The Neolithic and the Agricultural Revolution

Maritime RevolutionTo 1550 CEGlobal Maritime ExpansionMaritime (sea) expansion was not a new idea in 1500, but people soon realized that ships could move goods and people more quickly and cheaply than going overland.

Crossing the Pacific, however, was not yet successful.Global Maritime ExpansionMalay peoples expanded into the South Pacific and Hawaii many centuries earlier. They navigated using the stars.

Expansion from Fiji brought humans to the islands of Polynesia.

By 500 AD, Polynesians reached Hawaii. This can be traced by language roots.Global Maritime Expansion

Global Maritime ExpansionOther Malay and Indonesian peoples moved across the Indian Ocean to Madagascar.

Arabs were already using the monsoon winds to establish trade routes in the Indian Ocean.

Global Maritime ExpansionThe Ming dynasty had established trading voyages to the Indian Ocean under Zheng He with contacts to East Africa. Chinese suspended the voyages in the 1430s leaving a power vacuum in the Indian Ocean.

The Vikings (during the Middle Ages) sailed westward to Iceland; Greenland; and Newfoundland when their conquests were stopped in Europe.

There is some suggestion that the predecessor of Mansa Musa may have sent expeditions to cross the Atlantic, but it is not proven.Global Maritime ExpansionIn the Americas, the Arawak Indians sailed to the Lesser and Greater Antilles.

Global Maritime ExpansionIn the 1300s, Europeans from Italy and Portugal explored the Azores, Madeiras, and Canary Islands.

AzoresMadeiras

Global Maritime ExpansionMajor European expansion came from two areas of Europe: the Italian city-states and the west Atlantic kingdoms.The collapse of the Mongol empire and the Bubonic plague made eastern goods and spices expensive to Europeans due to Muslim middle-men.Global Maritime ExpansionThe Italian city-states of northern Italy (Venice, Genoa, Milan, Florence) traded with Muslims and Asia. They had no incentive to look to the Atlantic for trade due to the system of alliances they built with the Muslims.

They also adopted a credit system to work with the Islamic and Chinese credit systems.

Italians, therefore, had a monopoly on Asian goods.

Global Maritime ExpansionAlso, Italian ships were built for the calm waters of the Mediterranean and not the Atlantic.The Atlantic kingdoms of Europe looked to the Atlantic for Asian trade.

Global Maritime ExpansionThe Iberian kingdoms of Spain and Portugal had:Advanced shipbuilding techniquesCannon technology An alliance between European monarchs and merchants. A strong desire to break the stranglehold on Mediterranean trade between Italy and Muslims.Global Maritime ExpansionThe Portuguese were especially motivated and like the Chinese were the earliest adventurers to be sponsored by a state:

By desire for goods and spices,

Expansion of Christianity,

Expand trade rights and eventually reach India.13Global Maritime ExpansionPortuguese: Explored the west coast of Africa under the guidance and finance of Prince Henry the Navigator (1444).

Improved navigation instruments: compass and astrolabe.

Designed the caravel: a small, fast ship; square and lateen sails; cannon.

14Global Maritime Expansion

Global Maritime ExpansionThe Portuguese reached the Cape Verde Islands in 1444 and learned about the westerly winds of the Atlantic.

Prior to this Portuguese explorers discovered and colonized (settled) the Madeiras, the Azores, and the Canary Islands. They grew sugarcane there with help of Italian investors. This would break the monopoly on sugarcane the Arabs had in the eastern Middle East.

Traded in gold and slaves in return for guns, textiles, and other manufactured items.

Developed the islands of Sao Tome, Principe, and the Cape Verdes with plantation agriculture using the first African slave labor for planations.

Explored the Gold Coast to contact gold producers.

Global Maritime ExpansionBartolomeu Dias and Vasco da Gama rounded the tip of Africa ( Cape of Good Hope, 1488 and 1498 respectively) and made contact with India. The goal was control of Indian Ocean trade, by force if necessary.

This began the Portuguese commercial and trading empire.

This empire consisted of trade between the Portuguese and African rulers for European goods in return for gold and slaves.

