MATEMATICAL CALCULATIONS OF KIMBERLITE DIAMOND … · Web viewTitle: MATEMATICAL CALCULATIONS OF...
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MULTIVARIATE FUNCTIONS FOR THE KIMBERLITE DIAMOND GRADE CALCULATIONS. Igor Kryvoshlyk. Toronto, Canada. Phone: 416-248-8514, e-mail: [email protected] It is well known that the pyrope garnet is genetically closest to the diamond mineral. Therefore, its chemical composition must reflect the thermodynamical environment of the diamond crystallization. The attempt to convert standard microprobe analyses of garnets into real numbers of diamond grade was made [1]. It appears that this attempt was satisfactory: high grade for the DO-27 (70.81 cpht) was predicted (in year 2000) – well before it was confirmed by latest explorations (since 2005) – at the time when traditional methods proved only one cpht for this kimberlite [39, 44, 45]. The bulk sampling of the DO-27 pipe in 1994 “did not produce the anticipated high grades, led to a catastrophic Canadian junior stock market crash and abandonment of the project” [52]. What was the reason for Peregrine Diamonds to re- evaluate DO-27 ten years later, after two of the world’s most famous specialists (Dr. Luc Rombouts and Dr. Grant Boxer) confirmed that this kimberlite is almost barren (A. Lee Barker, former Senior Vice President, SouthernEra Resources, personal communication, 2000)? The computer program was also created to provide clear genetical identification for each garnet grain picked, 1
Transcript of MATEMATICAL CALCULATIONS OF KIMBERLITE DIAMOND … · Web viewTitle: MATEMATICAL CALCULATIONS OF...
MULTIVARIATE FUNCTIONS FOR THE KIMBERLITE DIAMOND GRADE CALCULATIONS.
Igor Kryvoshlyk. Toronto, Canada.
Phone: 416-248-8514, e-mail: [email protected]
It is well known that the pyrope garnet is genetically closest to the diamond mineral. Therefore, its chemical composition must reflect the thermodynamical environment of the diamond crystallization. The attempt to convert standard microprobe analyses of garnets into real numbers of diamond grade was made [1]. It appears that this attempt was satisfactory: high grade for the DO-27 (70.81 cpht) was predicted (in year 2000) – well before it was confirmed by latest explorations (since 2005) – at the time when traditional methods proved only one cpht for this kimberlite [39, 44, 45]. The bulk sampling of the DO-27 pipe in 1994 “did not produce the anticipated high grades, led to a catastrophic Canadian junior stock market crash and abandonment of the project” [52].
What was the reason for Peregrine Diamonds to re-evaluate DO-27 ten years later, after two of the world’s most famous specialists (Dr. Luc Rombouts and Dr. Grant Boxer) confirmed that this kimberlite is almost barren (A. Lee Barker, former Senior Vice President, SouthernEra Resources, personal communication, 2000)?
The computer program was also created to provide clear genetical identification for each garnet grain picked, either from the kimberlite concentrate or from the soil samples.
One of the most important conclusions of this investigation relating to the garnet chemistry was a discovery of three compositional fields of eclogitic garnets [3]: “ECL-1” for igneous eclogites, “ECL-2” for metasomatic eclogites and “ECL-3” for metamorphic ones. Therefore, kimberlite diamonds are coming from four sources: one peridotitic (“PYR”) and three eclogitic.
To prove the legitimacy of this computer program it is necessary to have information about the final mining data. This information is however highly confidential which makes it difficult to compare resulting data.
The basic file for this program (~130 Mb) was created using publically available data mostly consisting of open files and articles.
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The accumulation of garnet chemical data allows for a greater database to draw upon as research continues. Below is a table with latest information. Those of us who have access to relevant data can compare these predictions with their own confidential information, and then make their own conclusions.
Some minor variations between my calculations and the final mining data should occur due to the bottom screening dimensions and some dilution of kimberlite by xenoliths of country rocks. This is due to the diamond grade being calculated for the total diamond population without dilution.
