Mangrove Structure & Function Mangrove Goods &...
Transcript of Mangrove Structure & Function Mangrove Goods &...
Mangrove Structure amp Function+
Mangrove Goods amp Services
ONG JE
ltmangrovesyahoocomgt
ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE
bull Geomorphic
bull Edaphic (Soil)
bull Climate
bull Vascular plants
bull Animals
15
48
56
5
(GPP=65)
(NPP=17)
5
Unit t C ha -1 y-1
GeomorphicProtected Inter-tidal
Edaphic (Soil)Fine Sediments
and Brackish Water
ClimatePrecipitationEvaporation
Temperature HumiditySunshine
Wind
Vascular Plants
Animals
ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION
bull Primary Producers (Vascular Plants)
bull Primary Producers (Algae)
bull Consumers (Herbivores amp Carnivores)
bull Decomposers
bull Detritivores
MANGROVE GOODSbull Timber (Wood)Firewood charcoal poles chipsbull Other Plant ProductsNipa thatchsugaralcoholhoneybull Animal Productsbull Fish (fin amp shell)
Timber (Wood)
Other Plant Products
eg Nipah alcohol
Animal Products
eg Honey
Fish
MANGROVE SERVICES
bull NurseryBreeding Groundsbull Bird SanctuaryMigratory Stopsbull Maintenance of Channel Depthbull Coastal protectionbull Carbon sequestrationbull Ecotourism
Nursery Breeding Grounds
Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
Maintenance of Channel Depths
Coastal Protection
Breaking Waves
Manning Coefficient (n)
n = 1u I12 H23
where u is the depth mean current velocity I the gradient of the water surface and H the depth
What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
bull 002 ndash 004 in a tidal creek swamp
bull 02 - 07 in a swampbull ~ 02 in salt marsh grassbull Higher when the whole forest
roughness is considered as during a tsunami wave
Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneousbull Need to understand
ndash Geomorphologyndash Bathymetryndash Man-made Coastal Structures
(eg Harbours)
Natural Episodic(once in 300 years)
Renewal Process
Carbon Sequestration
Nett Photosynthesis
15 micro-mols sqm s
[15(NP)X 12copyX 4(LAI)X 10000(Ha)X 60(min)X 60(Hr)X 12(DL)X 365(D)]
[1000(mg)X 1000(g)X 1000(t) =
114 t C h yr
Net Daytime Canopy
Photosynthesis
bull 56 t C ha-1 y-1 in a 22-year old stand of mangrovesClough et al (1997)
Ecotourism
REFERENCES
bull Ewel KC Twilley RR amp Ong JE (1998) Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services Global Ecology an Biogeography Letters 7 83-94
bull Ong JE amp GongWK (2002) Vegetated Intertidal Mangroves amp Salt Marshes in the UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EOLSS Publishers Oxford UK [only in digital format httpwwweolssnet]
- Mangrove Structure amp Function+Mangrove Goods amp Services
- ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE
- GeomorphicProtected Inter-tidal
- Edaphic (Soil)
- Climate
- Vascular Plants
- Animals
- ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION
- MANGROVE GOODS
- Timber (Wood)
- Other Plant Productseg Nipah alcohol
- Animal Productseg Honey
- Fish
- MANGROVE SERVICES
- Nursery Breeding Grounds
- Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
- Maintenance of Channel Depths
- Coastal Protection
- Breaking Waves
- What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
- Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneous
- Natural Episodic(once in 300 years) Renewal Process
- Carbon Sequestration
- Nett Photosynthesis
- Net Daytime Canopy Photosynthesis
- Ecotourism
- REFERENCES
-
ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE
bull Geomorphic
bull Edaphic (Soil)
bull Climate
bull Vascular plants
bull Animals
15
48
56
5
(GPP=65)
(NPP=17)
5
Unit t C ha -1 y-1
GeomorphicProtected Inter-tidal
Edaphic (Soil)Fine Sediments
and Brackish Water
ClimatePrecipitationEvaporation
Temperature HumiditySunshine
Wind
Vascular Plants
Animals
ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION
bull Primary Producers (Vascular Plants)
bull Primary Producers (Algae)
bull Consumers (Herbivores amp Carnivores)
bull Decomposers
bull Detritivores
MANGROVE GOODSbull Timber (Wood)Firewood charcoal poles chipsbull Other Plant ProductsNipa thatchsugaralcoholhoneybull Animal Productsbull Fish (fin amp shell)
Timber (Wood)
Other Plant Products
eg Nipah alcohol
Animal Products
eg Honey
Fish
MANGROVE SERVICES
bull NurseryBreeding Groundsbull Bird SanctuaryMigratory Stopsbull Maintenance of Channel Depthbull Coastal protectionbull Carbon sequestrationbull Ecotourism
Nursery Breeding Grounds
Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
Maintenance of Channel Depths
Coastal Protection
Breaking Waves
Manning Coefficient (n)
n = 1u I12 H23
where u is the depth mean current velocity I the gradient of the water surface and H the depth
What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
bull 002 ndash 004 in a tidal creek swamp
bull 02 - 07 in a swampbull ~ 02 in salt marsh grassbull Higher when the whole forest
roughness is considered as during a tsunami wave
Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneousbull Need to understand
ndash Geomorphologyndash Bathymetryndash Man-made Coastal Structures
(eg Harbours)
Natural Episodic(once in 300 years)
Renewal Process
Carbon Sequestration
Nett Photosynthesis
15 micro-mols sqm s
[15(NP)X 12copyX 4(LAI)X 10000(Ha)X 60(min)X 60(Hr)X 12(DL)X 365(D)]
[1000(mg)X 1000(g)X 1000(t) =
114 t C h yr
Net Daytime Canopy
Photosynthesis
bull 56 t C ha-1 y-1 in a 22-year old stand of mangrovesClough et al (1997)
Ecotourism
REFERENCES
bull Ewel KC Twilley RR amp Ong JE (1998) Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services Global Ecology an Biogeography Letters 7 83-94
bull Ong JE amp GongWK (2002) Vegetated Intertidal Mangroves amp Salt Marshes in the UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EOLSS Publishers Oxford UK [only in digital format httpwwweolssnet]
- Mangrove Structure amp Function+Mangrove Goods amp Services
- ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE
- GeomorphicProtected Inter-tidal
- Edaphic (Soil)
- Climate
- Vascular Plants
- Animals
- ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION
- MANGROVE GOODS
- Timber (Wood)
- Other Plant Productseg Nipah alcohol
- Animal Productseg Honey
- Fish
- MANGROVE SERVICES
- Nursery Breeding Grounds
- Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
- Maintenance of Channel Depths
- Coastal Protection
- Breaking Waves
- What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
- Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneous
- Natural Episodic(once in 300 years) Renewal Process
- Carbon Sequestration
- Nett Photosynthesis
- Net Daytime Canopy Photosynthesis
- Ecotourism
- REFERENCES
-
15
48
56
5
(GPP=65)
(NPP=17)
5
Unit t C ha -1 y-1
GeomorphicProtected Inter-tidal
Edaphic (Soil)Fine Sediments
and Brackish Water
ClimatePrecipitationEvaporation
Temperature HumiditySunshine
Wind
Vascular Plants
Animals
ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION
bull Primary Producers (Vascular Plants)
bull Primary Producers (Algae)
bull Consumers (Herbivores amp Carnivores)
bull Decomposers
bull Detritivores
MANGROVE GOODSbull Timber (Wood)Firewood charcoal poles chipsbull Other Plant ProductsNipa thatchsugaralcoholhoneybull Animal Productsbull Fish (fin amp shell)
Timber (Wood)
Other Plant Products
eg Nipah alcohol
Animal Products
eg Honey
Fish
MANGROVE SERVICES
bull NurseryBreeding Groundsbull Bird SanctuaryMigratory Stopsbull Maintenance of Channel Depthbull Coastal protectionbull Carbon sequestrationbull Ecotourism
Nursery Breeding Grounds
Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
Maintenance of Channel Depths
Coastal Protection
Breaking Waves
Manning Coefficient (n)
n = 1u I12 H23
where u is the depth mean current velocity I the gradient of the water surface and H the depth
What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
bull 002 ndash 004 in a tidal creek swamp
bull 02 - 07 in a swampbull ~ 02 in salt marsh grassbull Higher when the whole forest
roughness is considered as during a tsunami wave
Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneousbull Need to understand
