MAN ANDENVIRONMENT

CONTENTNOTES

l. Core notes on Man & Environment p.22, P1 and P2 Questions on Man & Environment p.363. An in-depth look at the Environment p.384- Food and Watel p.435. Energy P.4A6. Health p.537. Population p,588. Topic Guide on Glimate Ghange p.629. Topic Guide on Environmental Activism p.661O, Topac Guide on Food Security p.7011. Topic Guide on Water & Sanitation p.7412. Topic Guide on AIDS/HIV p.7813. Preparing for the Next Pandemic p.8314, Act of Man p,9115. Global generosity after crises must reachpeople in need

P.93

16. No end in sight for flood stricken Somalia p.9617. Melinda Gatesr The Virus and Women p.9918, Was 2OO5 the year of natural disasters? p.10219. The Paradoxical Politics of Energy p.1O52O. Sustainable Maths p.1OG

21. Yeas in Review: Environment p.1O7

Gontent Page

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a. what is ClImaf,e Cnangea

This refers lo o chonge in the long lerm weolher pollerns of o region They conbecome wormer or colder ond onnuol roinfoll or snowfoll con increose ordecreose.

An increose in world's overoge lemperolure over lhe posl cenlury hos coused:

' the ice of the Arctic seas to thin by 40%;

. sea levets to rise by 1ocm to 20cm, causing more ftooding and erosion of manycoastal lands, such as those along the 6utf Coast of the United States;

. increased warming that cotltd spread desert'Uke conditions in Africa,destroying the ljvetihoods of hundreds of thousands of Peopte before the end ofthe century.

Mony scieniisls believe ihol people, oncl nol nolurolcouses. crre responsible Jorglobcrlworming. The biggesl culpril is Jhe emission of greenhouse goses.

b. how does global wat.ming work?.

. Wilh increosed inclustriol oclivilies oround the world, vosi foresls hovebeen cleorecl, hozordous chemicols dumped inio lhe seos ond high levelsof unnolurol chemicols purnped inio the skies.

. ccrrbon dioxide in the olmosphere hos increosed by neorly 30%, whileolher greenhouse goses hove more thon doubled.

. As o resull, more heol from lhe sun i5 rgoching ihe Eorth's surloce -

c. effects on Planet Earth. Rising iemperolures ore melling lhe ice cops. This is expecled io moke

seo levels swellobove 40cm by 2080. Three billion people in Norlh Africq,the Midclle Eosi ond lhe lndion sutconlinenl ore ol risk.

. Al lecrsl 80 million people will be ot risk from ftooding olone, 60% of them in

Soirlh Asio ond 20% in South -Eosl Asio. Singopore could be hil; its smollsze ond low ground levelmoke it susceplible lo flooding crnd erosion.

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Ihe omounl ot woler for drinking ond irrigolion could foll drosiicolly osroiny seosons lurn clry ond rising seo levels coL,se soll io enler lheCtrounclwoler of Cooslol oreos.

Projected Scenarios. Plonei eorlh willrun oui of room ond resources by 2050-. Populolion will be forced lo colonise oiher ploneis if nolurql resources

continue lo be exploiied os lhey ore ol lhe momenl.. ln 50 yeors seos wouJd be empiied of fish.. Foresis woulcl be complelely desiroyed.. Freshwoier supplies would be scorce ond polluled.

The impocl of globolworming is bolh positive ond negolivei

l) Posilive

lncreosed crop growlh ond more mocJerole winlers:lncrecrse in minimum iemperoiures longer frosl kee seoson in mony pcrrisof USA: beneficiol tor mony crops ond olso offecls growih onddevelopmenl of perenniol plonls ond pesls. The use of insecls ond olheronimols lhol compele wilh or prey on cerio;n crop pesls, such os usingplonis conioining nolurol loxin cornpounds thol repelhormful insecis -"biologicol conlrols" is o sofer, effeclive crncj less expensive oliernol;ve 1osynihelic chemicols.)lncreosed roinfoll cruciol for orid reqions

ll) Negolive:

. Serious environmenlol, sociol ond economic problems more vololile ondexlreme weoiher / sudden unpred;cloble or irregulor climole poiiernsrecord lemperoiures, heoi woves, very heovy roinfoll, or droughl,

iropicol slorms, eleciric storms, hurricones, biller cold, elc, oll of whichhqve sloggering effecls on socielies, ogricullure ond ecosyslems.

