. EMP COMPONENTS 6.1. STRUCTURE AND RESPONSIBILITIES

For a correct implementation and effective operation of the EMP, it is necessary to have a commitment from all the staff related to the works and meet this requirement. The EMP implementation and control are responsibility of the Contractor. The control of its implementation is an HBD responsibility. The many stakeholders have key tasks, as the following. HBD – responsible for the environmental monitoring, checks if the activities during the works stage are complying with all the requirements in the EMP and mitigation measures. The environmental monitoring must be performed as followed:

- The EMP must be delivered to the Contractor. HBD must deliver the documents directly, through the regulation company and/or company/entity responsible for the Environmental Monitoring;

- Follow up of documents and records required by the EMP. These documents must be done in the initial stage, for HBD’s approval, and during the construction works, the necessary records will be filled in to verify the compliance with the EMP;

- Verification of EMP implementation through a safety and environment inspection;

- Periodical visits, every three months, in stages with more environmental impacts, by the company or entity responsible for the environmental monitoring. In these visits, shall be done a deep monitoring of environmental issues in the construction works, compliance with environmental requirements, filling the records and potential problems identified, in order to have a solution together with Inspection and Contractor;

- The company must monitor the works from the office, during all the process. This monitoring implies answering arising questions and the follow up o reports made by the Contractor. This work shall be done with the Inspection;

- Whenever in this document is mentioned “Work Owner”, it can be represented by Inspection and/or responsible entity/company by the Environmental Monitoring.

Contractor - responsible for implementation of all the measures and actions of environmental defined in the EMP, including all applications for the necessary authorization/licensing, ensuring all fundamental means for its implementation. The Contractor is also responsible for implementing measures, although not initially foreseen, that may be deemed necessary to ensure the achievement of defined objectives. The Contractor shall appoint the following functions: - Works Manager - appointed by the Contractor as coordinator of the contract, is responsible for implementation of all the measures and environmental measures defined in this EMP. It is also responsible for ensuring compliance with the legislation on the environment, safety and health. The Works Manager will work in direct collaboration with the Environmental Officer who shall be appointed by the same. - Environmental Officer - responsible for monitoring and controlling the implementation of the EMP. May accumulate other functions. Should have training in the area of environment, with the following tasks:

- Monitor and verify the implementation of the measures and actions defined in the EMP and other required by the authorities, since the start of the work until the completion of all work related;

- Define and, where necessary, adjust the procedures related to implementation and monitoring of environmental protection measures;

- Provide workers with all the information and means necessary to fulfill

the procedures established under the EMP;

- Continuous awareness of employees regarding the importance of the implementation of measures and compliance with established procedures and legislation;

- Organize and maintain records considered essential for good

environmental management of the work , including records of major events related to the implementation of the EMP;

- Develop , maintain and update all documentation related to the EMP

(certificates, licenses and permits, forms and records, results of monitoring and evaluation, communications, etc.);

- Record the occurrence of any deviations in the implementation of the

measures envisaged in relation to in the Specifications and / or this EMP;

- Report to Employer / monitoring any possible difficulties in implementation of the measures;

- Prepare progress reports and other reports on specific EMP , requested

by immediate superiors , by the Employer or by external entities with responsibilities under this EMP;

- Communicate with those affected by the work or other external entities,

whenever the Employer requests. The content of information to be transmitted externally must be previously approved by the Owner of Work;

- Be responsible for checking the safety measures and health work, if

accumulate the environmental and safety functions. It is noted that the sub-contractors are required to comply with environmental requirements defined to the contract, the Contractor is responsible for ensuring that all subcontractors assigned to work have knowledge of the requirements of the EMP and if they meet them.

6.2. AWARENESS AND INFORMATION To ensure proper implementation of the EMP is necessary to ensure that all staff assigned to the contract, and on activities likely to cause environmental impacts, be aware of the correct environmental performance of their duties . For that purpose should be implemented awareness programs, whose actions have to disseminate key aspects of the EMP. In these actions should be given special relevance to environmental procedures to perform, its importance and consequences of non-compliance with those procedures. These programs should also focus on the procedures to follow in case of environmental incidents/accidents. The awareness program should have a broad scope that encompasses the different stakeholders in the Contract. The awareness campaigns should be planned and promoted by Environmental responsibility, in close collaboration with the Director of Work. Dissemination actions through meetings, demonstrative actions, internal communication, posters, distribution of booklets, among others, should also be planned.

6.3. COMMUNICATION Within the EMP process, it should be implemented communication processes between the different stakeholders of the Contract. These will ensure the transmission of information within the organizational structure of the Contract, notably between the Employer and the Contractor, and between the individual Contractor's employees, and these processes must be bidirectional. It should also be used for communicating with external entities, including representatives of the Central Government, Regional Government, community representatives and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), among others. Examples of media that can be implemented: the meetings,the periodic reports and written communications. If information is requested by external entities, that should be available, but only after previous approval of the Employer/Inspection.

