Manual de Ingles Gramatica General

7/30/2019 Manual de Ingles Gramatica General

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GRAMATICAGENERALLicenciatur a en Relaciones Comer ciales Inter nacionales Hebert C. Barreto.

1

UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE SINALOA

UNIDAD REGIONALNORTE

UNIDADACADEMICADE NEGOCIOS

LIC. ENRELACIONES COMERCIALES INTERNACIONALES

Manual de Ingls General

3roy 4toSemestre

Gramtica General

ALUMNO

Relaciones comerciales internacionalesBarre to

RUPO

2 -3

Los Mochis Sinaloa. Agosto del 2 0 10


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2

Plural del sustantivo

Gramtica

Los sustantivos forman el plural aadiendo la terminacin "-s":

cat / cats

head / heads

Cuando el sustantivo presentauna de las siguientes terminaciones forma el plural

aadiendo "-es":

- s (focus / focuses)

- ss (miss / misses)

- sh (fish / fishes)

- ch (stitch / stitches)

- x (fox / foxes)

Si el sustantivo finaliza en"-y":

Tras consonante: presenta en plural la terminacin "-ies"

Battery / batteries

Tras vocal: forma el plural aadiendo "-s"

Bay / bays

Si el sustantivo termina en vocal "-o" forma el plural aadiendo "-es":

Tomato / tomatoes


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3

Ejercicios

1.

Globe

2.

Dish

3.

Day

4.

Tax

5.

Match

6.

Parody

7.

Wish

8.

Flash

9.

Potato

10.

Box

11.

Go

12.

Casualty

13.

Church

14.

Miss

15.

Lieutenant

16.

Mouth

17.

Lens

18.

Cry

19.

Witch

20.

Boy

21.

Archer


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22.

Bus

23.

Salary

24.

Dress

Doblar la consonante final

Gramtica

1.- Ciertas palabras inglesas (verbos, sustantivos, adjetivos)al incorporar un sufijo

(terminacin) doblan la consonante final.

a) Palabras monoslabas que finalizan en:

una sola vocal + una sola consonante

Doblan la consonante final cuando incorporan un sufijo que comienza por vocal (-ing / -ed /-er / -est ...)

to run / runner

to sit / sitting

to sin / sinned

b) Palabras de dos o ms slaba cuando el acento recae en la slaba final y esta slabafinal termina en:

una sola vocal + una sola consonante

Al incorporar sufijos que comienzan por vocal ( -ing / -ed / -er / -est...)

begin / beginner

forget / forgetting

c) Suelen doblar tambin la ltima consonante aquellaspalabras que terminan en "l"(con independencia de que est acentuada o no la ltima silaba) cuando incorporan lossufijos "-ing / -ed":

to cancel / cancelling

to signal / signalled


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2.- Otras palabras en cambio no doblan la consonante final

a) Aquellas palabras que terminan en 2 o ms consonantes.

to fight / fighting

to transform / transforming

b) Aquellas palabras que finalizan en una consonante pero que delante llevan dosvocales.

to eat / eating

to meet / meeting

c)las consonantes "w, x, y" no se doblan al final de una palabra

to draw / drawing

to sew / sewing


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1.

To cut (participio presente)

2.

To sleep (participio presente)

3.

To accept (participio pasado)

4.

To fit (participio presente)

5.

To behave (participio presente)

6.

To put (participio presente)

7.

To repel (participio presente)

8.

To look (participio pasado)

9.

To attack (participio presente)

10.

To grow (participio presente)

11.

To submit (participio presente)

12.

To cook (participio presente)

13.

To travel (participio presente)

14.

To listen (sustantivo)

15.

To commit (participio presente)

16.

To rest (participio presente)

17.

To land (participio pasado)

18.

To dream (sustantivo)

19.

To forbid (participio presente)

20.

To conquer (sustantivo)


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7

Palabras que terminan en "-y"

Gramtica

Las palabras que terminan en "-y" tras consonante cambian la "y" por "i" delante de

cualquier sufijo excepto "-ing"

to dry / dried / drying

to deny / denied / denying

happy / happily

funny / funnier / funniest

Cuando se aade una "-s" final, bien para formar el plural del sustantivo bien la 3persona del singular del presente del indicativo, la "y" final se transforma en "-ies":

lorry / lorries

country / countries

to fly / flies

to cry / cries

Si la "y" va precedida por una vocal entonces no cambia, si bien hay excepciones:

to employ / employed / employing / employer

to convey / conveyed / conveying / conveyor


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8

Ejercicios

1.

To fly (participio presente)

2.

To carry (participio pasado)

3.

To play (sustantivo)

4.

Baby (plural)

5.

Sunny (superlativo)

6.

To decay (participio pasado)

7.

Donkey (plural)

8.

Family (plural)

9.

Jockey (plural)

10.

To spray (participio pasado)

11.

To obey (participio pasado)

12.

Voluntary (adverbio)

13.

Heavy (superlativo)

14.

To unify (participio presente)

15.

To play (participio pasado)

16.

Sporty (sustantivo)

17.

Spray (plural)

18.

Cemetery (plural)

19.

To qualify (participio presente)

20.

To falsify (participio presente)


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Palabras que terminan en "-e"

Gramtica

Las palabras que terminan en "-e" precedidas de consonante pierden la "-e" cuandoincorporan un sufijo que comienza por vocal:

to come / coming

to believe / believable

to dance / danced

rude / rudest

late / later

Excepcin : si el verbo termina en "-ee " entonces mantiene la "-e" final:

to see / seeing

to flee / fleeing

Si el sufijo comienza por consonante por regla general (hay excepciones)se mantiene la

"-e" final:

morose / morosely

secure / securely

to engage / engagement

hope / hopeful

Si es un adjetivo que finaliza en "-le" forma el adverbio sustituyendo "-le"por la

terminacin "-ly":

probable / probably

understandable / understandably


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Omisin del artculo

Gramtica

1.- Artculo indefinido: a / an

Se omite:

a) Delante de un sustantivo en plural:

a car / cars

a house / houses

You can see a house over there / You can see houses over there

b) Delante de nombres gnericos de sustancias (wine, milk, gold, wood, silver, petrol,blood...):

I like milk

I don't drink wine

No obstante, si un sustantivo genrico se utiliza con un sentido concreto, para hacer

referencia a algo determinado, entonces slleva artculo:What a goodwine!

c) Delante de nombres abstractos (happiness, justice, fear, help, love, future, hope...):

The children have fear of phantoms

The drug addicts especially needunderstanding andhelp

d) Delante de nombres de comidas; breakfast, lunch, dinner,...

We have dinner at 8 o'clock

This morning I had breakfast very late

Salvo cuando van precedidos por un adjetivo calificativo:

What a delicious dinner you have prepared!


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2.- Artculo definido: the

Se omite:

a) Con nombres abstractos , salvo que se utilicen con un sentido particular:

Justice is the basis of any political system

In Spain the justice works very slowly

b) Delante de nombres de deportes:

He plays tennis (football)

c) Delante de nombres genricos en plural:

Sport cars are always expensive

Men practise sport more than women

Children learn foreign languages more easily thanadults

In Spain dentists are very well paid

Salvo cuando se utilizan con un sentido concreto:

Last weekend we went to Paris with the children

All the dentists I know advise you to brush your teeth after every meal

d) Con los sustantivos "home" / "work":

Last Friday I stayed at home all evening

He goes to work


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e) Con los sustantivos "bed" / "church" / "prison" / "school" / "university" ... cuandose hace referencia a su finalidad bsica:

To go to bed (to sleep)

To go to church / to come back from church (to pray)

To be in hospital / to leave hospital (as a patient)

To stay in prison (as a prisoner)

To be back from university / to leave school (as a student)

Pero cuando se hace referencia a estos lugares por otros motivos (por ejemplo, ir a unhospital de visita) entonces s llevan artculos:

I went to the hospital to visit my wife

I went to the university to ask for information


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Ejercicios

1. Could you bring me ________ glass ofwater?

2. Are you going to play ________football with your friends?

3. You can see ________ cat lying on thatroof

4. Yesterday evening I was at ________home because I didn't feel well

5. The Cathedral of Seville is one of thebiggest in ________ world

6. That sailing boat is made of ________aluminium

7. ________ Freedom is one of the pillars

of modern society

8. You can see ________ eagles flyingover those hills

9. I want to buy ________ books for thissummer

10. These plants need ________ water

urgently

11. In our days, car accidents are one of themain causes of ________ death

12. I like ________ coffee very much


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13. ________ Love can change your life

14. I visited ________ church of St.

Michael in Paris

15. ________ Health is the first thingneeded to find happiness

16. Last Sunday morning I went to________ church with my girlfriend

17. After doing sport I really enjoy________ good beer

18. ________ party was a real disaster.

