Management of the Reniform Nematode in Cotton Kathy Lawrence, Associate Professor Plant Pathology...

Management of the Reniform Nematode Management of the Reniform Nematode in Cottonin Cotton

Kathy Lawrence, Associate Professor Plant PathologyKathy Lawrence, Associate Professor Plant Pathology

Stan Usery, Jarrod Jones, Amy Dismukes and Taylor Boozer, Stan Usery, Jarrod Jones, Amy Dismukes and Taylor Boozer, Graduate research assistants Graduate research assistants

Bill Gazaway, Dale Monks, Charlie Burmester, James Akridge, Don Bill Gazaway, Dale Monks, Charlie Burmester, James Akridge, Don Moore, Yucheng Feng, Bob Goodman, Andy Price Moore, Yucheng Feng, Bob Goodman, Andy Price

NematodesNematodes

• Microscopic worm like animals that are parasites of plants and animals

NematodesNematodes

Marine Nematodes Animal Parasites

Beneficial Nematodes Plant Parasites

Plant-Parasitic NematodesPlant-Parasitic Nematodes

• All plant-parasitic nematodes possess a Stylet

• A stylet is a protrusable mouth structure used to penetrate the cells of the plant.


• Are obligate parasites that require a living host on which to feed and complete their life cycle.

Shape of Plant-Parasitic NematodesShape of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes

Spiral Nematode


• 300 to1000um long

• 15 to 35um wide

• Transparent

• Visible with a microscope


LeavesWhite Tip on RiceSeed

Seed Gall on Wheat

RootsRoot-knot on Tomato

StemsPinewood Nematode

Nematode Soil SampleNematode Soil Sample

• Only true way to determine if nematodes are present

Nematode Soil SampleNematode Soil Sample

• Divide the field into manageable blocks.

• Sample in a zig-zag manner across each block.

Nematode Population DensityNematode Population DensitySeasonal FluctuationsSeasonal Fluctuations

0100200300400500600700800900

1000JA

N

FE

B

MA

R

AP

R

MA

Y

JU

N

JU

L

AU

G

SE

P

OC

T

NO

V

DE

C

Nematode Population

Nem

atod

es /

pint

soi

l

Nematodes Associated With Cotton

• Root-knot Meloidogyne incognita

• Reniform Rotylenchulus reniformis

Root-Knot NematodeRoot-Knot NematodeField SymptomsField Symptoms

• Elliptical areas in the field with stunted growth.

• Small to several acres in size.

• Later in the season areas of excessive weed growth

Root-Knot NematodeRoot-Knot NematodeField SymptomsField Symptoms

• Knots or galls on the roots.

Root-Knot NematodeRoot-Knot Nematode

• Each gall contains one or more adult root-knot females

Root-knot NematodeRoot-knot Nematode

• Second-stage juveniles (J2).

• Small - 425um long• Small delicate stylet but

very damaging to the roots.

• The infective stage for the nematode

Root-Knot NematodeRoot-Knot NematodePopulation ThresholdsPopulation Thresholds

• Spring

1010 J2 / 100cc soil.

• Fall

40 - 5040 - 50 J2 / 100cc soil.

Root-knot NematodeRoot-knot Nematode

• Meloidogyne incognita– Race 1, 2, 3, & 4

• M. arenaria– Race 1 & 2

• M. javanica• M. hapla

Reniform NematodeReniform NematodeField symptomsField symptoms

• Uneven or up and down plant heights

• Once established there are few to no symptoms.

• Crop continues to produce lower yields each year.

Reniform Nematode on a Cotton RootReniform Nematode on a Cotton Root

• Reniform (kidney) in shape

• Anterior part of body is embedded in the root with the posterior to the outside.