llL,mon ocilvilies lhol impocis on lhe climqie ond the environmenl:

. Burning of fossil fuels, occelerolion of decoy of orgonic motier, ogricultureond ogriculiurol proclices, deforesiolion ond u.bonizotion, deslruclivefishing lechniques, dumping of corbon dioxicle in the oceons, pollulion

Question: Are humon oclivilies, rolher lhon elemenh otlhe climole syslemoulside of monkind's intluence, couslng climole tlucluollons?

d. what has been doneuln I992, governmgnts odopled the Uniled Nolions Fromework Convenlionon Climole Chonge. ll hos been roiified by 189 counlries, including olllhose in the G B.

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. The Kyoio Prolocol followed in 199/ ond come into effeci on Februory2005 wilh supporl f rom l28 nolions. ll seis oui more specific, legollybinding commilmenJs 1o levels of greenhouse gos em;ssions. This togetherwiih lhe recenlly concluded BoliTcllk in December 2007 is hoped lo bJ ngoboul greoler cooperolion omong noiions lo reduce ihe domoCre doneio the environmenl.

. The problem is ihol the world's biggesl producer of such ernissions - ihe US

hos refused lo rotjfy ihe ogreemenl, lls crbsence could jeoporciize lheeffecliveness of lhe prolocol.

what needs to be done?. More concerled efforl beiween lhe developed nolions ond poorer sloles

on lFdu :r g g oe.hou'e go, -n'.5:on\.

. Shoring of lechnology ]h{rl is env;ronmenlolly friendly belween counhies.

. Reolislic oplion of curbing exlrovcrgonl lifeslyles

. More environmenlolly friendiy lifeslyle lo be inlroducecl ond promolede-9. personol corbon roiion, hybrid cors, bio fuels.

. A susloinoble developmenl bosed economy lhol mokes Lrse of lheresources ovoilob e wiihoul eoiing inlo tuiure consumpiion of the comlngg-nerojion,.

. Limii populotion growih oncl.reslricling unplonned economic growih

. ConJrol fossil fLreluse by' ' or lrolr:ng .olos oI de'ore,'olion

gozelting foresl os "fores] Teserves"bonning exporl of wood

. Reduce emission oi ioxic goses Jhrough use of iechnology- eleclric ond hybrid cors thol run on pelrol ond eleclricily

lechnology ronging kom use of more efficienl devices (low-volloqelomps, e.g.) lo developing co generolion (ihe combined produciion ofheot ond eleclricily)

- conlrol occelerolion oi decoy which releose nilrous oxide ond melhone- need 1o look closely ol lhe irovelond lourism incluslry's own conlribuiion

io qre-nhou\a qose,.

. Environmenlol conservotion is seldom moiivoled only by environmenlolconcerns olone. Polilicol ond business inleresls, economic ond sociolconcerns ore conlending forces.

. ln generol, much clepends on ihe polilicol wil, of governmenis. However,lhe communily's righls over its noiuroi resources ond lhe role of everyindividuol connol be over emphos;zed_

. ln focl, lhere is o need lo recognize lhol indigenous knowledge ondtechnology evolved over generolions hod enobled communilies lo co-exisl wilh lheir environmenl. Much con be leorned from lhe indioenouspeoples.

f. environmental activism / lobby groups:These groups ore formed io oddress environmenlol issues, lo drow otieni;on iothe need for proleclion of noluae oncJ chonge in volues.Greenpeoce lniernolionol

- World Conservolion Monilorinq CenlreFriends of the EorlhThe Nolure Sociely

g. global action - government pOliCieS and internationalagreements

Governmenl policies: Economlc developmenf versui environmenlolpreservolion:

- Pollulion siondords ond legisloiion'oLrrsm (^. o ond ogro lor./rism)lnfrosiruclure {lroins over oulomobiles)Nolure reseryes {or reclomoljon - e.9.. pulou Ubin)BuiJding of golf courses in nolure oreos

Some inlernqlionol orgonizolions formed lo look inlo environmenlol issues:Eorlh Summil in Rio De Joneiro, Bto7il.1992Kyolo Prolocol, I997-GB + 5 Climole Chonge Diologue {Woshinglon Declorotion, 2007)"Vienno Climole Chonge Tolks, 2007)

- *UN Boli Conference, 2007- *Poznan Polond Conference, 2008

'Copenhogcn, Danmotl 2009

rPosl-Kyolo Prolocol negotiolions oim is la reoch on ogreemenl by 2009

h. economic exPloitationBoih developed ond developing counlrje6 point fingers ot oncl blome eocholher for lhe slole of lhe environmenl.

