MANAGEMENT OF FISHERIES RESOURCES OF INLAND

WATERS OF NIGERIA

COURSE:

MANAGEMENT OF AQUATIC RESOURCES

FEBRUARY, 2011

INTRODUCTION

Fishing is fundamental to coastal and riparian societies—an ancient

activity that predates even agriculture. For millennia, harvesting

resources from the seas, lakes, and rivers has been a source of

sustenance and livelihood, and a mainstay of local culture. That is

nearly as true today as it was a century ago. Fishing remains a bulwark

of local employment in many communities, a key to food security for

millions and a significant factor in the Nigerian economy. Yet, the

nature of the fishing enterprise and the condition of the marine and

freshwater resources it relies on could hardly have changed more

radically in the last 100 years.

WHAT IS A FISHERY?

The term “fishery” can be confusing, because it is used differently by fisheries experts

and in the technical literature, and by the media and in non-technical literature. From a

technical point of view the term exclusively refers to the commercial activity of

harvesting fish. In reality, however, “fishery” is often used to refer to the fish resource

itself by non-technical audiences.

Technically, a fishery consists of the fishing activity focused on certain fish, shellfish

species, or a group of species, often in a certain geographic area. This can refer to the

Lates fishery on River Benue or other targeted fish species especially the African Catfish.

Non-technically, in literature and in the media, the term ”fishery” is often used in

reference to the actual stocks— or populations within a certain geographic area—of a

particular fish or shellfish species (or group of species) that are the subject of fishing

activities. For example, the African Catfish fishery is used in the popular media to refer

to the stocks of Clarias spp. or Heterobranchus spp. that are fished commercially. In this

sense, the media can refer to a fishery (in reality they mean the stock) as being healthy or

depleted, overfished or underexploited, reflecting the condition of the resource.

INLAND WATER AND FISHERIES RESOURCES OF NIGERIA

Ita and Sado (1985) revealed that Nigeria is blessed with an estimated inland water mass

of 12.5 million hectares capable of producing about 512,000 metric tones of fish

annually. As shown in Figure 1, these water resources are spread all over the country

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from the coastal region to the arid zone of the Lake Chad Basin. The country has an

extensive mangrove ecosystem of which a great proportion lies within the Niger Delta

and are also found mostly in Rivers, Delta, Cross River, Akwa Ibom, Lagos and Ondo

States. Freshwaters start at the Northern limit of the mangrove ecosystems and extend to

the Sahellian region (Sotolu 2011).

Figure 1: Map of Nigeria showing major rivers and hydrological basins.

The major rivers, estimated at about 10,812,400 ha, make up about 11.5% of the total

surface area of Nigeria which is estimated to be approximately 94,185,000 ha. Thirteen

lakes and reservoirs with a surface area of between 4,000 and 550,000 ha have a total

surface area of 853,600 ha and represent about 1% of the total area of Nigeria.

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Table 1: Sizes of Major Inland Water Bodies in Nigeria

S/No. Type/Name of Water Body Aprox. Surface

Area (ha)

Major Rivers

1. Anambra River 1,401,000

2. Benue River 129,000

3. Cross River 3,900,000

4. Imo River 910,000

5. Qua0Iboe river 500,200

6. Niger River (Less Kainji & Jebba) 169,800

7. Ogun River 2,237,000

8. Oshun River 1,565,400

Subtotal (A) 10,812,400

Major Lakes and Reservoirs

1. Lake Chad (Natural) 550,000

2. Kainji Lake (Man made) 127,000

3. Jebba Lake (Man made) 35,000

4. Shiroro Lake (Man made) 31,200

5. Goronyo Lake (Man made) 20,000

6. Tiga Lake (Man made) 17,800

7. Chalawa Gorge (Man made) 10,100

8. Dadin Kowa (Man made) 29,000

9. Kiri (Man made) 11,500

10. Bakolori (Man made) 8,000

11. Lower Anambra (Man made) 5,000

12. Zobe (Man made) 5,000

13. Oyan (Man made) 4,000

Subtotal (B) 853,600

Total (A + B) 11,666,000

A + B as % of Total area of Nigeria (94,185,000 ha) 12.4%

Source: Ita et al. (1985)

In terms of species diversity index, Kainji Lake had the highest value of 101 species

followed by Jebba with 52 species (Ita et al., 1985). The high diversity index recorded for