People got drunk immediately

19. ________ love I feel for my daughteris the most important thing in my life

20. What ________ good coffee you candrink in that bar!


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Caso posesivo ('s) versus "of + sustantivo"

Gramtica

1.- El caso posesivo ('s) se utiliza:

a) Si el poseedor es una persona o un animal:

My father's car

The tiger's teeth

b) Con organizaciones o grupos de personas (aunque la otra estructura tambin es

posible):

Trade union's elections (= the elections of the trade unions)

The company's result (= the results of the company)

c) Con lugares:

The village's church

Spain's surface

d) Con expresiones de tiempo: today, tomorrow, yesterday, week...

This week's trip

Monday's meeting

Si el sustantivo es singular se pone ('s), si es plural se pone un apstrofe al final de lapalabra ( ' ):

My brother's car / My brothers' car

The manager's bonus / The managers' bonus

2.- Cuando el poseedor es un objeto o un ser inanimado se utiliza normalmente laestructura "of + sustantivo":

The price of the house

The depth of the river


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Ejercicios

1.

(The / bodyguards / palace)

2.

(Motorbike / son / the)

3.

(Parents / cousin / the)

4.

(Strategy / government / the)

5.

(Attack / terrorist / Madrid)

6.

(Exams / the / week)

7.

(The / book / end)

8.

(Leader / the / party)

9.

(Habits / neighbors / the)

10.

(News / evening / the)

11.

(The / equipment / soldier)

12.

(Horns / the / bull )

13.

(Color / the / sea)

14.

(The / illness / friend)

15.

(The / traffic / morning / jam)

16.

(The / plane / wings)

17.

(Team / coach / the)

18.

(Constitution / Europe)

19.

(Gleam / the / mirror)

20.

(Daughter / Mr. / Wilson)


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"Of + sustantivo" versus "compound nouns"

Gramtica

En algunos casos slo una de estas estructuras es posible; en otros ambas son posibles. Encaso de duda es preferible utilizar la estructura "of + sustantivo".

A continuacin se recogen las reglas generales, si bien hay excepciones.

1.- "of + sustantivo"

a) Cuando el poseedor es un objeto o un ser inanimado:

The name of the street

The temperature of the water

b) Cuando el poseedor es una persona o un animalpero va seguido por una oracinsubordinada que lo define:

The car of the man who lives beside me

The claws of the cat that attacked my son

2.- Compound nouns

La estructura: "sustantivo A + sustantivo B" se utiliza cuando:

a) El "sustantivo A" representa el objeto del que forma parte el "sustantivo B":

Museum entry

Shop window

b) El "sustantivo A" seala el lugar en el que se encuentra el "sustantivo B":

Beach bar

City theatre

c) El "sustantivo A" seala el tiempo al que corresponde el "sustantivo B":

Winter festival

Sunday mass


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d) El "sustantivo A" indica el material del que est hecho el "sustantivo B":

Gold ring

Silver cufflinks

e) El "sustantivo A" indica la finalidad del "sustantivo B":

Tennis racket

Boxing gloves

f) El "sustantivo A" da informacin sobre el "sustantivo B":

Car park

Bus ticket


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Ejercicios

1.

(tournament / summer)

2.

(number / victims)

3.

(engine / car)

4.

(bottle / plastic)

5.

(school / driving)

6.

(airport / city)

7.

(tie / silk)

8.

(course / winter)

9.

(colour / sky)

10.

(centre / town)

11.

(cost / life)

12.

(belt / safety)

13.

(lenght / beach)

14.

(roof / house)

15.

(toilet / restaurant)

16.

(shorts / boxer)

17.

(bridge / river)

18.

(bag / tea)

19.

(gate / iron)

20.

(level / sea)


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Orden de los adjetivos

Gramtica

Cuando 2 o ms adjetivos acompaan a un sustantivo el orden de su colocacin es elsiguiente:

1.- Adjetivos subjetivos:

Expresan una opinin personal:

beautiful, ugly, nice, lovely, friendly, elegant, useful...

2.- Adjetivos objetivos

Definen propiedades objetivas del sustantivo. Estos a su vez siguen el siguiente orden, sibien cabe cierta flexibilidad:

a) Tamao:

big, small, huge, great, medium...

(excepto "little" que ira en el mismo lugar que los que expresan edad)

b) Aspectos generales:

sporty, dirty, quiet, expensive, healthy, strong...

c) Edad:

old, new, adult, young... (tambin "little")


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d) Forma:

round, square, hexagonal, wide, narrow...

e) Personalidad:

shy, ambitious, humble, arrogant...

f) Color:

red, yellow, blue...

g) Material:

plastic, wooden, metallic, woollen...

h) Origen:

Russian, Spanish, European...


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Ejercicios

1.

A ________ woman (Spanish / nice / old)

2.

A ________ table (square / big / wooden)

3.

A ________ carpet (Russian / yellow / rectangular)

4.

A ________ beach (beautiful / quiet / long)

5.

A ________ car (Italian / fast / red)

6.

An ________ girl (cheerful / young / attractive)

7.

A ________ painting (Spanish / modern / marvellous)

8.

An ________ book (old / interesting / German)

9.

An ________ watch (golden / old / Swiss)

10.

A ________ diamond (hexagonal / expensive / big )

11.

A ________ man (tall / blond / good-looking)


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12.

A ________ bucket (plastic / grey / big)

13.

A ________ house (typical / wooden / Swedish)

14.

A ________ tie (Italian / silky / red)

15.

A ________ street (picturesque / narrow / city centre)

16.

A ________ friend (French / old / close)

17.

A ________ church (small / cosy / catholic)

18.

A ________ singer (romantic / Irish / young)

19.

A ________ train (new / Japanese / speedy)

20.

A ________ dish (Turkish / traditional / delicious)

21.

A ________ shirt (woollen / cheap / red)

22.

A ________ film (Italian / successful / old)


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Verbos seguidos de infinitivo / gerundio

Gramtica

Cuando un verbo va acompaado por otro, este segundo puede ir en:

Infinitivo

Infinitivo (sin "to")

Gerundio

Ejemplos:

Last summer we decided to go to the beach

We can speak English fluently

I hate driving at night

Hay una serie de verbos que cuando van acompaados por otro este segundo va engerundio:

Admit / Appreciate / Avoid / Consider / Delay / Deny / Detest / Excuse / Finish / Forgive /

Imagine / Keep (=continue) / Miss / Postpone / Practise / Prevent / Propose(=suggest) /Regret / Resist / Risk / Stop / Suggest / Understand

Veamos algunos ejemplos:

When I lost my job I postponed buying a new house

After the heart attack my fatherstopped smoking

My boss told me that he is considering promoting me for the new post

If you drive when you are drunk you risk losing your driving licence

The detainee admitted doing business with the mafia

Tambin suelen ir seguidos de gerundios los siguientes verbos:

Like / Dislike / Hate / Love / Enjoy / Mind


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Ejemplos:

I like travelling with my girlfriend

I hate tidying my bedroom

I enjoy dancing

I dont mind going to English classes

El verbo "like" puede tambin ir seguido por un infinitivo pero el significado esdiferente:

to like + gerundio: disfrutar

to like + infinitivo: querer hacer algo porque considero que es positivo

I like playing tennis

I like to do my homework on Saturday mornings

Algunos de los verbos anteriores si va precedido del auxiliar"would" pide entonces uninfinitivo:

Would like to

Would love to

Would hate to

Would prefer to

I would like to visit Paris

I would love to go out for dinner tonight!