. The industrjolized counlries consider lhe ropidly exponding populolion of lhedeveloping counJries lo be lhe rnoin conlribuior of environmenlol problems.

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They olso insisi on ihe developing couniries conserving their resources in iheirdrive for economic developmeni.

. Developing counlries however, poinl lo lhe consumplion levels in ihedeveloped nolions os ihe moin culpril of environmenlol problems. Ihus lheycoll on ihe indusir;olizecl counlries lo poy mosl of ihe cosls of environmenlolprogrommes.

. Ihe US however hos nol rolified ihe Kyoio Prolocol. ll is unwilling io do so os iiwould meon cuilinq down on induslries olreody offecled by downsizing ondoulsourcing. ln oddilion, ii does nol wish 1o lose oul lo Chino ;ls compelilor,which cloes nol need 1o rolify lhe Prolocol ond yet is ihe second greoleslpollulonl on Eorlh.

l. the solution: sustainable development"Suslni nble deaeloptnent menns meeting lhe nrctls ofthe present u)ilhoul jeopnrdizinglfu abilify off tule generaLions to fttael lheir oun nee tls."

- Worlcl Commission on [nvironmenl ond Developmeni

"lllere is a huge chasm of mistrust bet1\,een corntries about how to do this.. lhedcveloping countries won't take on any carbon reduchon targets until theybclieve the countdes that have caused thc problem do so."

, Stitish Environmenl Secretory Dovid Milibond

lnlernolionol co-operolion ond effort is needed:. No counlry or smoll group of coLrnlries ocling olone con slobilize lhe climole,

or proleci the diversily of life on Eorth

. Gools con only be ochieved lhrough globol co-operolion ihol recognizes thein inierdependence of counlries

. The lerm hos been widely usecl in scienlitic, business, ond public institutions. ltrefers 1o "developmenl lhoi meels lhe needs of lhe presenl wilhoulcompromising lhe obitit of furiher generolions lo meel lheir own needg'(Our Common F.rlure, lqBT)

. Since 1987, vorious orgonizolions. ond counlries hove odopleci the concepi.E.9. ln I993, Presidenl Clinion creoied lhe Presidenl's Council on SusloinobleDevelopment io promole lhe ideo of susloinoble developmenl. Someslrolegies implemenled in the Uniled Sloles lo prolecl lhe environment in lhelosl 26 yeors include o voriely of regulolory meosures, seiling siondo.ds ondissuing permils for pollulont dischorges, ond then inspecling. moniloring, ondenforcing lhe slondords sei for eoch environmeniol siolule-

. The difficuliy wiih odopling the concepl of susloinoble developmenl lies inlhe focl lhoi mony developed counfrids, such os ihe Uniled Sloles, meosure

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economic growlh using gross nolionolproducl (GNPJ os on incJicoior ofprogress Ihe long lerm need for environmeniol proleclion ond sociol equiiyi nol oddad i.lo'he equorio. lo goJgo e.onomiL progr6 s moreoccuroiely. l-lence some negolive environmenlol impocls of produclion ond.consumplion, loxic woste, for exomple, ore considered o credil rolher lhon odebil when colculollnq cNP.

There is olso o d;sporily omong professiongls os lo the definilion ofdevelopmenl. Business represenlolive5 oflen view developmenl os growlhond induslriolizoiion, while environmenlolisls ofien define developmenl inlerms of whol is susioinoble. When o counlry exploits its noturol resourcesbeyoncl their renewoble limit it will experience growlh, bul nol developmenj,The currenl economic indicoiors of success ore bosed on consumerism ondmoieriolism which do nol loke inio occounl ihe finile limiis of resources ondpeople.

To ochieve suslcrinoble developmenl requires o new mullifoceled opprooch1o monoging our environmentol, economic, ond sociol resources for lhe longierm. l1 meonr moking beller decis;ons ond encouroging individuols,insllluiions, ond corporolions lo loke responsibilily for lhe economic,environrnenlol, ond sociol consequences of lheir oclions.

