Materials Science introduction PPT
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Transcript of Materials Science introduction PPT
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Materials Science Lab - MECE3245
Instructor: Dr. Li Sun
Office: N232 Engineering uil!ing "
#$one: %"3-%43-45&' e(ail: lsun4)u$.e!u
Office *our : + a,,oint(ent
C+cle I
Age hardening
Creep
Tensile Phase Diagram
C+cle II
Heat treatment
Fatigue
Charpy test Recrystallization
lab e,eri(ents
Ea( (eet in D3 W122, lab in W249
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected] -
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/ra!ing
labs 0 5&,ts 1 4&& ,oints inclu!ing:
#re-lab : 0 2& ,ts1 "& ,oints
Lab ,erfor(ance: 0 "& ,ts1 &,oints
Lab re,ort: 0 2& ,ts1 "& ,oints
2 6ui77es 0 4&& ,ts 1 && ,oints
Co(,lete all labs to get a gra!e
#lease follo8 lab re,ort ,olic+
Lab resc$e!uling is generall+ not allo8e!
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#re,aration
Sign-u, for t$e lab section./et +our Materials Science tetboo9 out Calister;/et fa(iliar 8it$ t$e lab (anual before eac$ e,eri(ent
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Session "
Lab Mon!a+ =e!nes!a+ 4:3&-%,(
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4
lbarracin >uan C a?ier
C$a?e7>ose M Moncon!uitMonica
Dia7 Carlos San!o?al>o$nat$an @
De Leon>o$n
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Session 2
Lab Bues!a+ B$urs!a+ '-"2,(
Group 5 Group 6 Group 7 Group 8
(a+aMarlo O. *aggblo(le * Men!e7>ose
agule+>onat$an / *enr+C$a! lan Montiel#aula
Curielernan!o S *uff(an/arrett B B$o(asSara
Dal8a!i#rati9 * >ara(illoanessa eungBs7 Bo
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Group 9 Group 10 Group 11 Group 12
r(strongra!le+ @ MorenoDaniel r>o$n
/arcia>a?ier Ngu+enMin$ Babsc$ *erbas!nan
*ernan!e7lan #e!ra7aCesar BongLuis
Ma9noFiaasi( A uintanilla
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Session 4
Lab Bues!a+ B$urs!a+ 4:3& -%:&& ,(
Group 13 Group 14 Group 15 Group 16
ustriant$on+ C.Brookhim,Esth
er
Da!e9so$n D.
E$tes$a(Booba ingstB+ler @.
Moreno>ulio C
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Lab C+cle "
06/06/16- 06/17/16
/rou, "5'"3 /rou, 2 "&"4 /rou, 3%""
>une Mo; Age hardening Creep Tensile
>une % Bu; Age hardening Creep Tensile
>une =e; Creep Tensile Phase Diagram
>une ' B$; Creep Tensile Phase Diagram
>une "3 Mo; Tensile Phase Diagram Age hardening
>une "4 Bu; Tensile Phase Diagram Age hardening
>une "5 =e; Phase Diagram Age hardening Creep
>une " B$; Phase Diagram Age hardening Creep
our Lab une "% ri!a+;
Creep
Phase Diagram
Age hardening
Tensile
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Lab C+cle 2
06/20/15- 07/01/16
/rou, "5'"3 /rou, 2 "&"4 /rou, 3%
>une 2& Heat treatment Fatigue Charpy test
>une 2" Heat treatment Fatigue Charpy test
>une 22 Fatigue Charpy test Recrystallization
>une 23 Fatigue Charpy test Recrystallization
>une 2% Charpy test Recrystallization Heat treatment
>une 2 Charpy test Recrystallization Heat treatment
>une 2' Recrystallization Heat treatment Fatigue
>une 3& Recrystallization Heat treatment Fatigue
our Lab ul+ "
Fatigue
Charpy test
Recrystallization
Heat treatment
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Ea(s
Ea( ": 2-4 ,( >une 2&t$ 2&"
D3 W122
Ea( 2: 2-4 ,( >ul+ 4t$ 2&"
Or Ea( 2 : 2-4 ,( >ul+ 't$ 2&"
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Safety ro!e"ure# $% t&e 'ab
B$e follo8ing basic ,roce!ures (ust be follo8e! at all ti(es in t$e lab. #re,aring for
t$ese re6uire(ents is as i(,ortant as ,re,aring for t$e lab itself.(ye rote!t$o%:
G =ear e+e ,rotection at all ti(es in t$e lab. Eercise ,articular care 8$en engage! in
an+ o,eration in?ol?ing ele?ate! te(,erature c$e(icals (o?ing $ar!8are e.