Reniform NematodeReniform NematodeRoot SymptomsRoot Symptoms

• Difficult to see

• Small egg masses covered with soil particles

• Root necrosis

Juvenile Female

MaleGravid female

Reniform NematodeReniform Nematode

– Vermiform female is the infective stage

– Small - 600um in length– Sclerotized cephalic region

Reniform NematodeReniform NematodePopulation ThresholdsPopulation Thresholds

SSttaattee FFaallll SSpprriinngg

Alabama 1000 100

Florida Field history Soil type

Georgia 250 none

Mississippi 1000 200

Tennessee 1000 200

Plant-Parasitic Nematode Plant-Parasitic Nematode ManagementManagement

• Resistant/Tolerant Varieties

• Crop Rotations

• Chemical Management

Resistant VarietiesResistant Varieties

Root-knot - Root-knot - Cotton – ST 5599 (resistant/tolerant)Cotton – ST 5599 (resistant/tolerant)

Soybean – resistance availableSoybean – resistance available

Reniform - Reniform - Cotton - no resistanceCotton - no resistance

Soybean - resistance availableSoybean - resistance available

Resistance and ToleranceResistance and Tolerance

• Resistance:Resistance:– Resistance is the effect of the cotton host on Resistance is the effect of the cotton host on

nematode reproduction: a completely resistant nematode reproduction: a completely resistant plant allows no nematode reproduction. plant allows no nematode reproduction.

• Tolerance:Tolerance:– Tolerance is the amount of cotton host injury: a Tolerance is the amount of cotton host injury: a

tolerant plant suffers little yield loss when tolerant plant suffers little yield loss when heavily infected with nematodes.heavily infected with nematodes.

Cotton cultivar EvaluationCotton cultivar EvaluationReniform nematodeReniform nematode

•150cc of sterile soil 150cc of sterile soil

•Inoculated 1000 Inoculated 1000 R. reniformisR. reniformis..

•60 days 60 days

•ReniformReniform were extracted combined were extracted combined gravity screening and sucrose gravity screening and sucrose centrifugal floatation.centrifugal floatation.

• Eggs extracted sodium hypochlorite.Eggs extracted sodium hypochlorite.

•Reproduction = Total reniform/initial Reproduction = Total reniform/initial number.number.

Reniform reproduction on 52 cultivars in the greenhouse

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

SG

105

FM

989

R

ST

X 6

848

R

ST

559

9 B

R

SG

521

R

FM

991

R

DP

434

R

DP

494

R

ST

X 5

454

B2R

FM

966

LL

DP

451

BR

FM

989

BR

FM

960

R

DP

541

5 R

DP

LX 0

2T57

R

FM

958

LL

DP

LX 0

2X39

BR

DP

488

BR

Rep

rod

uct

ive

Fac

tor

Cotton cultivar yield response to Cotton cultivar yield response to R. reniformisR. reniformis (tolerance)(tolerance)..

• Varieties planted with and without Varieties planted with and without

•a nematicide.a nematicide.

• Determine Determine R. reniformis R. reniformis numbers.numbers.

• Yield Yield

• with and without the nematicide.with and without the nematicide.

Field Trials Field Trials Materials & MethodsMaterials & Methods

• Infested reniform nematodeInfested reniform nematode• Nematicides;Nematicides;

– Temik + Vydate Temik + Vydate – TeloneTelone

• Nematodes sampled at Nematodes sampled at planting, mid-season, and planting, mid-season, and harvestharvest

• 12 varieties tested 12 varieties tested • 4 reps4 reps• Seed cotton yields recordedSeed cotton yields recorded

Limestone Co. 2003-2004

-500

5001500

25003500

45005500

6500

DP5415

R

DP451BR

PM1218BR

ST4793

R

ST4892BR

DP444BR

DP449BR

ST5599BR

FM989BR

2003 1,3 D 2003 Untreated 2004 1,3 D 2004 Untreated

-1.2; +7.5+0.3; +19.4

+13.8; +2.1

Escambia Co., AL Escambia Co., AL 2003 Seed Cotton Yields

750

1250

1750

2250

2750

3250

FM

991BR

DP

555 BR

FM

991RD

P 33 B

DP

458 BR

DP

Delta

DP

5690 RD

P 448 B

PH

Y 510 R

DP

5415 RS

T 5303 R

DP

449 BR

SG

747S

G 215 B

RF

M 989 B

RD

P 491

FM

958 BF

M 960 B

RD

P 493

FM

989P

M 1218 B

RP

HY

410 RD

P 451B

RD

P 436 R

ST

4793 RS

G 521 R

ST

5599 BR

ST

4892 BR

FM

966B

CG

28 RD

P 444 B

RS

TX

0203S

eed

Co

tto

n k

g/h

a

1,3 D Untreated

2004, Huxford, AL 2004, Huxford, AL

• Thanks to a Thanks to a tropical storm tropical storm and hurricane and hurricane Ivan yields Ivan yields were not were not recorded in recorded in 2002 or 20042002 or 2004

Cotton cultivarsCotton cultivars

High yielding cultivars provide High yielding cultivars provide the most economic benefit the most economic benefit currently – currently –

Tolerance has varied by location Tolerance has varied by location and year.and year.

