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Mangroves power point
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Mangroves
• salt-tolerant, woody trees – really land plants• flowering plants - with true roots, stems, and leaves
• warm, tropical and sub-tropical regions
• cover 60 – 75% of tropical shores
• found in protected, coastal areas
• intertidal
• where salt marshes would be in temperate zone
• salty, muddy water
• anaerobic sediments
Functions:• protect coastal lands from
storms and erosion• filter runoff• accrete sediments
• gradually extend land seaward – eventually replaced by land plants = ecological succession
Functions:
Habitat Value:• very important for
other organisms
• epiphytic organisms live on prop roots:
sponges, tunicates, worms, anemones, snails, crabs, shrimp, lobster
Habitat Value:• some species live in mud:
crabs, mudskippers (Pacific)
Habitat Value:• many juvenile coral reef fish live
here (later move to reef)
• food and protection from predators among roots
Habitat Value:• many birds nest in branches
away from land predators:
egrets, doves, pelicans, etc
Zonation• four main types in Caribbean:
• red, black, white, buttonwood – moving inland
different types of mangroves
Red Mangrove• most prominent• large prop roots• anchor trees in soft mud• stabilize and trap
sediments• grow down from
branches into water• up to 30 ft. tall
Red Mangrove
• thick, waxy leaves - reduce water loss
• exclude salt at roots
Red Mangroves• pencil seeds - germinate while still
attached to the tree
• pointy – if low tide - falls into mud, sticks there, grows
• if high tide - floats to other areas
Black Mangroves• next inland
• snorkel roots – (pneumatophores)
- environment more severe than red mangrove
- anaerobic mud – high decomp.
- roots grow upward
- obtain oxygen from air above - act as straws
Black Mangroves
Black Mangroves• salt pores (glands) - secrete
excess salt from plant
• can sometimes see salt crystals - leaves covered with salt
White Mangroves• farthest from water• cannot tolerate
flooding
White Mangroves
• excrete salt from leaves and at base of stem – salt glands
Buttonwood• not true mangrove, but mangrove
associate
Human Uses
• protect coastal lands from storms and erosion, filter runoff
ex: tsunami
- where mangroves removed – land destroyed
- where mangroves remained – land protected
Human Uses• cutting to make charcoal
• honey from flowers
• medicine - from bark
• dyes - from bark
• cattle feed - leaves
Human Impacts• half of world’s mangroves destroyed –
more in Southeast asia• cut to make marinas - destroys habitat
and increases erosion
Human Impacts
• filled in land - for development
ex: St. Thomas racetrack built on filled in mangroves
• broken when boats tie to them
• cut for charcoal
Human Impacts• destroyed for shrimp mariculture –
for ponds
mangroves are a critical habitat to be restored