6uenc$ing ,olis$ing $eat treat(ents (elting fatigue c$ar,+;.
G B$e stu!ents ,erfor(ing t$e o,eration as 8ell as t$ose 8atc$ing fro( a close !istance
(ust a!$ere to t$is.)eat treat*e%t:
G Clear 8or9ing area e. for 6uenc$ing etc. ,rior to asse(bling t$e stu!ents. Do not
allo8 t$e grou, to be confine! to a restricte! region. B$at is (o?e c$airs a8a+ fro( t$e
furnace area.
G Insist t$at obser?ers stan! co(fortabl+ a8a+ fro( t$e acti?it+.
+ot&$%:G If a stu!ent is not 8earing s$oes 8$ic$ co?er t$e feet get so(eone else to !o t$e
6uenc$ingetc.
G ll nec9 ties (ust be re(o?e! for t$e lab.
G Loose clot$ing or long $air 8$ic$ (ig$t be tangle! in e6ui,(ent (ust be re(o?e! or
secure!
Safet+ is our #riorit+
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Stress-Strain Best Bensile Best;
"2
gauge
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Stress-strain Cur?e an! Sa(,le Defor(ation
&
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racture
Se,aration of a sa(,le into t8o or (ore ,ieces in res,onse to an i(,ose! stress.
racture is one t+,e of failure ta9es ,lace at te(,erature (uc$ lo8er t$an
(elting te(,erature.
&
I
II
III
ase! on (aterials !uctilit+ t$ree t+,es of fracture surfaces
*ig$l+ !uctile Mo!erate !uctile rittle
Ductile:8arning
before fracture
Brittle:No
8arning
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G E?olution to failure:
Mo!eratel+ Ductile ailure
nec9ing
s
?oi!nucleation
?oi! gro8t$an! lin9age
s$earingat surface
fracture
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inar+ Iso(or,$ous #$ase Diagra(
Co(,onent: 2 Cu an! Ni; inar+ s+ste(s
B$er(o!+na(ic ?ariables: B an! C #
1 usuall+ constant at " at(;
#$ase: 2 L an! H;
Co(,lete soli! solution Iso(or,$ous binar+ ,$ase !iagra(
#$ase fiel!: 3
L
HL (iture;
J
oun!ar+ bet8een ,$ase fiel!
Li6ui!us line
Soli!us line
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inar+ Eutectic #$ase Diagra(
Co(,onent: 2 inar+ s+ste(s
Eutectic
Lo8er (elting at s,ecific co(,osition of soli!
(iture
Eutectic ,oint at TE: an! CE
#$ase: 3 L H an! K;
Li(ite! solubilit+ in S
a: (ostl+
b: (ostl+
#$ase fiel!:
Single ,$ase: L H an! K
Miture: HL KL HK
oun!ar+ bet8een ,$ase fiel!
Li6ui!us line
Soli!us line
Sol?us line
"%
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Soli!ification of Eutectic llo+
"
*+,oeutectic *+,ereutectic
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/enerali7e! Cree, e$a?ior
Bensile testInstantaneous (easure(ent
&
B3
B2
B"
T3 . T2 . T1
t lo8er te(,erature B&.4B( t$e strain
is instantaneous t$us in!e,en!ent of ti(e
an! stress.
t $ig$er te(,eratures strain in
(aterials are te(,erature an! stress
!e,en!ent.