ndash Geomorphologyndash Bathymetryndash Man-made Coastal Structures
(eg Harbours)
Natural Episodic(once in 300 years)
Renewal Process
Carbon Sequestration
Nett Photosynthesis
15 micro-mols sqm s
[15(NP)X 12copyX 4(LAI)X 10000(Ha)X 60(min)X 60(Hr)X 12(DL)X 365(D)]
[1000(mg)X 1000(g)X 1000(t) =
114 t C h yr
Net Daytime Canopy
Photosynthesis
bull 56 t C ha-1 y-1 in a 22-year old stand of mangrovesClough et al (1997)
Ecotourism
REFERENCES
bull Ewel KC Twilley RR amp Ong JE (1998) Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services Global Ecology an Biogeography Letters 7 83-94
bull Ong JE amp GongWK (2002) Vegetated Intertidal Mangroves amp Salt Marshes in the UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EOLSS Publishers Oxford UK [only in digital format httpwwweolssnet]
- Mangrove Structure amp Function+Mangrove Goods amp Services
- ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE
- GeomorphicProtected Inter-tidal
- Edaphic (Soil)
- Climate
- Vascular Plants
- Animals
- ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION
- MANGROVE GOODS
- Timber (Wood)
- Other Plant Productseg Nipah alcohol
- Animal Productseg Honey
- Fish
- MANGROVE SERVICES
- Nursery Breeding Grounds
- Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
- Maintenance of Channel Depths
- Coastal Protection
- Breaking Waves
- What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
- Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneous
- Natural Episodic(once in 300 years) Renewal Process
- Carbon Sequestration
- Nett Photosynthesis
- Net Daytime Canopy Photosynthesis
- Ecotourism
- REFERENCES
-
GeomorphicProtected Inter-tidal
Edaphic (Soil)Fine Sediments
and Brackish Water
ClimatePrecipitationEvaporation
Temperature HumiditySunshine
Wind
Vascular Plants
Animals
ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION
bull Primary Producers (Vascular Plants)
bull Primary Producers (Algae)
bull Consumers (Herbivores amp Carnivores)
bull Decomposers
bull Detritivores
MANGROVE GOODSbull Timber (Wood)Firewood charcoal poles chipsbull Other Plant ProductsNipa thatchsugaralcoholhoneybull Animal Productsbull Fish (fin amp shell)
Timber (Wood)
Other Plant Products
eg Nipah alcohol
Animal Products
eg Honey
Fish
MANGROVE SERVICES
bull NurseryBreeding Groundsbull Bird SanctuaryMigratory Stopsbull Maintenance of Channel Depthbull Coastal protectionbull Carbon sequestrationbull Ecotourism
Nursery Breeding Grounds
Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
Maintenance of Channel Depths
Coastal Protection
Breaking Waves
Manning Coefficient (n)
n = 1u I12 H23
where u is the depth mean current velocity I the gradient of the water surface and H the depth
What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
bull 002 ndash 004 in a tidal creek swamp
bull 02 - 07 in a swampbull ~ 02 in salt marsh grassbull Higher when the whole forest
roughness is considered as during a tsunami wave
Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneousbull Need to understand
ndash Geomorphologyndash Bathymetryndash Man-made Coastal Structures
(eg Harbours)
Natural Episodic(once in 300 years)
Renewal Process
Carbon Sequestration
Nett Photosynthesis
15 micro-mols sqm s
[15(NP)X 12copyX 4(LAI)X 10000(Ha)X 60(min)X 60(Hr)X 12(DL)X 365(D)]
[1000(mg)X 1000(g)X 1000(t) =
114 t C h yr
Net Daytime Canopy
Photosynthesis
bull 56 t C ha-1 y-1 in a 22-year old stand of mangrovesClough et al (1997)
Ecotourism
REFERENCES
bull Ewel KC Twilley RR amp Ong JE (1998) Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services Global Ecology an Biogeography Letters 7 83-94
bull Ong JE amp GongWK (2002) Vegetated Intertidal Mangroves amp Salt Marshes in the UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EOLSS Publishers Oxford UK [only in digital format httpwwweolssnet]
- Mangrove Structure amp Function+Mangrove Goods amp Services
- ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE
- GeomorphicProtected Inter-tidal
- Edaphic (Soil)
- Climate
- Vascular Plants
- Animals
- ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION
- MANGROVE GOODS
- Timber (Wood)
- Other Plant Productseg Nipah alcohol
- Animal Productseg Honey
- Fish
- MANGROVE SERVICES
- Nursery Breeding Grounds
- Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
- Maintenance of Channel Depths
- Coastal Protection
- Breaking Waves
- What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
- Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneous
- Natural Episodic(once in 300 years) Renewal Process
- Carbon Sequestration
- Nett Photosynthesis
- Net Daytime Canopy Photosynthesis
- Ecotourism
- REFERENCES
-
Edaphic (Soil)Fine Sediments
and Brackish Water
ClimatePrecipitationEvaporation
Temperature HumiditySunshine
Wind
Vascular Plants
Animals
ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION
bull Primary Producers (Vascular Plants)
bull Primary Producers (Algae)
bull Consumers (Herbivores amp Carnivores)
bull Decomposers
bull Detritivores
MANGROVE GOODSbull Timber (Wood)Firewood charcoal poles chipsbull Other Plant ProductsNipa thatchsugaralcoholhoneybull Animal Productsbull Fish (fin amp shell)
Timber (Wood)
Other Plant Products
eg Nipah alcohol
Animal Products
eg Honey
Fish
MANGROVE SERVICES
bull NurseryBreeding Groundsbull Bird SanctuaryMigratory Stopsbull Maintenance of Channel Depthbull Coastal protectionbull Carbon sequestrationbull Ecotourism
Nursery Breeding Grounds
Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
Maintenance of Channel Depths
Coastal Protection
Breaking Waves
Manning Coefficient (n)
n = 1u I12 H23
where u is the depth mean current velocity I the gradient of the water surface and H the depth
What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
bull 002 ndash 004 in a tidal creek swamp
bull 02 - 07 in a swampbull ~ 02 in salt marsh grassbull Higher when the whole forest
roughness is considered as during a tsunami wave
Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneousbull Need to understand
ndash Geomorphologyndash Bathymetryndash Man-made Coastal Structures
(eg Harbours)
Natural Episodic(once in 300 years)
Renewal Process
Carbon Sequestration
Nett Photosynthesis
15 micro-mols sqm s
[15(NP)X 12copyX 4(LAI)X 10000(Ha)X 60(min)X 60(Hr)X 12(DL)X 365(D)]
[1000(mg)X 1000(g)X 1000(t) =
114 t C h yr
Net Daytime Canopy
Photosynthesis
bull 56 t C ha-1 y-1 in a 22-year old stand of mangrovesClough et al (1997)
Ecotourism
REFERENCES
bull Ewel KC Twilley RR amp Ong JE (1998) Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services Global Ecology an Biogeography Letters 7 83-94
bull Ong JE amp GongWK (2002) Vegetated Intertidal Mangroves amp Salt Marshes in the UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EOLSS Publishers Oxford UK [only in digital format httpwwweolssnet]
- Mangrove Structure amp Function+Mangrove Goods amp Services
- ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE
- GeomorphicProtected Inter-tidal
- Edaphic (Soil)
- Climate
- Vascular Plants
- Animals
- ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION
- MANGROVE GOODS
- Timber (Wood)
- Other Plant Productseg Nipah alcohol
- Animal Productseg Honey
- Fish
- MANGROVE SERVICES
- Nursery Breeding Grounds
- Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
- Maintenance of Channel Depths
- Coastal Protection
- Breaking Waves
- What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
- Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneous
- Natural Episodic(once in 300 years) Renewal Process
- Carbon Sequestration
- Nett Photosynthesis
- Net Daytime Canopy Photosynthesis
- Ecotourism
- REFERENCES
-
ClimatePrecipitationEvaporation
Temperature HumiditySunshine
Wind
Vascular Plants
Animals
ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION
bull Primary Producers (Vascular Plants)
bull Primary Producers (Algae)
bull Consumers (Herbivores amp Carnivores)
bull Decomposers
bull Detritivores
MANGROVE GOODSbull Timber (Wood)Firewood charcoal poles chipsbull Other Plant ProductsNipa thatchsugaralcoholhoneybull Animal Productsbull Fish (fin amp shell)