Crop Rotation

Root-knot - resistant soybeans

Reniform - resistant soybeans

- corn, grain sorghum, peanut

Soybean Variety EvaluationsSoybean Variety Evaluations Reniform Nematode Reniform Nematode

Mississippi State UniversityMississippi State University

Screened - 114 varieties Resistant

MG –IV, V, VI 8

University of ArkansasUniversity of Arkansas


MG –III + IV - 190 4

Auburn UniversityAuburn University


MG –IV - VIII 0

(8 MR)

Average Seed Cotton YieldAverage Seed Cotton YieldOne Year Rotation- W. GazawayOne Year Rotation- W. Gazaway

Escambia Co. ALEscambia Co. AL

2,808 2,739 2,7202,175 2,139

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

See

d C

ott

on

lb

/a

0

5

10

15

20

25

Reniform reproduction on common weeds

50+

Chemical Management

Nematicide Tests - 2005Nematicide Tests - 2005

Small Plots - Nematicides - Telone II

Vapam

Temik 15G

Vydate C-LV

Experimental Temik

Seed Treatments Avicta complete pack

Gaucho L1489A FS EC

Gaucho exp600003BFS SC

Biological N-Hibit

Material and MethodsMaterial and MethodsSmall Plot Tests - 2005Small Plot Tests - 2005

Variety ST 5599 BG/RRDP 444 BG/RR

Exp. Design Randomized complete block 5 -6 replicationsPlot Design 2 -4 row plots 25’ long & 36 -40” row spacingPlanting Date April 29 and May 1, 2005Nematodes Sampled MonthlyExtraction Technique Gravity screening and

centrifugal flotationHarvest Date Oct. 5, 2005

KSL ‘06

Avicta Complete Pak, Temik 15 G and VydateAvicta Complete Pak, Temik 15 G and Vydate C-LVC-LV 2005 Test 108A2005 Test 108ADP 444 BG/RRDP 444 BG/RR

Treatment Rate Application1. Dynasty+Cruiser --- ---2. AvictaCP 0.15 mg/seed Seed

treatment3. Dynasty+Temik 15G 5.0 lb In-furrow4. AvictaCP+Temik 15G 0.15mg+5.0 lb ST + IF5. Dynasty+Temik +Temik 15G 5.0+ 5.0 lb ST + IF + SD6. AvictaCP+Vydate 0.15mg+17oz ST+6LS7. AvictaCP+Temik+Vydate 0.15mg+5lb+17oz ST+IF+6LS8. Dynasty+Cruiser+Vydate 0.15mg+17oz ST+6TL