6.4. EMP DOCUMENTATION AND DOCUMENTS CONTROL The documentation related to the EMP should contain elements that allow the Contractor to demonstrate the objectives it has set itself , in theis EMP and legislation. The documentation should be organized so as to facilitate consultation and review of documents, if necessary. Thus, the EMP documentation system should include, among others, the following documents: - Documents provided in legisl diplomas or other which emphasize the request for authorization to government entities and determine its compliance - for example, refering to:

- Permits/authorizations to use water resources, including the crossing of water lines, interventions in areas of water resources and effluent discharge. Permits/authorizations for cutting tress . The application of these permits, although not foreseen in diplomas statutory requirements, should be made to the Regional Government of Príncipe.

- Permits/authorizations for the operation of inerts; - Authorization for waste disposal;

- All documentation relating to the various lpermit processes, to instruct

with the respective entities, which the responsibility of the Contractor, will be pre- delivered to the Owner of Work and approved;

- Other certificates such as certificates of sound power levels of equipment or other relevant.

- Documents associated with the Operational Control - these are internal

documents of the Contract, which allow to evidence compliance with the measures / procedures implemented.

- Copies and records of communications made - must be kept a track of

different communications between the various of the Contract stakeholders, including the minutes of meetings.

- Periodic Reports - must be produced reports on environmental

management, with a monthly periodicity. These reports shall be delivered to the Owner of Work. These will be assessed by the company responsible for Environmental Monitoring . These must include, among others, the following information:

- Current status of works, accompanied by maps/illustrative drawings;

- Current status of the licenses/permits required;

- Information on the waste management;

- Information on the effluents management,

- Major environmental incidents (accidents / incidents), measures and

procedures implemented for their resolution;

- Awareness actions;

- Progress report ( checklist )of measures of the Environmental Impact Study and other proposals in EMP. These measures are presented in Chapter 8;

- Identification and justification of any environmental

constraints/difficulties;

- General recommendations ;

- Pending actions. All documents related to the EMP should be organized and maintained by the Environmental Officer, and may be consulted at any time by the Employer and/or his representative (Supervision) or entity responsible for Environmental Monitoring, as well as by regional and national authorities. The monthly report shall be delivered to the Owner of the Work until the 10th of the following month in order to allow the definition and implementation of

additional measures to minimize the impacts on the environment, if necessary. 6.5 OPERATIONAL CONTROL In order to ensure compliance with the objectives proposed in this EMP, procedures should be implemented for activities associated with the activities that might bring significant environmental impacts, as well as its effective control. Among the different activities that will be developed over the contract, it is considered that the Environmental Monitoring shall cover the following activities:

- Management of works and construction sites; - Management of water sources and wastewater;

- Land movements;

- Waste management;

- Control of noise and gaseous emissions;

- Construction and maintenance of access;

- Recovery of areas affected by the Contract.

The environmental requirements and mitigation measures detailed in Chapter 8 should be considered in the preparation and implementation of procedures for the respective compliance. These procedures should be subject to the approval of the Employer. The documents delivered by the contractor are detailed in Chapter 7 of this EMP and include the aspects above. Chapter 8 presents the general environmental requirements, which include mitigation measures defined in the EIA for the construction stage. These should be considered in developing procedures and environmental monitoring during the work. A checklist should be completed every week, stating these measures (measures contained in Chapter 8) as well as its achievment. This list should result from periodic visits to the work and should be included in the Environmental Monitoring Report. Regarding the management of water and wastewater, works and construction sites management, land movements, control of noise and gaseous emissions, construction and maintenance of access and recovert of areas affected by the

Contract , the Contractor must submit the plans (see chapter 7), in which procedures are defined for environmental control. In chapter 8 are defined measures and environmental requirements with mandatory inclusion in these Plans. Regarding waste, shall be complied with Law n . º 36/1999. This Law defines domestic, industrial and commercial waste, hospital waste and agronomic products. These wastes may also be classified as hazardous and non-hazardous in accordance with Annex I of this Law. Whereas the Law does not specify the waste of construction works, these may be similar t to industrial or domestic, and may also be classified as hazardous and non-hazardous. In the Waste Management Plan to be prepared by the Contractor (see chapter 7), should be identified waste to produce the stage of work with an indication of whether they are hazardous or not. Should also be established which waste can be considered as domestic waste and those which, by their nature, must be considered as industrial. A registration must be created under this Plan, which allows the indication of quantities of waste stored, shipped and their destination. This record should be updated in a monthly basis and must be included in the Environmental Monitoring Report. The waste storage shall:

- Being protected from weather conditions, if it is likely that the waste can cause environmental impacts;

- Ensure that potentially contaminating waste are not in direct contact with the ground or water, in order not to contaminate it;