Timber (Wood)
Other Plant Products
eg Nipah alcohol
Animal Products
eg Honey
Fish
MANGROVE SERVICES
bull NurseryBreeding Groundsbull Bird SanctuaryMigratory Stopsbull Maintenance of Channel Depthbull Coastal protectionbull Carbon sequestrationbull Ecotourism
Nursery Breeding Grounds
Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
Maintenance of Channel Depths
Coastal Protection
Breaking Waves
Manning Coefficient (n)
n = 1u I12 H23
where u is the depth mean current velocity I the gradient of the water surface and H the depth
What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
bull 002 ndash 004 in a tidal creek swamp
bull 02 - 07 in a swampbull ~ 02 in salt marsh grassbull Higher when the whole forest
roughness is considered as during a tsunami wave
Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneousbull Need to understand
ndash Geomorphologyndash Bathymetryndash Man-made Coastal Structures
(eg Harbours)
Natural Episodic(once in 300 years)
Renewal Process
Carbon Sequestration
Nett Photosynthesis
15 micro-mols sqm s
[15(NP)X 12copyX 4(LAI)X 10000(Ha)X 60(min)X 60(Hr)X 12(DL)X 365(D)]
[1000(mg)X 1000(g)X 1000(t) =
114 t C h yr
Net Daytime Canopy
Photosynthesis
bull 56 t C ha-1 y-1 in a 22-year old stand of mangrovesClough et al (1997)
Ecotourism
REFERENCES
bull Ewel KC Twilley RR amp Ong JE (1998) Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services Global Ecology an Biogeography Letters 7 83-94
bull Ong JE amp GongWK (2002) Vegetated Intertidal Mangroves amp Salt Marshes in the UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EOLSS Publishers Oxford UK [only in digital format httpwwweolssnet]
- Mangrove Structure amp Function+Mangrove Goods amp Services
- ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE
- GeomorphicProtected Inter-tidal
- Edaphic (Soil)
- Climate
- Vascular Plants
- Animals
- ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION
- MANGROVE GOODS
- Timber (Wood)
- Other Plant Productseg Nipah alcohol
- Animal Productseg Honey
- Fish
- MANGROVE SERVICES
- Nursery Breeding Grounds
- Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
- Maintenance of Channel Depths
- Coastal Protection
- Breaking Waves
- What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
- Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneous
- Natural Episodic(once in 300 years) Renewal Process
- Carbon Sequestration
- Nett Photosynthesis
- Net Daytime Canopy Photosynthesis
- Ecotourism
- REFERENCES
-
Vascular Plants
Animals
ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION
bull Primary Producers (Vascular Plants)
bull Primary Producers (Algae)
bull Consumers (Herbivores amp Carnivores)
bull Decomposers
bull Detritivores
MANGROVE GOODSbull Timber (Wood)Firewood charcoal poles chipsbull Other Plant ProductsNipa thatchsugaralcoholhoneybull Animal Productsbull Fish (fin amp shell)
Timber (Wood)
Other Plant Products
eg Nipah alcohol
Animal Products
eg Honey
Fish
MANGROVE SERVICES
bull NurseryBreeding Groundsbull Bird SanctuaryMigratory Stopsbull Maintenance of Channel Depthbull Coastal protectionbull Carbon sequestrationbull Ecotourism
Nursery Breeding Grounds
Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
Maintenance of Channel Depths
Coastal Protection
Breaking Waves
Manning Coefficient (n)
n = 1u I12 H23
where u is the depth mean current velocity I the gradient of the water surface and H the depth
What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
bull 002 ndash 004 in a tidal creek swamp
bull 02 - 07 in a swampbull ~ 02 in salt marsh grassbull Higher when the whole forest
roughness is considered as during a tsunami wave
Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneousbull Need to understand
ndash Geomorphologyndash Bathymetryndash Man-made Coastal Structures
(eg Harbours)
Natural Episodic(once in 300 years)
Renewal Process
Carbon Sequestration
Nett Photosynthesis
15 micro-mols sqm s
[15(NP)X 12copyX 4(LAI)X 10000(Ha)X 60(min)X 60(Hr)X 12(DL)X 365(D)]
[1000(mg)X 1000(g)X 1000(t) =
114 t C h yr
Net Daytime Canopy
Photosynthesis
bull 56 t C ha-1 y-1 in a 22-year old stand of mangrovesClough et al (1997)
Ecotourism
REFERENCES
bull Ewel KC Twilley RR amp Ong JE (1998) Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services Global Ecology an Biogeography Letters 7 83-94
bull Ong JE amp GongWK (2002) Vegetated Intertidal Mangroves amp Salt Marshes in the UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EOLSS Publishers Oxford UK [only in digital format httpwwweolssnet]
- Mangrove Structure amp Function+Mangrove Goods amp Services
- ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE
- GeomorphicProtected Inter-tidal
- Edaphic (Soil)
- Climate
- Vascular Plants
- Animals
- ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION
- MANGROVE GOODS
- Timber (Wood)
- Other Plant Productseg Nipah alcohol
- Animal Productseg Honey
- Fish
- MANGROVE SERVICES
- Nursery Breeding Grounds
- Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
- Maintenance of Channel Depths
- Coastal Protection
- Breaking Waves
- What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
- Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneous
- Natural Episodic(once in 300 years) Renewal Process
- Carbon Sequestration
- Nett Photosynthesis
- Net Daytime Canopy Photosynthesis
- Ecotourism
- REFERENCES
-
Animals
ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION
bull Primary Producers (Vascular Plants)
bull Primary Producers (Algae)
bull Consumers (Herbivores amp Carnivores)
bull Decomposers
bull Detritivores
MANGROVE GOODSbull Timber (Wood)Firewood charcoal poles chipsbull Other Plant ProductsNipa thatchsugaralcoholhoneybull Animal Productsbull Fish (fin amp shell)
Timber (Wood)
Other Plant Products
eg Nipah alcohol
Animal Products
eg Honey
Fish
MANGROVE SERVICES
bull NurseryBreeding Groundsbull Bird SanctuaryMigratory Stopsbull Maintenance of Channel Depthbull Coastal protectionbull Carbon sequestrationbull Ecotourism
Nursery Breeding Grounds
Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
Maintenance of Channel Depths
Coastal Protection
Breaking Waves
Manning Coefficient (n)
n = 1u I12 H23
where u is the depth mean current velocity I the gradient of the water surface and H the depth
What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
bull 002 ndash 004 in a tidal creek swamp
bull 02 - 07 in a swampbull ~ 02 in salt marsh grassbull Higher when the whole forest
roughness is considered as during a tsunami wave
Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneousbull Need to understand
ndash Geomorphologyndash Bathymetryndash Man-made Coastal Structures
(eg Harbours)
Natural Episodic(once in 300 years)
Renewal Process
Carbon Sequestration
Nett Photosynthesis
15 micro-mols sqm s
[15(NP)X 12copyX 4(LAI)X 10000(Ha)X 60(min)X 60(Hr)X 12(DL)X 365(D)]
[1000(mg)X 1000(g)X 1000(t) =
114 t C h yr
Net Daytime Canopy
Photosynthesis
bull 56 t C ha-1 y-1 in a 22-year old stand of mangrovesClough et al (1997)
Ecotourism
REFERENCES
bull Ewel KC Twilley RR amp Ong JE (1998) Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services Global Ecology an Biogeography Letters 7 83-94
bull Ong JE amp GongWK (2002) Vegetated Intertidal Mangroves amp Salt Marshes in the UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EOLSS Publishers Oxford UK [only in digital format httpwwweolssnet]
- Mangrove Structure amp Function+Mangrove Goods amp Services
- ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE
- GeomorphicProtected Inter-tidal
- Edaphic (Soil)
- Climate
- Vascular Plants
- Animals
- ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION
- MANGROVE GOODS
- Timber (Wood)
- Other Plant Productseg Nipah alcohol
- Animal Productseg Honey
- Fish
- MANGROVE SERVICES
- Nursery Breeding Grounds
- Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
- Maintenance of Channel Depths
- Coastal Protection
- Breaking Waves
- What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
- Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneous
- Natural Episodic(once in 300 years) Renewal Process