KSL ‘06

Effect of Avicta, Temik, and Vydate in Belle Mina, 2005

0100020003000400050006000700080009000

10000

0 30DAP 60DAP 90DAP 120DAP Harvest

See

d c

otto

n lb

/A

Dynasty+Cruiser AvictaB

Dynasty+Temik AvictaB+Temik

Dynasty+Temik+Temik AvictaB+Vydate

Dynasty+Temik+Vydate Dynasty+Cruiser+Vydate

Vydate

KSL 06

3427 36253009

39093454

3966

2854

4011

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

See

d c

otto

n lb

/A

Dynas

ty+Cru

iser

Avict

aB

Dynas

ty+Tem

ik

Avict

aB+Tem

ik

Dynas

ty+Tem

ik+Tem

ik

Avict

aB+Vyd

ate

Dynas

ty+Tem

ik+Vyd

ate

Dynas

ty+Cru

iser+

Vydat

e

Effect of Avicta, Temik, and Vydate in Belle Mina, 2005

LSD 657

KSL 06

198

-418

483

27

539

-573

584

-1000

-500

0

500

1000

See

d c

otto

n lb

/A

Seed cotton over the control Belle Mina, 2005

KSL 06

Effect of Avicta, Temik, and Vydate on Reniform in Escambia Co., 2005

0

1000

2000

3000

0 30DAP 60DAP 90DAP Harvest

Ren

ifor

m/1

50cc

soi

l

Dynasty+Cruiser AvictaB

Dynasty+Temik AvictaB+Temik

Dynasty+Temik+Temik AvictaB+Vydate

Dynasty+Temik+Vydate Dynasty+Cruiser+Vydate

Vydate

KSL 06

25132255

2501 2488 2364 24372274

2539

0

1000

2000

3000

See

d c

otto

n lb

/A

Dynas

ty+Cru

iser

Avict

aB

Dynas

ty+Tem

ik

Avict

aB+Tem

ik

Dynas

ty+Tem

ik+Tem

ik

Avict

aB+Vyd

ate

Dynas

ty+Tem

ik+Vyd

ate

Dynas

ty+Cru

iser+

Vydat

e

Effect of Avicta, Temik, and Vydate in Escambia Co., 2005

LSD 343

KSL 06

-258.4

-11.6 -24.7

-148.6

-75.5

-238.6

25.7

-300

-200

-100

0

100

Seed

cot

ton

lb/A

Dynas

ty+Cru

iser

Avicta

B

Dynas

ty+Tem

ik

Avicta

B+Temik

Dynas

ty+Tem

ik+Tem

ik

Avicta

B+Vydat

e

Dynas

ty+Tem

ik+Vyd

ate

Dynas

ty+Cru

iser+

Vydat

e

Seed cotton over the control Escambia Co., 2005

KSL 06

Avicta Complete Pak 2005 Test 104A

DP 444 BG/RR ST5599BGRR

Treatment Rate1. Dynasty + Cruiser ---

2. AvictaCP 0.15 mga/seed

3. Dynasty + Temik 15G 5.0 lb

4. Dynasty + Temik 15G 7.0 lb

5. Allegiance + Baytan +

Thiram + Temik 15G 5.0 lb

GWL ‘06

Effect of Avicta and Temik on Reniform in Belle Mina, 2005

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

0 30 DAP 60 DAP 90 DAP 120 DAP 150 DAP

Ren

ifor

m/1

50cc

soi

l

Dynasty+Cruiser Avicta

Dynasty+Temik 5 Dynasty+Temik 7

Allegiance+RTUB-T+Temik 7KSL 06

3315 3487

173

3428

114

3547

233

3368

540

1000

2000

3000

4000

See

d c

otto

n lb

/A

Dynas

ty+Cru

iser

Avict

a

Dynas

ty+Tem

ik 5

Dynas

ty+Tem

ik 7

Allegi

ance

+RTUB-T+Tem

ik 7

Effect of Avicta and Temik in Belle Mina, 2005LSD 458

KSL 06

173

114

233

54

0

100

200

300

See

d c

otto

n lb

/A

Seed cotton over the control, 2005

LSD 458

KSL 06

32863473

188

3148

-137-200

300

800

1300

1800

2300

2800

3300S

eed

cot

ton

lb/A

Dynas

ty+Cru

iser

Avict

a .15

Dynas

ty+Tem

ik 5

Average of four tests of Avicta and Temik in Belle Mina, 2005

KSL 06

Effect of Bayer Experimentals on Reniform in Belle Mina, 2005

0

1000

2000

30004000

5000

6000

7000

8000

0 30 DAP 60 DAP 90 DAP 120 DAP Harvest

Ren

ifor

m/1

50cc

soi

l

Untreated Gaucho FS

Gaucho L1489A FS EC Gaucho L1489A FS EC

Gaucho exp600003BFS SC Gaucho exp600003BFS SC

Temik 15GKSL 06

2504

3192

688

2753

249

2447

-58

2702

198

3166

662

2815

311

-100

900

1900

2900

See

d c

otto

n lb

/A

Effect of Bayer Experimentals in Belle Mina, 2005

LSD 786

KSL 06

Effect of Bayer Experimentals on Reniform in Escambia Co., 2005

-100

900

1900

