Exploration- 1400’s- 1500s

Glory- Renaissance creates new spirit of adventure and curiosity

Gold- go overseas in search of eastern luxury items: spices, silk, ect. to sell and trade

God- it was their duty to save the heathens from themselves

Development of new technology makes it possible (pg 465) 1 st European nations head east. Control trade in most of

Southeast Asia. China/ Japan refuse to trade with Europe. People in conquered area outside of port towns controlled

by Europe mostly not affected from European presence and trade

Countries

Portugal is 1st (pg 467) late 1400s– Outposts in Africa ( Diaz) and then around tip of Africa

east into Indian ocean (Vasco de Gama)– In 1500’s controls much of south east Asia– 1600’s other countries take their lands

Spain – Sends Columbus west, 1492– Takes over Philippines

Dutch – Take spice islands from Portugal– Controls east Indies– Largest fleet( # of boats) by 1600s

2nd nations move west to AMERICA Create Colonies (pg 493)

Spain lands in Caribbean – explores/ claims central America and Mexico, South

America and south west USA– Conquers Aztecs (Cortes), Incas (Pizarro) and

Mayans, better weapons, disease France lands in Canada, south into north USA, islands

in Caribbean (1500s) England lands in central N. America, islands in the

Caribbean- 1607 Jamestown, Virginia, John Smith- 1620 Plymouth, Mass, Mayflower, purtians

The New World-

Dutch- NY area and Hudson bay, river, Caribbean islands. Later surrender NY to England without a fight.

Immense trade in plants, food and animals between continents- Columbian Exchange

1500’s- Beginning of the slave trade to the Americas- – Needed new labor force, not familiar with the land

and more immune to disease– Triangular Trade/Middle passage

1754- French VS. England- (French and Indian War) France loses all land

Commercial Revolution-

Trade increases/ more money to go around Towns grow Capitalism- Private (people) own business and invest

in business. Merchant class arises Joint- stock company- several people going in on

business together Mercantilism- Power = money, develop colonies

– Find gold/silver– Sell more than you buy

But Most Europeans still live in the country/farm Most are still poor

Absolutism in Europe-

Meanwhile- (517 #2)

Absolutism in Europe- Moving away from power of the Nobles and their self contained empires

Reformation weakens church power/monarchs gain power

Absolutism= monarch controls every aspect of countries affairs, to rule without limits

Divine right- God gave them their position, power and responsibility

Spain

Beginning of Absolute power of the king 1500’s- Charles V is King of Spain- (Hapsburgs)

Controls– American colonies- lots of $– Emperor of Holy Roman empire (Germany and parts of Italy)– Austria– Netherlands

1550’s- At his death divides kingdoms between 2 sons- – Philip (son)- Spain, Netherlands and colonies – Ferdinand (bro)- Germany, Austria

Spain loses power-– Unfavorable balance of trade, inflation– wars drain treasury and raise taxes- fight for world power– 1580- Netherlands gain freedom (Catholic vs. protestant)

France

After Charlemagne, feudal territories- Paris Noble power grows become King, power grows after defeat of England (100 years war)1300-1400s

1589 Henry IV– Strong ruler– Converts to Catholicism to gain popularity– Helps to fix religious wars by ending persecution of

protestants – Edict of Nantes, 1598 – Rebuilds France and return to strong Monarch

France- grows in power

1610 Henry’s son is weak but his advisor Cardinal Richelieu makes up for it and rules behind him, – Strong ruler is continued– Power taken from Nobility

1643 Louis XIV (pg 525)– Rules absolutely- under Cardinal Mazarin 1st– France grows in power, wealth (after 30 yrs war)– Controls Nobility– Palace of Versailles- showed power and wealth, huge,

lavish, beautiful His costly wars and lavish living left resentment that would

build into a revolution.

England

Celts, Early invaders- Anglo-Saxons, Romans, Vikings

1066 Norman Invasion- (from n. France) control Eng., land in France- King gains power, Royal Judges, common law, Jury system

1215 Magna Carta- Kings power limited by nobles, basic political rights,

1295 parliament established- King needs $ for wars1337-1453- 100 years war- France kicks England out1527 Henry VIII- breaks away from Catholicism,

gains power

Germany-

30 years war- 1618-1648 war between Protestant and catholic princes

in the Holy Roman Empire devastated Germany- did not unite until the

1800’s weakened Spain Strengthened France Ends religious wars in Europe

Russia- developed separate from western Europe- focus on Byzantine empire and then controlled by Mongols- not a part of Renaissance or exploration

1462 Ivan III Conquers territory Kicks out Mongols Centralizes government1696 Govt. in turmoil for 100 yrs. new leader is chosen

Peter I- Peter the Great Romanov family rules until communist uprising in 1917 Controls nobles/land owners Controls church Won seaport from Sweden to use for trade and travel Westernization- use them for example for change

– Modernize army with help of western Europe officers– Increase education– Adopted western type newspapers/ fashions

By the end of Peter’s reign Russia was now a power in Europe