- Carbon Sequestration
- Nett Photosynthesis
- Net Daytime Canopy Photosynthesis
- Ecotourism
- REFERENCES
-
ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION
bull Primary Producers (Vascular Plants)
bull Primary Producers (Algae)
bull Consumers (Herbivores amp Carnivores)
bull Decomposers
bull Detritivores
MANGROVE GOODSbull Timber (Wood)Firewood charcoal poles chipsbull Other Plant ProductsNipa thatchsugaralcoholhoneybull Animal Productsbull Fish (fin amp shell)
Timber (Wood)
Other Plant Products
eg Nipah alcohol
Animal Products
eg Honey
Fish
MANGROVE SERVICES
bull NurseryBreeding Groundsbull Bird SanctuaryMigratory Stopsbull Maintenance of Channel Depthbull Coastal protectionbull Carbon sequestrationbull Ecotourism
Nursery Breeding Grounds
Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
Maintenance of Channel Depths
Coastal Protection
Breaking Waves
Manning Coefficient (n)
n = 1u I12 H23
where u is the depth mean current velocity I the gradient of the water surface and H the depth
What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
bull 002 ndash 004 in a tidal creek swamp
bull 02 - 07 in a swampbull ~ 02 in salt marsh grassbull Higher when the whole forest
roughness is considered as during a tsunami wave
Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneousbull Need to understand
ndash Geomorphologyndash Bathymetryndash Man-made Coastal Structures
(eg Harbours)
Natural Episodic(once in 300 years)
Renewal Process
Carbon Sequestration
Nett Photosynthesis
15 micro-mols sqm s
[15(NP)X 12copyX 4(LAI)X 10000(Ha)X 60(min)X 60(Hr)X 12(DL)X 365(D)]
[1000(mg)X 1000(g)X 1000(t) =
114 t C h yr
Net Daytime Canopy
Photosynthesis
bull 56 t C ha-1 y-1 in a 22-year old stand of mangrovesClough et al (1997)
Ecotourism
REFERENCES
bull Ewel KC Twilley RR amp Ong JE (1998) Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services Global Ecology an Biogeography Letters 7 83-94
bull Ong JE amp GongWK (2002) Vegetated Intertidal Mangroves amp Salt Marshes in the UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EOLSS Publishers Oxford UK [only in digital format httpwwweolssnet]
- Mangrove Structure amp Function+Mangrove Goods amp Services
- ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE
- GeomorphicProtected Inter-tidal
- Edaphic (Soil)
- Climate
- Vascular Plants
- Animals
- ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION
- MANGROVE GOODS
- Timber (Wood)
- Other Plant Productseg Nipah alcohol
- Animal Productseg Honey
- Fish
- MANGROVE SERVICES
- Nursery Breeding Grounds
- Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
- Maintenance of Channel Depths
- Coastal Protection
- Breaking Waves
- What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
- Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneous
- Natural Episodic(once in 300 years) Renewal Process
- Carbon Sequestration
- Nett Photosynthesis
- Net Daytime Canopy Photosynthesis
- Ecotourism
- REFERENCES
-
MANGROVE GOODSbull Timber (Wood)Firewood charcoal poles chipsbull Other Plant ProductsNipa thatchsugaralcoholhoneybull Animal Productsbull Fish (fin amp shell)
Timber (Wood)
Other Plant Products
eg Nipah alcohol
Animal Products
eg Honey
Fish
MANGROVE SERVICES
bull NurseryBreeding Groundsbull Bird SanctuaryMigratory Stopsbull Maintenance of Channel Depthbull Coastal protectionbull Carbon sequestrationbull Ecotourism
Nursery Breeding Grounds
Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
Maintenance of Channel Depths
Coastal Protection
Breaking Waves
Manning Coefficient (n)
n = 1u I12 H23
where u is the depth mean current velocity I the gradient of the water surface and H the depth
What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
bull 002 ndash 004 in a tidal creek swamp
bull 02 - 07 in a swampbull ~ 02 in salt marsh grassbull Higher when the whole forest
roughness is considered as during a tsunami wave
Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneousbull Need to understand
ndash Geomorphologyndash Bathymetryndash Man-made Coastal Structures
(eg Harbours)
Natural Episodic(once in 300 years)
Renewal Process
Carbon Sequestration
Nett Photosynthesis
15 micro-mols sqm s
[15(NP)X 12copyX 4(LAI)X 10000(Ha)X 60(min)X 60(Hr)X 12(DL)X 365(D)]
[1000(mg)X 1000(g)X 1000(t) =
114 t C h yr
Net Daytime Canopy
Photosynthesis
bull 56 t C ha-1 y-1 in a 22-year old stand of mangrovesClough et al (1997)
Ecotourism
REFERENCES
bull Ewel KC Twilley RR amp Ong JE (1998) Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services Global Ecology an Biogeography Letters 7 83-94
bull Ong JE amp GongWK (2002) Vegetated Intertidal Mangroves amp Salt Marshes in the UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EOLSS Publishers Oxford UK [only in digital format httpwwweolssnet]
- Mangrove Structure amp Function+Mangrove Goods amp Services
- ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE
- GeomorphicProtected Inter-tidal
- Edaphic (Soil)
- Climate
- Vascular Plants
- Animals
- ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION
- MANGROVE GOODS
- Timber (Wood)
- Other Plant Productseg Nipah alcohol
- Animal Productseg Honey
- Fish
- MANGROVE SERVICES
- Nursery Breeding Grounds
- Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
- Maintenance of Channel Depths
- Coastal Protection
- Breaking Waves
- What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
- Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneous
- Natural Episodic(once in 300 years) Renewal Process
- Carbon Sequestration
- Nett Photosynthesis
- Net Daytime Canopy Photosynthesis
- Ecotourism
- REFERENCES
-
Timber (Wood)
Other Plant Products
eg Nipah alcohol
Animal Products
eg Honey
Fish
MANGROVE SERVICES
bull NurseryBreeding Groundsbull Bird SanctuaryMigratory Stopsbull Maintenance of Channel Depthbull Coastal protectionbull Carbon sequestrationbull Ecotourism
Nursery Breeding Grounds
Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
Maintenance of Channel Depths
Coastal Protection
Breaking Waves
Manning Coefficient (n)
n = 1u I12 H23
where u is the depth mean current velocity I the gradient of the water surface and H the depth
What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
bull 002 ndash 004 in a tidal creek swamp
bull 02 - 07 in a swampbull ~ 02 in salt marsh grassbull Higher when the whole forest
roughness is considered as during a tsunami wave
Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneousbull Need to understand
ndash Geomorphologyndash Bathymetryndash Man-made Coastal Structures
(eg Harbours)
Natural Episodic(once in 300 years)
Renewal Process
Carbon Sequestration
Nett Photosynthesis
15 micro-mols sqm s
[15(NP)X 12copyX 4(LAI)X 10000(Ha)X 60(min)X 60(Hr)X 12(DL)X 365(D)]
[1000(mg)X 1000(g)X 1000(t) =
114 t C h yr
Net Daytime Canopy
Photosynthesis
bull 56 t C ha-1 y-1 in a 22-year old stand of mangrovesClough et al (1997)
Ecotourism
REFERENCES
bull Ewel KC Twilley RR amp Ong JE (1998) Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services Global Ecology an Biogeography Letters 7 83-94
bull Ong JE amp GongWK (2002) Vegetated Intertidal Mangroves amp Salt Marshes in the UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EOLSS Publishers Oxford UK [only in digital format httpwwweolssnet]
- Mangrove Structure amp Function+Mangrove Goods amp Services
- ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE
- GeomorphicProtected Inter-tidal
- Edaphic (Soil)
- Climate
- Vascular Plants
- Animals
- ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION
- MANGROVE GOODS
- Timber (Wood)
- Other Plant Productseg Nipah alcohol
- Animal Productseg Honey
- Fish
- MANGROVE SERVICES
- Nursery Breeding Grounds
- Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
- Maintenance of Channel Depths
- Coastal Protection
- Breaking Waves
- What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
- Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneous
- Natural Episodic(once in 300 years) Renewal Process
- Carbon Sequestration
- Nett Photosynthesis
- Net Daytime Canopy Photosynthesis
