Maria Jimenez Edgar Castillo Juan Carlos Chavez · Models without coupling with reservoir and/or...
Transcript of Maria Jimenez Edgar Castillo Juan Carlos Chavez · Models without coupling with reservoir and/or...
![Page 1: Maria Jimenez Edgar Castillo Juan Carlos Chavez · Models without coupling with reservoir and/or geomechanics can be fixed to some extent but ultimately are not suitable (SPE Hydraulic](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499bf4c32a4428463dd629/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Maria Jimenez Edgar Castillo Juan Carlos Chavez Senergy Senergy GDF Suez EP
May 2010
![Page 2: Maria Jimenez Edgar Castillo Juan Carlos Chavez · Models without coupling with reservoir and/or geomechanics can be fixed to some extent but ultimately are not suitable (SPE Hydraulic](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499bf4c32a4428463dd629/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Objectives
! To review various approaches used for water injection modelling and their implications on the outcomes and decision making process
! To highlight the relevance of the coupled fluid flow -
geomechanics modelling for water injection (WI) and produced water re-injection (PWRI) processes
! To share experiences and views on the topic
2
![Page 3: Maria Jimenez Edgar Castillo Juan Carlos Chavez · Models without coupling with reservoir and/or geomechanics can be fixed to some extent but ultimately are not suitable (SPE Hydraulic](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499bf4c32a4428463dd629/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Outline
! Background
! Coupled Reservoir(flow)-Geomechanics Modelling for Water Injection
! Modelling approaches
! A comprehensive and pragmatic workflow
! Final Comments
3
![Page 4: Maria Jimenez Edgar Castillo Juan Carlos Chavez · Models without coupling with reservoir and/or geomechanics can be fixed to some extent but ultimately are not suitable (SPE Hydraulic](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499bf4c32a4428463dd629/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Geomechanics in the reservoir
! Compaction –Subsidence ! Faults reactivation
! Stimulation
! Depletion
! Sanding
! Hole stability
! Casing Integrity
! Injection: Gas and water
4
![Page 5: Maria Jimenez Edgar Castillo Juan Carlos Chavez · Models without coupling with reservoir and/or geomechanics can be fixed to some extent but ultimately are not suitable (SPE Hydraulic](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499bf4c32a4428463dd629/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
What is coupled fluid flow - geomechanics
reservoir modelling ?
5
![Page 6: Maria Jimenez Edgar Castillo Juan Carlos Chavez · Models without coupling with reservoir and/or geomechanics can be fixed to some extent but ultimately are not suitable (SPE Hydraulic](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499bf4c32a4428463dd629/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Coupled reservoir stress/strain-fluid flow modelling …is not something new
Public Material (Internet)
“Here we will suggest that it means interaction between a fluid flow
prediction model (traditional reservoir simulator) and rock
deformation model (geomechanics simulator) that is more advanced
than currently found in standard reservoir fluid flow simulators”
6
![Page 7: Maria Jimenez Edgar Castillo Juan Carlos Chavez · Models without coupling with reservoir and/or geomechanics can be fixed to some extent but ultimately are not suitable (SPE Hydraulic](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499bf4c32a4428463dd629/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Coupled reservoir fluid flow-stress/deformation modelling
Pressure
Reservoir Modelling
Fluid Flow
Pressure, Temperature
Flowrate
Reservoir Modelling
Stress-deformation
Pressure, Stresses Deformations
7
![Page 8: Maria Jimenez Edgar Castillo Juan Carlos Chavez · Models without coupling with reservoir and/or geomechanics can be fixed to some extent but ultimately are not suitable (SPE Hydraulic](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499bf4c32a4428463dd629/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
From SPE 126159, Abass, Sierra & Tahini !
PI performance for various scenarios without the effect of stress (left) and with stress effect (right)!
Coupled reservoir fluid flow-stress/deformation modelling
8
![Page 9: Maria Jimenez Edgar Castillo Juan Carlos Chavez · Models without coupling with reservoir and/or geomechanics can be fixed to some extent but ultimately are not suitable (SPE Hydraulic](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499bf4c32a4428463dd629/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Why coupled fluid flow – geomechanics modelling for
Water Injection?
9
![Page 10: Maria Jimenez Edgar Castillo Juan Carlos Chavez · Models without coupling with reservoir and/or geomechanics can be fixed to some extent but ultimately are not suitable (SPE Hydraulic](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499bf4c32a4428463dd629/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
What do we want to know when modelling water injection?
ü Forecast of Injection Rates ü Surface pressures
ü Are the fractures reaching the production zone?
ü Swept area ü Production Forecast ü Are fractures generated?
