Manty DeyM.Sc. 2nd YearInstrumentation ScienceJadavpur University

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Worldwide, there are more than 15 billion batteries in usage. About 89% batteries are estimated to be common household batteries or the alkaline variety of batteries. These batteries are prone to create problems during manufacturing processes and at the time of their disposal. To overcome this problem, an efficient paper battery is invented. An overview of the paper battery, its working, usage, battery manufacturing steps, advantages, disadvantages and application is described in the following slides…….

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HISTORY

The creation of the Paper Battery drew from a diverse pool of disciplines, requiring expertise in materials science, energy storage and chemistry.

In August 2007, a research team at RENSSELEAR POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE led by Drs. Robert Linhardt, John H.Broadbent, Pulickel M.Ajayan, Omkaram Nalamasu with a joint appointment in Material science and engineering developed the Paper Battery, also known as Nano Composite Paper.

In December 2009 Yi Cui and his team at STANFORD UNIVERSITY successfully made an actual prototype that gave a terminal voltage of 1.5V

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What is a PAPER BATTERY ?

A paper battery is an energy storage device. It is used as a battery and also as a good capacitor. It is formed by combining two things which are carbon nano tubes and the cellulose based paper.

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CARBON NANOTUBES

Carbon nanotube is the main concept behind paper battery

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs; also known as Bucky tubes)CNTs exhibit extraordinary strength and unique electrical properties, and are efficient thermal conductors.Nanotubes are members of the fullerene structural family. The diameter of a nanotube is of the order of a few nanometres  Their name is derived from their long, hollow structure with the walls formed by one-atom-thick sheets of carbon, called graphene. These sheets are rolled at specific and discrete angles, and the combination of the rolling angle and radius decides the nanotube properties.

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CARBON NANOTUBES CAN BE CATEGORISED BY THEIR STRUCTURES

SINGLE-WALL DOUBLE-WALL MULTI-WALL

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Graphene structure

Rolled at angle

CARBON NANOTUBESpinning Carbon Nanotube

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STRUCTURE OF PAPER BATTERY

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HOW PAPER BATTERY WORKS?WHILE A CONVENTIONAL BATTERY CONTAINS A NUMBER OF SEPARATE COMPONENTS, THE PAPER BATTERY CONTAINS ALL OF ITS BATTERY COMPONENTS IN A SINGLE STRUCTURE, MAKING IT MORE ENERGY EFFIECIENT, INTEGRATED DEVICE. THE PAPER BATTERY CONTAINS CARBON NANOTUBES, EACH ABOUT ONE MILLIONTH OF A CENTIMETER THICK, WHICH ACTS AS AN CATHODE. THE NANOTUBES ARE EMBEDDED IN A SHEET OF PAPER SOAKED IN IONIC LIQUID ELECTROLYTES, WHICH CONDUCT THE ELECTRICITY.

ELECTRICITY IS THE FLOW OF ELECTRICAL POWER OR ELECTRONS.BATTERIES PRODUCE ELECTRON THROUGH A CHEMICAL REACTION BETWEEN ELECTROLYTE AND METAL IN THE TRAIDITIONAL BATTERY.CHEMICAL REACTION IN THE PAPER BATTERY IS BETWEEN ELECTROLYTE AND CARBON NANOTUBE.ELECTRONS COLLECT ON THE NEGATIVE TERMINAL OF THE BATTERY AND FLOW ALONG A CONNECTED WIRE TO THE POSITIVE TERMINAL. ELECTRONS MUST FLOW FROM THE NEGATIVE TO POSITIVE TERMINAL FOR THE CHEMICAL REACTION TO CONTINUE.

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Process of preparing paper battery:

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Connect LED on both the ends…and check it

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MICROSCOPIC VIEW OF LAYERS

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APPLICATION OF PAPER BATTERY

1. IN ELECTRONICS:

o in calculators, wrist watch and other low drain devices. o in wireless communication devices like speakers, mouse,

keyboard ,Bluetooth headsets etc.o in Enhanced Printed Circuit Board(PCB)

2. IN MEDICAL SCIENCE:

o in Pacemakers for the heart o in Artificial tissues (using Carbon nanotubes) o in Cosmetics, Drug-delivery systems o in Biosensors, such as Glucose meters, Sugar meters, etc.