Stain ?ersus ti(e
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B+,ical Cree, Cur?e
Cree, rate :
#ri(ar+ cree,
Secon!ar+ cree,
Bertiar+ cree,
!ecreases
constant
increases
Strain $ar!ening
Strain $ar!ening an! reco?er+
Defects generation an! ,ro,agating
dt
ds
=
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Ea(,le of
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Strengt$ening Mec$anis(s
Defor(ation
Elastic !efor(ation
#lastic !efor(ation
+ sli, relate! to !islocation (o?e(ent
Strengt$ening
I(,e!e !islocation (o?e(ent (ore !ifficult ,lastic !efor(ation;
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Strengt$ening Mec$anis(s
5 strengt$ening (ec$anis(s
/rain si7e re!uction
Sol!-solution strengt$ening
Strain $ar!ening
Dis,ersion $ar!ening age $ar!ening or,reci,itate $ar!ening;
Martensite $ar!ening
/rain si7e re!uction
/rain boun!ar+ interaction 8it$ !islocation
/rain si7e P interaction fre6uenc+Q P
strengt$Q
*all-#etc$ e6uation
24
21
/
yoyield dk +=
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Strengt$ening Mec$anis(s
Soli!-solution strengt$ening
Lattice strain interaction 8it$ !islocation
#artiall+ cancel strain aroun! !islocation
P !islocation (obilit+
Soli!-solution strengt$ening in co,,er as
a function of nic9el content CNiQ P R+Q an! BSQ
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Strengt$ening Mec$anis(s
Strain $ar!ening
Bangle! an! increase!
!islocation !ensit+: increase!
interaction bet8een !islocations
usuall+ re,ulsi?e; C=Q P R+Q an! BSQ but EL
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Strengt$ening Mec$anis(s
Dis,ersion $ar!ening age $ar!ening or ,reci,itate
$ar!ening; #article interaction 8it$ !islocations
*ig$er !ensit+ !is,erse! ,article
Martensite $ar!ening
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ge-*ar!ening: Intro!uction
ge $ar!ening
One of strengt$ening (ec$anis(s
+ finel+ !is,erse! secon! ,$ase
in t$e (atri
#roce!ures Solution treat(ent
t a $ig$ te(,erature
uenc$ing
or su,ersaturate! solute
geing: annealing $eat treat(ent;
at roo( or ele?ate! te(,eratures
or secon! ,$ase ,reci,itation
2
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C$ar,+
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atigue
atigue
for( of failure
ailure un!er a,,lie! c+clic stress
Stress con!ition: !+na(ic an! fluctuating ti(e-!e,en!ent stress; Be(,erature: relati?el+ lo8
=$+ i(,ortant
ailure coul! occur at stress le?el consi!erabl+ lo8er t$an BS or S
for a static loa! max y; Occurs catastro,$icall+ su!!enl+ an! no 8arning;
T'& of (etallic failures
#ol+(ers an! cera(ics also susce,tible
3&
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Stress Con!itions in atigue
,,l+ing c+clic stress con!itions
Bensile ; co(,ressi?e -;
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atigue Best
B+,ical fatigue test
Si(ulating ser?ice
stress con!itions
Uniaial tension-
co(,ression test
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S -NCur?e I
Lo8er 8it$ increasingNbut no failure if S lo8er
t$an certain ?alue
errous an! Bi allo+s
Sbeco(es constant after certainN
atigue li(it ailure 8ill not occur belo8 t$e S
Usuall+ 35-& of BS for steels
Continuousl+ lo8er S8it$ increasingN
Non-ferrous allo+s l Cu Mg etc.;No fatigue li(it
atigue strengt$
Stress le?el at 8inc$ failure occurs for s,ecifie! V of c+cles
atigue life
V of c+cles to cause failure at s,ecifie! stress le?el
B+,es of stress con!ition affecting fatigue be$a?ior Elastic an! ,lastic !efor(ation
S(allerNfor failure N"&4-"&5c+cles;
Lo8-c+cle fatigue
Elastic !efor(ation onl+
Larger N for failure NW"&4-"&5c+cles;
*ig$-c+cle fatigue
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S-NCur?e II
S-Ncur?es are statistical b+ nature
P: ,robabilit+ of failure
t S13& 9,si
" failure at "&c+cles