Degree of confidence directly depends on the number of garnet grains. Data received from less than 100 grains cannot be the final. Predicted diamond grade for high degree depends on the quality of the sampling and on the accuracy of the geographical coordinates of the kimberlite location. In case these calculations will prove to be correct by confirmation with the mining data, it will be the most concrete evidence for a direct genetic link between diamonds and garnets. This will prove that the two are not xenocrysts in relation to the host kimberlite rocks.
Table 1. Kimberlites, their geographical location, and diamond grade, which was calculated, based on chemical composition of the garnets extracted from the kimberlite concentrate compare to the final mining data. “DIF” – diamond inclusion field. Column 5 “Predicted grade” in combination with column 4 “Garnets in DIF” indicates diamond abundance of kimberlite from each separated source [3]: Hyperbasitic (“PYR”), Igneous eclogites (“ECL-1”), Metasomatic eclogites (“ECL-2”) and Metamorphic eclogites (“ECL-3”). “Predicted grade” includes total diamond population including microdiamonds below cut-off size and dilution with xenoliths. That is why perhaps the “Predicted grade” is constantly higher then the “Final grade”.
# Kimberlite,[Source of information]
Country, region
Garnetsin DIF
Predicted grade (cpht)
Final mining data, (cpht)
1 2 3 4 5 61
Marsfontein, M-1 [43]
S. Africa 200 PYR5 ECL-17 ECL-3
Total
= 7.13 = 101.01= 41.30= 149.44
[4]
=148.58
2
2 Klipspringer S. Africa 15 ECL-3 = 44.20 = 42.00 [5]
3 Kimberley “Big Hole” S. Africa 241 PYR = 64.23 = 63.88 [6]
4 Finsch [34] S. Africa 73 PYR = 38.61 = 36.33 [33]
5 A-15 [28] Botswana 54 PYR = 12.01 No data
6 Boshof Botswana 160 PYR = 15.49 No data
7 Camafuca [7] Angola 11 PYR = 6.72 No data
8 Catoca [40] Angola 103 PYR = 57.16 No data
9 Letseng-satellite [35] Lesotho 11 PYR = 50.77 No data
10Roberts Victor [47]
S. Africa 44 PYR7 ECL-3
Total
= 70.46= 62.53=132.99 =100.00[8]
11 Sturgeon Lake [42]
Saskatchewan, Canada
27 PYR = 8.08 No data
12a Victor [9] Ontario, Canada
136 PYR = 41.53 No data
12b Victor [10] Ontario, Canada
39 PYR = 43.97 No data
13 Bravo [9] Ontario, Canada
221 PYR = 45.01 No data
14 Charlie [9] Ontario, Canada
191 PYR = 43.61 No data
15 Uniform [9] Ontario, Canada
42 PYR = 55.38 No data
16 Alpha [9] Ontario, Canada
130 PYR = 10.42 No data
17 Alpha-North [9] Ontario, Canada
161 PYR = 11.16 No data
18 Zulu [9] Ontario, Canada
174 PYR = 6.38 No data
19 Yankee [9] Ontario, Canada
101 PYR = 11.07 No data