I would hate to spend the summer in Seville

I would prefer to go to the cinema than go to the gym

Los siguientes verbos, si van acompaados por otro, este segundo va en infinitivo:

Agree / Appear / Arrange / Ask / Choose / Claim / Decide / Decline / Demand / Fail /Forget / Happen / Hesitate / Hope / Learn / Manage / Offer / Plan / Prepare / Pretend /

Promise / Refuse / Remember / Seem / Swear / Threaten


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Ejemplos:

He agreed to help me with my homework

She promised to phone her mother

My brotherdecided to sell his car

El verbo "try" puede ir seguido de infinitivo o gerundio pero con distinto significado:

+ infinitivo: hacer un esfuerzo

+ gerundio: probar algo en plan experimento

I will try to wash my car before lunch

I tried calling my girlfriend with this mobile but it didn't work

La expression "I am afraid" puede ir seguida de:

Infinitivo: no quiero hacer algo porque creo que es peligroso

"of + gerundio": existe la posibilidad de que algo malo me ocurra

I am afraid to climb up the tree

When I drive through the centre of town I am afraid of having an accident


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1.

I hope ________ my studies this year (to finish)

2.

She promised ________ to me during her trip (to write)

3.

My boss postponed ________ a decision about my promotion (to make)

4.

I learned ________ English at school (to speak)

5.

My son detests ________ his medicine (to take)

6.

I dislike ________ up early, especially on Monday (to get)

7.

The police pretended ________ the terrorist at the border (to arrest)

8.

The old couple swore ________ a formal complaint against the hotel (to make)

9.

After my injury I missed ________ tennis a lot (to play)

10.

Forgive me for ________ you but your boss wants to see you immediately (to interrupt)


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11.

I imagine ________ a sailing boat and travelling around the world (to have)

12.

She decided ________ her holidays in Italy (to spend)

13.

When the teacher entered the classroom the students stopped ________ a noise (to make)

14.

Driving so fast he risks ________ an accident (to have)

15.

The company postponed ________ its American franchise (to sell)

16.

My sister agrees ________ me money for my new house (to lend)

17.

The fire brigade decided ________ the fire with two helicopters (to extinguish)

18.

I completely detest ________ to the beach on Sundays; they are totally crowded (to go)

19.

Last weekend I tried ________ from Madrid to Seville without stopping (to drive)

20.

You must remember ________ your mum before leaving (to call)


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Some / Any

Gramtica

Ambos adjetivos se traducen por"algo de", "algunos".

Regla general:

"Some": se utiliza en oraciones afirmativas.

"Any": se utiliza en oraciones negativas o interrogativas.

Particularidades:

"Some": se utiliza a veces en preguntas:

a) Que suponen ofrecimiento.

Do you want some wine?

Can I give you some advice?

b) Cuando se espera casi con toda seguridad una respuesta afirmativa.

Can I have some biscuits?

"Any" se utiliza a veces:

a) En oraciones afirmativas con el significado de "cualquiera".

Any kid would have behaved like that

You can pickany of these books

You can go anywhere you want

b) En oraciones condicionales con el significado de "alguien, algo, alguna cosa".

Ifanyone ask for me, please tell them I will be back soon

Ifanything happens, please call me immediately

If I hadany money I would buy a new car


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Much / Many / Little / Few / A lot of

Gramtica

1.- "much" / "many" / "a lot of" se traducen por"mucho".

Las reglas que se aplican son las siguientes, si bien cabe cierta flexibilidad:

a) En oraciones afirmativas:"a lot of"

b) En oraciones negativas e interrogativas:

b.1) Con sustantivos contables: "many"

many books, many coins, many girls...

b.2) Con sustantivos incontables: "much"

much time, much effort, much energy

2.- "little" / "few" se traducen por"poco".

a) Con sustantivos contables: "few"

Few books, few pencils, few tickets...

b) Con sustantivos "incontables": "little"

Little sugar, little rain, little water...

Ejemplos:

She is very friendly and has a lot offriends

I don't have many paintings in my flat

When you were unemployed, did you receivemuch help from your family?

This bookshop has few books about Spanish history

There is little hope that the hostage will be released


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Ejercicios

1.

There are ________ people who prefer to work part-time

2.

We don't have ________ time to listen to your arguments

3.

You need ________ time to finish your homework

4.

Look at the sky! You can see ________ birds flying southwards

5.

Have you received ________ letters from your friend?

6.

________ people know that you worked abroad for ten years

7.

I can see that you have ________ interest in helping me

8.

________ cars can go more than 300 km per hour

9.

There were ________ foreigners in that village last summer?

10.


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I am very busy; I have ________ things to do

11.

Mark is not a millionaire. I am sure he doesn't have ________ money

12.

I put a ________ bit of sugar in my coffee because I don't like it very sweet

13.

Peter has a stomach ache and that is because he ate ________ biscuits

14.

He didn't have ________ luck. He lost all his money in the casino

15.

It is a very small car park; it allows ________ cars

16.

We haven't had ________ rain during this year

17.

I have ________ books on the Second World War

18.

He made ________ effort to win the race

19.

Martin doesn't eat ________ meat because he thinks that that is unhealthy

20.

Do you have ________ friends in England?


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No-one / Anyone / Nobody / Anybody...

Gramtica

Los pronombres "no-one" / "anyone" / "nobody" / "anybody" / "nothing" /"anything"... tienen todos ellos significado negativo.

Como regla general:

a) "no-one" / "nobody" / "nothing" / "nowhere" / "no+sustantivo" se utilizan conoraciones afirmativas y se suelen colocar al comienzo de la oracin.

b) "anyone" / "anybody" / "anything" / "anywhere" / "any+sustantivo" se utilizancon verbos negativos y se suelen colocar a mitad o al final de la oracin.

Ejemplos:

Nothing was decided in our last meeting

No-one called you last night

Last weekend I went nowhere because the weather was terrible

I have been looking for my mother but I haven't found heranywhere

I haven't seen anyone in your office

My company hasnt doneanything in relation with the Kioto Protocol


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Ejercicios

1.

________ will vote for a party with such extremist ideologies

2.

You won't find ________ who wants to support your party

3.

Nowadays you cannot travel ________ without a credit card

4.

________ you will find people so friendly like in my country

5.

________ can help you to solve that problem; you have to do it yourself

6.

I haven't found ________ interesting in that bookshop

7.

________ Information was given when the flight was delayed

8.

________ wrote to me while I was in Finland

9.

I feel a little bit embarrassed because I haven't brought ________ for the party

10.

You can trust me. I won't tell your secret to ________


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11.

________ complained when the flight was delayed

12.

I cannot find ________ explanation for his behavior

13.

________ told me that you called last night

14.

________ the kids are better than in the school

15.

________ is more important than health

16.

Kevin hasn't phoned ________ this morning

17.

James is not going ________ this summer; he will stay here

18.

________ was arrested by the police after the robbery

19.

________ good has happened to me in the last two weeks

20.

________ will buy your car; it is too old and in a very bad condition


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Respuestas cortas

Gramtica

Su estructura es la siguiente:

So am I / Neither am I

So do I / Neither do I

So can I / Neither can I

....