11 (rlso meons using resources more efficienlly wilh lechnologicolodvoncemenis, ond ioking o leodership role in lhe clevelopmenl ctnclimplemenlolion of 6lobcrl susloinoble developmenl policies lhol will ensure ovilol economy, sociolwell-being ond o beollhy environmenl for iodoy os wellos lomofiow.

i(i). The burden of reaching sustainable development musl tall ondeveloped, industlialized nations

Provide money ond ollernoiive iechnologies lo help developing nofions ochievesusloinoble economic developmeni. Why?

. They hove fhe weollh ond lhe lechnology> The Third World need monelory ossislonce in order to conseNe lheir

biologicol diversity, promole susioinoble use of foresls onclrongelonds, ond experience posilive lrends in economic ond socioiconditions lhqt will fovour populotion slobilily

> The Third World would be unoble ond unwilling to poy for iheesseniiol new lechnology, given lheir economic situoiion.

. As lhe greolesi consumers of ihe common resources, they conlribuiedisproporlionolely lo ihe globol environmenlol problems, espec;olly ioozone deplelion ond greenhouse effect. lMorol Obligotion)

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Need io prove Jheir sedousness ond sincerily in order lo persuode lhe ThirdWorld lo lreol lhe issrres of populoiion growlh, deforeslolion, ond loss ofbiologjcol diversily wiih equol seriousness. lMorol Authority)

Unless lhe poorer nolions' need for food, sonilolion, cooking fuelonclolher bosic requiremenls ore being mei, lhey con horclly be expecJed loconlribule lo solving long-lerm globol problems.

i(ii), Govemments of rich counlries must fulfill commitments madeand implement fiscal policies to regulate unsuslainabte activities

Eliminole subsidies lor unsusloinoble octivitieso Currenlly, governmenls subsidized mony of the very

crciiviiies ihot lhreolen ihe susloinobiliiy of lhe economy

o E.g.: ihey suppori fishing tleeis io the exlenl of some 954billion cr yeor, even though exisiing fishing copocilyolreocly greolly exceeds the susloinoble yielcl ot oceonicfisheries.

lnsiilule o corbon foxo Such o lcrx woulcl reflecl lhe cosl Jo sociely of burning

Jossil fuels- lhe cosls, of oir pollulion, ocicl roin, ond globol

^o 1 i^g

laslilule o Personol Corbon Rolion Cordo Everyone willgel lhe scrme ollowonce for how much

corbon dioxide lhey em;l eoch yeoro Every ijme they buy some product lhol involves corbon

dioxide emjssions ciorbon poinls ore deducied from lheircred;l or clebil cords.

> Reploce income loxes wilh environmenlol loxeso Tox environmeniolly deslruclive ociivilies - use of peslicides,

generoiion of loxic wosles, use of virgin row moieriols, ,conversion of croplond lo non form uses, corbon emission

Queslions: Refer lo lhe lwo orlicles (in lhe Addif,'onol Reodings ol the bock) - .

The Parodoxicol PolilicJ ofEnergy A Susldinoble Malhs (Pgl05 & 106). V,lhy qnd how ore componi.es odopling lhe "green cilizenship" shategy?. Do you know of ony "green incenlives" or compoigns ir Singapote?. How efleclive do you lhink svch iniliotives qre oDd holy could lheyfu',het

be imprcved upon?

i(iii), Developing countries need to play their part. Ensure lronsporency ond occountobility crs they build lhe inslilulions

needed lo monoge iheir resources.

.. Slobilize lheir populoliono Adopj sociol policies lhol will encourcrge sr.oller fomilieso lron. focing bolh lond hunger ond woier scorciiy, now limiis public

subsidies tor housing, heollh core, ond insuronce io lhree childrenper fomily

. Conserye resources even while ihey embork on developmenlprogrommes

o Economic developmenl rnusi be poced lo ollow for resourceconservolion

i(iv). Private seclors and industries need to advance environmentalobjectives while pursuing their interests,

. lhe, n .,' 'o-op^Joie. Lomp./ or forc^d lo worr wrll"environmenlol objecJives.

i(v). The backing of a well-intormed, committed public is crilical.. The power of the governmeni depencls on ils obilily lo oller the behovior

of inclividucrls through educoiion, lroining, incentives, help, onddeierrence of individuols who nonelheless insisl on seeking lheir own ends,'egoro'e\r of rrcler inrFra ls.