3
20 X-Ray [9] Ontario, Canada
167 PYR = 9.84 No data
21 X-Ray-1 [9] Ontario, Canada
103 PYR = 10.85 No data
22 Tango [9] Ontario, Canada
178 PYR = 12.00 No data
23 Tango-Ext. [9] Ontario, Canada
179 PYR = 40.35 No data
24 India [9] Ontario, Canada
46 PYR = 4.83 No data
25 Delta [9] Ontario, Canada
143 PYR = 5.90 No data
26a Gulf [9] Ontario, Canada
154 PYR = 6.53 No data
26b Gulf [10] Ontario, Canada
77 PYR = 7.29 No data
27 Whiskey [9] Ontario, Canada
90 PYR = 5.31 No data
28 MacFadyen-1 [9] Ontario, Canada
178 PYR1 ECL-3
Total
= 44.01= 59.09= 103.10
No data
29 MacFadyen-2 [41] Ontario, Canada
73 PYR = 40.12 No data
30 MacFadyen-2-S [41]
Ontario, Canada
82 PYR = 43.73 No data
31 Good Friday [41]
Ontario, Canada
80 PYR = 43.03 No data
32 Kyle Lake-1 [9] Ontario, Canada
246 PYR = 102.03 No data
33 Morrisett [12] Ontario, Canada
20 PYR = 1.37 No data
34 Michaud [12] Ontario, Canada
78 PYR = 6.56 No data
35 Guigues [12] Ontario, Canada
84 PYR = 6.26 No data
36 Guibord [12] Ontario, Canada
64 PYR = 42.39 No data
37 Gravel [12] Ontario, Canada
60 PYR = 10.87 No data
4
38 Bucke [12] Ontario, Canada
77 PYR = 6.24 No data
39 Buzz-1 [12] Ontario, Canada
60 PYR = 6.77 No data
40 Buzz-2 [12] Ontario, Canada
12 PYR = 5.93 No data
41 Buzz-3 [12] Ontario, Canada
55 PYR = 5.74 No data
42 Am-47 [12] Ontario, Canada
74 PYR = 5.05 No data
43 Diamond Lake [12] Ontario, Canada
70 PYR = 5.96 No data
44 “Nicholson” Dyke, Wawa [51]
Ontario, Canada
20 PYR = 1.16 No data
45 Ndn-1 (a, b, c) 1
[11]Quebec, Canada
103 PYR = 6.76 No data
46 Ndn-1 (a, b, c) 2
[12]Quebec,Canada
155 PYR = 5.22 No data
47 Ndn-2 [12] Quebec, Canada
125 PYR = 6.46 No data
48 Peddie [12] Ontario, Canada
337 PYR = 13.26 No data
49 A-4 [12] Ontario, Canada
56 PYR = 13.70 No data
50 B-30 [12] Ontario, Canada
47 PYR = 6.13 No data
51 C-14 [12] Ontario, Canada
56 PYR = 5.30 No data
52 Seed [12] Ontario, Canada
105 PYR = 15.01 No data
53 OPAP [12] Ontario, Canada
119 PYR = 56.02 No data
54 Tandem-1 [12] Ontario, Canada
109 PYR = 6.25 No data
55 15-10 [12] Ontario, Canada
13 PYR = 1.34 No data
56 DO-27 (in 2000) NWT, Canada
58 PYR = 70.81 No data
57 Drybones NWT, 177 PYR = 8.72 No data
5
Canada58 Sue NWT,
Canada156 PYR = 57.20 No data
59 T-10 NWT, Canada
96 PYR, 1 ECL-3
Total
= 47.14= 2.17= 49.31
No data
60 Torrie NWT, Canada
72 PYR = 42.59 No data
61 Yuriy NWT, Canada
49 PYR = 63.67 No data
62 A-154-S [13] NWT, Canada
94 PYR = 57.93 No data
63 C-13 NWT, Canada
166 PYR = 56.79 No data
64 Torngat-2 [11] Quebec Canada
151 PYR Barren 5 No data
65 K-4 [14] Alberta, Canada
