management crisis.ppt

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Crisis Management


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Public Tragedies, Relief and

Humanitarian Aid Crisis management is directed at populations and

communities in urgent need of resources due to adisaster or public tragedy.

Crisis Management has two functions:

(1) Secure the scene and engage in rescue

and recoveryfirst responders

(2) Provide relief programs to populations inurgent need and reconstruct communities in

the disaster aftermath.


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Social Work and Disaster

Management Social workers use the methods of policy,

advocacy, community, and management practice

to respond to disasters and public tragedies. Policies establish and guide relief programs.

Managers administer emergency service

organizations and co-ordinate relief services;

resources must be sustained and maintained

overtime.


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Social Work and Disaster

Management Communities plan for disasters and respond in a

timely manner to unfolding events; material goodsand human resources are deployed in the crisisaftermath; communities need to be rebuilt and the

populace supported by concrete services.

Advocacy is used to raise awareness and keep thepublic focused on unmet need.

Advocacy is used to secure funds, materialresources, and volunteers to aid with the reliefeffort.


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Definition

Disaster Social workers respond to domestic and

international crises.

A disaster is an unforeseen and often

sudden event that causes great damage,

destruction and human suffering (FEMA).

Disasters are often caused by nature or mayhave human origins.


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Disasters-Continued

Disasters often destroy homelands and displacepeople.

A disaster has the potential of permanentlydamaging ecological systems; irreparable damageto a sustainable environment.

Examples of man-made disasters are: wars, civil

disturbances and acts of genocide. A combinationof human error and nature are explosions, fires,accidents involving hazardous materials, drought

(poor farming practices), transportation incidents

(air, sea, rail auto), nuclear accidents.


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Public Tragedy

A disaster becomes a public tragedy when itfocuses national or international attention

and mourning. A public tragedy elicits a societal response

and collective action.

Disasters reflect the quality of adaptabilityand resiliency between people and theircommunities.


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Response Levels

Crisis Management Disasters have municipal, regional, national, and

international levels of emergency response andlaw enforcement.

Disasters require immediate response and longterm recovery.

Social workers are employed by governmental and

non-governmental organizations. They work withdisplaced persons and political refugees. Somework to rebuild local communities affected bydisasters and others work in internationalorganizations or ministries.


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Disaster Typology

Acute and Gradual There are two types of disasters (1) those that are

unexpected (acute) and (2) those that arepredictable (gradual in the making) and thereforepreventive action is possible.

Some disasters are gradual in their making i.e.drought can lead to famine; local diseases may

become epidemics, a downturn in the economymay lead to economic depression, war can lead togenocide and ecological destruction.

Disasters that are gradual in the making may beaverted through preventive intervention.


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Disaster Typology

Acute and Gradual Acute disasters (whether man-made or due

to nature) are unexpected. They include

hurricanes, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions,tornadoes, blizzards, mud slides, tidal

waves, forest fires, oil spills, building

collapse, explosions, hazardous material ortransportation incident, nuclear accident.


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THE CRISIS LIFECYCLE

INCIDENT

PRE CRISIS

ACUTE

CRISIS

CHRONIC

CRISIS

CRISIS

RESOLUTION

EMERGENCYRE

SPONSE

EMERGENCYRECOVERY

CORPORATECRI

SIS

MINUTES

MINUTES

& HOURS

HOURS

& DAYS

DAYS, WEEKS

& MONTHS


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Scale, Location

Disasters are, by definition, measured on a

scale calibrated to register massive

destruction, multiple casualties, mutilatedbodies, and life threatening situations.

The locations of a disaster (urban/rural;

local, national, international) affects thetimeliness and sustainability of resources

and support.


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Scope

In the last ten years 2 billion people or 1/3rd

of the earths population were affected by

disasters (Regehr and Bober, 2005).

Between 1992-2000, the United Nations

reported 4, 989 disasters throughout the

world; approximately 500 disasters/year.


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Scope

Continued An average of 60,000 people are killed each

year by natural disasters.

Armed conflict, genocide, and terrorism addto this number. Of the 25 largest violent

events of the 20th century it is estimated that

191 million people have lost their lives(Reza et al, 2001).


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Theories of Disaster Management

Several theories inform models of disastermanagement:

(1) Historical Perspective(2) Prevention Model (Public Health)

(3) Problem-Solving- Task Model

(4) Conservation of Resources (COR)

(5) Organizational Readiness (Structure-

Functional theory)

(6) Traumatogenic Forces


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Theories

Historical Perspective Initially, disasters were regarded as rare events of

nature (outside forces). They were perceivedfatalistically; neither predictable nor preventable.

Overtime it was recognized that human actionscontributed to disaster occurrence either through(1) preventable causes (i.e.poor buildingconstruction- poor farming practices) or through(2) deliberate acts of intentional harm (i.e.terrorism, toxic waste, genocide). This led to therecognition that human action might prevent ormitigate the effects of disasters.


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Theories

Prevention Model The concept of prevention has its origins in

public health and community psychiatry.

Prevention is conceptualized as primary(prevention-preparedness), secondary (earlyintervention), and tertiary (recovery in thedisaster aftermath).

Macro methods are needed to implementthe three phases of this prevention model


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Primary Prevention

Preparedness Primary prevention identifies risks and hazards in

the environment in an effort to eradicate them andprevent disasters.

Comprehensive disaster preparedness plans helpcommunities mitigate the effects of the disastersthat occur unexpectedly and that unfold rapidly.