- Ensure sealing conditions, so as to contain any leachates of the stored

waste, Hazardous waste , including waste oils should be stored in closed containers in a park intended only for products and hazardous waste, in a confined space, sealed, covered and identified , built for the purpose. Contaminated packing with waste inks, oils, solvents , chemicals , etc. are separated at the source, put in containers suitable for the purpose and also placed in the park for hazardous product and waste. Domestic waste and non-hazardous should be stored in a separate location from the other waste. Regarding waste disposal, this should be set by the Contractor and subject to approval of the Owner of Work, but fulfilling the following standards :

- Installation of small areas for composting of organic waste;

- For the waste equivalent to domestic, non-organic and non-hazardous,

solutions may be proposed for its final destination, environmentally safe, which can be defined with the Regional Government, including the use, requalification, of the current dump existing in the Príncipe;

- Regarding hazardous waste, they must be sent outside of the island of

Principe, for environmentally safe destinations, and must be submitted to the Owner of Work proof of such destinations. These will always be approved by the Owner.

6.6 ENVIRONMENTAL ACCIDENTS/INCIDENTS PREVENTION AND RESPONSE

In order to prevent and minimize the relevant environmental impacts resulting from the occurrence of incidents / accidents during construction, should be identified environmental risks and potential emergencies associated with different activities. In this context, should be developed emergency procedures that allow a quick action, concerted and effective in the event of environmental incidents/accidents. Response procedures and emergency to environmental incidents/accidents should be known by all stakeholders in the Contract, and previously approved by the Work Owner. As major environmental emergencies we highlight:

- Hazardous products spill on soil or water lines;

- Effluents and waste deposition (lands, urban solid waste, wastewater…) in non authorized places;

- Involuntary obstruction of water lines;

- Fire.

The equipment and machinery in the construction works (eg, generators and compressors) should be placed as to avoid situations of contamination (e.g): - Standing on the plastic sleeve with a layer of absorbent material with 1 to 2 inches thickness, bounded laterally by wooden beams to restrict the spread of absorbent, and any spilled product;

- Standing on a sealed metal vat, which if spilled, or almost in its full capacity, is lined with absorbent material to collect the spilled product. The absorbent material when replaced or removed should be collected and considered contaminated applying the provisions of the Waste Management Plan . Repair / Maintenance / Supply of equipment should be carried out in a waterproofed place with plastic sleeve to prevent spillage on the ground. Packaging , jerricans and drums with substances necessary to repair considered contaminants, such as oils, greases, when stored, it should not be in direct contact with the ground. Those that are in use are standing on the plastic sleeve or into a metal vat to control spillage. When it is necessary to supply the equipment using jerricans, it should be placed in a wooden vat, lined with geotextile and coated with absorbent material in order to collect the fuel that eventually may spill. The absorbent material and sealant when replaced or removed should be collected andconsidered contaminated , applying the provisions of the Waste Management Plan. Packaging , jerricans and drums must be properly identified. Use of Products and Hazardous Waste Park- Hazardous waste and products, such as drums of fuel, oil release agents, oils and empty containers should be stored in one or more detention basin in area designated "hazardous products and waste park", executed in accordance with environment specifications and security, being the most important:

- Capacity equal to 30% of the capacity of the storage drum;

- Covered with impermeable floor and walls and countertops to allow lifting and available in horizontal drums in use;

- Equipped with suitable fire extinguisher and absorbent material;

- Labeling of all stored drums;

- Safety signs and signals of the site itself;

While stored here , products and waste are arranged and handled properly to avoid accidental spills and containers must be kept close . After this period are routed to the appropriate destination.

Spillage of hazardous materials in the soil - if spilled, all works should be stopped and the spill should be stopped at the source through the most appropriate means available . If the spill reaches the ground and is superficial, should be immediately put on the spille area nonflammable absorbent material to absorb the greatest possible amount of product shed. This absorbent material is then collected and considered contaminated. If there is soil infiltration, proceeds to the excavation and collection of contaminated soil; Up due referral, soil or absorbent material is stored in containers suitable for perfect sealing and identified in order to prevent new contamination and placed in a reserved place in the waste and dangerous products, identified in the Waste Management Plan to be prepared by Contractor . Maintenance in construction work for a maximum time of three months and subsequent referral to suitable final destination to be approved by the Owner of Work. Disposal of waste and effluents in unauthorized places - should proceed as follows: immediately collect the waste/effluent and in the case of contaminated site, restore initial situation, put the waste/effluent collected in proper containers, keep them for the shortest time possible at work site and then direct them to the appropriate destination. Involuntary obstruction of water lines - momentary obstructions should be resolved as quickly as possible to restore the its normal flow. Fire - in a fire event, proceed as follows: immediately discontinue the work, give warning to the Security Officer and try to fight the fire as soon as possible, using portable extinguishing existing nearby, after fire extinction effective cleaning of the affected area taking into account the proper management of materials and waste, applying the provisions of the Waste Management Plan to be prepared by contractor. Emergency situations should be recorded and treated as environmental emergencies.