Se utilizan para expresarcoincidencia con lo manifestado por el interlocutor.

a) Si ste realiza una afirmacin, la coincidencia se manifiesta con las expresiones:

"So am I" / "So do I" / "So can I" / "So have I"

(El utilizar una u otra depender del verbo de la oracin principal)

b) Si por el contrario ste realiza una negacin, la coincidencia se manifiesta con lasexpresiones:

"Neither am I" / "Neither do I" / "Neither can I" / "Neither have I"En el caso de la negacin se puede utilizar tambin una estructura alternativa:

"I am not either" / "I do not either" / "I can not either" / "I have not either"

El verbo que se utiliza en estas respuestas es el auxiliar de la oracin principal:

(Peter) I can play tennis / (John) So can I

(Peter) I haven't been to Paris / (John) Neitherhave I

(Peter) I study French / (John) So do I

El verbo de estas respuestas va en el mismo tiempo que el de la oracin principal:

(Peter) I was in Germany last November / (John) So was I

(Peter) I won't play football this Sunday / (John) Neitherwill I

(Peter) I worked in a bank last summer / (John) So did I

El sujeto es siempre un pronombre personal:


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(Peter) I am going to the cinema / (John) So is she

(refirindose a una tercera persona que por el contexto ambos interlocutores conocen)

(Peter) I finish my studies this year / (John) So dowe


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Question tags

Gramtica

Son preguntas cortas que realiza el emisor al final de la oracin con intencin de

enfatizar.

You have finished your exam. Haven't you?

He doesn't speak German. Does he?

Se utilizan para:

a) Pedir confirmacin.

b) Pedir informacin.

Ello va a depender de la entonacin de la "question tag":

a) Entonacin descendente: se pide al interlocutorconfirmacin de lo que uno ha dicho(no es una pregunta, no se pide informacin).

You have been to Paris. Haven't you? (bajando el tono de voz)

El emisor est plenamente convencido de que su interlocutor ha estado en Pars. Le pide (yespera) que se lo confirme.

b) Entonacin ascendente: se pide informacin.

You haven't seen my brother . Have you? (subiendo el tono de voz)

El emisor no sabe si su interlocutor ha visto o no a su hermano. Espera que le responda yque le facilite alguna informacin.

Por ejemplo:

- Yes, I have seen him one hour ago in the street

- No sorry, I haven't seen him

Tambin se utilizan las "questions tags" con oraciones negativas pare solicitar de modoinformal pero corts algn favor.

Youu couldn't bring me a glass of water. Could you?

Cmo se construye la "question tag"?


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Su estructura es muy simple:

verbo auxiliar (de la oracin principal) + pronombre personal

Your brother has bought a new car. Hasn't he?

My mother phoned me. Didn't she?

Your sister is in London. Isn't she?

You can play tennis. Cant you?

Your brother will go with us to the cinema. Won't he?

El sujeto es siempre un pronombre.

Si la oracin principal es afirmativa la "question tag" es negativa.

You are coming with us. Aren't you?

Y viceversa: si la oracin principal es negativa la "question tag" es afirmativa.

You are not coming with us. Are you?

Algunos casos particulares:

a) Con oraciones imperativas se utiliza como verbo auxiliar"will" y va en afirmativo.

Open the door. Will you?

b)Con oraciones del tipo"Let us..." se utiliza como verbo auxilizar"shall" y va enafirmativo.

Let's play tennis. Shall we?


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Ejercicios

1.

They were coming with you. ________

2.

Your friends will come to my party. ________

3.

My sister has gone to the doctor. ________

4.

You haven't read that book. ________

5.

Let's go to the beach. ________

6.

Switch on the light, please. ________

7.

You made a lot of noise. ________

8.

You haven't finished your homework. ________

9.

Your parents will come with us to the theatre. ________

10.

Your sister is married. ________


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11.

You enjoyed the party a lot. ________

12.

She didn't pass the exam. ________

13.

You have tidied your bedroom. ________

14.

Shut-up. ________

15.

Our boss has resigned. ________

16.

The workers have gone on strike. ________

17.

It was a very good concert. ________

18.

The tournament started last week. ________

19.

The plane crashed in the mountains. ________

20.

When I arrived your brother had already left. ________


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43

"Present" versus "Present continuous"

Ambos verbos se utilizan para describiracciones presentes, si bien con diferentesmatices.

a) Present continuous

a.1) Describe acciones que estn ocurriendo en ese precisomomento.

I am reading the newspaper (lo estoy leyendo ahora)

a.2) Tambin puede describiracciones que ocurren alrededor del momento actual,aunque no precisamente ahora.

I am planning a trip to Egypt for this summer (por ejemplo, le estoy contando a un amigoque estoy planeando un viaje; no es que lo est planeando en ese preciso momento)

b) Present simple

b.1) Describe acciones habituales, actuales, generales, que no tienen porqu estar

ocurriendo en ese preciso momento.

I work in a bank

I speak English very fluently

In Madrid people drive very fast

b.2) Describe tambin acciones que se repiten peridicamente, acciones rutinarias.

Every morning I have a meeting with my boss at 8 o'clock

I play tennis every Sunday

Algunos verbos no se suelen utilizar en tiempo continuo, por lo que en estos casos hayque emplear el "present simple":

Verbos que describen acciones de los sentidos: feel, hear, see, smell...

Verbos de sentimiento / emocin: like, love, hate, want, wish, fear, desire, detest, dislike...

Verbos de acciones mentales: agree, believe, forget, know, remember, think (=tener una

opinion), understand, realize...

Verbos de posesin: belong, own, posess...

Por ltimo, decir que estas dos formas verbales se emplean a vecespara describiracciones futuras.


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1.

I ________ French literature a lot (to like)

2.

Where is your brother? My brother ________ tennis with James (to play)

3.

My neighbour is a cook; he ________ in a Mexican restaurant (to work)

4.

Excuse me, but I cannot open the door; I ________ a shower (to have)

5.

The phone ________; John, can you answer it, please? (to ring)

6.

Andrew, Why you ________ at me? (to shout)

7.

My wife ________ occasionally, mainly in parties (to smoke)

8.

My sister ________ the piano like a professional (to play)

9.

Where is your husband? He ________ the car (to wash)

10.

Congratulations Paul!, Your English ________ little by little (to improve)

11.


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She is a dancer; she ________ in the National Ballet (to perform)

12.

Sorry, but at this moment I can not contact my boss; he ________ to London (to fly)

13.

Where do you come from? I ________ from Jamaica (to come)

14.

Chris, stop the car; the engine ________ a very strange noise (to make)

15.

We ________ elections in my country every four years (to have)

16.

My kids ________ to bed at 9 o'clock (to go)

17.

In winter, it ________ almost every day in Scotland (to rain)

18.

Alice is very religious; she ________ to mass every day (to go)

19.

My mother ________ supper ready (to get)

20.

In my country we ________ very high taxes (to pay)


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"Present continuous" versus "Future"

Gramtica

1.- Present Continuous

Describe una accin que va a tener lugar en un futuro ms o menos inmediato, pero que

la decisin de realizarla fue tomada en el pasado.

Next Monday I am flying to Paris

(La decisin de volar a Pars no la he tomado justo en este momento sino que ya lo habadecidido con anterioridad)

Con un sentido similar se podra utilizar la expresin "going to...".

Next Monday I am going to fly to Paris

No obstante entre el "present continuous" y "going to..." hay algunas diferencias:

a) El "present continuous" se prefiere en aquellas acciones que han sido yaprogramadas del tipo, reuniones, viajes, fiestas, etc, en las que hay que poner de acuerdo aotras personas.

b) La expresin "going to..." se utiliza principalmente cuando se quiere resaltar lavoluntad del emisor. Este est plenamente decidido a realizar esa accin por lo que haymuchas probabilidades de que se lleve a cabo. Posiblemente el emisor haya realizado yaalguna actuacin encaminada a ejecutar la accin.

