Martin Luther/Martin Luther King Jr.

White German Lived in Germany in the 1500s Was a Catholic priest who nailed

95 theses on a church door stating that he wanted to debate 95 teachings of the Catholic Church – specifically what is required to “go to heaven”

Was excommunicated and ended up starting his own “Lutheran” Church. His legacy opened the door to others who then also protested against the Catholic Church and started other “Protestant” churches like Baptist, Presbyterian, Methodist, etc.

Black American Lived in the United States in the

1900s Was a Baptist preacher who

wanted to debate the issue of racial inequality in the United States

Led the civil rights movement in the United States that brought about significant changes to existing discriminatory policies that had unfairly punished minorities

Martin Luther and the Protestant REFORMATION

(reforming churches – or making new churches)

As a result of the printing press; bibles became available and people started

reading it. Disagreements broke out over what the

Bible really said

Martin Luther: protesting and reforming thinking

about God and church

Martin Luther: was the instigator of the

Protestant Reformation The Protestant Reformation was the religious

movement of the 16th century (1500s) that began as an attempt to reform or improve the Catholic Church but resulted in the excommunication of Luther and the creation of new Protestant churches (Lutheran, Baptist, Methodist, etc.)

Finish these sentences

Luther’s 95 theses were…. Martin Luther believed…. Protestants…. 2 reasons people went with Luther’s church

were…. 2 countries that are predominantly catholic are 2 countries that are predominantly Protestant

are

Finish these sentences

Henry the VIII… England is not Catholic because…

The Protestant Reformation was people protesting against the Catholic Church and starting new non-catholic churches like the Lutheran Church, the Methodist Church, Anglican Church, etc.

Martin Luther was a smart Catholic Priest and university professor who knew the bible really well.

He was mad at many of the teachings and things that the Church was doing

So he wanted to start a debate to help expose the Church’s errors and improve the Church

So he nailed 95 theses (issues) that he wanted to debate the church on to the door of a church in Germany challenging the Church to

a debate

What got Luther mad?

The Selling of Indulgences: indulgences (special prayers prayed by the

church that reduced someone’s time in Purgatory

Purgatory: a place in-between earth and Heaven where Catholics had their bad things beat out of them so that they would be clean to go to heaven

Beliefs of the time Catholic Church Martin Luther

The teachings of the Pope and Church teachings are just as valid as whatever it says in the Bible

Selling indulgences and the doctrine of Purgatory are legitimate because the Church says so

Membership in the Catholic Church, and doing good works is required to go to heaven

You need a priest to teach you – You need to confess your sins to a priest

Reading and interpreting a bible on your own is forbidden

You need the Church to do ‘last rights’ to go to heaven

The Bible is above the Pope and the Church’s teachings – if it’s not in the Bible then It’s not valid

indulgences and Purgatory are not in the Bible so they are not valid

SALVATION: How you get into Heaven

Your faith alone in Jesus Christ – his forgiveness of your sins, gets a person into heaven –not membership in the Catholic Church or the works that you do.

A person can’t buy indulgences as a way to heaven.

You are your own priest – you stand before God on your own – you can read the bible for yourself – confess your own sins

Heaven

PURGATORY

EARTH

HELL

Instead of asking the question, “ are you Catholic or Christian?”

Instead ask

“are you Catholic or Protestant?”

responding to all this, Pope Leo X issued a decree threatening Luther with “excommunication” if he didn’t “Recant”

Luther, didn’t budge one inchInstead, his students cheered as he threw the Pope’s warning into a bonfire

Charles the V – the 20 year old ruler of the Holy Roman Empire (Germany) then ordered Luther to stand trial at the German city of WormsThere he also told Luther to “recant”. Again, Luther refused stating,“I am bound by the scriptures and my conscience is captive to the word of God. I cannot and will not retract anything….”