22 PYR = 6.84 No data
66 K-11 [14] Alberta, Canada
24 PYR = 7.01 No data
67 K-14 [14] Alberta, Canada
20 PYR = 12.46 = 12 [26]
68 Legend [14] Alberta, Canada
212 PYR = 64.72 No data
69 Kendu [14] Alberta, Canada
99 PYR = 7.22 No data
70 Mountain Lake Alberta, Canada
22 PYR = 72.71 No data
71 Mir [40] Yakutia, Russia
263 PYR11 ECL-3
Total
= 40.29= 56.64= 96.93 = 100 [40]
72 Mir-zhila SevernayaMir-Northern vein
Yakutia, Russia
224 PYR1 ECL-3
Total
= 40.99= 29.68= 70.67
No data
73 Sputnik Yakutia, Russia
154 PYR = 53.28 No data
74 Aikhal [37] Yakutia, Russia
41 PYR = 91.01 No data
75a Udachnaya [15] Yakutia, 239 PYR = 65.99 = 60 [16]
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Russia75b Udachnaya [40] Yakutia,
Russia45 PYR = 65.01 = 60 [16]
76 Udachnaya-East [40] Yakutia, Russia
42 PYR = 67.26 No data
77a Yubileinaya (Jubilee) [15]
Yakutia, Russia
115 PYR = 71.25 No data
77b Yubileinaya (Jubilee) [40]
Yakutia, Russia
169 PYR = 69.05 No data
78 Sytykanskaya [15] Yakutia, Russia
72 PYR = 66.79 = 60 [17]
79a Botuobinskaya [37]
Yakutia, Russia
86 PYR 4 ECL-3
Total
= 51.23= 35.64= 86.87
No data
79b Botuobinskaya [40]
Yakutia, Russia
286 PYR37 ECL-3
Total
= 46.36= 50.96= 97.32
No data
80a Zarnitsa [15] Yakutia, Russia
93 PYR = 17.52 No data
80b Zarnitsa [40] Yakutia, Russia
58 PYR = 61.52 No data
81a Dalnaya [15]Breccia ……………...Massive kimberlite……………Total…………………
Yakutia, Russia 3……..
……………..……………...
……..54 PYR
……..47 PYR ……101 PYR
= 16.09
= 20.40 = 18.25
No data
81b Dalnaya [40] Yakutia, Russia
30 PYR = 7.77 No data
82a Geophyzicheskaya [15]Breccia ………………..Massive kimberlite ……………..Total…………………..
Yakutia, Russia 4……..
……………..……………..
……..44 PYR
……..44 PYR……..88 PYR
= 42.62
= 50.21= 46.50
No data
82b Geophyzicheskaya [40] Yakutia, Russia
54 PYR = 15.25 No data
83 Zagadochnaya [15] Yakutia, Russia
37 PYR = 16.79 No data
84 Kusova [15] Yakutia, Russia
23 PYR = 12.44 No data
7
85a Osennaya [15] Yakutia, Russia
30 PYR = 61.10 No data
85b Osennaya [40] Yakutia, Russia
19 PYR = 68.84 No data
86a Yakutskaya [15] Yakutia, Russia
45 PYR = 16.05 No data
86b Yakutskaya [40] Yakutia, Russia
50 PYR = 68.30 No data
87a Komsomolskaya [15] Yakutia, Russia
26 PYR = 67.24 No data
87b Komsomolskaya [40] Yakutia, Russia
163 PYR = 60.27 No data
88 Molodost [15] Yakutia, Russia
31 PYR = 60.75 No data
89 Svetlaya [15] Yakutia, Russia
66 PYR = 42.24 No data
90 Manchary [36] YakutiaRussia
348 PYR = 54.58 No data
91 Malokuonapskaya [36]Phase B 6
Breccia? ...…………..
Phase AMassive Kimberlite? …………
YakutiaRussia ……………..
……………..