. For instonce, lhe lhreol of consumer boycoll in lhe US forced iLrno,conning compon;es lo imporl dolphin,sofe iuno.

Quesfions: Reter lo lhe orlicle - Ilme is right for ASEAN lo tockle climofe chonge.Whol rore does ASEAN play in helping to tock e lhis isiue?Differenl counhies in ASEAN ore offecled in diflerenl w(Jys. Descibe ond qnalyzethei molives fot being potl of lhe iniliotive. ,

Time ls rlqht tor ASEAN to tackl€ .limate .hanqe

AMID5_I in.reasing.ttention on.rimate chanqe and otobat warmrng, the Association ofSo(AseaD) has vowed in thejoint coFmunique ofirs 40th MiDtst.riatMoell.g, to make con.ert.d efforts to tnckte thtsproblem.

be herd rnsinqaDore in Nove **-a." a ""**, ""

The Asean tnitraule @mes atlhe riqht time, Reoronalstates need to act now to coordinate their positions forup.ominq internatlonal neqotiations for a post-Kyoro reqime,

althouqh qrobalwarminq poses a threat ro arlcountries, som lly vulnerable dle to their

f4.ny south east Asian countries are ro.ated in iropicalarers and soDe of them are littorat, archipelaqic orislandstates witD rong coasdhes, one ofthe pmjecte.r manifestations of climate chanqe is a rise in sea level, which meanssaltwater int.udinq lnto tfe surrace and groundwaterof co.srar areas. Tbis witl aftecr fisheries and desrroymano'o,e. Jno the hdbldr\ o due lo , h"nq", in *inrry.

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cktrirrv. n.q al.o tr.re.ses th. rr.q&ncy and inieneity of tropi.Jlstoifnr 4rr induc.s mor. .ardjovascurar aid

den!,ue aever.nd tri.rrnJ 'lu'

Take nre Ph'rippin.t and riJo Thf5. trvo.r.h peaqic ttates.re beheved ro br€{remelyvrkirrb.to. n.t€.h.nqe rndonesin,.ons[r no of.bout 17,000 islands. n,.y wiiness2,u0oof lhenr submera€drry 2010 rue to sea eveln5es

'r lhe.urrent |rend of o!ob.lw.rmtrq cDni,nu.e un.he.ked. rhe PhilipDlnes, wth

appror nrrk,ry 7,1o0 islands, r ruirtri,,!, ,tum 'ro.e

t'opnrl .y.lone5.nd noodinq thar dal

B.rhrrr.Ph ppnes.ndrndofesi.hsvethush..loreate"nre,e5tn,t.klnqbs..vepa in nternation.r cl mate.h.nq. r.qoLatio's s.ce the lJl. r,r30i

lhe phLpn'neswdi t,vdlvrd nsdunq!rirhclnrdrqovi,'icnlalNeq.tat'naCommitteealtheunitedN.tion5Frirr.ao,k.onventon on arn.te rhan're (r.c.). rt w.s.5 teioparotio.al

rrnder thr 1997 Kyoto Protoc!1, the emis5ion .ut5 imposed of i'nrunnalired .oufnies fo' 2003 2012 nvera9ed on y 5

Th. nen round or tarks ror a p t.ke p..e.i thr uNs World chmate ah.nqe Conf€r€n.e h 8al,bdr.sr, at lre end ol thir y..r

.t t. k5 nv.rvinq mo'e th.n ro0 cour tj.s lenr to liE time .onsdmina wrth 3lr.'pd,ve,!en.er .mon! d'rrer.nt .ount,,es .nd bloG

Ai' rridr.l.olntryrr.5toJ srttiml.rstrrl.:ron,aqrry r!'oi.r,sopr!nrlDti.roi

rnlr naton5.nd fornrdthe \:rotrp.r 77 ard ahi d lr nd ns6ted on .ommon blta,lre',"nt.ted r.sF.r,bil Ls *lrc p.rii.uany eiron! d, vin0 ror.es

'n the Kyoto

n.0oti.fuit.