The injection of water for pressure maintenance, waterflooding and disposal,
has been and will continue to be an important aspect in the definition of
reservoir development strategies
10
![Page 11: Maria Jimenez Edgar Castillo Juan Carlos Chavez · Models without coupling with reservoir and/or geomechanics can be fixed to some extent but ultimately are not suitable (SPE Hydraulic](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499bf4c32a4428463dd629/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Water Injection – Thermal fracturing
In situ stresses February 1985
Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal
Shear Failure
11
![Page 12: Maria Jimenez Edgar Castillo Juan Carlos Chavez · Models without coupling with reservoir and/or geomechanics can be fixed to some extent but ultimately are not suitable (SPE Hydraulic](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499bf4c32a4428463dd629/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
! Fracture or multiple fractures
! Large leak-off
! Poro-elastic and thermo-elastic effects on stresses and permeability
! Large time-scale
! Low viscosity fluids
! Formation Damage
! Fault reactivation
Water Injection - characteristics
12
![Page 13: Maria Jimenez Edgar Castillo Juan Carlos Chavez · Models without coupling with reservoir and/or geomechanics can be fixed to some extent but ultimately are not suitable (SPE Hydraulic](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499bf4c32a4428463dd629/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Water Injection - Characteristics
! In water injection, formation damage due to particles suspended in the injection water can significantly change the fracturing pattern and therefore the injection profile
! Fracturing creates a large surface area
for leak-off and it could re-propagate if it becomes plugged. Fractured injectors experience less injectivity decline over t ime and are more tolerant to suspended solids
! To really see the impact of formation
damage at long term, comprehensive modelling is required
13
![Page 14: Maria Jimenez Edgar Castillo Juan Carlos Chavez · Models without coupling with reservoir and/or geomechanics can be fixed to some extent but ultimately are not suitable (SPE Hydraulic](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499bf4c32a4428463dd629/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Tp
ref Pσσσσ
ασσ
Δ−Δ+=
−=
0
Background – Water Injection and fracturing
14
![Page 15: Maria Jimenez Edgar Castillo Juan Carlos Chavez · Models without coupling with reservoir and/or geomechanics can be fixed to some extent but ultimately are not suitable (SPE Hydraulic](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499bf4c32a4428463dd629/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
How is Water Injection Modelled?
15
![Page 16: Maria Jimenez Edgar Castillo Juan Carlos Chavez · Models without coupling with reservoir and/or geomechanics can be fixed to some extent but ultimately are not suitable (SPE Hydraulic](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499bf4c32a4428463dd629/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
How is Water Injection Modelled
The volumes injected into hydraulic fractures are at
least 1000 times less than in water injection cases
16
![Page 17: Maria Jimenez Edgar Castillo Juan Carlos Chavez · Models without coupling with reservoir and/or geomechanics can be fixed to some extent but ultimately are not suitable (SPE Hydraulic](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499bf4c32a4428463dd629/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Stress gradient
The stress gradient changes with time are insignificant and not accounted when designing
hydraulic fractures
One hour later 17
How is Water Injection Modelled
Thermal and Poro-
elastic effects
One hour later
![Page 18: Maria Jimenez Edgar Castillo Juan Carlos Chavez · Models without coupling with reservoir and/or geomechanics can be fixed to some extent but ultimately are not suitable (SPE Hydraulic](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499bf4c32a4428463dd629/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
The rate of fracture propagation is also different. A hydraulic fracture propagates 100’s of feet in an hour while a typical injection-induced fracture
propagates 100’s of feet in months or years
18
How is Water Injection Modelled
After 45 minutes of injection
~50 m
After 6 years of injection
![Page 19: Maria Jimenez Edgar Castillo Juan Carlos Chavez · Models without coupling with reservoir and/or geomechanics can be fixed to some extent but ultimately are not suitable (SPE Hydraulic](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499bf4c32a4428463dd629/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
The fluids used for hydraulic fracturing have much higher viscosity compared to the water used in injection wells. The so-called fluid efficiency for hydraulic fractures
treatments is high (low leak-off); the leak-off for water injection is very high.
+ leak-off
+ heat transfer
stresses decrease
+ leak-off
+ pressure
stresses increase
minimum leak-off à No need to consider
stresses change
19
How is Water Injection Modelled
![Page 20: Maria Jimenez Edgar Castillo Juan Carlos Chavez · Models without coupling with reservoir and/or geomechanics can be fixed to some extent but ultimately are not suitable (SPE Hydraulic](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499bf4c32a4428463dd629/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
! Non-coupled analytical models for 1 injector
! Pseudo steady-state
! 2D analytical fracture mechanics.