5 PYR& 105 ECL-3………...Total
20 PYR 1 ECL-1 3 ECL-2 28 ECL-3………...Total
= 62.72= 40.31= 103.03= 71.59= 118.94= 156.88= 38.14= 385.55
No data
92 Nachalnaya [40] YakutiaRussia
26 PYR = 58.26 No data
93 Neva [40] YakutiaRussia
71 PYR = 48.59 No data
94 NIIGA [40] YakutiaRussia
26 PYR = 53.91 No data
95 Noiabrskaya [40] YakutiaRussia
92 PYR = 65.31 No data
96 Irreliakhskaya [40] YakutiaRussia
26 PYR = 39.20 No data
97 Koniok-Sever [40] YakutiaRussia
35 PYR = 62.73 No data
98 Leningradskaya Yakutia 31 PYR = 16.67 No data
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[40] Russia99 Morkoka [40] Yakutia
Russia167 PYR = 80.36 No data
100 Altaiskaya [40] YakutiaRussia
54 PYR = 16.07 No data
101 Aprelskaya [40] YakutiaRussia
112 PYR = 51.61 No data
102 Odintsova [40] YakutiaRussia
55 PYR = 62.49 No data
103 Prognoznaya [40] YakutiaRussia
36 PYR = 13.15 No data
104 Radiogeodezicheskaya [40]
YakutiaRussia
37 PYR = 16.29 No data
105 Snezhinka [40] YakutiaRussia
70 PYR = 42.11 No data
106 Talisman [40] YakutiaRussia
29 PYR = 19.13 No data
107 Yunost [40] YakutiaRussia
27PYR = 52.90 No data
108 Akademicheskaya [40]
YakutiaRussia
36 PYR = 6.00 No data
109 Argys [40] YakutiaRussia
52 PYR = 50.17 No data
110 Aeros’emochnaya [40]
YakutiaRussia
88 PYR = 25.62 No data
111 Bukovinskaya [40] YakutiaRussia
51 PYR1 ECL-3
Total
= 6.24= 31.66= 37.90
No data
112 Ustinova [40] YakutiaRussia
119 PYR1 ECL-3
Total
= 18.24= 92.49= 110.74
No data
113 Letniaya [40] YakutiaRussia
26 PYR = 11.71 No data
114 Liubimaya [40] YakutiaRussia
37 PYR = 48.37 No data
115 Makatoiskaya [40] YakutiaRussia
60 PYR = 7.27 No data
116 Mastakhskaya [40] YakutiaRussia
57 PYR = 16.93 No data
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117 Ilmenitovaya [40] YakutiaRussia
57 PYR = 16.50 No data
118 Molodiozhnaya [40] YakutiaRussia
54 PYR1 ECL-3
Total
= 16.38= 43.66= 60.04
No data
119 Nevidimka [40] YakutiaRussia
47 PYR = 54.17 No data
120 Nu-Pogodi [40] YakutiaRussia
45 PYR = 42.18 No data
121 Niurbinskaya [40] (Daldyn)
YakutiaRussia
63 PYR = 14.03 No data
122 Niurbinskaya [40](Nakyn)
YakutiaRussia
84 PYR7 ECL-3
Total
= 53.51= 40.51= 94.02
No data
123 Oval [40] YakutiaRussia
24 PYR = 41.89 No data
124 Poliarnaya [40] YakutiaRussia
29 PYR = 18.20 No data
125 Popugayeva [40] YakutiaRussia
40 PYR = 63.88 No data
126 Saratovskaya [40] YakutiaRussia
62 PYR = 14.93 No data
127 Sosednyaya [40] YakutiaRussia
44 PYR1 ECL-1
Total
= 7.65= 17.86= 25.51
No data
128 Studencheskaya [40] YakutiaRussia
48 PYR1 ECL-3
Total
= 66.47= 86.25= 152.72
No data
129 Ugadaika [40] YakutiaRussia
56 PYR = 16.22 No data
130 Ukrainskaya [40] YakutiaRussia
35 PYR = 13.87 No data
131 Festivalnaya 7 [40]
YakutiaRussia
82 PYR Barren No data
132 Cheburashka [40] YakutiaRussia
41 PYR = 39.95 No data
133 Evrika [40] YakutiaRussia
59 PYR = 8.28 No data
134 Dolgozhdannaya [40] Yakutia 60 PYR = 16.72 No data
10
Russia135 Fangenshteina [40] Yakutia
Russia37 PYR =58.12 No data
136 Iskorka [40] YakutiaRussia
15 PYR = 60.76 No data
137 Elektra [40] YakutiaRussia
29 PYR = 54.35 No data
138 Endir [40] YakutiaRussia
62 PYR = 7.26 No data