7. DOCUMENTS TO BE DELIVERED BY THE CONTRACTOR Prior to the beginning of the work, ie, before the start of any work on the ground, should be prepared and submitted a Plan of Work which is exposed in the planning of the Contract and set environmental measures associated with different activities planned. The preparation of this Plan is the responsibility of the Contractor and is subject to the approval of the Employer/Authority. The plan should consider the following issues, among others that are considered relevant:

- Program and/or Work Plan;

- Location, specification and Plant of Construction Sites;

- Accessibility and traffic. With the start of the work and within a month, should be prepared and submitted by the Contractor, a document (Contractor's Environmental Plan) that includes the following aspects. If the Contractor understand it is more useful and operational, can deliver several documents, keeping the same contents.

- The Environment Policy;

- The appointment of the different tasks relevant to the EMP;

- Mitigation Measures for Environmental Impacts;

- Management Plan for Water Sources, Wastewater and Rainwater Control;

- Waste Management Plan;

- Plan of Action in Case of an Environmental Emergency;

- Plan of Training, Awareness and Communication. This document "Contractor's Environmental Plan" will be subject to approval by the Employer. This Plan shall include the recommendations of the previous chapter (Chapter 6) and mitigation measures in chapter 8 of this EMP. During the construction stage, one to two months before the end of the work - ie, when the Contractor has already defined the methodology/procedure, proceed to the preparation of the following plans:

- Construction Sites Deactivation Plan;

- Plan for Biophisic Revocery of Affected Areas.

The provisional acceptance of the work is dependent on the effective implementation of these two plans. During the work the contractor will have the responsibility of preparing the following documents on a regular basis: - Environmental Monitoring Report (monthly); - Registration for monitoring implementation of mitigation measures (Verification Measurements Matrix; weekly);

- Recording the quantities of waste stored, shipped and their destination (Waste Control Map; monthly); - Registration of environmental accidents and incidents;

- Others which may be deemed necessary in the course of the work. All documents and records to be delivered by the Contractor shall be mandatory in Portuguese language.

8. MITIGATION MEASURES DURING CONSTRUCTION WORKS

8.1. INTRODUCTION We present, then, the Mitigation Measures and Environmental Requirements to be contemplated in the construction works and should be considered mandatory, by the Contractor in the preparation of documents (different plans and records) referred to in Chapter 7. Includes aspects found in the Environmental Impact Study and consider adapted to the construction works. These measures/environmental requirements are described in the following chapters, divided into following components:

- Work Plan, Program and/or Work Plan;

- Construction Works and Sites Management;

- Management of Water Sources and Wastewater;

- Land Movements;

- Waste Management;

- Accessibility;

- Control of air and noise pollution;

- Recovery of Areas Affected by the Contract;

- General Requirements, including social issues.

These measures are descrided in the following chapters.

8.2. MEASURES AND REQUIREMENTS RELATED TO WORK PLAN PROGRAM AND/OR WORK PLAN

Before the start of the Contract, the Contractor shall prepare a plan/program for all work associated with the Contract, and this document should be included in the Work Plan. M1 - Definition and development of a Work Plan which is presented in the program and/or work plan, with a minimum monthly detail. The plan should detail the stages envisaged for land clearing and deforestation, crossings of watercourses, deactivation of construction sites, recovery of areas and landscape integration. M2 - The planning of the work to implement should include, among others, the following: - Focus on space and time the performance of all works, in order not disperse by its surrounding; - If necessary, perform clearing and deforestation in accordance with the requirements that are exposed below.

8.3. ENVIRONMENTAL MEASURES AND REQUIREMENTS RELATED TO WORKS AND CONSTRUCTION SITES MANAGEMENT

In the scope of developing Works and Construction Sites Management, the different operations shall be developed in order to prevent and minimize potential environmental impacts.

8.3.1. Management of construction sites and support infrastructures The process of selecting the location of the site should consider a set of environmental constraints which are indicated below. M3 - In the initial stage of the work must be identified sites for intervention in order to minimize the the affected area. In these areas, proceed to the stripping and collection of soil layers and their proper storage layers for later use and coverage of areas whose recovery may be considered necessary. The storage of soil must be made in appropriate location, being replenished later in the recovery of the areas affected by the Contract, facilitating the restoration of vegetation cover. M4 - The location, description and plant sites, presented in the Work Plan should be approved by the Employer, prior to installation.

M5 - The location of the site should allow to safeguard the highest number of environment areas possible, including:

- Should be avoided allocation of ecologically landscaping or visual sensitive areas;

- The site should be located preferably in the area permanently affected to the Project particularly in the area of buildings and infrastructure. In case it is not possible, above, the location of site should correspond to the place where the actions of deforestation are reduced to a minimum, which may, however , refer to the existing trees to visually contain the construction site. Distance should be at least 20 meters from the water line existing in the intervention area;

- In deployment platforms for construction sites, should be performed a

network of peripheral drainage comprising drainage ditches, which should be coated if the slope exceeds 2% of the trenches. The discharge of the peripheral drainage must be made to the nearest water line, building boxes of solid retention to prevent its transport to the watercourse;

- Preferably, should be selected a former intervention area and/or whose

vegetation is mostly ruderal herbaceous, showing no conservation value, or even in clearings arising from past misuses;

- The area allocated to the construction site should be reduced to a

minimum by selecting areas strictly essential for its proper implementation. Logging should be avoided.