Muslim Arabs conducted the slave trade between the two. Arabs had been conducting African slave trade for centuries.Global Maritime ExpansionIn Western Africa, Africans received European manufactured goods and some firearms in return for slaves and gold.

Contacts between the Portuguese and the Kingdom of Benin and Kongo were for slave trade. Global Maritime ExpansionThe Portuguese attacked the Swahili coast of East Africa to control the trading posts, but left Christian Ethiopia alone since it too warred against the Muslims.

Ethiopians would not, however, transfer their religious loyalty to the Pope.

Global Maritime ExpansionPortugal captured the Swahili city-states (1505); Goa in India (1510); Malacca (1511); Macao and South China ports (1557).

These Portuguese ports conducted trade, only using Portuguese ships.

Portugal was able to defeat Muslim naval forces with cannon. Never gained complete control of Indian Ocean, but dominated most of it. Broke the Italian monopoly on pepper.The Portuguese maritime empire in Africa and Asia was maintained only by the fire-power of Portuguese cannon on her ships.

Global Maritime ExpansionGlobal Maritime ExpansionSpanish Empire:1492: Columbus sails for Spain to compete with Portugals hold on Asian trade.Sought an Atlantic maritime empire encompassing Asia. After Columbuss success, Portugal crosses the Atlantic too, claiming much of what is today Brazil.

Global Maritime Expansion1494: To prevent conflict between Spain and Portugal, the Treaty of Tordesillas divides the New World between the two countries.

Global Maritime Expansion1513: Balboa sights the Pacific Ocean.1520: Ferdinand Magellan crosses the Pacific and claims the Molucca Islands for Spain.Eventually, this led Spain to claim the Philippines.Spain concentrated on establishing safe trade routes between Mexico and the Philippines.Global Maritime ExpansionEventually the English, Norwegians, French and Russians would seek a northwest passage from Europe to Asia.Captain James Cook (18th century) would help complete Europes understanding of the Pacific regions.

Spain built a vast empire in the Americas and like Portugal established trading posts along the oceans rims.Trading post: a foothold in a region for commercial interests. Usually part of a network.Global Maritime ExpansionSubjugated the Arawak Indians on the island of Hispaniola.

Arawaks had no iron. Arawaks had already been subjugated by the Carib Indians in the Antilles region.

The encomienda system is set up. Indians were required to pay tribute to a Spanish landlord.European RenaissanceConquistadors used for the conquest. Expanded into the Antilles region, and used the islands as a launching pad for the invasion of mainland America.

Hernan Cortes defeated the Aztecs of Mexico and captured Tenochtitlan.Spanish weapons and smallpox were essential for success.Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca of Peru. Smallpox disease helped as well.

Global Maritime ExpansionCauses of Spanish success in the Americas:Lack of Indian resistance to European disease.European superior military technology.Europeans used local Indian allies.Successful pattern of conquest: forced labor; religious conversion; cultural instruction in language and lifestyle.

Global Maritime ExpansionSuccessful control of New World territory was carried out by viceroys, who had much independence due to difficult communication between Spain and Americas.Spain transported its highly bureaucratic systems to the New World, so experimentation was not possible.

Global Maritime ExpansionThe Catholic Church also helped transfer Spanish and Portuguese language and culture to the New World. Syncretism occurred though between Spanish and Indian cultures.Jesuit clergy sought to protect Indians from Spanish and Portuguese abuses.

Global Maritime ExpansionConquest was difficult for Europeans in Asia and Africa because:Africa and Asia experienced most of the same diseases as Europeans: plague.Africans and Asians had enough population to resist Europeans.Familiarity with European technology and war tactics: horses; gunpowder; ships.Had advanced and cohesive societies.Global Maritime ExpansionEconomic profit by Europeans could be gained by using already existing trade networks without conquest.The Spanish were out to create an economic as well as political empire.Spanish introduced sugar cane cultivation in the West Indies, but little else.After 1600, the French and English enter the region and introduce tobacco cultivation.Global Maritime ExpansionEconomic success for the English and French was made possible by:The plantation system of PortugalCheap labor from indentured servantsChartered companies and investors.European RenaissanceEventually, the West Indies went mostly into sugar production, due to tobacco competition from Virginia. The move towards sugar in the Caribbean caused an increase in slave labor.There was also a shift from indentured servants to slaves because African slaves lived longer in the climate of the Caribbean.