! Analytical leak-off on the third direction
! Poro-elastic and thermo-elastic effects considered
! The pressure is constant over the simulation period
! Stress effect on permeability and porosity not considered
Injection
Leak-off 2D Fracture
20
How is Water Injection Modelled
![Page 21: Maria Jimenez Edgar Castillo Juan Carlos Chavez · Models without coupling with reservoir and/or geomechanics can be fixed to some extent but ultimately are not suitable (SPE Hydraulic](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499bf4c32a4428463dd629/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
! 4D Reservoir simulator (pseudo-steady state). Production and injection are accounted for
! The stress field is not numerically modelled is calculated through analytical correlations (non-coupled model)
! It may or may not include fracture mechanics
! Stress effect on permeability and porosity at reservoir level not considered or not accurately considered
21
How is Water Injection Modelled
![Page 22: Maria Jimenez Edgar Castillo Juan Carlos Chavez · Models without coupling with reservoir and/or geomechanics can be fixed to some extent but ultimately are not suitable (SPE Hydraulic](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499bf4c32a4428463dd629/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Shear failure and hysteresis can be
considered
Finite difference grid for flow calculations
Simplified fracture mechanics
Finite Element grid for stress-deformation
calculations
Stress-dependant permeability &
porosity
Likelihood of multiple fractures can be evaluated (deviated/horizontal wells)
Formation damage due to particle plugging can
be modelled
22
How is Water Injection Modelled
![Page 23: Maria Jimenez Edgar Castillo Juan Carlos Chavez · Models without coupling with reservoir and/or geomechanics can be fixed to some extent but ultimately are not suitable (SPE Hydraulic](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499bf4c32a4428463dd629/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
SPE 110379 Shell
23
How is Water Injection Modelled
SPE 107952
SPE 71614 U. Of Texas at Austin internal Coupled model UTWID - UTCHEM
U. Of Alberta internal Coupled model ATH2VIS
![Page 24: Maria Jimenez Edgar Castillo Juan Carlos Chavez · Models without coupling with reservoir and/or geomechanics can be fixed to some extent but ultimately are not suitable (SPE Hydraulic](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499bf4c32a4428463dd629/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
! Models without coupling with reservoir and/or geomechanics can be fixed to some extent but ultimately are not suitable (SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Workshop – 2009)
! The programs used for designing hydraulic fractures treatments are simply not suitable for studying fracturing due to water injection.1D or 2D leak-off modelling is not adequate. These convent ional tools general ly overestimate fracture growth
! Requires geomechanical approach – Reservoirs are
geomaterials (Tony Settari at the SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Workshop – 2009)
24
How is Water Injection Modelled
![Page 25: Maria Jimenez Edgar Castillo Juan Carlos Chavez · Models without coupling with reservoir and/or geomechanics can be fixed to some extent but ultimately are not suitable (SPE Hydraulic](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499bf4c32a4428463dd629/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
A comprehensive workflow is required
25
![Page 26: Maria Jimenez Edgar Castillo Juan Carlos Chavez · Models without coupling with reservoir and/or geomechanics can be fixed to some extent but ultimately are not suitable (SPE Hydraulic](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499bf4c32a4428463dd629/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
A comprehensive workflow
Water
Injection
Coupled
Model
26
![Page 27: Maria Jimenez Edgar Castillo Juan Carlos Chavez · Models without coupling with reservoir and/or geomechanics can be fixed to some extent but ultimately are not suitable (SPE Hydraulic](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499bf4c32a4428463dd629/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
Structural Model
Reservoir Model (Flow)
Understanding
Grid Manipulation for Geomechanics
Over/Under/Sideburden
Faults
Geomechanical data
Production and PWRI
Coupled model
A comprehensive workflow
![Page 28: Maria Jimenez Edgar Castillo Juan Carlos Chavez · Models without coupling with reservoir and/or geomechanics can be fixed to some extent but ultimately are not suitable (SPE Hydraulic](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499bf4c32a4428463dd629/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Permeability Multiplier
1.0E+00
2.0E+04
4.0E+04
6.0E+04
8.0E+04
1.0E+05
1.2E+05
1.4E+05
1.6E+05
-1200 -1000 -800 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600
Effective Stress (psia)
Mul
tiplie
r
Shear Failure
Shear failure Tensile failure
Tensile Failure
28
A comprehensive workflow
SPE 79695
![Page 29: Maria Jimenez Edgar Castillo Juan Carlos Chavez · Models without coupling with reservoir and/or geomechanics can be fixed to some extent but ultimately are not suitable (SPE Hydraulic](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499bf4c32a4428463dd629/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Well!
A comprehensive workflow
![Page 30: Maria Jimenez Edgar Castillo Juan Carlos Chavez · Models without coupling with reservoir and/or geomechanics can be fixed to some extent but ultimately are not suitable (SPE Hydraulic](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499bf4c32a4428463dd629/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
A comprehensive workflow
![Page 31: Maria Jimenez Edgar Castillo Juan Carlos Chavez · Models without coupling with reservoir and/or geomechanics can be fixed to some extent but ultimately are not suitable (SPE Hydraulic](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499bf4c32a4428463dd629/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
A comprehensive workflow
Fracture
Enhanced permeability
(Shear Failure)
![Page 32: Maria Jimenez Edgar Castillo Juan Carlos Chavez · Models without coupling with reservoir and/or geomechanics can be fixed to some extent but ultimately are not suitable (SPE Hydraulic](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499bf4c32a4428463dd629/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Blocks adjacent to the fracture plane are in
shear failure.This shows that enhanced leak-off is
likely.