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Kainji Lake is not unconnected with the intensity of investigations conducted in the lake

since 1969. Jebba Lake, which extends from the outflow of Kainji Lake for about 100 km

to the dam, is expected to harbour as many species as Kainji Lake if not more. However,

on account of the paucity of investigations conducted on this reservoir, only about half

the numbers of species in Kainji Lake have been documented for Jebba Lake. Although

Kainji Lake still retains some riverine features along its northern arm, a reduction in fish

species diversity was recorded after impoundment from over 120 species to about 97

species (Ita et al., 1985). Apart from the major rivers and lakes shown in Table 1, there

are other small lakes and perennial streams around in the country among which are

Asejire dam and Eleyele Lake in Ibadan (South-West Nigeria) Fapohunda and Godstates

(2007) and Doma dam and Hunki Lake (North-Central Nigeria). These water bodies

usually take their course from nearby big rivers and are invariably richer in diversity of

both shell and fin fish species (Tobor, 1991; FDF, 1995; Faturoti, 2000). Constant and

regular fishing activities of shell fish, fin fish (pelagic and off-shore pelagic, demersal)

and crustaceans are going on around existing water bodies in Nigeria. The reports of

Fapohunda and Godstates (2007) indicated that Owena reservoir of approximately

600,000 m3 in South-West Nigeria harbours 14 fish species belonging to 9 families and

its yield assessment is on the decline. In the Lagos lagoon reports showed that the

brackish water body is known to be rich in several shrimp species among which are the

Pink shrimp Penaeus notialis, P. duorarum dominant in 10-50 m depth of water, the tiger

shrimp, (P. kerathurus) which is as large as the pink shrimp but of far less abundance and

economic value. Parapenaeus longirostris occurs in abundant quantity in coastal shallow

water, 0-20 m depth and commands a local economic importance. The bonga fish occurs

along the whole length of tropical West Africa coastline and it is the most valuable and

abundant fish in the artisanal fisheries in Nigeria (Tobor, 1991; Dublin-Green and Tobor,

1992).

IMPORTANCE OF FISHERIES RESOURCES

Fishing and the activities surrounding it—processing, packing,

transport, and retailing—are important at every scale, from the village

level to the level of national and international macroeconomics.

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Fishing generates significant revenue. In Nigeria, fisheries’ contribution

to the Gross Domestic Product is about 1 billion dollars, while agriculture in

general is estimated at 20 million dollars (Sotolu, 2011).

Fishing is also a crucial source of livelihoods in developing

nations, particularly for low-income families in rural areas where

job options are limited.

Small-scale and subsistence fishing often acts as the

employment of last resort when more lucrative labor

opportunities cannot be found. FAO estimates that some 35

million people are directly engaged either full- or part-time, in

fishing and aquaculture, and this may be a substantial

underestimate. Over 95 percent of them live in developing

countries, and the majority are small-scale fishers (FAO 2002;

WRI et al., 2003).

Because of their importance as a food and income source for the poor, managing inland

fisheries resources wisely is a crucial element in Nigeria’s strategy to reduce poverty. But

the challenge of attaining fisheries management that is environmentally and socially

sustainable is becoming more formidable every day. Demand for fish is growing and will

likely continue to grow over the next three decades, while current management practices

cannot even maintain today’s catch (FAO 2002). Nigeria’s wild fisheries are in desperate

need of better management. Over the last two decades, over-fishing has become one of

the major natural resource concerns in the world, and Nigeria in particular.

FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR DEPLETING INLAND FISHERY RESOURCES

1. Population Growth: Population growth is one of the main challenges to management of

the Nigeria’s inland fisheries resources. Nigeria’s Population grows at 2.1% per annum with

an estimated total population of 158.3 million people by the end of 2010 (HDR 2010). In

addition, the population of livestock around the inland waters is similar to that of humans.

High human population enhances fishing pressure and increases the demand for agricultural

and domestic water supply and discharge of wastes. The high human and livestock

population accelerates rates of deforestation, erosion, sedimentation, siltation and nutrient

loading into the water bodies, which degrade the fish habitats.

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2. Unsustainable fishing practices

One of the key challenges to the fisheries of most freshwater fisheries in Africa has been how

to sustainably manage the fisheries resources. The fisheries policy of the Nigerian

government seeks to ensure increased and sustainable fish production and utilization to

reduce poverty. Unfortunately, most inland fisheries have declined and others are at the risk

of collapse.