Global Maritime ExpansionSugar plantations grew and processed the sugar cane into sugar, molasses, and rum.It was an expensive operation that required a large scale system.It damaged the environment by depleting the soil and causing deforestation.

Global Maritime ExpansionWest Indian society was made up of wealthy landowners, and slaves. A high mortality rate increased the need for more slavesRebellions were prevented by withholding education and African cultural identity from the slaves.Global Maritime ExpansionEuropean nations looked to 2 economic strategies: capitalism and mercantilism.Capitalism: investing wealth to produce more wealth.Capitalism uses banks; joint-stock companies; stock exchanges; etc.Global Maritime ExpansionMercantilism: an nations approach to controlling its economy and increasing wealth by:Granting monopolyStoring gold and silverExporting more than importing: favorable balance of trade.Tariffs on imports.

Global Maritime ExpansionMonopolies were granted to private companies and merchants:Dutch West India CompanyBritish East India Company

Each company could have its own military force; provide its own ships; equipment and supplies.

These companies had a government charter giving the right to buy and sell goods, build trading posts, and even wage war.

They were able to build global trade networks.

Global Maritime ExpansionEuropean interaction in the eastern hemisphere was very different from that in the western hemisphere.In the western hemisphere Europeans would conquer indigenous peoples and build territorial empires with established colonies and settlers.Global Maritime ExpansionIn the eastern hemisphere, Europeans were not able to dominate the peoples of larger and better established states.

The only exceptions were the Philippines and Indonesia which were not large and highly centralized powers like China and India.Global Maritime ExpansionSpain would eventually take the Philippines and Indonesia would go to the Dutch.

Spanish goals: promote trade and Christianity.Dutch goal: exploit trade.

The Dutch though did not have the manpower or military might to control all of Indonesia. They focused on the clove and mace producing regions.

Holland became the wealthiest land in Europe for much o the 17th century.Global Maritime ExpansionAtlantic trade would become a circular trade.

It went from Europe to Africa, from Africa to the plantation colonies of the Americas (the Middle Passage), and then from the colonies back to Europe.

With the increase in sugar demand, the demand for slaves increased, especially in the West Indies and Brazil.Global Maritime ExpansionMost slaves to the Americas went to South America and the West Indies.

Colonial economies of Latin America were dominated by the silver mines of Peru; Mexico; and Bolivia, which required large amounts of labor. Also by the sugar plantations of Brazil.Global Maritime ExpansionThe mita system was used to obtain steady labor from native populations.

The mita requirements undermined the traditional agricultural economy.

The Portuguese relied heavily on African slave labor in Brazil, and most African slaves crossing the Atlantic went to South America.

Global Maritime ExpansionAlthough European trade increased with Africa, it did not lead to colonization of Africa at that time.

Almost all trade took place along the Gold Coast and Slave Coast regions with African governments making Europe adhere to African trading customs and pay high prices.

Firearms were in demand by Gold Coast communities, and Europe delivered.

Global Maritime ExpansionThe Columbian Exchange develops which was an exchange of food crops and animals between the Americas and the Eastern Hemisphere and would cause a global diffusion of plants, food crops, animals, human populations, and disease.

Global Maritime ExpansionDiseases from the east would decimate western peoples and Pacific islanders with more than 100 million people dying between 1500 and 1800.Although, human population would increase due to the introduction of new foods into the worlds food supply.

From America came maize; beans; potatoes; manioc; and tobacco.

Global Maritime ExpansionEuropean livestock came to the New World: cattle; pigs; horses; and sheep. These animals would cause environmental impacts.European RenaissanceThe elite of Spanish America were the Spanish immigrants themselves.Spain, though, did not encourage large family colonies as England did in North America.European RenaissanceAmerican- born Spaniards were called Creoles, who controlled the agriculture and mining.

Spanish- born residents controlled the highest positions of government and the Church.European RenaissanceDescendents of Africans and Indians were called castas.Descendents of Europeans and Indians were called mestizos.Descendents of Europeans and Africans were called mulattos.