MARC 21 MAchine Readable Cataloging Laura Hawley and Cara Orban.
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Transcript of MARC 21 MAchine Readable Cataloging Laura Hawley and Cara Orban.
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MARC 21
MAchine Readable Cataloging
Laura Hawley and Cara Orban
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MARC 21
Stands for “machine readable cataloging.”21 is the latest version and refers to the
twenty-first century.Enables computers to interpret the
information found in a traditional cataloging record by way of data, or “signposts” placed before each field of bibliographic information.
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MARC 21
The original version, LC MARC, was created by the Library of Congress in the 1960s.
The LOC maintains MARC 21 to this day.
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HISTORY
Librarians have shared cataloging information long before the advent of computers.
Cataloging sources:
Library of Congress, Cataloging in Publication (CIP), library journals
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Computers improve sharing capabilities
The new MARC system allowed libraries to use and contribute records, or simply to purchase computer-printed cards from LOC.
Modern libraries can store MARC records on their online catalogs.
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MARC Regulation
MARBI
• Represents three ALA groups: ALCTS, LITA, and RUSA
• Assures that all types of expertise are considered
MARC Advisory Committee
• Represents national libraries, vendors, and bibliographic utilities
• Discusses proposals for changes or additions
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Specifications
LOC created the first edition of this document in 1987.
Provides technical information on MARC records.
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Standards
Standards established for exchange of MARC records by floppy diskette, FTP
Anyone who distributes cataloging data should be able to provide standard MARC 21 cataloging in standard format.
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MARC’s Construction
• Divided into sections, beginning with a tag
• Indicators help with form, spacing
• Subfields: staff, lowercase letter
• These fields indicate how the record should appear in the catalog.
245 1 4 +a The stranger
Title Stranger, The
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Important MARC fields
020 050 100 245 250 650 800
ISBN # Library of Congress # Personal name Title Edition statement Topical subject Other personal
names
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Subfields: can be as specific as needed.
Example:
name main entry a: personal name b: numeration c: title d: dates
100 0_
+aJohn Paul +bII, +cPope, +d1920-2005.
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Standardization
To take full advantage of MARC’s sharing capabilities, we must use standardized records.
Sears List of Subject Headings
Library of Congress Subject Headings
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Authority Control (from http://authorities.loc.gov)
SOURCE OF HEADINGS: Library of Congress Online Catalog
INFORMATION FOR: Twain, Mark, 1835-1910 Please note: Broader Terms are not currently available
Select a Link Below to Continue...
Authority Record
Scope Note
See Also: Clemens, Samuel Langhorne, 1835-1910
See Also: Snodgrass, Quintus Curtius, 1835-1910
See Also: Conte, Louis de, 1835-1910
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MARC 21 Advantages
The most commonly used system in library catalogs
Easily duplicated and standardized
Improves ease and efficiency, cooperation
Can be formatted for any type of library
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Dissenters say:
“There are only two kinds of people who believe themselves able to read a MARC record without referring to a stack of manuals: a handful of our top catalogers and those on serious drugs.” – Roy Tennant
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MARC 21 Disadvantages
Not enough focus on electronic resources
Too complex Redundant English language and
Western oriented
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Suggestions
Expand field use for greater searching capability
More focus on electronic resourcesUse complexity to advantageImprove non-English or non-Western
MARC systems
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The Future of MARC 21
Flexibility, reliability, granularity
Partnering with new technologies
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Sources
http://www.loc.gov/marc/umb/um01to06.html
http://www.statoids.com/wmarchis.html
Khurshid, Z. (2002). From MARC to MARC 21 and beyond: some reflections on MARC and the Arabic language. Library Hi Tech, 20 (3), 370-377.
Tennant, R. (2002). MARC must die. Library Journal, October 15, 26-27.
Yee, M. (2004). New perspectives on the shared cataloging environment and a MARC 21 shopping list. Library Services & Technical Services Abstracts, 48
(3), 165-175.