Maritime RevolutionMaritime Revolution

Maritime Expansion before Maritime Expansion before 14501450

►Navigation difficultNavigation difficult Ships had to be sturdy Ships had to be sturdy Required adequate propulsion Required adequate propulsion

Despite challenges, humans ventured into Despite challenges, humans ventured into the world’s oceans and seas for travelthe world’s oceans and seas for travel

Develop improved ship design and Develop improved ship design and navigation technologies navigation technologies

Atlantic OceanAtlantic Ocean

► Vikings dominated Atlantic Ocean travelVikings dominated Atlantic Ocean travel W/o use of navigation devicesW/o use of navigation devices

►Motivated by economics to travel great distances by Motivated by economics to travel great distances by waterwater

► Trans-Atlantic explorationTrans-Atlantic exploration 770-Iceland770-Iceland 982-Greenland982-Greenland Around 1000- Leif Ericsson, settlement in Around 1000- Leif Ericsson, settlement in

Newfoundland (Canada)Newfoundland (Canada) However, Vikings soon abandoned their However, Vikings soon abandoned their

settlements in North Americasettlements in North America

http://www.greenland-guide.dk/leif2000/image/overmap.gifhttp://www.greenland-guide.dk/leif2000/image/overmap.gif

Indian OceanIndian Ocean

►Used for trade since ancient timesUsed for trade since ancient times Monsoon winds help with travelMonsoon winds help with travel

►Muslims dominated Indian Ocean trade Muslims dominated Indian Ocean trade in the Medieval Periodin the Medieval Period Dhow: Muslim trading shipDhow: Muslim trading ship Cities in Middle East increased demand for Cities in Middle East increased demand for

luxury items from eastluxury items from east►Chinese Silks, Spices from Southeast AsiaChinese Silks, Spices from Southeast Asia

Indian OceanIndian Ocean

►China enjoyed brief expansion in China enjoyed brief expansion in Indian Ocean Indian Ocean

►Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)

http://www.columbia.edu/~amhttp://www.columbia.edu/~amm2009/3956/mapMing.jpegm2009/3956/mapMing.jpeg

Chinese Role In Indian OceanChinese Role In Indian Ocean

►1405-1433: Ming sent shipping 1405-1433: Ming sent shipping expeditions throughout Indian Oceanexpeditions throughout Indian Ocean Junks: Chinese shipsJunks: Chinese ships

►Over 300 ft. long, large sturdy shipsOver 300 ft. long, large sturdy ships►Junks returned loaded down with tribute, Junks returned loaded down with tribute,

commercial goods, and exotic animals for the commercial goods, and exotic animals for the emperoremperor

Chinese Role in the Indian Chinese Role in the Indian OceanOcean

►Zheng he (Jung huh) commander of Zheng he (Jung huh) commander of the Chinese expeditionsthe Chinese expeditions Muslim Eunuch from western ChinaMuslim Eunuch from western China

Although China briefly controlled the Although China briefly controlled the Indian Ocean, they quickly ended Indian Ocean, they quickly ended the expeditionsthe expeditions

China began to once again isolate itselfChina began to once again isolate itself

Model of Zheng he shipModel of Zheng he shiphttp://www.flickr.com/photos/thevortext/66122999/http://www.flickr.com/photos/thevortext/66122999/

Europe Comes Onto the Europe Comes Onto the SceneScene

► In the 1400’s, Western Europe began In the 1400’s, Western Europe began an Age of Explorationan Age of Exploration

►Discussion Question:Discussion Question: What factors led to an increased interest What factors led to an increased interest

in maritime trade among the Europeans?in maritime trade among the Europeans?

Factors contributing to Factors contributing to European interest in maritime European interest in maritime

explorationexploration►Europe was undergoing slow change Europe was undergoing slow change

by 1400by 1400 Increase in trade (mostly among Italian Increase in trade (mostly among Italian

merchants)merchants) UrbanizationUrbanization Curiosity about rest of the worldCuriosity about rest of the world

►Crusades exposed Eu. to new ideas and Crusades exposed Eu. to new ideas and technologies from the easttechnologies from the east

Factors contributing to Factors contributing to European interest in maritime European interest in maritime

explorationexploration► During Mongol rule, much of the trade During Mongol rule, much of the trade

occurred along land routesoccurred along land routes After decline of Mongol rule, land routes were upsetAfter decline of Mongol rule, land routes were upset

► Tension between Christians and MuslimsTension between Christians and Muslims Muslims served as “Middle Men” for trade between Muslims served as “Middle Men” for trade between

East and WestEast and West►Europeans decided to cut out the middle men and go Europeans decided to cut out the middle men and go

straight to the source (silks, spices, etc.) straight to the source (silks, spices, etc.) Religious wars brought Christians in contact with Religious wars brought Christians in contact with