Effective Stress
32
A comprehensive workflow
![Page 33: Maria Jimenez Edgar Castillo Juan Carlos Chavez · Models without coupling with reservoir and/or geomechanics can be fixed to some extent but ultimately are not suitable (SPE Hydraulic](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499bf4c32a4428463dd629/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Shear failure
Tensile failure (frac open)
1 hour of injection
Effe
ctiv
e S
tress
33
A comprehensive workflow
![Page 34: Maria Jimenez Edgar Castillo Juan Carlos Chavez · Models without coupling with reservoir and/or geomechanics can be fixed to some extent but ultimately are not suitable (SPE Hydraulic](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499bf4c32a4428463dd629/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Red dotted lines: original cell
dimensions x &y
3 planes for evaluating probable multiple
fractures generation at each point
34
A comprehensive workflow
![Page 35: Maria Jimenez Edgar Castillo Juan Carlos Chavez · Models without coupling with reservoir and/or geomechanics can be fixed to some extent but ultimately are not suitable (SPE Hydraulic](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499bf4c32a4428463dd629/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
psia
Effective Stress
35
A comprehensive workflow
Plane 1
Plane 2
Plane 3
![Page 36: Maria Jimenez Edgar Castillo Juan Carlos Chavez · Models without coupling with reservoir and/or geomechanics can be fixed to some extent but ultimately are not suitable (SPE Hydraulic](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499bf4c32a4428463dd629/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
A comprehensive workflow
![Page 37: Maria Jimenez Edgar Castillo Juan Carlos Chavez · Models without coupling with reservoir and/or geomechanics can be fixed to some extent but ultimately are not suitable (SPE Hydraulic](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499bf4c32a4428463dd629/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
f(p)
f(Smin’)
37
A comprehensive workflow
![Page 38: Maria Jimenez Edgar Castillo Juan Carlos Chavez · Models without coupling with reservoir and/or geomechanics can be fixed to some extent but ultimately are not suitable (SPE Hydraulic](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499bf4c32a4428463dd629/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Final comments
! Prediction of injectivity for water injectors requires a geomechanical approach (coupled fluid flow - geomechanics). Reservoirs are geo-materials
! Single well models which consider fracture mechanics, do not capture a comprehensive view of the system. It is required to account for the interdependence between extraction, production and the associated stresses acting on the structure
! The importance of this coupled modelling is usually disregarded as current industry practice generally ignores this workflow for reservoir engineering
! This type of modelling it is an excellent opportunity to understand the system, the boundaries of its responses and to design the optimum sand-face completion.
38
![Page 39: Maria Jimenez Edgar Castillo Juan Carlos Chavez · Models without coupling with reservoir and/or geomechanics can be fixed to some extent but ultimately are not suitable (SPE Hydraulic](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499bf4c32a4428463dd629/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Cost / expertise / specialised data requirements
Acc
urac
y of
ans
wer
/
glo
bal a
pplic
abili
ty
! Reservoir characterization uncertainties ! No model is 100% accurate
39
Final comments
![Page 40: Maria Jimenez Edgar Castillo Juan Carlos Chavez · Models without coupling with reservoir and/or geomechanics can be fixed to some extent but ultimately are not suitable (SPE Hydraulic](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499bf4c32a4428463dd629/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40
Final comments
![Page 41: Maria Jimenez Edgar Castillo Juan Carlos Chavez · Models without coupling with reservoir and/or geomechanics can be fixed to some extent but ultimately are not suitable (SPE Hydraulic](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499bf4c32a4428463dd629/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
We are evolving to a more comprehensive view
Points of view
Viewing points
41
Final comments
![Page 42: Maria Jimenez Edgar Castillo Juan Carlos Chavez · Models without coupling with reservoir and/or geomechanics can be fixed to some extent but ultimately are not suitable (SPE Hydraulic](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499bf4c32a4428463dd629/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42
![Page 43: Maria Jimenez Edgar Castillo Juan Carlos Chavez · Models without coupling with reservoir and/or geomechanics can be fixed to some extent but ultimately are not suitable (SPE Hydraulic](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499bf4c32a4428463dd629/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
There is a growing realization that almost all the water injection wells
develop injection induced fractures at some point in their life
(SPE 124857 and 95% of attendees to the SPE Water Injection Workshop in
Portugal – 2008)