The decline in the fish stocks on some of the inland waters has been attributed to:

excessive fishing effort;

use of destructive fishing gears and methods;

capture of immature fish;

weak management and extension systems;

inefficient packaging and dissemination of management information;

outdated fisheries laws and regulations;

inadequate capacity to enforce laws and regulations and limited commitment and

involvement of stakeholders in management of fisheries resources and the fish

habitats.

The term over-fishing refers to the action of fishing beyond the level at which a fish

stock can replenish itself through natural reproduction. In other words, if too many fish

are harvested because of excessive fishing pressure, the stock reaches a point where there

are not enough fish of spawning age to reproduce and sustain the stock.

In Lake Kainji, Seisay and du Feu (1997) observed a reduction in mean sizes (mean

length and weight) of fish species and changes in species composition due to both

recruitment and ecosystem over-fishing. Eyo (2004) reported a massive poaching of

juvenile fishes on Lake Kainji by foreign fishermen who utilize gill net and beach seines

(Dala) less than the 3 inches stipulated in the Inland fisheries decree. He called for a new

act, which would regulate the fishing culture on Nigerian freshwaters, which suffered

massive over-fishing in recent times. According to the author, those reckless fishermen

have reduced the population of fish in the lake from about 35,000 metric tones to less

than 10,000 metric tones at present. In Lake Chad Basin over-fishing was observed as far

back as the 1970’s by Stauch (1978) who reported that the fishermen resorted to using

smaller mesh nets, which cropped the juveniles.

Consequences of Over-Fishing

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A fish stock is considered to be fully fished when increases in fishing effort do

not significantly increase the amount of fish harvested, but substantially increase the

risk of over-fishing. Fully fished stocks are said to be exploited at their biological

limit—a reference point below which the spawning stock is too low to ensure safe

reproduction.

Continued over-fishing of a stock can result in removal of a high proportion of fish of

all age classes—juvenile to mature adult. When few mature adults remain to spawn

and few juveniles remain to grow to a harvestable size (a process called recruitment),

such a stock is known as depleted.

Prolonged over-fishing of a depleted stock can lead to its collapse, that is, the

reduction in fish abundance to levels at which the harvest is negligible compared to

historical levels. Depleted or collapsed stocks may require a long time to recover,

even if fishing pressure has been reduced or eliminated entirely. Indeed, they may

never recover their former productivity, due to changes in population dynamics,

habitat conditions, and other biological factors that influence reproduction.

3. Loss of Aquatic Biodiversity: The conflict between using inland waters for

biodiversity conservation or fish production needs to be resolved. This is particularly

necessary in Nigeria where poverty eradication, export earnings and the need for dietary

protein are priorities for the riparian countries. However, it is important to recognise that

biodiversity integrity is the basis of sustainable biological production and therefore

fishery potential and should be protected.

4. Pollution and Eutrophication: Changes in the physical, chemical and biological

factors of inland waters effect fisheries and the functioning of the whole aquatic

ecosystem. This leads to increase in eutrophication. Increases in eutropication has been

attributed to nutrient enrichment from human activities in the catchment areas, industrial

and domestic sewage inputs and from combustion processes (Hecky 1993, Bootsma &

Hecky 1993). Since fish production and sustainability depend on the health of the fish

habitat, there is need to consider management of pollution and eutrophication along

fisheries management.

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LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR INLAND FISHERIES MANAGEMENT IN

NIGERIA

Inland Fisheries Decree 1992

In Nigeria, the management of Inland water is regarded as the exclusive responsibility of

the state to which such water bodies belong (Ita, 1993). However, as a result of pressure

from the Federal Department of Fisheries (F.D.F.) and the National Institute for

Freshwater Fisheries Research (NIFFR), based on the need for the existence of a National

Inland Fisheries Legislation to harmonize the administration, management, protection

and improvement of fisheries resources in Inland waters, it has been observed that

although Inland waters are within the state boundaries and therefore should be subject to

legislation. Some of the waters usually traverse more-than one state, therefore action or

lack of action by one state could have profound effect on the fishery resources, fishing

and fish skill in another state.

Inland Fisheries in Nigeria have recently been conferred with Federal Legislation

(National Decree No, 108, 1992). The Decree provides in Section 5 sub-section 1 that no

person shall fish with a gear constructed with net webbing, of less than 76rnm except

where the gear consists of the following.

Pelagic trawl nets used for freshwater sardines that. is clupeids, which are used with

outboard engines of not more than 25HP capable of operating trawl net with 3mm cod

end or lift nets used for freshwater sardines constructed with 3 5mm stretched mesh size

webbing.