2900

3900

0 30DAP 60DAP 90DAP Harvest

Ren

ifor

m/1

50cc

soi

l

Untreated Gaucho FS

Gaucho L1489A FS EC Gaucho L1489A FS EC

Gaucho exp600003BFS SC Gaucho exp600003BFS SC

Temik 15GKSL 06

1741

2119

377

1934

193

1998

257

2085

343

2179

438

1827

85-100

900

1900S

eed

cot

ton

lb/A

Effect of Bayer Experimentals in Escambia Co., 2005

LSD 302

KSL 06

Effect of Bayer Experimentals Temik Formulations on Reniform in Belle Mina, 2005

-100

900

1900

2900

3900

4900

5900

6900

7900

0 30 60 90 120

Ren

ifor

m/1

50cc

soi

l

Gaucho FS Temik KC791232

KC791230 KC791232 +Temik KC791232 +KC791232

Temik+Temik KSL 06

Effect of Bayer Experimentals Temik Formulations on Reniform in Belle Mina, 2005

25252288 2203 2367 2354 2442 2398

0

1000

2000

3000

0

Effect of N-Hibit on Reniform in Belle Mina, 2004

0

250

500

750

1000

0 30 DAP 60 DAP 90 DAP 154 DAP

Ren

ifor

m/1

50cc

soi

l

Cruiser Vydate Temik N-HibitKSL 06

3997 4128

131

4215

217

4175

178

-100

900

1900

2900

3900

4900

See

d c

otto

n lb

/A

Cruise

r

Vydat

e

Temik

N-Hib

it

Effect of N-Hibit on Reniform in Belle Mina, 2004

LSD 451

KSL 06

Effect of Telone II, Vapam and Temik 15G on Effect of Telone II, Vapam and Temik 15G on Cotton YieldsCotton Yields in Belle Mina, 2004 in Belle Mina, 2004

4569

296

4657

384

4416

143

4334

229

4502

61

4273

00

500100015002000250030003500400045005000

See

d C

ott

on

Yie

ld (

lbs/

A)

KSL 06

Plant-Parasitic Nematode Plant-Parasitic Nematode ManagementManagement

• Resistant/Tolerant Varieties

• Crop Rotations

• Chemical Management

Root-knot NematodeRoot-knot NematodeCotton Tobacco Pepper Watermelon Peanut Tomato

M. i. R1 - - + + - +

M. i. R2 - + + + - +

M. i. R3 + - + + - +

M. i. R4 + + + + - +

M. a. R1 - + + + + +

M. a. R2 - + - + - +

M. j. + + - + - +

M. h. - + + - + +

Chemical Management

Chemical Application Cost / Acre

Aldicarb Temik In furrow $11.28-24.50

1,3-dichloropropene Telone II Fumigate $18.75-62.50

Sodium methyldithiocarb

Vapam Fumigate $19.50-40.00

Oxamyl Vydate Foliar Spray $10.65-11.29

Avermectin Avicta Seed $18.00-22.00

Seed Cotton Yield Loss by At-Plant Reniform Seed Cotton Yield Loss by At-Plant Reniform Nematode Population DensitiesNematode Population Densities

0

7

21

30

2227

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Yie

ld R

edu

ctio

n (

%)

3536.5 3587.5

51

3671.5

135

3786.5

2500

1000

2000

3000

4000S

eed

cot

ton

lb/A

Dynas

ty+Cru

iser

Avict

a .15

Dynas

ty+Tem

ik 5

Dynas

ty+Tem

ik 7

Average of Avicta and Temik in Belle Mina, 2004+2005

KSL 06

Economic Benefit

Chemical Yield

Cost / A Gross/A

Temik 5 – 7 lb/A 1259 $11.28-24.50 $612

Avicta 0.15mg/seed 1389 $18.00-22.00 $674

Dynsasty + Cruiser 1314 $657

KSL 06

Effect of Avicta and Temik on Reniform in Escambia Co., 2005

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

0 30 DAP 60 DAP 90 DAP Harvest

Ren

ifor

m/1

50cc

soi

l

Dynasty+Cruiser Avicta

Dynasty+Temik 5 Dynasty+Temik 7

Allegiance+RTUB-T+Temik 7KSL 06

1853 1908

55

1741

-113

1514

-339

1659

-194-500

0

500

1000

1500

2000

See

d c

otto

n l

b/A

Effect of Avicta and Temik in Escambia Co., 2005

LSD 235

KSL 06

Management of the Reniform Nematode in Cotton Kathy Lawrence, Associate Professor Plant Pathology...

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Transcript of Management of the Reniform Nematode in Cotton Kathy Lawrence, Associate Professor Plant Pathology...