This evening I am going to the see the match between Real Madrid and Barcelona

(ya he comprado las entradas)

c) Tambin la expresin "going to" se utiliza para describir acciones que van a suceder enun futuro inmediato ya que hay indicios que apuntan a ello:

The sky is very dark; it is going to raind) Mientras que con el "present continuous"siempre hay que mencionar el momentoen el que se va a desarrollar la accin, con la expresin"going to..." cabe a veces omitirtoda referencia temporal (se entiende que va a tener lugar en un futuro inmediato pero nose precisa cuando).


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2.- Future

El "future" describe acciones futuras, si bien no tienen por que ser tan inmediatas

como con el "present continuous" o con "going to...".

Tambin se utiliza para describiracciones futuras que han sido decididas sobre lamarcha, en el momento actual.

Oh, it is very late, I will go back home

It is very cold, I will close the window

O acciones futuras que el emisor considera que van a tener lugar pero queno dependende su voluntad.

When will you buy a new car?

I am sure your brother will win the race

The match between Real Madrid and Barcelona will be exciting

Muchas veces va introducido por expresiones del tipo:

I am sure / I supposse / Perhaps / Probably / Surely / Possibly...


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Ejercicios

1.

I ________ a meeting in half an hour (to have)

2.

Which team do you think ________ the match? (to win)

3.

This evening I ________ to the Opera with my girlfriend (to go)

4.

I have studied very hard and I am sure I ________ the exam (to pass)

5.

I am sure your girlfriend ________ you for that little fault (to forgive)

6.

This afternoon my sister ________ an interview with a head hunter (to have)

7.

It's not sure but probably I ________ with you to the party (to go)

8.

If you continue disturbing the neighbours, they ________ you (to report)

9.

I feel very tired; I think I ________ this report tomorrow (to finish)

10.

I don't think that my father ________ a new car (to buy)


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11.

I am sure that my train ________ late (to arrive)

12.

The condition of this patient is really bad; probably he ________ in the next few days (to

die)

13.

Tomorrow we ________ with some friends to the Town Festival (to go)

14.

This winter the Annual Meeting of the G-7 ________ place in Madrid (to take)

15.

My boss ________ in two weeks (to retire)

16.

Tomorrow my mother ________ lunch with her friends (to have)

17.

As I told you before this evening we ________ dinner with our parents in law (to have)

18.

This Friday my brother ________ back from Moscow (to come)

19.

My brother ________ married next month (to get)

20.

This Friday I ________ to Rome (to travel)


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50

"Past simple" versus "Past continuous"

Gramtica

1.- Past simple

El "past simple" describe una accin pasada ya finalizada.

When I was young I lived in Madrid (ahora vivo en Barcelona)

2.- Past continuous

Indica que una accin se estaba desarrollando en cierto momento del pasado al cual sehace referencia. No dice si la accin ya finaliz o todava continuaba.

When the mother came home her husband was playing with the kids (no sabemos sitermin de jugar en ese momento o continu jugando)

A veces se describen dos acciones simultneas que tuvieron lugar en el pasado. En dichocaso, se utiliza el "past imple" para describiraquella que finaliz y el "past continuous"para aquella otra que estaba ocurriendo cuando la primera tuvo lugar.

Yesterday evening when you called me I was having a shower

When the parents arrived home the children were watching TV

Otra diferencia entre ambos tiempos es que el "past continuous" se utiliza a veces paraindicar que la accin es ms casual, menos planificada.

Yesterday morning, from 8 to 10, I was running (algo rutinario, que suelo hacer confrecuencia, por lo que no lo resalto)

Yesterday morning, from 8 to 10, I ran (algo diferente, un tanto extraordinario, por lo que

quiero destacarlo)


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Ejercicios

1.

Last Saturday when my brother arrived, I ________ TV (to watch)

2.

The police arrested the murderer when he ________ an old woman (to attack)

3.

My uncle ________ all his fortune playing in casinos (to lose)

4.

Yesterday it rained all day and the river almost ________ its banks (to burst)

5.

Last night when I left the party two gangs of hooligans ________ (to fight)

6.

Last Friday my father ________ to Paris to visit my brother who works there (to go)

7.

They ________ the new bridge in time for the Olympic Games (to finish)

8.

My girlfriend didn't come with us to the cinema because she ________ (to study)

9.

When the teacher entered the classroom the students ________ very loudly (to speak)

10.

That terrible accident ________ yesterday evening (to happen)


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11.

Last night when the thieves ________ into my house I was sleeping (to break)

12.

My parents ________ in the Cathedral of Seville 40 years ago (to get married)

13.

The Socialist Party ________ the last elections and is now in power (to win)

14.

The other day when I ________ tennis I hurt my leg (to play)

15.

Philip ________ at home in very strange circumstances (to die)

16.

Susan ________ Law in the university of Madrid (to study)

17.

Yesterday when you came home I ________ the dog (to walk)

18.

The plane ________ into the mountains due to the weather conditions (to crash)

19.

He ________ late at the station and missed his train (to arrive)

20.

The mother went to calm her little baby because she ________ (to cry)


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53

"Past simple" vs "Present perfect"

Ambos tiempos describen acciones que tuvieron lugar en el pasado, si bien presentanciertas diferencias:

a) Past Simple

- Accin que se desarroll y finaliz en el pasado, sin que se de ninguna informacin sobrecual ha sido su repercusin en el tiempo presente.

When I was young I played tennis (no nos da ninguna infomacin sobre si en la actualidadsigo jugando al tenis o no)

- Accin que se desarroll y complet en un periodo de tiempo ya finalizado.

This morning I had a very tense meeting with my boss (ya es por la tarde, la maana ha

finalizado)

Yesterday I went to the cinema with my friends

b) Presente Perfect

- Accin que se inici en el pasado y que an contina desarrollndose.

I have worked in this bank for ten years (todava contino en el banco)

- Accin que acaba de finalizar.

I have missed my train (lo acabo de perder)

- Accin que se ha desarrollado en un periodo de tiempo que an no ha terminado.

This morning I has had a very tense meeting with my boss (an es por la maana)

Today I have visited my parents (el da todava no ha finalizado)

- Accin desarrollada en el pasado pero cuya repercusin an se manifiesta en el tiempopresente.

My brother has broken his glasses (las gafas se han roto recientemente y siguen rotas)

Comparar con la siguiente oracin:

My brother broke his glasses (no sabemos si las gafas ya estn rotas o no)

Para terminar, sealar que en ocasiones las diferencias entre estos dos tiempos no son muy

ntidas, y de hecho en algunos casos cabra utilizar cualquiera de ellos.


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Ejercicios

1.

They ________ and are now on their honeymoon (To get married)

2.

I ________ studying 10 years ago (To finish)

3.

________ you my daughter? I can't find her (To see)

4.

I ________ a very interesting book about the Spanish Empire (recientemente) (To finish)

5.

I ________ the watch that my wife gave me on our honeymoon (To lose)

6.

This morning I ________ to the Spanish Embassy in Paris (To be) (todava es por la

maana)

7.

They ________ five years ago in Naples (To get married)

8.

Today I ________ a program on television about Africa (To watch)

9.

This is the first time I ________ to the Theatre (To be)

10.


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Today I ________ tennis with my nephew (To play)

11.

My mother is not at home, she ________ to the school to speak to my teacher (To go)

12.

Where have you been this afternoon? I ________ to a restaurant with my wife (To be)

13.

When I ________ to London I visited the National Gallery (To go)

14.

A while ago I ________ a very interesting book about Islamic culture (To read)

15.

I ________ four men yesterday morning near my office (To see)

16.

This year I ________ my studies (To finish)

17.

When I was a child I ________ tennis with my dad (To play)

18.

Your boss ________ you yesterday evening (To phone)

19.

Today I ________ my father several times but I haven't been able to contact him (Tophone) (todava es por la maana)


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56

"Present perfect continuous" vs "Present perfect"

Gramtica

1.- Present perfect continuous

Esta forma verbal se emplea cuando interesa destacar la accin en s mismams que el

resultado; no se precisa si la accin ha finalizado o no (la accin comenz en el pasado ypuede que acabe de terminar o que incluso contine).