3. IN AUTOMOBILES AND AIRCRAFTS: o in Hybrid Car batterieso in Long Air Flights reducing Refueling o for Light weight guided missiles

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ADVANTAGES OF PAPER BATTERY

i. A PAPER BATTERY CAN WORK EVEN IF IT IS FOLDED,CUT OR ROLLED UP.

ii. IT IS USED AS BOTH BATTERY AND CAPACITOR.iii. IT IS ULTRA THIN ENERGY STORAGE DEVICE.iv. LONG LASTING.v. NON TOXIC.vi. STEADY POWER PRODUCTION.vii. HIGH EFFICIENCY.viii. AVAILABLE IN DIFFERENT SIZES.ix. IT IS LIGHT WEIGHT.x. CAN BE EASILY DISPOSED.xi. CAN BE RECHARCHED.xii. IT IS NON-TOXIC.xiii. IT IS BIODEGRADABLE AND BIO COMPATIBLE MATERIAL.

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DISADVANTAGES OF PAPER BATTERY

CARBON NANOTUBES ARE VERY EXPENSIVE. BATTERIES WITH LARGE ENOUGH POWER ARE UNLIKELY TO BE COST

EFFECTIVE. FOR A COMMERCIAL VIABILITIS, THESE BATTERIES HAVE TO BE

SCALED UPTO SHEETS OF NEWSPAPER SIZE. REPLACING THE OLD BATTERIES RESULTS WASTAGE OF OLD

ELECTRONIC GOODS. GENERATION OF E-WASTE.

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PAPER BATTERY OFFERS FUTURE POWER

I. THE BLACK PIECE OF PAPER CAN POWER A SMALL LIGHT.II. FLEXIBLE PAPER BATTERIES COULD MEET THE ENERGY DEMANDS OF

THE NEXT GENERATION OF THE GADGETS.III. THE AMBITION IS TO PRODUCE REAMS OF PAPER THAT COULD ONE

DAY POWER A CAR.IV. THE PAPER BATTERY WAS A GLIMPSE INTO THE FUTURE OF POWER

STORAGE.V. THE VERSATILE PAPER,WHICH STORES ENERGY LIKE A

CONVENTIONAL BATTERY, CAN ALSO DOUBLES AS A CAPACITOR OF RELEASING SUDDEN ENERGY BURSTS FOR HIGH-POWER APPLICATIONS.

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CONCLUSION

THE LIFE OF A BATTERY IS AN IMPORTANT PARAMETER WHICH DECIDES THE AREA OF APPLICATION OF BATTERY.THESE PAPER BATTERIES CAN FURTHUR REDUCE THE WEIGHT OF THE ELECTRONIC GADGETS.

THE FUTURE MAY ALLOW SIMPLY PAINTING THE NANOTUBE INK AND ACTIVE MATERIALS ONTO SURFACES SUCH AS WALLS.HIGH STORAGE OF ENERGY LEADS TO DECREASE CHARGING TIME. THUS ENERGY CAN BE SAVED.

THIS ENERGY STORAGE DEVICE IS COST-EFFECTIVE BECAUSE THE DEVICE CAN BE ABLE TO BE USED IN THE SMALLEST AND MOST DIVERSELY DESIGNED ELECTRONICS. SUCH AS CELL PHONES, MP3 PLAYERS AND MEDICAL EQUIPMENT.

RESEARCHERS SAY THAT IT CAN ALSO BE USED IN AUTOMOBILES AND AIR-CRAFT. BUT IT HAS A POOR PROCESSIBILITY, BEING THAT IT IS PARTICULARLY INSOLUBLE OF INFUSIBLE. LASTLY THE USE OF IONIC LIQUID MAKES THE DEVICE ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLY, A MAJOR CONCERN IN NANO TECHNOLOGY.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Highly Conductive Paper for Energy Storage Devices Yi Cui, Liangbing Hu, JangWook Choi, Yuan Yang - Aug 2010

Flexible Nanocomposite Thin Film Energy Storage Devices V. L Pushparaj, S. M. Manikoth, A. Kumar, S. Murugesan, L. Ci, R. Vajtai, R. J. Linhardt, O. Nalamasu, P. M. Ajayan. - Sept 2007

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_battery http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) http://www.stanford.edu/group/cui_group/papers/87%20paper%20battery

.pdf The youtube video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QPTcQJPbGHw

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