Sub-section 2 stated that no single fishing unit should operate with a single net or a

combination of nets exceeding 500m of 3mm mesh size and above. The decree also

provides in section 6 sub-section 1 prohibition of Unorthodox except for electro-fishing

and the use of chemical for the purpose of research. No person shall take or destroy or

attempt to take or destroy any fish within the Inland water of Nigeria by any of the

following methods; that is:-

Explosive substance

Noxious or poisonous materials; or

Electricity

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PRINCIPLES AND CONCEPTS OF INLAND FISHERIES MANAGEMENT IN

NIGERIA

Management has been defined as the integrated process of information gathering,

analysis, planning, consultation, decision-making, allocation of resources and formulation

and implementation, with enforcement as necessary, of regulations or rules which govern

fisheries activities in order to ensure continued productivity of the resources and

accomplishment of other fisheries objectives (FAO, 1997). The term is applied to

decisions and actions affecting the magnitude and composition of fishery resources and

the distribution of benefits from its products (Welcomme, 2001). There are two main

approaches to management, that based on the resources, mainly advocated by natural

scientists, and that based on society, mainly advocated by socio-economists. Modern

fisheries management seeks to reconcile these two views using them as tools for reaching

balanced decisions on the resource with the participation of all stakeholders in fishery.

Fishes are renewable natural resources, which should be exploited rationally on

sustainable basis. Olatunde (1999) is of the opinion that to derive maximum benefits from

them it is necessary to evolve effective integrated management strategies. This author

further stated the management options should he to make the resources available; now

and in future, at the time we need them, in very good condition at affordable prices,

should enhance economic well being of the fisher-folk and should be environmental

friendly.

Scientific Management Mechanisms

The principal mechanisms available to fishery managers to control fishing are limitations

on catch and/or fishing effort, closed areas and seasons, and various controls on the catch

of juveniles. Traditionally, closed areas and seasons, as well as controls on catches of

juveniles, have been measures designed to ensure that fishing is restricted to appropriate

segments of the population, or to protect spawning grounds and nursery areas. More

recently, however, closed areas have emerged as a potentially valuable tool for inland

fishery management, particularly in an ecosystem context.

A. Managing Fishing Effort: Sustainable Management of Fish Stocks

Sustainable management of the fishery resources is being undertaken through: Control of

fishing effort; (Boats, gears, No of fish processing plants); Controlling fishing gears and

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methods. There is need to generate information for management of fisheries, which will

ultimately culminate into a Fisheries Management Plan to: Develop, harmonise fisheries

policies and legislation; Implement a monitoring control and surveillance (MCS) program

to enforce the laws; Promote participation of stakeholders in management of the fishing

through support; Provide additional information on the fish stocks, the environment and

socioeconomic factors; Establish databases; Improve information, communication and

outreach; and Improve infrastructure and human resources capacity.

B. Controlling the Population

The degradation of inland fisheries resources in Nigeria can be traced to rapid population

growth and changes in livelihood systems in the drainage basins. A doubling in

population since 1960s has led to pressure on the diverse natural resources of which

fisheries are part. The Nigerian government receives support from UN agencies such as

UNICEF and UNFPA aimed at educating communities in family planning, encouraging

widespread of immunization and handling of preventable diseases. While there have been

some positive impacts, the population in many countries is still high.

With severe droughts and floods that characterize many parts of the drainage basins and

low agricultural prices, declining soil productivity, and unemployment, entry into the

usually open access fisheries provided options for poverty alleviation and sustaining of

peoples livelihood. Therefore, measures to control population growth should be

accompanied by improved livelihood patterns in the communities and practical education

programmes in resource use.

C. Restrictions on Size, Season and Fishing Zones

i). Size and Sex Selectivity

The viability of stocks lie in their reproduction, a fact we have established in

discussing natality and recruitment.

Fishery managers try to help at times by forbidding catch of matured egg bearing

females.

They may also designate minimum mesh size of nets and the minimum size of

fish caught so that immature fish are not caught before they reproduce.

The method is effective for species that can be returned alive.

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ii). Time and Area Closures

Fishing is barred during periods or in certain fishing grounds

This method of management has been used in both small scale and industrial

fisheries

Closed Seasons: used to protect stocks at critical times of their life cycles such as

spawning periods. Fishers will however race for fishing during the open season.

Closed Areas: used to help depleted stocks recover or to protect biologically

critical areas such as spawning grounds or juvenile nurseries.