- Ecotourism
- REFERENCES
-
Other Plant Products
eg Nipah alcohol
Animal Products
eg Honey
Fish
MANGROVE SERVICES
bull NurseryBreeding Groundsbull Bird SanctuaryMigratory Stopsbull Maintenance of Channel Depthbull Coastal protectionbull Carbon sequestrationbull Ecotourism
Nursery Breeding Grounds
Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
Maintenance of Channel Depths
Coastal Protection
Breaking Waves
Manning Coefficient (n)
n = 1u I12 H23
where u is the depth mean current velocity I the gradient of the water surface and H the depth
What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
bull 002 ndash 004 in a tidal creek swamp
bull 02 - 07 in a swampbull ~ 02 in salt marsh grassbull Higher when the whole forest
roughness is considered as during a tsunami wave
Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneousbull Need to understand
ndash Geomorphologyndash Bathymetryndash Man-made Coastal Structures
(eg Harbours)
Natural Episodic(once in 300 years)
Renewal Process
Carbon Sequestration
Nett Photosynthesis
15 micro-mols sqm s
[15(NP)X 12copyX 4(LAI)X 10000(Ha)X 60(min)X 60(Hr)X 12(DL)X 365(D)]
[1000(mg)X 1000(g)X 1000(t) =
114 t C h yr
Net Daytime Canopy
Photosynthesis
bull 56 t C ha-1 y-1 in a 22-year old stand of mangrovesClough et al (1997)
Ecotourism
REFERENCES
bull Ewel KC Twilley RR amp Ong JE (1998) Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services Global Ecology an Biogeography Letters 7 83-94
bull Ong JE amp GongWK (2002) Vegetated Intertidal Mangroves amp Salt Marshes in the UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EOLSS Publishers Oxford UK [only in digital format httpwwweolssnet]
- Mangrove Structure amp Function+Mangrove Goods amp Services
- ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE
- GeomorphicProtected Inter-tidal
- Edaphic (Soil)
- Climate
- Vascular Plants
- Animals
- ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION
- MANGROVE GOODS
- Timber (Wood)
- Other Plant Productseg Nipah alcohol
- Animal Productseg Honey
- Fish
- MANGROVE SERVICES
- Nursery Breeding Grounds
- Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
- Maintenance of Channel Depths
- Coastal Protection
- Breaking Waves
- What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
- Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneous
- Natural Episodic(once in 300 years) Renewal Process
- Carbon Sequestration
- Nett Photosynthesis
- Net Daytime Canopy Photosynthesis
- Ecotourism
- REFERENCES
-
Animal Products
eg Honey
Fish
MANGROVE SERVICES
bull NurseryBreeding Groundsbull Bird SanctuaryMigratory Stopsbull Maintenance of Channel Depthbull Coastal protectionbull Carbon sequestrationbull Ecotourism
Nursery Breeding Grounds
Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
Maintenance of Channel Depths
Coastal Protection
Breaking Waves
Manning Coefficient (n)
n = 1u I12 H23
where u is the depth mean current velocity I the gradient of the water surface and H the depth
What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
bull 002 ndash 004 in a tidal creek swamp
bull 02 - 07 in a swampbull ~ 02 in salt marsh grassbull Higher when the whole forest
roughness is considered as during a tsunami wave
Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneousbull Need to understand
ndash Geomorphologyndash Bathymetryndash Man-made Coastal Structures
(eg Harbours)
Natural Episodic(once in 300 years)
Renewal Process
Carbon Sequestration
Nett Photosynthesis
15 micro-mols sqm s
[15(NP)X 12copyX 4(LAI)X 10000(Ha)X 60(min)X 60(Hr)X 12(DL)X 365(D)]
[1000(mg)X 1000(g)X 1000(t) =
114 t C h yr
Net Daytime Canopy
Photosynthesis
bull 56 t C ha-1 y-1 in a 22-year old stand of mangrovesClough et al (1997)
Ecotourism
REFERENCES
bull Ewel KC Twilley RR amp Ong JE (1998) Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services Global Ecology an Biogeography Letters 7 83-94
bull Ong JE amp GongWK (2002) Vegetated Intertidal Mangroves amp Salt Marshes in the UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EOLSS Publishers Oxford UK [only in digital format httpwwweolssnet]
- Mangrove Structure amp Function+Mangrove Goods amp Services
- ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE
- GeomorphicProtected Inter-tidal
- Edaphic (Soil)
- Climate
- Vascular Plants
- Animals
- ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION
- MANGROVE GOODS
- Timber (Wood)
- Other Plant Productseg Nipah alcohol
- Animal Productseg Honey
- Fish
- MANGROVE SERVICES
- Nursery Breeding Grounds
- Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
- Maintenance of Channel Depths
- Coastal Protection
- Breaking Waves
- What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
- Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneous
- Natural Episodic(once in 300 years) Renewal Process
- Carbon Sequestration
- Nett Photosynthesis
- Net Daytime Canopy Photosynthesis
- Ecotourism
- REFERENCES
-
Fish
MANGROVE SERVICES
bull NurseryBreeding Groundsbull Bird SanctuaryMigratory Stopsbull Maintenance of Channel Depthbull Coastal protectionbull Carbon sequestrationbull Ecotourism
Nursery Breeding Grounds
Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
Maintenance of Channel Depths
Coastal Protection
Breaking Waves
Manning Coefficient (n)
n = 1u I12 H23
where u is the depth mean current velocity I the gradient of the water surface and H the depth
What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
bull 002 ndash 004 in a tidal creek swamp
bull 02 - 07 in a swampbull ~ 02 in salt marsh grassbull Higher when the whole forest
roughness is considered as during a tsunami wave
Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneousbull Need to understand
ndash Geomorphologyndash Bathymetryndash Man-made Coastal Structures
(eg Harbours)
Natural Episodic(once in 300 years)
Renewal Process
Carbon Sequestration
Nett Photosynthesis
15 micro-mols sqm s
[15(NP)X 12copyX 4(LAI)X 10000(Ha)X 60(min)X 60(Hr)X 12(DL)X 365(D)]
[1000(mg)X 1000(g)X 1000(t) =
114 t C h yr
Net Daytime Canopy
Photosynthesis
bull 56 t C ha-1 y-1 in a 22-year old stand of mangrovesClough et al (1997)
Ecotourism
REFERENCES
bull Ewel KC Twilley RR amp Ong JE (1998) Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services Global Ecology an Biogeography Letters 7 83-94
bull Ong JE amp GongWK (2002) Vegetated Intertidal Mangroves amp Salt Marshes in the UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EOLSS Publishers Oxford UK [only in digital format httpwwweolssnet]
- Mangrove Structure amp Function+Mangrove Goods amp Services
- ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE
- GeomorphicProtected Inter-tidal
- Edaphic (Soil)
- Climate
- Vascular Plants
- Animals
- ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION
- MANGROVE GOODS
- Timber (Wood)
- Other Plant Productseg Nipah alcohol
- Animal Productseg Honey
- Fish
- MANGROVE SERVICES
- Nursery Breeding Grounds
- Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
- Maintenance of Channel Depths
- Coastal Protection
- Breaking Waves
- What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
- Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneous
- Natural Episodic(once in 300 years) Renewal Process
- Carbon Sequestration
- Nett Photosynthesis
- Net Daytime Canopy Photosynthesis
- Ecotourism
- REFERENCES
-
MANGROVE SERVICES
bull NurseryBreeding Groundsbull Bird SanctuaryMigratory Stopsbull Maintenance of Channel Depthbull Coastal protectionbull Carbon sequestrationbull Ecotourism
Nursery Breeding Grounds
Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
Maintenance of Channel Depths
Coastal Protection
Breaking Waves
Manning Coefficient (n)
n = 1u I12 H23
where u is the depth mean current velocity I the gradient of the water surface and H the depth
What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
bull 002 ndash 004 in a tidal creek swamp
bull 02 - 07 in a swampbull ~ 02 in salt marsh grassbull Higher when the whole forest
roughness is considered as during a tsunami wave
Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneousbull Need to understand