Charles V then declared Luther a heretic, ordered his writings to be burned and made it against the law for anyone to give him food or shelter

The Inquisition Church courts

that investigated and prosecuted persons accused of heresy

Many times they used torture to get accused persons to ‘recant’ or take-back what they had said or taught

Heresy or heretics

People who taught things that were different from official church teaching

Heretics were taken before the Inquisition and given opportunities to recant – many times tortured

If they did not recant they were declared a heretic – (devil/witch) and burned at the stake

Knowing that it was only a matter of time before Luther would be tried and burned at the stake;Frederick the Wise of Saxony (a German province)

had a group of hooded men capture (rescue) Luther hide him away in Frederick’s castle. Luther was in hiding for over a year. There he translated the New Testament from Latin into German so that regular people could start reading it

Eventually a war broke out in Germany over the Martin Luther issueThe war pitted those provinces (states) who remained loyal to the Catholic Church VS.the provinces who wanted to break with the Catholic Church and go with Luther’s religion

Those princes whose provinces protested against the Church were called “protestants” The war lasted over 15 years and the Catholics won.

The two sides finally sat down at the peace table – The Peace of Augsburg allowed each province to choose the Church that it wanted in it’s province:The Catholic Church or Luther’s Church (Lutheran)

The Spread of Protestantism

Reasons certain rulers chose Protestantism

#1. They agreed with Luther’s interpretation of the Bible – things like you are your own priest, etc

#2. other rulers chose to go with Protestantism so that they wouldn’t have to follow the Pope and Bishops or pay tithes (10%) to the Catholic church

Spread of Protestantism

This new wave of Lutheranism spread northward into Denmark, Sweden and Norway.

Because Luther stood up to the Catholic Church and wasn’t burned as a heretic

this created a whole “protestant” movement throughout Europe

Soon you had John Calvin starting another church in Geneva, Switzerland.

John Knox took his thinking to Scotland where they became the Presbyterian Church.

Anabaptists were a totally new sect that began springing up all over Germany and France.

The Spread of Protestantism

Because of all this fighting between Catholics and Protestants – many groups began thinking about moving to America where they could be thousands of miles away from Rome and start over doing church without all the religious drama.

One of the first groups to follow their dreams were the “Pilgrims”/or Puritans

England/Great Britain/United Kingdom (U.K)

King Henry the VIII (8th) Strong Catholic Hates Martin Luther Wants a son! His wife Catherine (Catholic from

Spain) gave him a daughter but can’t get pregnant again

Henry asks the pope for an “anulment” (softer than a divorce) – pope refuses

So Henry quits the Catholic Church and starts the Church of England (Anglican Church)

Henry the VIII of England Henry wants a son (heir) and

Catherine is 42 and not cooperating.

The pope won’t give Henry an annulment (divorce) – so ….

He creates a Church of England (Anglican Church) and makes the monarch of England over it so that he can get a divorce

England is not Catholic because Henry the VIII wanted a divorce and the pope wouldn’t give it to him

Wives of Henry the VIII Catherine of Aragon (Mary’s

reign 1553-1558) Anne Boleyn (Elizabeth’s reign

1558 -1603) Jane Seymour (Edward’s reign

1547-1553) Anne of Cleaves Catherine Howard Catherine Parr

Mary

Elizabeth

Edward

Elizabeth I

Daughter of Anne Boleyn

Never married (Virgin queen)

Kept England Protestant

Defeated the Spanish Armada

Loved in England

The Spread of Protestantism

Assignment: read pages 492-493 and answer this question:

Write at least 1 paragraph explaining

Why is England protestant and not Catholic?

The Catholic or “counter reformation”

Furious about Martin Luther and all these “protestants” leaving the Catholic church

The Catholic Church decided to FIGHT BACK

This Catholic reformation was begun by Ignatius Loyola

He developed a system of daily religious exercises: things like meditation, prayer and study.

Over the next couple of years he gained a great deal of followers.

Later the Pope created a religious order of “super Catholics” or Jesuits

Strong in mind and duty-many missionaries were Jesuits

The Church decided a few official doctrines during this time:

1. The Church’s interpretation of the Bible was final. No individual person could interpret the Bible

2. Christians needed faith and good works to get to heaven (Luther had said faith alone saves people)

3. The Bible and Church teaching were equal authority

4. Selling indulgences was o.k. They also banned and burned many

books and stopped people from printing bibles so people would not read them

Inquisition or church “torture” courts were put in every country

Catholic ChurchMission / Priests

SPANISH MISSIONS