M6 – In places with sensitive receptors (housing), which are mainly in the access to work site, the movement of vehicles should preferably be carried out during daytime and on weekdays. M7 - Within the constraints presented, the construction site should be located as close as possible to the works, so as to reduce the areas affected by the movement between the site and works and consequent minimization of vehicle movements, as well as emissions of diffuse dust on roads with dirt pavement. M8 - Seal the area of the construction site. On the sealing must be placed warning boards which include the safety rules to be observed as well as the works schedules. M9 - The location of materials parks, lending places and deposits of land and all infrastructure to support the work must be marked and/or sealed with flags and/or colored tapes, fixed on stakes.

M10 - The construction site and the different works should be equipped with all materials and means that allow them to respond in situations of environmental incidents/accidents including accidental spills of pollutants. M11 - The areas allocated to workshops, machine park and storage of chemicals should be waterproofed and with effective drainage. These sites should be in technical areas suitable for the purpose of easy access in order to facilitate the operation of waste transfer and shall be equipped with secondary containment. M12 - The maintenance and supply of machinery allocated to the works should be carried out in the area of the construction site, and must be a sealed area and a removable retention basin for oil changes, and these materials must be subsequently collected and stored in a sealed tank and covered until their dispatch to an appropriate destination.

8.3.2. Construction works and deforestation

M13 – It is forbidden any kind of activity that might disturb / affect the direct areas for turtles nesting in Macaco, Boi and Uba beachs. M14 – The tree and bush vegetation must be protected in the intervention areas and surroundings, construction site and access. M15 – All actions for removal of vegetation cover, and soils compactation, materials movement and deposits, shall be limited to strictly necessary areas to perform the tasks. M16– Logging should be avoided outside the planned deforestation areas. If it is not technically possible, the Contractor shall count and record all the species logged, identify its location in a map and keep all the trees and bushes that are not disturbing the works performance. M17 – Logging must be done by clean cuts with a chainsaw, and the chopping block must be plane. In the cases where it is not possible to keep the block on the soil, by the works’ nature, the deforestation may be done by extraction. M18 - Clearing operations in areas where it is not necessary to carry out land transactions and therefore are not subject to tillage, should be made by clearcutting, with shredders and logging materials. In areas where it is necessary to perform movements of land, the clearing operations should be carried out by harrowing, with a mixture of bush cut in the topsoil. This layer of soil may be stored in piles and is suitable for covering slopes, containing a volume of seeds that contribute to its revegetation. M19 - The material resulting from clearing activities and/or deforestation, should be stored in a location away from watercourses and should be privileged their valuation and marketing, whenever possible and economically viable. For this purpose the Contractor shall manage with the Owner of Work the form of delivery of the logs.

M20 - In the initial stage of the work the intervention locations must be identified in order to minimize the affected area. In these areas, the pickling and collection of soil layers must be done and properly stored, for subsequent use and recovery of areas whose recovery is necessary. The storage of soils should be performed in an appropriate location, being restored later in the recovery of the areas affected by the Contract, facilitating replacement of vegetation cover. M21 – It is forbiden to burn waste in an exterior area. It is forbidden any kind of fire area in the forest areas. M22 - Access of staff not assigned to the contract should be avoided or, if possible, interdicted. Thus, the areas of intervention should be flagged, and where appropriate, sealed. M23 - Where environmental incidents/ accidents occur, the procedures should be activated for a quick resolution, which should be approved by the Owner of Work. Should proceed to the immediate recovery of the affected area.

8.4. ENVIRONMENTAL MEASURES AND REQUIREMENTS RELATED TO LAND MOVEMENTS

For all the contract work involving earthmoving / land movements, the Contractor must meet the following requirements: M24 - Proceed to the prior removal of the surface layer of soils in excavation areas, construction sites and deposit so that they can be later used in the recovery of the areas affected by the Contract . The removal of soils should be minimized and must take place before use of areas allocated to contract activity in order to prevent their compression. Those areas with shrubby vegetation, deforestation must be made by harrowing, with a mixture of bush cut into the topsoil. Soils should be stored in piles, which should not be trampled by vehicles. There must be a proper place for storage of these soils, which must have good drainage and should be selected to be covered and with secure conditions, with no mixing with other materials. M25 - Materials (lands) resulting from excavations shall be deposited along the ditches after previous removal and storage of topsoil in the area for intervention. M26 - The leftover materials from the excavations carried out during the work , if they have appropriate geotechnical characteristics, should whenever possible be (re) used for landfill associated with the construction of various infrastructures. When this does not occur, the materials may serve to restore the morphology of areas and/or be used to regularization of land (landscape recovery) for reasons other works that require land loan.