139 Volzhanka [40] YakutiaRussia
37 PYR = 54.54 No data
140 Vesnushka [40] YakutiaRussia
44 PYR = 15.58 No data
141 Gorniatskaya [40] YakutiaRussia
78 PYR1 ECL-3
Total
= 42.80= 28.07= 70.87
No data
142 Daikovaya [40] YakutiaRussia
31 PYR = 15.05 No data
143 Zimniaya [40] YakutiaRussia
18 PYR1 ECL-3
Total
= 61.25= 70.47=131.72
No data
144 Iksovaya [40] YakutiaRussia
50 PYR1 ECL-3
Total
= 15.07= 69.61= 84.69
No data
145 Amakinskaya [40] YakutiaRussia
498 PYR1 ECL-2
Total
= 48.12= 152.02= 200.14
No data
146 Dachnaya [40] YakutiaRussia
511 PYR1 ECL-3
Total
= 50.51= 55.11= 105.62
No data
147 23d Congress [40] YakutiaRussia
478 PYR = 55.24 No data
148 Internatsionalnaya(Inter) [40]
YakutiaRussia
913 PYR10 ECL-3
Total
= 49.09= 69.91= 119.01
No data
149 Taiozhnaya [40] YakutiaRussia
289 PYR1 ECL-3
Total
= 11.63= 65.84= 77.47
No data
150 Novinka [40] Yakutia 30 PYR = 57.12 No data
11
Russia 1 ECL-3Total
= 67.63= 124.75
151 Maiskaya [40] YakutiaRussia
45 PYR2 ECL-3
Total
= 65.57= 34.27= 99.84
No data
152 Zapadnaya [40] YakutiaRussia
47 PYR = 6.64 No data
153 Vostochnaya [40] YakutiaRussia
1306 PYR = 8.24 No data
154 Grib [38] White Sea, Russia
20 PYR = 52.56 = 37-138 [31]
155 Arkhangelskaya [18, 19]
White Sea, Russia
137 PYR1 ECL-1
Total
= 14.70=110.52=125.22
No data
156 Karpinsky-1 [38] White Sea, Russia
25 PYR = 88.72 No data
157 Karpinsky-2 [38] White Sea, Russia
12 PYR = 48.79 No data
158 Snegurochka [38] White Sea, Russia
18 PYR = 65.27 No data
159 Lomonosova [38] White Sea, Russia
93 PYR = 75.85 = 70 [27]
160 Megorskaya [38] White Sea, Russia
15 PYR = 61.04 No data
161 Shocha [38] White Sea, Russia
21 PYR = 73.64 No data
162 Solokha [38] White Sea, Russia
72 PYR = 43.57 No data
163 Sill # 697 [38] White Sea, Russia
20 PYR = 17.64 No data
164 Ermakovsky [29] White Sea, Russia
39 PYR = 70.83 No data
165 La Ceniza [20] Venezuela 86 PYR 2 ECL-2
Total
= 45.41= 36.68= 82.09
No data
166 Tucano-1 Brazil 154 PYR = 50.82 No data
167 Largo [30] Brazil 10 PYR = 6.02 No data
12
168 Riachao [30] Brazil 10 PYR = 7.16 No data
169 Cabeceiras [30] Brazil 9 PYR = 3.82 No data
170 Vargem-1 [32] Brazil 7 PYR =59.57 No data
171 Tanoma Mine [21] Pennsylvania, USA
19 PYR = 5.81 No data
172 Six Pak [12] Wisconsin, USA
92 PYR = 5.08 No data
173 Garnet Ridge [22, 23] Arizona, USA 17 PYR = 5.31 No data174 Williams [25] Montana,
USA100 PYR = 43.70 No data
175 Lake Ellen [25] Michigan, USA
181 PYR = 71.45 No data
176 Lahtojoki [24] Finland 303 PYR = 56.18 No data
177 Kylmalahti [24] Finland 84 PYR = 14.96 No data
178 Karenpaa [24] Finland 84 PYR = 39.29 No data
179 Ryona [24] Finland 247 PYR = 14.07 No data
180 Seitapera [24] Finland 171 PYR = 50.95 No data
181 Rantala [24] Finland 44 PYR = 67.94 No data
182 Niilonsuo [24] Finland 17 PYR = 62.73 No data
183 N.Kuusamo [24] Finland 95 PYR2 ECL-3
Total
= 71.55= 50.11=121.65
No data
184 Garnet Lake [48, 49] W. Greenland 10 PYR4 ECL-3
Total
= 64.57= 42.80= 107.37 = 100 [50]
Notes for the Table 1:
13
1, 2 There are three kimberlites known as NDN-1: NDN-1a, NDN-1b, and NDN-1c. Publications [9] and [10] do not provide clear indication of their garnet source.