ndash Geomorphologyndash Bathymetryndash Man-made Coastal Structures
(eg Harbours)
Natural Episodic(once in 300 years)
Renewal Process
Carbon Sequestration
Nett Photosynthesis
15 micro-mols sqm s
[15(NP)X 12copyX 4(LAI)X 10000(Ha)X 60(min)X 60(Hr)X 12(DL)X 365(D)]
[1000(mg)X 1000(g)X 1000(t) =
114 t C h yr
Net Daytime Canopy
Photosynthesis
bull 56 t C ha-1 y-1 in a 22-year old stand of mangrovesClough et al (1997)
Ecotourism
REFERENCES
bull Ewel KC Twilley RR amp Ong JE (1998) Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services Global Ecology an Biogeography Letters 7 83-94
bull Ong JE amp GongWK (2002) Vegetated Intertidal Mangroves amp Salt Marshes in the UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EOLSS Publishers Oxford UK [only in digital format httpwwweolssnet]
- Mangrove Structure amp Function+Mangrove Goods amp Services
- ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE
- GeomorphicProtected Inter-tidal
- Edaphic (Soil)
- Climate
- Vascular Plants
- Animals
- ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION
- MANGROVE GOODS
- Timber (Wood)
- Other Plant Productseg Nipah alcohol
- Animal Productseg Honey
- Fish
- MANGROVE SERVICES
- Nursery Breeding Grounds
- Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
- Maintenance of Channel Depths
- Coastal Protection
- Breaking Waves
- What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
- Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneous
- Natural Episodic(once in 300 years) Renewal Process
- Carbon Sequestration
- Nett Photosynthesis
- Net Daytime Canopy Photosynthesis
- Ecotourism
- REFERENCES
-
Nursery Breeding Grounds
Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
Maintenance of Channel Depths
Coastal Protection
Breaking Waves
Manning Coefficient (n)
n = 1u I12 H23
where u is the depth mean current velocity I the gradient of the water surface and H the depth
What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
bull 002 ndash 004 in a tidal creek swamp
bull 02 - 07 in a swampbull ~ 02 in salt marsh grassbull Higher when the whole forest
roughness is considered as during a tsunami wave
Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneousbull Need to understand
ndash Geomorphologyndash Bathymetryndash Man-made Coastal Structures
(eg Harbours)
Natural Episodic(once in 300 years)
Renewal Process
Carbon Sequestration
Nett Photosynthesis
15 micro-mols sqm s
[15(NP)X 12copyX 4(LAI)X 10000(Ha)X 60(min)X 60(Hr)X 12(DL)X 365(D)]
[1000(mg)X 1000(g)X 1000(t) =
114 t C h yr
Net Daytime Canopy
Photosynthesis
bull 56 t C ha-1 y-1 in a 22-year old stand of mangrovesClough et al (1997)
Ecotourism
REFERENCES
bull Ewel KC Twilley RR amp Ong JE (1998) Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services Global Ecology an Biogeography Letters 7 83-94
bull Ong JE amp GongWK (2002) Vegetated Intertidal Mangroves amp Salt Marshes in the UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EOLSS Publishers Oxford UK [only in digital format httpwwweolssnet]
- Mangrove Structure amp Function+Mangrove Goods amp Services
- ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE
- GeomorphicProtected Inter-tidal
- Edaphic (Soil)
- Climate
- Vascular Plants
- Animals
- ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION
- MANGROVE GOODS
- Timber (Wood)
- Other Plant Productseg Nipah alcohol
- Animal Productseg Honey
- Fish
- MANGROVE SERVICES
- Nursery Breeding Grounds
- Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
- Maintenance of Channel Depths
- Coastal Protection
- Breaking Waves
- What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
- Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneous
- Natural Episodic(once in 300 years) Renewal Process
- Carbon Sequestration
- Nett Photosynthesis
- Net Daytime Canopy Photosynthesis
- Ecotourism
- REFERENCES
-
Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
Maintenance of Channel Depths
Coastal Protection
Breaking Waves
Manning Coefficient (n)
n = 1u I12 H23
where u is the depth mean current velocity I the gradient of the water surface and H the depth
What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
bull 002 ndash 004 in a tidal creek swamp
bull 02 - 07 in a swampbull ~ 02 in salt marsh grassbull Higher when the whole forest
roughness is considered as during a tsunami wave
Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneousbull Need to understand
ndash Geomorphologyndash Bathymetryndash Man-made Coastal Structures
(eg Harbours)
Natural Episodic(once in 300 years)
Renewal Process
Carbon Sequestration
Nett Photosynthesis
15 micro-mols sqm s
[15(NP)X 12copyX 4(LAI)X 10000(Ha)X 60(min)X 60(Hr)X 12(DL)X 365(D)]
[1000(mg)X 1000(g)X 1000(t) =
114 t C h yr
Net Daytime Canopy
Photosynthesis
bull 56 t C ha-1 y-1 in a 22-year old stand of mangrovesClough et al (1997)
Ecotourism
REFERENCES
bull Ewel KC Twilley RR amp Ong JE (1998) Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services Global Ecology an Biogeography Letters 7 83-94
bull Ong JE amp GongWK (2002) Vegetated Intertidal Mangroves amp Salt Marshes in the UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EOLSS Publishers Oxford UK [only in digital format httpwwweolssnet]
- Mangrove Structure amp Function+Mangrove Goods amp Services
- ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE
- GeomorphicProtected Inter-tidal
- Edaphic (Soil)
- Climate
- Vascular Plants
- Animals
- ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION
- MANGROVE GOODS
- Timber (Wood)
- Other Plant Productseg Nipah alcohol
- Animal Productseg Honey
- Fish
- MANGROVE SERVICES
- Nursery Breeding Grounds
- Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
- Maintenance of Channel Depths
- Coastal Protection
- Breaking Waves
- What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
- Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneous
- Natural Episodic(once in 300 years) Renewal Process
- Carbon Sequestration
- Nett Photosynthesis
- Net Daytime Canopy Photosynthesis
- Ecotourism
- REFERENCES
-
Maintenance of Channel Depths
Coastal Protection
Breaking Waves
Manning Coefficient (n)
n = 1u I12 H23
where u is the depth mean current velocity I the gradient of the water surface and H the depth
What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
bull 002 ndash 004 in a tidal creek swamp
bull 02 - 07 in a swampbull ~ 02 in salt marsh grassbull Higher when the whole forest
roughness is considered as during a tsunami wave
Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneousbull Need to understand
ndash Geomorphologyndash Bathymetryndash Man-made Coastal Structures
(eg Harbours)
Natural Episodic(once in 300 years)
Renewal Process
Carbon Sequestration
Nett Photosynthesis
15 micro-mols sqm s
[15(NP)X 12copyX 4(LAI)X 10000(Ha)X 60(min)X 60(Hr)X 12(DL)X 365(D)]
[1000(mg)X 1000(g)X 1000(t) =
114 t C h yr
Net Daytime Canopy
Photosynthesis
bull 56 t C ha-1 y-1 in a 22-year old stand of mangrovesClough et al (1997)
Ecotourism
REFERENCES
bull Ewel KC Twilley RR amp Ong JE (1998) Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services Global Ecology an Biogeography Letters 7 83-94
bull Ong JE amp GongWK (2002) Vegetated Intertidal Mangroves amp Salt Marshes in the UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EOLSS Publishers Oxford UK [only in digital format httpwwweolssnet]
- Mangrove Structure amp Function+Mangrove Goods amp Services
- ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE
- GeomorphicProtected Inter-tidal
- Edaphic (Soil)
- Climate
- Vascular Plants
- Animals
- ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION
- MANGROVE GOODS
- Timber (Wood)
- Other Plant Productseg Nipah alcohol
- Animal Productseg Honey
- Fish
- MANGROVE SERVICES
- Nursery Breeding Grounds
- Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
- Maintenance of Channel Depths
- Coastal Protection
- Breaking Waves
- What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
- Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneous
- Natural Episodic(once in 300 years) Renewal Process