I have been reading a book (resalto lo que he estado haciendo; no indico si he finalizado ellibro o no)

Este tiempo se utiliza tambin para indicar la duracin de una accin que comenz en elpasado (y que acaba de finalizar o an contina).

I have been playing tennis for two hours

I have been waiting for him for 1 hour (puede que la otra persona acabe de llegar o que yoan siga esperando; el contexto determinar un sentido u otro)

El empleo de este tiempo indica que el emisor considera que laduracin ha sido larga.

2.- Present perfect simple

Describe una accin que comenz en el pasado y que acaba de finalizar. Pone el nfasisen el resultado y no en la accin en si misma.

I have read a book (destaco que he ledo un libro, que lo he terminado, y no el hecho dehaber dedicado un tiempo a la lectura).

En el siguiente ejemplo se puede observar la diferencia entre estas dos formas verbales:

I have done my homework (indico que ya lo he finalizado)

I have been doing my homework (indico la actividad que he estado desarrollando; noinformo de si he terminado mis deberes o no)

Se utiliza tambin para indicarcuantas acciones se han realizado en un tiempodeterminado.

Today I have readten books

El empleo de este tiempo informa indirectamente sobre el presente, ya que conlleva que

la situacin no ha cambiado.


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He has gone to Canada (esta persona sigue en Canda o est de viaje hacia all; en cualquiercaso todava no ha regresado)

I have broken my leg (la pierna sigue rota; an no ha sanado)

Si no se da informacin sobre el presente hay que utilizar el "past simple".

He went to Canada (no se informa de si l sigue all o ya volvi)

I broke my leg (puede que la pierna ya est curada o que an siga rota)

En aquellos verbos en los que no se utiliza la forma continua (leccin 17) hay querecurrir en todos estos supuestos al "present perfect simple".


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Ejercicios

1.

This evening I ________ two letters to my parents (to write)

2.

My daughter ________ letters to her friends for hours (to write)

3.

This morning I ________ breakfast for my wife (to prepare)

4.

Today Lucy ________ her boyfriend three times (to phone)

5.

My friends ________ around Italy for five months (to travel)

6.

I ________ to music all evening (to listen)

7.

I ________ English since I was a child (to learn)

8.

We are coming from the beach where my kids ________ a sandcastle (to make)

9.

Why are you so dirty? I ________ in the garden (to work)

10.

I ________ to Malaga for three days with my in-laws (to be)


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11.

I ________ my homework. Now I am going to rest (to finish)

12.

My brother ________ TV for three hours (to watch)

13.

John ________ since 3 o'clock (to study)

14.

The fatal accident just ________. The police haven't arrived yet (to happen)

15.

________ you my watch? I have just lost it (to see)

16.

Emma is very tired; she ________ all day (to work)

17.

My son ________ two pages so far (to translate)

18.

What weather! It ________ since yesterday (to rain)

19.

This week my team ________ one match (to win)

20.

Today I ________ my room (to paint)


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"Past simple" vs "Past perfect"

Gramtica

Ambos tiempos describen acciones finalizadas en el pasado, si bien con algunas

diferencias.

a) Past Simple

Accin finalizada en el pasado; no se hace referencia a ninguna conexin con el presente.

I studied law at the university of Madrid

b) Past Perfect

Equivale al "present perfect" pero tomando como punto de referencia un momento en elpasado.

- La accin finaliz cerca de dicho momento pasado que es mencionado en la oracin.

Did you see him when you went to his office? No, he had left

- La accin finaliz justo en dicho momento pasado o incluso continu despus.

He had lived in Paris for 10 years when he decided to buy his own flat (continu viviendoen Pars)


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Ejercicios

1.

My father ________ in Madrid when he was young (To live)

2.

David's car was very new; he just ________ it (To buy)

3.

Ann passed her exam because she ________ a lot (To study)

4.

The oil tanker ________ in the middle of a terrible hurricane (To sink)

5.

Last summer my parents went to London; they never ________ there before (To be)

6.

When the police arrived the terrorist just ________ one hostage (To kill) (acababa de

suceder)

7.

Mark didn't ________ me to his birthday party (To invite)

8.

Yesterday morning my kids ________ to the zoo (To go)

9.

Ten years ago I ________ 100.000 Euros for my house (To pay)


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10.

When I saw your father I didn't recognize him. He ________ a lot (To change)

11.

The first time I ________ my wife was in Paris during the Roland Garros Tournament (To

meet)

12.

Last night I ________ to bed very late because I was reading a book (To go)

13.

When my mother phoned me yesterday night I just ________ to bed (To go) (justo pocoantes de la llamada)

14.

I didn't see my brother last summer. He ________ in France (To be)

15.

I arrived very late at the party and my friends just ________ (To leave) (acababan de

marcharse)

16.

Mr Wilson ________ alone in his castle (To die)

17.

Last September the village was very quiet: the holiday makers already ________ (To leave)(pocos das antes)


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18.

Last time I went to Barcelona they ________the Olympic Village (To open) (poco tiempoantes)

19.

When the bomb exploded the police already ________ the building (To evacuate)

20.

I ________ for an American firm for 10 years (To work) (ya no trabajo)

21.

We ________ our trip to Italy a lot (To enjoy)

22.

When the helicopter finally arrived the oil tanker ________ (To sink)

23.

When the vaccine was finally developed that strange illness already ________ thousands ofpeople (To kill)

24.

The bomb ________ in front of the police station (To explode)

25.

The public ________ the referee during the match (To insult)


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Can / May

Gramtica

a) Posibilidad vs Probabilidad

"Can" indica que algo es posible (las circunstancias lo permiten o alguien tiene la

habilidad de hacerlo).

I can play tennis quite well

I can open that door with my key

I can run for two hours

This car can go faster than 200 km per hour

You can go to France without a passport

"May" indica que algo es probable; equivale a "perhaps"

My friend may win the race

The sky is very dark. It may rain

b) Permiso

Se utilizan ambos verbos modales, con los siguientes matices:

- Tener permiso: "can" es ms habitual.

I can smoke in the office

- Dar permiso: "may" es ms habitual, "can" ms informal.

You may smoke here if you want

You may use my computer

You can take my car (informal)

Si el permiso viene de un tercero se utiliza "can".

You can smoke here (la ley lo permite o las normas de esta oficina)

- Pedir permiso: "can" es ms habitual y tambin ms informal


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Can I smoke in the office? (informal) / May I smoke in the office? (formal)

Can I speak to you? (informal) / May I speak to you? (formal)

c) Peticin

- Solicitar algo: Se utilian ambos verbos modales

May (Can) I get your dictionary?

- Pedirle a alguien que haga algo: se suele utilizar "can"

Can you give me that book?

d) Ofrecimiento

Se utiliza ambos verbos modales

Can (May) I help you?

Ejercicios

1.

My boss ________ speak English very fluently

2.

You ________ take my dictionary for your exam (formal)

3.

Your sister ________ come with us to the cinema. It depends on your mother (formal)

4.

You ________ open the bottle with that corkscrew

5.

You ________ use my computer if you want (formal)

6.


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________ you bring me a glass of water, please?

7.

My father is very strong, he ________ lift 100 kg

8.

You ________ enter the party with this invitation

9.

You ________ find that book in the Central Library

10.

________ I switch on the light? I would like to read the newspaper (informal)

11.

Philip ________ use his father's motorbike

12.

If you need it you ________ use our lawnmower (formal)

13.

________ you help me to clean the swimming pool, please?

14.

I ________ use the company car for private trips (informal)

15.

There are rumours that the Spanish airline Iberia ________ merge with British Airway


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16.

We are going to the park; you ________ come with us if you want (formal)

17.

With that telescope you ________ see Mars

18.

You should buy lottery tickets; you ________ become millionaire

19.

________ you help me to move this heavy box? I cannot do it on my own (informal)

20.

If you have any questions you ________ ask me (formal)

21.