M27 - The excess volumes of excavation materials shall be transported and deposited in proper sites, set by the contractor and be approved by the work owner . The choice of temporary sites and/or permanent sites for these materials, must obey the same principles of locational as the choice of site. M28 – It must ensure that the excess inert materials do not suffer mixture with any other type of waste. M29 - In order to prevent erosion and ravine phenomena, whenever necessary, should be adopted containment measures of temporary embankment; M30 - During the rainy season of higher intensity, the activities that generate land movement should be controlled in order to reduce the risk of erosion and subsequent transport solids and sediment to the aquatic environments (sea water and water line); M31 - The works of embankments should be started as soon as the soils are clean, avoiding repetition of actions over the same area.

8.5. MANAGEMENT OF WATER SOURCES, EFFLUENTS AND RAINWATER DRAINAGE

In the first month of the course of the work, the Contractor shall prepare an Integrated Management Plan for Water Sources, Effluents and Rainwater Control that identifies the different sources of drinking water in different sectors affected by the Contract and as activities that would generate wastewater. In the case of waste water, that Plan should propose appropriate collection systems and wastewater treatment. Control and maintenance of these systems must be guaranteed. The effluent management to implement should consider the different types of effluents and be subject to the prior approval of the Work Owner. The Plan should also consider monitoring programs to be implemented to monitor the different treatment systems. A mechanism for the control of rainwater should also be implemented. During the contract, the environmental requirements of the Contractor include: M32 - Implementing a proper system of collection and treatment of wastewater, which should take into account the different characteristics of the effluents generated during the construction stage:

- Favoring the reuse of water whenever possible; - The rinse water associated with the production of concrete (eg mixers) , should be addressed to retention basin. At the end of the work must be removed the entire layer of soil from the retention basin containing concrete waste and referred for appropriate treatment. The retention basins may consist of pits dug in the ground and covered with geotextile;

- The waters that contain or may potentially contain chemicals as well as water with a high concentration of oils and fats should be conducted to selaed deposit over a waterproof ground, should then be forwarded to an appropriate destination;

- Domestic wastewater (sanitary and dining services) should be duly

forwarded to septic tanks or alternatively treated before being discharged into receiving waters. The effluents and sludge should be referred to an appropriate destination, not being allowed to discharge sludge in the water lines. Effluents before discharge must comply with the standards of quality stipulated in Decree -Law No 236/ 98 of 1st August (Portuguese legislation);

- The collection of water from “mobile” sanitary facilities must ensure the necessary frequency for the maintenance of hygienic conditions and should be performed by a company licensed for that purpose;

- The discharge of wastewater into the environment, as well as water collection points, should be subject to prior authorization by the Regional Government. Water collections for the construction works can not risk the supply for populations.

M33 - Prior to the work, the need for construction of a drainage system surrounding the areas of work, including the lining of trenches and construction of retention basins for sediments (dependent on the slopes and flow). M34 - Minimize the potential for contamination associated with the presence and movement of vehicles assigned the construction activities through the parking of vehicles and machinery on site paved and with effective drainage, implementing a program of regular maintenance of vehicles, as well as the provision of an effective system for waste oil collection and forwarding to appropriate final destination. M35 - Adopt correct transport practices, containment, storage and handling of chemical products to be used either as protection against spills, storms or fire or as protection against intrusion; M36 - ensure cleaning of all the elements affected the drainage in order to avoid future problems of clogging or flooding, after the completion of the work. M37 - In areas where works that may affect the water lines, it should be implemented measures to interfere as little as possible on the water regime in vegetation preexisting and stability of margins. It should never be interrupted the natural flow of water line. For all interventions in water domain that are necessary during work, the Regional Government should be informed. M38 - Should it be necessary to cross water lines, should favor the use of existing sites for this purpose.

8.6. WASTE MANAGEMENT During the contract , the Contractor shall pay particular attention to the implementation of following requirements: M39- Undertake the preparation of a Waste Management Plan for the work, framed in Environmental Action Plan to be implemented during the construction stage, which should be defined in the lines of action for storage operations, packaging, transport and referral to an appropriate destination, duly authorized for the purpose of different types of waste. These operations must take into account the legislation, the typology and origin of waste prevention and minimization of environmental impacts, and measures to implement in the event of environmental incidents/accidents. In order to allow the environmental monitoring of these operations, must be carried out a record of those operations. The plan should be revised whenever necessary, facing situations that were not originally planned. M40 - the main types and quantities of waste produced on site should be identified to their classification, their origin , final destination and transport (highlighting the places of final destination and licensing of transactions). M41- The waste management measures recommended in the Waste Management Plan shall be implemented. This Plan shall be prepared in accordance with the principles of self-sufficiency, prevention, reduction, the hierarchy of waste management operations, as well as following the law nº 36/99. M42 - The Waste Management Plan must include the registration of waste generated on site, notably through the creation of a Control Waste Map, which should be updated weekly and which shall contain at least the following items:

- Construction activities generating waste;

- Type of waste generated and their classification;

- Approximate quantity of waste;

- Temporary storage location;

- Storage period in work site;

- Transportation company;

- Final destination of waste disposal;

- Date of departure of the waste.