- Carbon Sequestration
- Nett Photosynthesis
- Net Daytime Canopy Photosynthesis
- Ecotourism
- REFERENCES
-
Coastal Protection
Breaking Waves
Manning Coefficient (n)
n = 1u I12 H23
where u is the depth mean current velocity I the gradient of the water surface and H the depth
What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
bull 002 ndash 004 in a tidal creek swamp
bull 02 - 07 in a swampbull ~ 02 in salt marsh grassbull Higher when the whole forest
roughness is considered as during a tsunami wave
Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneousbull Need to understand
ndash Geomorphologyndash Bathymetryndash Man-made Coastal Structures
(eg Harbours)
Natural Episodic(once in 300 years)
Renewal Process
Carbon Sequestration
Nett Photosynthesis
15 micro-mols sqm s
[15(NP)X 12copyX 4(LAI)X 10000(Ha)X 60(min)X 60(Hr)X 12(DL)X 365(D)]
[1000(mg)X 1000(g)X 1000(t) =
114 t C h yr
Net Daytime Canopy
Photosynthesis
bull 56 t C ha-1 y-1 in a 22-year old stand of mangrovesClough et al (1997)
Ecotourism
REFERENCES
bull Ewel KC Twilley RR amp Ong JE (1998) Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services Global Ecology an Biogeography Letters 7 83-94
bull Ong JE amp GongWK (2002) Vegetated Intertidal Mangroves amp Salt Marshes in the UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EOLSS Publishers Oxford UK [only in digital format httpwwweolssnet]
- Mangrove Structure amp Function+Mangrove Goods amp Services
- ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE
- GeomorphicProtected Inter-tidal
- Edaphic (Soil)
- Climate
- Vascular Plants
- Animals
- ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION
- MANGROVE GOODS
- Timber (Wood)
- Other Plant Productseg Nipah alcohol
- Animal Productseg Honey
- Fish
- MANGROVE SERVICES
- Nursery Breeding Grounds
- Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
- Maintenance of Channel Depths
- Coastal Protection
- Breaking Waves
- What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
- Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneous
- Natural Episodic(once in 300 years) Renewal Process
- Carbon Sequestration
- Nett Photosynthesis
- Net Daytime Canopy Photosynthesis
- Ecotourism
- REFERENCES
-
Breaking Waves
Manning Coefficient (n)
n = 1u I12 H23
where u is the depth mean current velocity I the gradient of the water surface and H the depth
What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
bull 002 ndash 004 in a tidal creek swamp
bull 02 - 07 in a swampbull ~ 02 in salt marsh grassbull Higher when the whole forest
roughness is considered as during a tsunami wave
Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneousbull Need to understand
ndash Geomorphologyndash Bathymetryndash Man-made Coastal Structures
(eg Harbours)
Natural Episodic(once in 300 years)
Renewal Process
Carbon Sequestration
Nett Photosynthesis
15 micro-mols sqm s
[15(NP)X 12copyX 4(LAI)X 10000(Ha)X 60(min)X 60(Hr)X 12(DL)X 365(D)]
[1000(mg)X 1000(g)X 1000(t) =
114 t C h yr
Net Daytime Canopy
Photosynthesis
bull 56 t C ha-1 y-1 in a 22-year old stand of mangrovesClough et al (1997)
Ecotourism
REFERENCES
bull Ewel KC Twilley RR amp Ong JE (1998) Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services Global Ecology an Biogeography Letters 7 83-94
bull Ong JE amp GongWK (2002) Vegetated Intertidal Mangroves amp Salt Marshes in the UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EOLSS Publishers Oxford UK [only in digital format httpwwweolssnet]
- Mangrove Structure amp Function+Mangrove Goods amp Services
- ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE
- GeomorphicProtected Inter-tidal
- Edaphic (Soil)
- Climate
- Vascular Plants
- Animals
- ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION
- MANGROVE GOODS
- Timber (Wood)
- Other Plant Productseg Nipah alcohol
- Animal Productseg Honey
- Fish
- MANGROVE SERVICES
- Nursery Breeding Grounds
- Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
- Maintenance of Channel Depths
- Coastal Protection
- Breaking Waves
- What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
- Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneous
- Natural Episodic(once in 300 years) Renewal Process
- Carbon Sequestration
- Nett Photosynthesis
- Net Daytime Canopy Photosynthesis
- Ecotourism
- REFERENCES
-
What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
bull 002 ndash 004 in a tidal creek swamp
bull 02 - 07 in a swampbull ~ 02 in salt marsh grassbull Higher when the whole forest
roughness is considered as during a tsunami wave
Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneousbull Need to understand
ndash Geomorphologyndash Bathymetryndash Man-made Coastal Structures
(eg Harbours)
Natural Episodic(once in 300 years)
Renewal Process
Carbon Sequestration
Nett Photosynthesis
15 micro-mols sqm s
[15(NP)X 12copyX 4(LAI)X 10000(Ha)X 60(min)X 60(Hr)X 12(DL)X 365(D)]
[1000(mg)X 1000(g)X 1000(t) =
114 t C h yr
Net Daytime Canopy
Photosynthesis
bull 56 t C ha-1 y-1 in a 22-year old stand of mangrovesClough et al (1997)
Ecotourism
REFERENCES
bull Ewel KC Twilley RR amp Ong JE (1998) Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services Global Ecology an Biogeography Letters 7 83-94
bull Ong JE amp GongWK (2002) Vegetated Intertidal Mangroves amp Salt Marshes in the UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EOLSS Publishers Oxford UK [only in digital format httpwwweolssnet]
- Mangrove Structure amp Function+Mangrove Goods amp Services
- ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE
- GeomorphicProtected Inter-tidal
- Edaphic (Soil)
- Climate
- Vascular Plants
- Animals
- ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION
- MANGROVE GOODS
- Timber (Wood)
- Other Plant Productseg Nipah alcohol
- Animal Productseg Honey
- Fish
- MANGROVE SERVICES
- Nursery Breeding Grounds
- Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
- Maintenance of Channel Depths
- Coastal Protection
- Breaking Waves
- What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
- Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneous
- Natural Episodic(once in 300 years) Renewal Process
- Carbon Sequestration
- Nett Photosynthesis
- Net Daytime Canopy Photosynthesis
- Ecotourism
- REFERENCES
-
Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneousbull Need to understand
ndash Geomorphologyndash Bathymetryndash Man-made Coastal Structures
(eg Harbours)
Natural Episodic(once in 300 years)
Renewal Process
Carbon Sequestration
Nett Photosynthesis
15 micro-mols sqm s
[15(NP)X 12copyX 4(LAI)X 10000(Ha)X 60(min)X 60(Hr)X 12(DL)X 365(D)]
[1000(mg)X 1000(g)X 1000(t) =
114 t C h yr
Net Daytime Canopy
Photosynthesis
bull 56 t C ha-1 y-1 in a 22-year old stand of mangrovesClough et al (1997)
Ecotourism
REFERENCES
bull Ewel KC Twilley RR amp Ong JE (1998) Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services Global Ecology an Biogeography Letters 7 83-94
bull Ong JE amp GongWK (2002) Vegetated Intertidal Mangroves amp Salt Marshes in the UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EOLSS Publishers Oxford UK [only in digital format httpwwweolssnet]
- Mangrove Structure amp Function+Mangrove Goods amp Services
- ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE
- GeomorphicProtected Inter-tidal
- Edaphic (Soil)
- Climate
- Vascular Plants
- Animals
- ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION
- MANGROVE GOODS
- Timber (Wood)
- Other Plant Productseg Nipah alcohol
- Animal Productseg Honey
- Fish
- MANGROVE SERVICES
- Nursery Breeding Grounds
- Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
- Maintenance of Channel Depths
- Coastal Protection
- Breaking Waves
- What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
- Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneous
- Natural Episodic(once in 300 years) Renewal Process
- Carbon Sequestration
- Nett Photosynthesis
- Net Daytime Canopy Photosynthesis
- Ecotourism
- REFERENCES
-
Natural Episodic(once in 300 years)
Renewal Process
Carbon Sequestration
Nett Photosynthesis
