The Worlds of the 15 th century Chapter 13. Global Maritime Expansion Before 1450.
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Transcript of The Worlds of the 15 th century Chapter 13. Global Maritime Expansion Before 1450.
The Worlds of the 15The Worlds of the 15thth centurycentury
Chapter 13Chapter 13
Global Maritime Expansion Before 1450
The Pacific Ocean
Over period of several thousand years, Over period of several thousand years, people from people from Malay PeninsulaMalay Peninsula crossed the crossed the water to settle in the islands of:water to settle in the islands of: East IndiesEast Indies New GuineaNew Guinea Melanesian Melanesian Polynesian Polynesian MarquesasMarquesas New ZealandNew Zealand HawaiiHawaii
Polynesian expansion was a result of Polynesian expansion was a result of planned voyages with intention of planned voyages with intention of colonization (before Europe). colonization (before Europe). They navigated using the stars and ocean They navigated using the stars and ocean
currents.currents.
The Indian OceanThe Indian Ocean
Malayo-Indonesians colonized the island Malayo-Indonesians colonized the island of Madagascar in a series of voyages of Madagascar in a series of voyages through the 15through the 15thth century. century.
Arab sailor technique used monsoon Arab sailor technique used monsoon winds to establish trade routes. winds to establish trade routes. How did Muslims benefit other travelers?How did Muslims benefit other travelers?
• They shared trade routesThey shared trade routes
Ming Dynasty ChinaMing Dynasty China After end of Mongol rule, China was looking to resurrect its past After end of Mongol rule, China was looking to resurrect its past
under emperor Yongle (1402-1422). under emperor Yongle (1402-1422). Civil ServiceCivil Service ReforestationReforestation Emphasis on centralized governmentEmphasis on centralized government Population growthPopulation growth
In 1405 the Ming took on the world’s largest In 1405 the Ming took on the world’s largest maritime expeditions in the history of the maritime expeditions in the history of the world. Lead by the eunuch Muslim, Zheng Heworld. Lead by the eunuch Muslim, Zheng He Southeast Asia, Indonesia, India, Arabia, E. Southeast Asia, Indonesia, India, Arabia, E.
AfricaAfrica Showed to establish prestige by “showing off” Showed to establish prestige by “showing off”
Ming wealth and bringing back tribute. Ming wealth and bringing back tribute. No colonies or conquestNo colonies or conquest Came to an abrupt end. Why?Came to an abrupt end. Why?
• Yongle diedYongle died• Waste of moneyWaste of money• Focus on Mongol threatFocus on Mongol threat
European Comparisons: State European Comparisons: State Building and Cultural RenewalBuilding and Cultural Renewal
China was centralized and unifiedChina was centralized and unified Europe was independent and competitive Europe was independent and competitive
amongst its states (Spain and Portugal)amongst its states (Spain and Portugal) Sophisticated tax system to raise armiesSophisticated tax system to raise armies
• France v. Spain (Hundred Years War 1337-1453)France v. Spain (Hundred Years War 1337-1453)
Europe moved away from past Europe moved away from past (Renaissance)(Renaissance)
China moved toward the past China moved toward the past (Confucianism)(Confucianism)
European Comparisons: Maritime European Comparisons: Maritime VoyagingVoyaging
Europe had four shipsEurope had four ships China had hundredsChina had hundreds Europe was seeking wealth and converts Europe was seeking wealth and converts
America and S.E. AsiaAmerica and S.E. Asia China did not need wealth, allies, or convertsChina did not need wealth, allies, or converts European voyages had a signifigant effect on European voyages had a signifigant effect on
world power.world power. Chinese voyages ended with no long lasting Chinese voyages ended with no long lasting
effects. effects.
The Atlantic OceanThe Atlantic Ocean
VikingsVikings During 10During 10thth century century Iceland, Greenland, NewfoundlandIceland, Greenland, Newfoundland How did climate effect their voyages?How did climate effect their voyages?
• Sailed in warm weatherSailed in warm weather
AfricanAfrican AttemptsAttempts
• Genoa 1291Genoa 1291• Mali 1300sMali 1300s
Genoa and PortugalGenoa and Portugal• MadeirasMadeiras• AzoresAzores• CanariesCanaries
AmericasAmericas Arawak from S. AmericaArawak from S. America
• Lesser and Greater Antilles (1000)Lesser and Greater Antilles (1000)• Conquered by The Carib in 15Conquered by The Carib in 15thth century century
The Post-Classic Period in Mesoamerica, 900-1500
The Aztecs/Mexica
Originally northern people with clan based social organization. Established the cities of Tenochtitlan and Tlateloco (present Mexico City) around 1325.
Monarchy-no absolute power No primogeniture
How did kings increase their wealth and power? Territorial conquest
Aztec Empire increased resulting in: unequal distribution of wealth and commoners lost political influence
Agricultural production was increased by undertaking land reclamation projects and constructing irrigated fields and chinampas.
Merchants Simple technology: no wheeled vehicles, no large animals to
work, no money used Economy
Disproportionate income barter
Tribute was needed for survival
Religion Polytheistic
• Huitzilopochtli, sun god• Healthy diet of human hearts to make crops grow.
Thousands of sacrifices a year.
Andean Civilizations, 200-1500
Cultural Response to Environment Challenge
How did the harsh high altitudes affect the life of inhabitants? Organization of labor efficient systems Harsh climate but more consistent agriculture
(no droughts) Ayllu- clan held land collectively, obligated to
work together for food and supplies them to chief.
After 1000 introduced mit’a, an organized members of the ayllu to organized members of the ayllu to provide a quota or labor workers for religious establishments, royal provide a quota or labor workers for religious establishments, royal court, and aristocracycourt, and aristocracy
Gender- . Men for hunting, war, and government. . Men for hunting, war, and government. Divided responsibilities. . Men for hunting, war, and government; women . Men for hunting, war, and government; women wove clothes and cared for the crops at home,wove clothes and cared for the crops at home,
Four Zones Vertical integration
• 4 zones with different goods all exchanged goods through a 4 zones with different goods all exchanged goods through a network of exchange routes; exchange along ecological network of exchange routes; exchange along ecological boundaries. They were interdependent. boundaries. They were interdependent.
The Inca
Small chiefdom in Cuzco until military expansion in 1430s. By 1525, the Inca constructed a huge empire (6 million).
What was the key to their wealth? Strong military; trade
Expansion of the mit’a Provide for the: old, sick, and weak System was similar to modern socialism
Local rulers Control by way of: military garrisons, taking
hostages Central rule
King How did the king prove himself worthy?
• Conquering more territory
Cuzco- capital city homogeneous Puma- worshiped Rituals, feasts, sacrifice
Cultural achievements Didn’t create, made better Astronomical observation Metallurgy
Inca domination resulted in increased wealth, but also in reduced levels of local autonomy. When the elite fell into civil war in 1525, Inca control over its vast territories was weakened.
Comparison Both: highly integrated political economic systems
long before 1500s; women important; highly stratified society; simple technology, influenced heavily by climate and geography, huge populations, conquests ruled by elites; using religion for legitimacy
In the Andes, more geographical influenced cultural integration and state formation. Use of domesticated animals, broad control expand vertical exchange system, used more trade to combat the region
Mesoamerica; no total dominant ruler, pyramids, sacrifice, tribute relationships and markets, used more technology to combat climate.