My brother works in the Air Force; he ________ fly a fighter plane

22.

If you study hard you ________ pass your exams

23.

During the flight you ________ not use your mobile

24.

With my savings I ________ buy a new car

25.

Mark doesn't answer the phone; he ________ have left his office because he didn't feel well


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Can / Could

"Can" y "could" se utilizan para expresarpermiso, posibilidad o habilidad. Como reglageneral "can" se utiliza en el presente y "could" en el pasado, pero hay ciertos matices:

a) Posibilidad / habilidad

En el presente"can" y en el pasado"could" o "was / were able".

With the new motorway you can go from Madrid to Barcelona in less than 4 hours

Ten years ago you could go from Madrid to Barcelona in 6 hours

I can play tennis

I could (was able) to play tennis when I was a child

"Could" tambin se utiliza con un sentidocondicional, mientras que en el futuro seemplea "will be able":

If I had money I could buy a new car

In two years I will be able to speak English fluently


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b) Permiso

En el presente distinguimos:

- Tener o pedir permiso: "can" tiene un sentido informal y "could"formal.

I can use the company's car for my private trips (informal)

I could use the company's car for my private trips (formal)

Can I borrow your car ? (informal)

Could I borrow your car ? (formal)

- Dar permiso: se utiliza "can"; "could" nicamente se emplea con un sentidocondicional.

Tonight you can stay with us

If you don't find any other place, youcould stay with

En el pasado se utiliza "could" y en el futuro"can".

c) Ofrecimiento

Slo se utiliza "can".

Can I help you


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Ejercicios

1.

________ I watch the football match in your house? (informal)

2.

When I asked him, he said his daughter ________ come with us to the party

3.

You are very strong, I am sure that you ________ lift a weight of 75 kilos

4.

I told my son that it was too late and he ________ not go to the party

5.

If I continue training I will ________ to run the marathon next summer

6.

My father was very fit; he ________ run a mile in less than 4 minutes

7.

________ I open the window? It is very hot in here (formal)

8.

The anesthetist asked the doctor if he ________ postpone the operation for at least one hour

9.

The soldiers are very tired. Please, tell them that they ________ rest for two hours

10.

James says that his daughter ________ come with us to the cinema


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11.

My boss gave me an invitation so I ________ enter the conference

12.

In this building you ________ not smoke

13.

________ I use your phone, please? (dirigindote a tu jefe)

14.

Mr Wilson, ________ I explain to you our new offer? (formal)

15.

________ I use your phone, please? (dirigindote a un amigo)

16.

If you continue drinking you wont ________ to drive home

17.

With these new engines, rockets ________ reach Mars in half the time than before

18.

Henry, ________ you be quiet, please?. I cannot concentrate (informal)

19.

He ________ not go to France because he had lost his passport

Must / Have to


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Gramtica

"Must" y "Have to" expresan una obligacin. A veces se pueden utilizar indistintamente

(especialmente con la primera persona donde prcticamente tienen el mismo sentido), noobstante existen ciertas diferencias.

"Must" se utiliza con el tiempo presente y futuro

"Have to" con pasado, presente y futuro

Autoridad externa Autoridad del emisor

Pasado Had to Had to

Presente Have to Must

Futuro Will have to Must

"Must": el emisor impone una obligacin.

"Have to": el emisor no impone ninguna obligacin, se limita a comunicar una obligacinque existe.

(Teacher) You must do your homework (El profesor impone el deber de hacer los deberes)

(Student) I have to do my homework (el estudiante se limita a comunicar una obligacin

que le ha sido impuesta)

You must stop making noises (El profesor ordena a sus alumnos)

You have to stop smoking (La mujer le recuerda a su marido una obligacin que le haimpuesto el medico)

I cannot stay longer, I have to go home (mis obligaciones familiares me obligan a volver acasa)

"Must" tambin se puede utilizar para expresar un consejo de forma enftica.

Ver la diferencia entre:

You should stop smoking

You must stop smoking

En ambos casos no se trata de una obligacin sino de un consejo. Con"must" el consejo es

ms enftico.

Forma interrogativa


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Must + sujeto + verbo principal ?

Do + sujeto + have to + verbo principal ?

Must you leave now?

Do you have to leave now?

Forma Negativa

Cuando la oracin es negativa el significado de estos dos verbos es diferente:

"Mustn't": no se debe hacer algo

"Don't have to": no es necesario hacer algo

You mustn't go to that meeting (no debes ir ya que no has sido invitado)

You don't have to go to that meeting (no es necesario que vaya; no se va a tratar nadainteresante)

Ejercicios

1.

It is very cold, we ________ light the fire (a father to his son)

2.

You ________ go to bed now. It is very late (obligation)

3.

When I was at university I ________ study very hard (a mother to her daughter)

4.

You ________ come back home before midnight

5.

If I want to do a master, I ________ my degree first


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6.

The neighbours complained and the police told us that we ________ to turn the musicdown

7.

This is a secret; you ________ not say anything about it

8.

You look very tired. You ________ rest

9.

I ________ to tidy my room before my mum comes back

10.

I have fixed the toilet; you don't ________ call the plumber

11.

The lawyer told his client that he didn't ________ confess to his participation in the fraud

12.

(A mother to her son) You ________ change your clothes; they are very dirty

13.

During the exam you ________ not speak to your classmates

14.

(A boss to his employee) You ________ finish your report before 4 o'clock

15.

My father will bring the newspaper; you don't ________ buy it


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16.

We have a lot of food for the party; you don't ________ bring anything

17.

If you want to lose weight you ________ stop eating so much (muy enftico)

18.

You ________ leave my house immediately; if not I will call the police

19.

If I want to go to the USA I ________ get a Visa

20.

You ________ stop drinking so much; you are destroying yourself (muy enftico)

21.

Last summer, when I went to Greece I ________ rent a car to visit all the ruins

22.

The Formula 1 pilot ________ be very accurate to drive so fast

23.

If you are assaulted in the street, you ________ mpt show any resistance (enftico)

24.

In Spain you ________ always wear a helmet when you ride a motorbike


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Should / Must / Have to

Should

Se utiliza para dar consejos. Se indica que algo es bueno y por lo tanto se debera hacer.Es una recomendacin, no una obligacin. Tiene menos fuerza impositiva que "must" yque "have to".

If you feel bad you should go to the doctor

Tambin se utiliza para dar una orden pero de forma muy educada.

Anyone who wants to enter the conferenceshould show his credentials

(Se trata realmente de una obligacin -es obligatorio mostrar las credenciales para entrar enla conferencia-, pero est expresada de forma poco coercitiva)

Construccin: este verbo modal va seguido del infinitivo del verbo principal sin lapartcula "to".

Se utiliza en pasado, presente y futuro.

I should have finished my report yesterday (pasado)

You should help me, I can not do it alone (presente)

Tomorrow you should call your parents (futuro)

El pasado se utiliza para indicar algo que se debera haber hecho y no se hizo.

La forma negativa es: shouldn't

You shouldn't smoke

Y la forma interrogativa: Should + sujeto...?

Should I wear a dark suit for the party?


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Must / Have to

Expresan una obligacin, algo que hay que hacer.

You must come here immediately (es una orden)

If you want to make a career in a company you have to speak English (No hay alternativa:o hablas ingls o no hay carrera posible)

Comprueba la diferencia con la siguiente oracin:

Nowdays it is very important to speak English. Youshould do it.

Aqu se trata de un consejo, mientras que en la anterior era una obligacin.

Por otra parte, cuando se utiliza"must" / "have to" el emisor tiene la conviccin de que laobligacin va a ser cumplida, mientras que cuando se utiliza"should" no se sabe si el

consejo se va a seguir o no.

We should buy a new car (es un deseo; no hay seguridad de que vayamos a hacerlo)

We must buy a new car (hay muchas probabilidades de que lo hagamos)


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Ejercicios

1.

