Maps & Iso Glosses

8/8/2019 Maps & Iso Glosses

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Maps & Isoglosses

Tubagus hidayatTubagus hidayat

The Map appears to us more

real than the Land(D.H.Lawrence)


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Outline

1.1. Geographyofa LanguageGeographyofa Language

2.2. DefinitionsDefinitions

3.3. Mapping ProcessesMapping Processes4.4. LinguisticMapsLinguisticMaps

5.5. Coding OptionsCoding Options

6.6. IsoglossesIsoglosses7.7. ReferencesReferences


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1. Geography of a Language

Twofields ofstudy geographyoflanguage

linguistic geography

LinguisticGeography = Study ofthe geographicdistribution ofa languageor its elements

regional linguisticvariations within a

language

GeographyofLanguages = distribution through history

and spaceoflanguages


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2. Definitions

LinguisticMap= thematic map

= shows geographic

distribution ofthespeakers ofa language

OR

isoglosses ofa dialect

continuum

collected in LinguisticAtlases

http://freeshells.ch/~xavier/accentmap/

American Regional Accents


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Isoglosses= lines on a map= separate places where a

particular featureofalanguage is different

= geographical boundaryofacertain linguisticfeature

pronunciation ofavowel

meaning ofa word useofsyntactic

features

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:German_dialectal_map.PNG

Benrath&Speyer Isoglosses


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3. Mapping Processes

Present raw data on map

Gillieron: methodeclassique

= printing forms directly Coding data with symbols

= printed on map localities

Indicate general distributional area ofa feature

enlcosing it with lines or hatching Bonaparte

= dialect maps ofEngland

Two basic approaches:


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All Maps

John Kirktwo basic principles

triangle = each point represents an aspect ofthemap

maxims = linked to thecoding ofthemap

- present

- analyse- contrast- interpret data


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The Mapping Triangle

MAP

ANALYSIS

DISTRIBUTIONDATA


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Data

-basis ofeverymap all data has to be analysed before

it can bemapped

Analysis

- amount ofanalysis can vary

Distribution

- means to structurebasemaps give themapped material a structure


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DATA ANALYSIS DISTRIBUTION

fonology

Morfology

MAP

The mapping Process

leksikal


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4.Linguistic Maps

= map the responses

Phonolgical Atlas of theNorthern Region

Atlas of English Sounds

= distinctive symbols presenta certain variant at eachlocation

Interpretation but no generalStatement

= make general statement

TheLinguisticAtlas ofEngland

A Word Geography ofEngland

= isoglosses

Chambers&Trugill: different types ofpresenting data

DISPLAYMAPS INTERPRATIVE MAPS


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5. Coding Options

c) Divided b) open

a) Closed

Symbols

5.1.Symbols


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a) Closed symbols (black symbols)- represent a specific item at a particular locality- showcontrastive variants

or- used as outliers= arbitrary and small- many variations

b) Open symbols- showabsenceofan item in a locality- used contrastively

c) Divided symbols Example: Tape-RecordedSurvey of Hiberno-English

Speech- closed symbols : oldest informants- open symbols : youngest informants

- divided symbols: middle-aged informants


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Crosses

St.Andrews Cross = (LAE) absenceofdata St.Georges Cross = form similar toone alreadymapped

but one stage behind in phonological

development

Letters

= (Survey ofAnglo-WelshDialects) represent lexical items,

taking its 1st letter

Numbers

Can be = symbols oftheir own value

= symbols ofsomeother value


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Lines

- Represent transition zones, which surround areas

ofdistribution or are between them

Heteroglosses: - state distribution for whichtheres mappableevidence

IsoglossesHatching

- is symbolic (similar to heteroglossicmapping)

- occurenceofa particular item in a place or in a

number ofclose places


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6. Isoglosses Show areas wherecontrasting forms occur

= a feature is used predominantly

= bounds area ofa certain usage

a certain feature is usually different from a similarfeature in a neighbouring area

EXAMPLE: some native speakers ofEnglish pronounce/r/ after a vowel car, clear, sharp

US: /r/ is pronounced in Chicago area

but not in Boston area

such a distinct area is an isogloss

Seperate points of equal language

NO isoglosses correspond exactly


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open for correction bymanyfactors

PROBLEM: explicit as lines but actuallyrepresent decisions about data

direction theyfollowon map is arbitrary

offers only interpretation

generalises distributions

LinguisticAtlas ofEngland: isoglosses supplemented

byother symbols

thereforemore a simplification


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North-Midland isogloss

- distinguishes many linguisticfeatures

Northern-Cities-Vowel Shift= a chain shift in the sound ofsome vowels in

theInland North

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Northern_Cities_Vowel_Shift.svg


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Centum-Satem Isogloss

= divides Indo-European Languages into2categories

Centum

Satem

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Centum_Satem_map.png


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7. References

- Kirk, J.M.1985.Studies in Linguistic Geography. London:CroomHelm.

- Wehmeier,S. 7th2005.Oxford Advanced Learners

Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press- http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O29-ISOGLOSS.html

- http://www.esri.com/news/arcuser/1002/linguistics.html

- http://freeshells.ch/~xavier/accentmap/

- http://www.ling.upenn.edu/phono_atlas/NationalMap/NationalMap.html#Heading6

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