Muslim-controlled trading centersMuslim-controlled trading centers Christians had to compete with the Muslims for Christians had to compete with the Muslims for

trade in the Med.trade in the Med.►Began to look for alternative routes to access goods from Began to look for alternative routes to access goods from

easteast

Early European ExplorationEarly European Exploration

►Portugal and Spain took lead in Portugal and Spain took lead in maritime travelmaritime travel

►Portuguese Voyages:Portuguese Voyages:►Experiment with oceanic routes that would Experiment with oceanic routes that would

take them around Africa and into the Indian take them around Africa and into the Indian OceanOcean

►Direct access to trade with east Direct access to trade with east

Portuguese VoyagesPortuguese Voyages

► Henry the Navigator (Prince of Portugal)Henry the Navigator (Prince of Portugal) Founded an institute to research and gather Founded an institute to research and gather

information on travelinformation on travel► Improved upon navigation instrumentsImproved upon navigation instruments

Compass (Chinese invention), Astrolabe (Muslim invention)Compass (Chinese invention), Astrolabe (Muslim invention)►Developed ships better suited for open ocean travelDeveloped ships better suited for open ocean travel

Mediterranean Galleys were unsuited for rough ocean Mediterranean Galleys were unsuited for rough ocean waterswaters

Caravel: small, strong, fast ship with lateen (triangular) Caravel: small, strong, fast ship with lateen (triangular) sails. Easy to maneuver, armed with cannonssails. Easy to maneuver, armed with cannons

Prince Henry sponsored numerous Portuguese Prince Henry sponsored numerous Portuguese expeditions along the coast of Africaexpeditions along the coast of Africa

Portuguese VoyagesPortuguese Voyages

►By 1460, Portuguese explorers had By 1460, Portuguese explorers had navigated 1500 miles of Africa’s west navigated 1500 miles of Africa’s west coastcoast

►1488: Bartolomeu Dias rounded the tip 1488: Bartolomeu Dias rounded the tip of Africaof Africa

►1498: Vasco da Gama sailed around 1498: Vasco da Gama sailed around Africa and reached India by seaAfrica and reached India by sea

http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/images/exploration.jpghttp://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/images/exploration.jpg

Spanish VoyagesSpanish Voyages

►Portugal got a faster start on Portugal got a faster start on exploration than did Spainexploration than did Spain

►1469: Spain unified with marriage of Isabella 1469: Spain unified with marriage of Isabella and Ferdinandand Ferdinand

►United the kingdoms of Castille and AragonUnited the kingdoms of Castille and Aragon►Spain then began to develop into the most Spain then began to develop into the most

powerful state in Europepowerful state in Europe

Spanish VoyagesSpanish Voyages

►Spain sponsored voyages of Christopher Spain sponsored voyages of Christopher ColumbusColumbus

►Belief that could reach Indies by traveling westBelief that could reach Indies by traveling west

1492-1502: Columbus embarked on 1492-1502: Columbus embarked on voyages to westvoyages to west►Landed in Caribbean islandsLanded in Caribbean islands►Incorrectly referred to native peoples as Incorrectly referred to native peoples as

“Indians”“Indians” Did not believe he had discovered a “New World”Did not believe he had discovered a “New World”

►Discovery of the “New World” was confirmed by Discovery of the “New World” was confirmed by Amerigo VespucciAmerigo Vespucci

Spain or Portugal?Spain or Portugal?Who explores where???Who explores where???

►Confusion arose over which country Confusion arose over which country would have rights to explore which would have rights to explore which parts of the worldparts of the world 1494: Treaty of Tordesillas1494: Treaty of Tordesillas

►Imaginary Line of demarcation drawn in Imaginary Line of demarcation drawn in Atlantic Ocean, Church decreeAtlantic Ocean, Church decree

Spain given rights to explore areas west of the lineSpain given rights to explore areas west of the line Portugal given rights to areas east of the linePortugal given rights to areas east of the line

►BrazilBrazil

Impact of Early European Impact of Early European ExplorationExploration

► Spain and Portugal continued their Spain and Portugal continued their exploration exploration Spain began widespread conquest of the Americas Spain began widespread conquest of the Americas

► Europeans became more active in the Indian Europeans became more active in the Indian OceanOcean Piracy became more commonPiracy became more common

► Eventually, other European nations began Eventually, other European nations began their own exploration their own exploration

► Europe increases in powerEurope increases in power Become very wealthy through mercantilismBecome very wealthy through mercantilism Once powerful regions such as India and China Once powerful regions such as India and China

began to lose much of their influencebegan to lose much of their influence