D. Ecosystem Approach

This focuses on aquatic resources as an integral part of an ecosystem and not as a

collection of stocks to be exploited without regard to the system that nurtures

them.

It encompasses all economic benefits derivable from the aquatic environment

including recreation, cultural identity, transport, tourism etc.

Traditional Management Strategies in Nigeria

Traditional fisheries management systems in sub-Saharan Africa employ a variety of

management measures. Many of these measures can also be found in other fisheries of

the world, whereas others are quite specific to Africa.

The rationale of many management measures may be obscured by the socio-cultural and

religious context in which they take place; their effect on the resource may sometimes

appear to be a side-effect rather than intentional. Often, for example, rituals and magic

are interwoven with fisheries management measures. They are in some cases “considered

an integral part of fishing technologies rather than ‘additions’, and should be treated as

such by external institutions” (Tvedten and Hersoug 1992). Means which are justified on

primarily metaphysical grounds may, in the knowledge system of African inland fishers,

be part of goal oriented and intentional resource management, however.

Some of the management measures frequently found in African/Nigerian inland fisheries

are highlighted below:

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Access control

The most common traditional fisheries management measure is to restrict the right of

withdrawal to a defined group of people in order to quantitatively limit fishing pressure.

Access may also be granted as a territorial use right.

Closed areas

Traditional fisheries management authorities may declare specific parts of a water body

off limits for fishing. Prohibition may cover all fishing activities or the use of specific

gear, the fishing of certain species, or fishing during certain time periods.

In many cases, these restrictions are again associated with religious beliefs, for instance

when the respective water is seen as the home of a spirit.

Closed seasons

Closed seasons exist particularly at times when fish stocks are most vulnerable, such as

during spawning or at the end of the dry season, when fish gather in residual waters and

can be harvested almost completely.

Gear restrictions and restriction of particular fishing methods

Gear restrictions either concern the use of specific gear in general or, in the case of nets,

the regulation of mesh sizes. Mesh size regulations are reported in recent times only and

are applicable only to modern nets. They can be seen as an answer of traditional

management systems to technical innovations or even as an incorporation of Western or

scientific knowledge into traditional knowledge systems.

Prohibition of capture of certain species or of undersized specimens

The capture of certain fish species is prohibited, either totally or only in certain waters,

and this has possibly evolved from the recognition that the collection of juveniles in one

fishing season led to low catches in the next. Prohibitions can also be religious, for

instance where fish are regarded as sacred, or result from a taboo to eat fish.

Limitation of individual fishing effort

The strong influence of egalitarian philosophy in traditional African societies finds

expression in prohibitions of disproportionate extraction by individuals.

Olomola (1993) mentions the prohibition of using magic power as an indirect

management measure leading to this effect, particularly because extraordinarily high

catches alone are regarded as circumstantial evidence for the use of witchcraft.

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Sacrifices or payment of fees

According to many traditional beliefs, waters are often the home of spirits or deities. In

the view of the fishers, to keep them in a favourable mood requires sacrifices.

Often, sacrifices are seen as an absolute prerequisite for fishing and an integral part of the

activity. Traditional fisheries management systems therefore frequently force the

individual fisher to make an adequate contribution to this ‘investment’.

Such obligatory sacrifices, in the same way as fees or shares of the harvest to be paid to

traditional rulers or to communities owning a resource, act as a threshold for entering

fisheries. Intentionally or not, they may limit fishing effort to a certain extent, depending

on the size of the ‘entrance fee’.

CONCLUSION

Nigeria is rich in inland fisheries resources, which are of value to the communities. The

resources are under threat and have continued to deteriorate despite efforts by institutions

saddled with the responsibility of their management. The experience so far show that there

has been lack of effective action due to,

limited accessibility and application of scientific information;

poor dissemination of management information;

inappropriate and is some cases un-harmonised fisheries laws and regulations;

inadequate enforcement of existing laws and regulations;

Weak institutions and institutional processes; and

inadequate funds to implement fisheries programs.

There is need to:

Make appropriate information and data available to guide decision and formulation of

policies, laws and regulations for sustainable management of the fisheries resources

and the fish habitats;

Provide appropriate policies, laws, regulations, and standards to be used in

management efforts;

Establish and develop effective institutions, institutional mechanisms including

community participation to provide the required data and information, promote

sustainable use practices, and enforce laws and regulations; and

to provide adequate financial resources and human capacity to implement fisheries

programs.

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