You ________ speak to your brother and try to solve that problem

2.

You ________ come with us to the cinema; the film we are going to see is marvellous

3.

You are very fat. You ________ practice sport (consejo)

4.

Please, we are in the church; you ________ stop making that unpleasant noise (A father tohis son)

5.

If you want to watch TV, first you ________ finish your homework

6.

If I want to buy a new house I ________ get a mortgage (A mother to her daughter)

7.

You cannot go out with your friends. You ________ stay at home because you have fever

8.

In internal flights you ________ check in one hour before the departure

9.

I ________ go to the bank to get some money


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10.

You ________ visit Paris. What a beautiful city!

11.

The doctor is very worried about my dad and has told him that he ________ work less

12.

I ________ fill the tank; it is almost empty

13.

Our teaches have told us that we ________ be quiet during the class (A father to his son)

14.

You will have exams in two weeks. You ________ study harder (obligation)

15.

(The police officer to the protesters) You ________ leave this place immediately

16.

I ________ leave immediately; it is very late and tomorrow I have to get up early

17.

In the petrol station we ________ switch off the engine before filling the tank

18.

The weather is really nice. We ________ go for a walk

19.

You ________ to go to the dentist; you have lost a filling (consejo muy enftico)


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Preposiciones de lugar: In / On / At

Gramtica

La utilizacin de estas preposiciones con expresiones de lugar tienemuchos matices. A

continuacin vamos a indicar sus principales usos, si bien la mejor manera de dominarsus usos es indudablemente mediante la prctica

IN

a) Dentro de un espacio cerrado:

in the bedroom / in my office / in your pocket / in hospital / in prison / in bed

in the front / in the back of a car (pero; at the front / at the back of a cinema, of a building)

O dentro de un objeto:

in that book / in the water

b) En un lugar abierto (sitios determinados con unos lmites definidos):

in the park / in the street / in the garden / in the queue

c) Con pases y ciudades:

in Spain / in Madrid / in my country / in this town

ON

a) Sobre una superficie, con contacto fsico:

on the table / on the wall / on the floor / on my shoulder / on page 103 / on the second floor

b) Con las expresiones:

on the left / on the right

AT

a) Lugar determinado:

at the door / at the window / at the trafic light / at the top of the page / at the bridge

b) Con las expresiones:


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at home / at school / at work / at the office / at the bus stop / at the airport / at someone'shouse

c) Con acontecimientos:

at the party / at the meeting / at the conference

d) Tambin se puede utiliza con edificios, con un significado diferente al de "in":

at the museum (en el museo: puede ser dentro o justo fuera)

in the museum (dentro del museo)

e) "At" se utiliza cuando se menciona donde tuvo lugar un acto:

This morning I visited the painting exposition at the National Museum

Yesterday we had dinner at the new Chinese restaurant

f) O con lugares abiertos con agua: "at": al lado; "in": dentro

at the river (en la orilla del ro) / in the river (dentro del agua)

at the lake / in the lake

at the swimming pool / in the swimming pool

at the sea / in the sea

En numerosos casos con un mismo sustantivo se pueden utilizardiferentes preposicionessi bien el significado vara:

in the car (dentro del coche)

on the car (sobre el coche)

at the car (dentro o justo al lado el coche)


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Ejercicios

1.

I have left my luggage ________ the car

2.

My flat is ________ the tenth floor

3.

To go to that restaurant you must turn left ________ the next corner

4.

I study law ________ the Madrid University

5.

My dog plays ________ the square with a little ball

6.

In Japan people drive ________ the left, the same as in England

7.

You can find that article ________ page 15. I recommend that you read it

8.

The president of that football club is now ________ prison accused of multiple frauds

9.

When I was young I lived ________ Paris with my parents

10.


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He must be very tired; he has fallen asleep ________ the sofa

11.

I will meet you at the cinema ________ 10 o'clock

12.

The eagles fly ________ the sky looking for food

13.

Look at that butterfly ________ the wall. It is so beautiful

14.

I have put my glasses ________ your bag. Please, look after them

15.

If you agree you must sign ________ the bottom of this document

16.

You can see my grandparents ________ this photograph

17.

I have two coins in my hand and another two ________ my pocket

18.

My kids are swimming ________ the river with their friends

19.

She was all evening ________ home listening to music

20.

I have left my car ________ the end of this street


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Preposiciones de lugar (II)

Gramtica

Above: Por encima de

The lamp hangs above the table

Against: Contra

I put the mirrors against the wall

Among: Entre (ms de 2 personas u objetos)

The Spanish flag waves among the other European ones

Behind: Detrs de

The child hides behind the tree

Below: Debajo de

The submarine sails below the surface

Beside: Junto a, al lado de

In the last meeting I sat beside my boss

Between: entre (2 personas u objetos)

I sat in the cinema between my wife and my daughter

In front of: Delante de

In the queue he was just in front of me

Inside: Dentro de

Your wallet is inside that drawer

Next to: Al lado de, junto a

I can see your daughter next to your house

Opposite: Enfrente de


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The accused stood opposite the judge

Over: Por encima de , sobre

You can see an eagle flying over the forest

Under: Debajo de

The ball is under the car

Diferencias

a) Above / Over

Ambas preposiciones significan "por encima de" y con este sentido se pueden utilizarindistintamente.

The birds fly above / over the fishing boat

No obstante la preposicin"over" tiene otras acepciones:

1.- Al otro lado de:

He lives over the forest

2.- De un lado a otro:

There is a bridge over the railway

3.- Cubriendo:

He put a blanket over his son

b) Below / Under

Las dos significan "por debajo de" y en este sentido se pueden utilizar en muchos casosindistintamente.

The cat sleeps below / under my bed

No obstante, si hay contacto fsico hay que utilizar"under", ya que "below" implica que

existe un espacio entre ambos elementos

I put the letter under the book

The plane flys below the cloud

c) In front of / Opposite

Cuando se utilizan con personas:


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1.- Opposite: uno delante del otro dndose la cara

In the train my friend sat opposite me (enfrente de mi, cara a cara)

En la mesa, para sealar que una persona est enfrente de la otra.In the restaurant my wife sat opposite me

2.- In front of: uno delante del otro, dndose la cara o la espalda

My broter stand in front of me (mi hermano est delante de mi; puede ser dndome la carao la espalda)

In the cinema my son sat in front of me (mi hijo se sent delante de mi dndome la espalda;aqu no se podra utilizar "opposite")

Cuando se utiliza con objetos la diferencia ya no es tan ntida, si bien en algunassituaciones se tiende a utilizar una de ellas determinada. Veamos algunos ejemplos:

Dos casas en la misma calle, una enfrente de la otra: "opposite"

My brother lives opposite me

Un plato en la mesa enfrente de un comensal: "in front of"

My mother put the plate in front of me


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Ejercicios

"Above" / "Against" / "Among" / "Behind" / "Below" / "Beside" / "Between" / "In front of" /

"Inside" / "Next to" / "Opposite" / "On"

1.

My son sat in the cinema ________ me (detrs)

2.

That restaurant is ________ the bank where I work (prximo)

3.

The springboard is ________ the swimming pool

4.

I live on the fifth floor and my brother ________ me, on the second

5.

He stopped his car ________ his house (delante)

6.

I put the ballpoint pen ________ the drawer

7.

In the cocktail party the Spanish ambassador was ________ his colleagues

8.

The book that you are looking for is ________ that shelf

9.

Peter, you left your raincoat ________ my car


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10.

The winner stood on the podium ________ the second and the third

11.

After the race, he was very tired and leant ________ the tree

12.

I cannot find my glasses but I am sure that I left them ________ the keys (al lado)

13.

The parachutist jumped ________ the village

14.

They are building a tunnel ________ the river

15.

I sat at the table ________ my boss (enfrente)

16.

Belgium is ________ Holland and France

17.

The cat sleeps ________ the roof

18.

He put the ladder

Manual de Ingles Gramatica General

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