15 micro-mols sqm s
[15(NP)X 12copyX 4(LAI)X 10000(Ha)X 60(min)X 60(Hr)X 12(DL)X 365(D)]
[1000(mg)X 1000(g)X 1000(t) =
114 t C h yr
Net Daytime Canopy
Photosynthesis
bull 56 t C ha-1 y-1 in a 22-year old stand of mangrovesClough et al (1997)
Ecotourism
REFERENCES
bull Ewel KC Twilley RR amp Ong JE (1998) Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services Global Ecology an Biogeography Letters 7 83-94
bull Ong JE amp GongWK (2002) Vegetated Intertidal Mangroves amp Salt Marshes in the UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EOLSS Publishers Oxford UK [only in digital format httpwwweolssnet]
- Mangrove Structure amp Function+Mangrove Goods amp Services
- ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE
- GeomorphicProtected Inter-tidal
- Edaphic (Soil)
- Climate
- Vascular Plants
- Animals
- ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION
- MANGROVE GOODS
- Timber (Wood)
- Other Plant Productseg Nipah alcohol
- Animal Productseg Honey
- Fish
- MANGROVE SERVICES
- Nursery Breeding Grounds
- Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
- Maintenance of Channel Depths
- Coastal Protection
- Breaking Waves
- What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
- Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneous
- Natural Episodic(once in 300 years) Renewal Process
- Carbon Sequestration
- Nett Photosynthesis
- Net Daytime Canopy Photosynthesis
- Ecotourism
- REFERENCES
-
Carbon Sequestration
Nett Photosynthesis
15 micro-mols sqm s
[15(NP)X 12copyX 4(LAI)X 10000(Ha)X 60(min)X 60(Hr)X 12(DL)X 365(D)]
[1000(mg)X 1000(g)X 1000(t) =
114 t C h yr
Net Daytime Canopy
Photosynthesis
bull 56 t C ha-1 y-1 in a 22-year old stand of mangrovesClough et al (1997)
Ecotourism
REFERENCES
bull Ewel KC Twilley RR amp Ong JE (1998) Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services Global Ecology an Biogeography Letters 7 83-94
bull Ong JE amp GongWK (2002) Vegetated Intertidal Mangroves amp Salt Marshes in the UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EOLSS Publishers Oxford UK [only in digital format httpwwweolssnet]
- Mangrove Structure amp Function+Mangrove Goods amp Services
- ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE
- GeomorphicProtected Inter-tidal
- Edaphic (Soil)
- Climate
- Vascular Plants
- Animals
- ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION
- MANGROVE GOODS
- Timber (Wood)
- Other Plant Productseg Nipah alcohol
- Animal Productseg Honey
- Fish
- MANGROVE SERVICES
- Nursery Breeding Grounds
- Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
- Maintenance of Channel Depths
- Coastal Protection
- Breaking Waves
- What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
- Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneous
- Natural Episodic(once in 300 years) Renewal Process
- Carbon Sequestration
- Nett Photosynthesis
- Net Daytime Canopy Photosynthesis
- Ecotourism
- REFERENCES
-
Nett Photosynthesis
15 micro-mols sqm s
[15(NP)X 12copyX 4(LAI)X 10000(Ha)X 60(min)X 60(Hr)X 12(DL)X 365(D)]
[1000(mg)X 1000(g)X 1000(t) =
114 t C h yr
Net Daytime Canopy
Photosynthesis
bull 56 t C ha-1 y-1 in a 22-year old stand of mangrovesClough et al (1997)
Ecotourism
REFERENCES
bull Ewel KC Twilley RR amp Ong JE (1998) Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services Global Ecology an Biogeography Letters 7 83-94
bull Ong JE amp GongWK (2002) Vegetated Intertidal Mangroves amp Salt Marshes in the UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EOLSS Publishers Oxford UK [only in digital format httpwwweolssnet]
- Mangrove Structure amp Function+Mangrove Goods amp Services
- ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE
- GeomorphicProtected Inter-tidal
- Edaphic (Soil)
- Climate
- Vascular Plants
- Animals
- ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION
- MANGROVE GOODS
- Timber (Wood)
- Other Plant Productseg Nipah alcohol
- Animal Productseg Honey
- Fish
- MANGROVE SERVICES
- Nursery Breeding Grounds
- Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
- Maintenance of Channel Depths
- Coastal Protection
- Breaking Waves
- What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
- Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneous
- Natural Episodic(once in 300 years) Renewal Process
- Carbon Sequestration
- Nett Photosynthesis
- Net Daytime Canopy Photosynthesis
- Ecotourism
- REFERENCES
-
Net Daytime Canopy
Photosynthesis
bull 56 t C ha-1 y-1 in a 22-year old stand of mangrovesClough et al (1997)
Ecotourism
REFERENCES
bull Ewel KC Twilley RR amp Ong JE (1998) Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services Global Ecology an Biogeography Letters 7 83-94
bull Ong JE amp GongWK (2002) Vegetated Intertidal Mangroves amp Salt Marshes in the UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EOLSS Publishers Oxford UK [only in digital format httpwwweolssnet]
- Mangrove Structure amp Function+Mangrove Goods amp Services
- ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE
- GeomorphicProtected Inter-tidal
- Edaphic (Soil)
- Climate
- Vascular Plants
- Animals
- ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION
- MANGROVE GOODS
- Timber (Wood)
- Other Plant Productseg Nipah alcohol
- Animal Productseg Honey
- Fish
- MANGROVE SERVICES
- Nursery Breeding Grounds
- Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
- Maintenance of Channel Depths
- Coastal Protection
- Breaking Waves
- What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
- Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneous
- Natural Episodic(once in 300 years) Renewal Process
- Carbon Sequestration
- Nett Photosynthesis
- Net Daytime Canopy Photosynthesis
- Ecotourism
- REFERENCES
-
Ecotourism
REFERENCES
bull Ewel KC Twilley RR amp Ong JE (1998) Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services Global Ecology an Biogeography Letters 7 83-94
bull Ong JE amp GongWK (2002) Vegetated Intertidal Mangroves amp Salt Marshes in the UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EOLSS Publishers Oxford UK [only in digital format httpwwweolssnet]
- Mangrove Structure amp Function+Mangrove Goods amp Services
- ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE
- GeomorphicProtected Inter-tidal
- Edaphic (Soil)
- Climate
- Vascular Plants
- Animals
- ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION
- MANGROVE GOODS
- Timber (Wood)
- Other Plant Productseg Nipah alcohol
- Animal Productseg Honey
- Fish
- MANGROVE SERVICES
- Nursery Breeding Grounds
- Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
- Maintenance of Channel Depths
- Coastal Protection
- Breaking Waves
- What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
- Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneous
- Natural Episodic(once in 300 years) Renewal Process
- Carbon Sequestration
- Nett Photosynthesis
- Net Daytime Canopy Photosynthesis
- Ecotourism
- REFERENCES
-
REFERENCES
bull Ewel KC Twilley RR amp Ong JE (1998) Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services Global Ecology an Biogeography Letters 7 83-94
bull Ong JE amp GongWK (2002) Vegetated Intertidal Mangroves amp Salt Marshes in the UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EOLSS Publishers Oxford UK [only in digital format httpwwweolssnet]
- Mangrove Structure amp Function+Mangrove Goods amp Services
- ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE
- GeomorphicProtected Inter-tidal
- Edaphic (Soil)
- Climate
- Vascular Plants
- Animals
- ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION
- MANGROVE GOODS
- Timber (Wood)
- Other Plant Productseg Nipah alcohol
- Animal Productseg Honey
- Fish
- MANGROVE SERVICES
- Nursery Breeding Grounds
- Bird Sanctuary Migratory Stops
- Maintenance of Channel Depths
- Coastal Protection
- Breaking Waves
- What is a Realistic Manning Coefficient
- Impact of Tsunami is Heterogeneous
- Natural Episodic(once in 300 years) Renewal Process
- Carbon Sequestration
- Nett Photosynthesis
- Net Daytime Canopy Photosynthesis
- Ecotourism
- REFERENCES
-