Public education, rehearsal, and training preparecitizens to respond to a disaster in a manner thatpromotes resiliency and minimizes risk.

A corps of first responders (police, fire, and

medics) are trained to perform rescue & recovery.


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Secondary Prevention

Early Intervention Secondary prevention or early intervention

consists of rescue and recovery.

During the rescue phase, first responders areresponsible for gaining control of the eventor scene, preserving life and treating thewounded.

During the recovery phase, responderslocate the dead and process the remains.


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Tertiary Prevention

Recovery Phase Social workers help reconstruct communities and

make repairs to the land and infrastructure.

Social workers consider a variety of interventionsthat lie along the macro-micro continuum.

Clinical social workers provide direct face-to-faceconcrete resources and counseling both on-site and

in the crisis aftermath. Policy, advocacy, management and community

practitioners establish policies and programs,fund, staff, and manage disaster relief programs

and organizations.


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Theories

Problem-Solving-Task Model

This model has nine tasks.

(1) Gain control of the event, scene

(2) Preserve life and treat the wounded(rescue)

(3) Locate and recover the dead (recovery).

(4) Manage risks on the scene and establish safe

zones where victims can be relocated

(5) Deploy and manage resources- water, food,

shelter, sanitation, safety, clothing


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Problem-Solving- Task Model

Continued(6) Provide security; protect person & property;

prevent looting

(7) Provide official information on the disasterand the course of recovery; restore

communication between survivors and their

loved ones

(8) Control rumors and maintain calm and

cooperation

(9) Assess secondary social problems such as

health epidemics or displaced persons.


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Theories

Conservation of Resources According to Hobfoll (1989) material and

social resources are key determinants in

communal efficacy in responding todisasters.

Hobfolls theory conceptualizes resourcesin the context of stress.

This theory has two foci: (1) communityinfrastructure, (2) resource depletion


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CivilDefence

walfare National TaskMilitary

GovernmentNational Crisis Organisation

High Level TeamReporting directly to Deputy Prime Minister

.. Receiving information from Operations Rooms

Liaising with relevant Industry Players

President

Operations

Room

Operations

RoomPo

rt

Airport

Me

dical

Co

nstrn

Other

Fire

Po

lice


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Conservation of Resources

Continued In a disaster, communities attempt to obtain,

retain, protect and foster resources.

Where resources are scarce, a military or policepresence is needed to regulate access and deterlooting.

This theory recognizes that local communities or

governments may not be able to absorb the impactof a disaster with their own resources.

There often is a need for directed invitations foroutside help.


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Resource Overload Directed invitations for outside support may

lead to resource overload.

Whether material or human, resources needto be coordinated. Human resources need to

be housed and fed.

Like the disaster itself, the arrival ofresources can overtax a community.


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Resource Loss In a disaster, the loss of one resource can quickly

cascade into a series of losses. (Examples in text)

The loss of a resource or the failure to regainresources after a disaster is a significant predictor

of community stress.

Depletion of material and human resources may

lead to significant out-migration of the populace

from the affected area and significant migratory

influx to nearby areas.


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Theories

Organizational Readiness Structure-functional theory informs organizational

practice during a disaster.

Two layers of organizations are affected:(1) the local area impacted by the disaster

responds first.

(2) External emergency relief organizationsmay be invited to assist the affected local

community.


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Local Organizations

Communities have a local office of emergencypreparedness.

This office is responsible for preparing a localemergency plan, initiating early warning systems,issuing evacuation orders and activating firstresponders.

This office has a command structure composed ofexperts in communication, transportation, lawenforcement, emergency medical care andemergency mental health counselors.


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Directed Invitations

External Organizations Depending on the location of the disaster, getting

resources to it may be very difficult.

The disaster may make the landscapeunrecognizable; roads and sinage may be gone.

Supplies (material and human), though available,

may not be able to get where needed. Military and

private sector airlifts may be required.


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Importance of Technology

Technology helps communities predict, warn andrespond to disasters.

Satellite imagery can monitor conditions on

land, sea and air.

Doppler systems can track wind, rain, snow andweather fronts.

Meteorologists issue weather related watches (36hrs) and warnings (24 hrs).

Computers generate models of unfolding eventsbased on data input.


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Importance of Technology

Continued Surveillance planes can fly into the eye of the

storm and seismographs measure movement

beneath the earth and sea and within volcanoes. Helicopters rescue persons and provide aerial

surveys of damage.

Wealthier nations have greater access to

technological resources to warn and respond todisaster events.


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Media Coverage

The media shapes public sympathy by how muchtime and space they give to cover a disaster.

Whom is interviewed is often related to socio-political factors.

Mainstream broadcasting networks devote littlesustained attention to disasters outside of NorthAmerica.

Reporters provide factual accounts of whathappened, describe its significance and suggestsocial action


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Media Coverage

Continued The media becomes part of public inquiry in the

disaster aftermath.

The media investigates why the disaster happenedand how it could have been avoided.

The media investigates the response to the disasterin order to learn from it and improve performance

in the next event. In the process of inquiry, the media often turns

heroes into villains.


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The Economics of

Disaster Relief: Cost Between 1980-2002, there were more than 54

weather-related disasters at a minimum cost ofover a billion dollars each.

Estimated total costs for these events was 300billion dollars.

Budgeted monies may be depleted in a large scaleevent or a series of events.

Fund raising is an important aspect of providingdisaster relief and humanitarian aid.


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THANKS

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