It should also be produced a Waste Management Archive, which should be kept updated, containing the following records:

- Location plan of the areas for temporary storage of waste;

- Plant location of containers for disposal of waste existing in work site;

- Waste Control Map. M43 - Compliance with all national laws, using Portuguese legislation when national has no provisions with regard to waste management, including identification and classification of waste. M44 - The location allocated to temporary waste storage park, should be clearly defined and identified for the purpose. Access to this site will be conditioned. Waste should be segregated and stored separately according to their characteristics and destination. Storage locations for different types of waste must be identified. The Contractor shall ensure the storage of waste on site under appropriate conditions , as established in the applicable legislation, since the producer is the sole responsible for the produced waste. M45 - The waste likely to generate contaminated effluents by seepage of rainwater should be stored in a covered park. M46 - In the context of waste management, preference shall be given to the recovery of waste as a principle of selective collection. M47- The waste should be segregated and stored separately according to their characteristics and final destination. Storage locations for different types of waste must be identified . M48 - All waste classified as hazardous, including oils, lubricants, paints and solvents, as well as contaminated waste oils should be properly stored in an appropriate location and approved by the Employer. Should be considered the construction/implementation of a retention basin to minimize the impact of any spills. M49 - The temporary storage of waste oils and fuels should be made in a waterproofed place, with retention basin for accidental spills, separating hydraulic motor oils for differentiated management. Containers shall be clearly identified outside. M50 - The maintenance and supply of machinery shall take place within construction sites in place previously defined and the necessary conditions for the effects. All machinery should be properly inspected to ensure its proper

functioning, reducing the risk of contamination of soil and water. M51 - Oil filters , previously drained, absorbent materials and contaminated soils with hydrocarbons should be temporarily stored in sealed containers. M52 - The removal of waste classified as hazardous, particularly oils, lubricants, paints and solvents, and contaminated waste oils should only be initiated by the Contractor after approval by the Work Owner or his representative for proposed final destinations. Should be submitted a copy of proof of the final destinations of these wastes, which must be conducted ouside the island, for environmentally safe final destinations. M53 - Regarding production of domestic waste, the work site should be provided with containers to collect this type of waste, enabling the separation of this waste from industrial, hazardous and non-hazardous. For organic waste, composting solutions should be preferre. For the remaining waste, should be agreed with the Government its final destination. M54 –Is not allowed the rejection of any kind of waste to water lines or soil.

8.7. ENVIRONMENTAL MEASURES AND REQUIREMENTS RELATED TO ACCESSIBILITY AND TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

At the beginning of the work , the Contractor shall prepare a document with accessibility and traffic to integrate the Work Plan with the aim of identifying all paths used, expected traffic and mitigation measures associated, if available, for each of the activities planned for the contract. This plan should be detailed with regard to access to inert extraction and its deposition. Must also submit a Plan of Training , Awareness and Communication, which include the training of workers and communications with external entities, including governmental and non-governmental communities. In the course of the contract, the Contractor shall ensure compliance with the following environmental requirements: M55 - Rationalize the movement of vehicles and machinery to support the work activities. M56 - The changes of land and machinery must, as far as possible, be limited to the construction area and favor the use of existing accesses or less sensitive to compaction and soil sealing, preventing the machinery movementin all terrains. M57 - The movement of vehicles and heavy machinery must comply with preferred routes, previously set, preferring existing paths. The paths should be clearly and visibly marked. For existing access, possible actions of improvement should only include widening where strictly necessary.

M58 - The definition of temporary accesses must avoid cutting down vegetation, and must focus on existing forest roads. M59 – Roads repairs, result of an action induced by the movement of vehicles affected by Contract, must take place immediately after the construction stage and as soons as possible. M60 - Where the opening of new access is required, the plan must adapt to the natural terrain, avoiding the tear of pronounced slopes and steep slopes , and vegetation removal, soil stripping or cutting of vegetation, reduced to the maximum possible. The rails must be marked, the movement should be prohibited outside these areas. M61 - When there is a need of heavy vehicles passing by communities, this route should be as short as possible and made at the lowest possible speed. M62 - Whenever the access to properties is interrupted, should be reported to the create alternative accesses. Those accesses should be agreed with the owners ensuring, at leas,t the current levels of accessibility. These interruptions should be kept to the minimum time possible. M63 - In the final stage of the work, the means of communication, including agricultural paths and forestry paths, which are damaged by the works, shall be recovered by decompression of soils. M64 - In the case of paths that can not be restored, the interruption should me marked, as well as suitable alternative access.