5& failure at 2"&%c+cles
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racture Boug$ness I
More on fracture (ec$anics
R(WW R&!ue to stress
concentratorKtcrac9 fla8
etc.; Crac9 ,ro,agates if R(W
critical stress Rc;
R
c
Q P (ore resistance tocrac9 ,ro,agation fracture
toug$ness Q;
2/1
2
=a
sc E
E1 (o!ulus of elasticit+
gs1 s,ecific surface energ+
re,lace! b+ gsgp,lastic
!efor(ation energ+;
ott
om K=
=2/1
2 a
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racture Boug$ness Best
racture toug$ness
Materials resistance to brittle fracture
Crac9 gro8t$ 8$en
#lane strain fracture toug$ness
2/12
= as
c
E
E1 (o!ulus of elasticit+
gs1 s,ecific surface energ+
re,lace! b+ gsgp,lastic
!efor(ation energ+;
Kc 1 aY
K XKc
KIc 1 aY
Mo!e I Mo!e II Mo!e III
ott
om K=
=2/1
2 a
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#lane Strain racture Boug$ness
#lane strain
fracturetoug$ness
KIc 1 aY
Mo!e I
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I(,act racture Besting
racture toug$ness test #lane strain fracture test
I(,act energ+ test notc$ toug$ness;
I(,act fracture tests
Nor(al tensile test lo8 loa!ing rates;: Not goo! enoug$ for e?aluation of fracture be$a?ior un!er i(,act
C$osen to re,resent con!itions of
*ig$ strain loa!ing; rate $ig$ rate of !efor(ation;
Defor(ation at lo8 te(,eratures
Briaial stress state t$e ,resence of a notc$;
Stan!ar!i7e! tests
C$ar,+ test
I7o! test
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Loa!ing
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Be(,erature Effect
Ductile-to-brittle
transition
te(,erature DBB;
Bransitionte(,erature fro(
!uctile to brittle 8Y
B
Ser?ice te(,erature
s$oul! be $ig$er
t$an DBB
Ductilerittle
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C$ar,+ Best
I(,act test
I(,act loa!ing
-notc$ in t$e sa(,le
C$ar,+ -notc$ CN; tec$ni6ue
I(,act loa!ing b+ 8eig$te!
,en!ulu( $a((er
h: initial $eig$t
h': final $eig$t after i(,act
h-h': energ+ absorbe! (easure of
i(,act energ+ absorbe!;;
I(,act energies are relati?eNot eas+ to co(,are !ifferent
(aterials
or DBB !eter(ination
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Ductile-to-rittle Bransition I
B P i(,act energ+
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Ductile-to-rittle Bransition II
DBB in steels
llo+ co(,ositions
Microstructures
CQ P strengt$ Q
DBB Q
DBB in (an+
cera(ics
er+ $ig$ DBBT"&&& ZC
rittle in
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Strain *ar!ening
Metals
*ig$ strengt$
*ig$ !uctilit+
Strain $ar!ening
Strain $ar!ening Increase in R 8it$ [ b+
,lastic !efor(ation
!!itional safe factor in
structure More !ifficult in for(ing
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Strain *ar!ening Mec$anis(
Strain $ar!ening
Dislocation !ensit+Q tangles
P !islocation (o?e(ent
Increase! interaction bet8een
!islocations usuall+
re,ulsi?e;
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Col! =or9ing
or(ing
Col! 8or9: !efor(ation at roo( te(,erature C=
4
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I(,act of Col! =or9ing I
CW y and TS but %EL
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I(,act of Col! =or9ing II
=$at are t$e ?alues of +iel!
strengt$ tensile strengt$ !uctilit+ after col! 8or9ing Cu\
4
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*eat Breat(ent fter Col! =or9ing
Col! 8or9ing *ar!er an! (ore
brittle
nnealing /oing bac9 to
before col! 8or9ing
Ste,s
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/rain /ro8t$
Increase in grain si7e after recr+stalli7ation
S(all grains s$rin9 an! ulti(atel+ !isa,,ear;
Large grains continue to gro8
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Structure an! #ro,ert+ C$ange !uring *eat Breat(ent
*eat treat(ent
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