3 Dalnaya might contain block of the massive kimberlite, which occupies about 50% of the total volume of the pipe.
4 Geophyzicheskaya might contain block of the massive kimberlite, which occupies about 50% of the pipe volume.
5 151 pyropes were analyzed for Torngat-2 [9]. None of them match Diamond Inclusion Fields.
6 according to [36], Phase A should be four times better than Phase B
Yubileinaya (Jubilee): AK – autolithic kimberlite, PK – porphyritic kimberlite.
Udachnaya: UE – Udachnaya-East, UW – Udachnaya-West
Sytykanskaya: AK – autolithic kimberlite, PK – porphyritic kimberlite.
Table is a subject for periodical update.
7 Barren Festivalnaya is the only kimberlite where the phenomenon of the repeated liquid immiscibility was found [46].
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.
The proposed system does not depend on the low quality geological models, wrongful interpretation of petrology or insufficient diamond sampling [52].
It is important to see the close proximity between data which was received for the same kimberlite (like Victor kimberlite) but from different sources (samples by different authors).
Victor kimberlite, Ontario, Canada [9] from 136 PYR source provided diamond grade 41.53 cpht. The same Victor kimberlite [10] from only 39 PYR provided quite close grade of 43.97 cpht. There are several similar cases with a few exceptions. These exceptions might be a result of small size samples.
14
Among kimberlites of the lake Timiskaming Structural Zone the Tandem-1 is the oldest one (164.6 Ma [12]) with the worst diamond grade (6.25 cpht). The youngest kimberlite within this group is OPAP (138.8 Ma [12]) with the best grade (56.02 cpht). Peddie and Seed are between Tandem-1 and OPAP (153.6 Ma [12] and 153.7 Ma [12] accordingly) with the grade between first two (13.26 cpht and 15.01 cpht).
REFERENCES
1) Kryvoshlyk, I. 2006.Universal kimberlite exploration system (the Spiderweb). GERM Workshop, Manhattan, USA.
2) Kryvoshlyk, I. 2008h. A Spiderweb – The Universal Diamond Exploration System. http://earthref.org/cgi-bin/ado.cgi?n=915&dbms=ERDA
3) Kryvoshlyk, I. 2008e. Kimberlite garnets: the complete geochemical program for exploration for diamonds.http://earthref.org/cgi-bin/ado.cgi?n=835&dbms=ERDA
4) Southernera Resources Ltd. 2000. Annual Report.5) Southernera Resources Ltd. 2003. Annual Report.6) Generic Template. Diamonds of Africa:http://volcano.20m.com/custom3.html7) Correia, E.A., and Laiginhas, F.A.T.P. 2006. Garnets from the Camafuca-
Camazambo kimberlite (Angola). Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências (2006) 78(2): 309-315 (Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences).
8) Flinders Diamonds Ltd. 2004. Annual Report. 9) Sage R.P. 2000. Kimberlites of the Attawapiscat area, James Bay Lowlands,
northern Ontario. OGS OFR 6019, 341 pp. 10) Scully, K. R. 2000. Mantle xenoliths from the Attawapiskat kimberlite field,
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