8.8. ENVIRONMENTAL MEASURES AND REQUIREMENTS RELATED TO AIR AND NOISE POLLUTION CONTROL

To minimize atmospheric emissions, particularly diffuse dust emissions, from the different activities, the following should be considered: M65 - Adopt measures to protect individual workers more exposed to air pollution during construction activities in accordance with legal standards and specifications established. M66 - Select, whenever possible, construction techniques and processes that generate less emission and dispersion of air pollutants, vehicles and machinery to support the work designed to prevent and control air pollution. M67 -The transport trucks must have cargo boxes for powdery substances , so as to minimize the emission of dust or falling materials, and also should reduce the speed of vehicles on roads or paths that are not paved.

M68 - Maintenance of the vehicles and equipment used should be made in order to prevent the increase of atmospheric emissions. To minimize noise pollution resulting from the different activities should be considered the following aspects: M69 - The equipment used must comply with established rules and technical specifications, in terms of noise levels, and a periodic maintenance must be performed on all equipment.

8.9. ENVIRONMENTAL MEASURES AND REQUIREMENTS RELATED TO RECOVERY OF AFFECTED AREAS

The Contractor, who shall prepare, during the construction stage, one to two months before the expiration of the contract, a Deactivation Plan of Construction Sites and Recovery Biophysics Plan of Affected Areas Affected, with cartographic presentation of the standard solutions taken to the recovery of these areas. These plans should be subject to approval by the Work Owner and their implementation lies with the Contractor. The Contractor must comply with, in addition to the Recovery Plan, the following requirements: M70 - Actions to be taken in the recovery of these areas will include :

- Replacement of the natural profile of the surface ground;

- Application of topsoil, with preferential use of land previously pickled;

- In possible water lines affected and associated riparian vegetation, it

should be ensured the recovery of the original topography of the bed and banks.

The living land should preferably be from the stripping of the intervened soil. M71 - the reconstitution of the vegetation of each area of intervention should be carried out immediately as technically feasible. It is not allowed to use non-native species. M72 - In the closing stage of the work, cleaning the work area must be done to remove all waste, including inert waste generated during the construction stage, and should be promoted replacement of natural conditions. M73 - Should proceed to the ripping and disking of the soil in areas occupied by the construction site and by movement of vehicles and machinery, and put a layer of living earth with a final thickness at least 0.20 m using initially stripped soil.

8.10. GENERAL MEASURES AND REQUIREMENTS, INCLUDING SOCIAL ISSUES

The general requirements are cross-cutting environmental requirements for all activities developed in the Contract and include social issues and codes of conduct. At the planning stage of this Contract, and where necessary, the Contractor shall ensure that all interventions in the water domain comply with the legislation in force. The Contractor will have to prepare the Plan of Training, Awareness and Communication , which includes the measures mentioned below. It should also deliver the Environmental Policy. During the work , the Contractor shall ensure the implementation of the following requirements , which must must be considered in their plans: M74 - Definition and adoption of a Plan of Training and Awareness of all workers assigned to the contract, looking for information and dissemination for environmental awareness at the beginning of the work in order to raise awareness in all stakeholders in the process to situations likely to generate environmental impact and the importance of compliance with the established with a view to minimizing these impacts. M75 - The Training Plan, Awareness and Communication should include questions relating with the behavior of workers on the site, including a ban on hunting, unnecessary disturbance of fauna, the prohibition on harvest and collection of plants, seeds and animals and other social behaviors at work. M76 - Attend any complaints from residents of local communities , in order to try to solve them as soon as possible, situations of discomfort related to the work (treatment complaints). M77 - Warn the people living in areas most affected by the work , especially abput the movement vehicles, about the work schedules. M78 - The construction should only be started when the rehousing of people currently live in Macaco, Boi and Uba beaches is complete. M79 – Inform the affected and interested people, prior to the commencement of the work, about the objectives of intervention, all changes and deadlines for the paths and roads movement affected by the works, as well as all signaling traffic restrictions. Correctly mark accesses to the intervention area indicating speed reduction;

M80 - Create secure areas with limited access and properly signed, to reduce the risk of accidents, by people approaching the work area; M81 - Warn in advance the Government and its representatives of any changes in road and pedestrian movement, particularly during the crossing of highways. M82 - Provide valid alternatives to the greatest possible number of crossings conditioned by reasons of work activities. M83 – In the possible use of explosives, advanced warning should be used for warning the population. M84 - Where possible, should be privileged to use of local staff, providing the required training to perform the job tasks, contributing to one of the central objectives of the Sustainable Development Plan (PADS). In the case of skilled labor force, also should be privileged the local workers. M85- Undertake the cleaning of public roads with poured construction materials or waste materials of the work. M86- In the closing stage of the contract, shall proceed to cleaning of the work area, removing all waste generated during the construction stage and promoting the replacement of natural conditions, the possible areas of intervention that are not targetedfor implementation of Project infrastructures. These areas should proceed to the ripping and disking of the soils that were compressed by keeping the temporary infrastructure and for the movement of vehicles and machines. Should be carried to the replacement of the natural profile of the land surface.

Carcavelos, April 24th 2013 Margarida Fonseca Nuno Ferreira Matos