Ir,js rdi., nr. 10 member ^sern

has we.omed the proposarof s nq.pore. r',e ,rtnl.hrr or '. .dqioral !rouli'ro,to nake Frqqy, Envko n.nt, arm:re ahdnbe Jnd 5lstan,ab[ Dev.opmenr ihe theme ro' dis.ltsions when

^s.anie ir pa ly br.au+ tht orga.,salion nnd. f ne.ess.ry to co

,vcroPnred, en!ironment.l Jloeur ro!nd or tarks Ch, usin!

. sPc.r.r dnd ind€P€rdc'n

r.borb(r nrorc cros.ly with nsthr€e No h €ast ^siar

p.finers chnra;raran.nrrSouth (orc. - on the lssur or cimate chanqe, Ch,na, the wond t se..id laroesi oreenhouse q.s emjtter, is racil'qin.reasina irtern.tional presslre lor mo,e emEs on.uts. S!ffeinq rrorn nrcurtrto rlomeshc pollution problems, Chinais seekinq rnternationalaid, espe.i.lry through biatersrcooperaiion, ro baldn.e rts economi. developmenl and.environmeni.l Drotedion. lt nceds ,tern.tionarsupport .n(l underetandrnq lrom other blocs io rorest.ll .ny cqallyb'nd-o.m .on

rap.n, the bfih pac€ orthe Kyoto Protocol, has a sDe.ial Lnt€rest in.lmat. cha.9€ talks be..ut€ it re9.rdsenvfonmental protection .auses as.n efnoe.t m€ans to promote lts inre.nat onal tnaoe. M€aivJhile, iapan alsofinds t.rfi.ult to fulfil ts oblioation3 un.r€r the Kyoto Protocolto cut emi5son5 by 6 p.r.ent lretore 2o12.

Expa'son of q obalc-rbon tradrq 3rd nio.c envronmentdln,v.stment inio develoDinq.ounties serve tlre int€rest5ol rapatr, whr.t' urqently.eeds policy.oordrnatioi and sLpporl tom Ase.n.

South Korer, which has been exempt€d kom mandatory emission cuts under the Kyoto Protocol, may also bepressured ro shoulder more strinoent oblioations in the n€xt climate treaty bc.ause.l ilsnlgher l€velolindustrralisanon. seoul isan acnve psrtiopant rn the Asia Pa.ific Panne6hip on clea. Development and climote.Equrpp.d with hioh end t€chnolooy, it certat.ly wants to expand reqional.oorerbti.n r .neroy .onseruation and fucl

It is tr'n.ry and ol strate!li. importan.e, ther€Iore, forAs.a. to not only devoie more altennon to th. c rmate.hanqeissue, but .lso to exp.nd ils broc noqoti.tions to incrllde China, l.pbn and solth Kor€a.

j. are we headed for an environmental disaster?There ore lwo schools of lhoughl.

YES

. Dwindling rqw/nolurol resources

. Shrinking biodiversily/ norrower ecosysiems

. Runowoy populolion orowih

. Globolworming cousing climoiic chonges wiih devosloling effecis

. lncreos;ng pollulion problems

. Exploilolivelechnology

NO. New le( hr o og o. \ rl ollow ^c onon^.. o(ponsion. New resources will be found when presenl resources ore spenl. Recycling ond more effic'enl use of row moieriols willnol couse

resources lo ciwindie so quickly. "cene Revolulion" will erodicoie food shorloctes. World's people ore increosingly owore of ihe environmenlol crisis ond

ore concerned

Iopping new source! of energy:. Solcrr energy. Wind power. Oceon iialesrnd rivers/ hyciro-eleclric energy. Geolhermol energy {heol from lhe eorlh's inner core}. Nucleot enatg/. Cieon-fuel : Lrse of nolurol gos cors which give off foa less cancer

cousing chemicols. Hydrogen (in oulomobiles)

Sectian II. Water Isnes. Only 2.5% of the lolol omounl of wqler on Eorlh is treshwoler {lhe resl is

moinly soll woler in oceons). Of this 2.5% only 0.4% of il is occessiblewoler found in lokes, rjvers, ond oquifers

. The wodd hos enough freshwoter resources lo cover most woler_needs, but ihe dislribuiion of woler resources is uneven ond showsgreol disporilies, bolh sociol ond geog.ophicol.

. There ore more lhon I billion people who lock occess lo drinking wolerond 2.4 billion ore deprived of woler purificolion services.

. It is estimoted thol 3.4million people die eoch yeor from diseoses linkedlo o lock of cleon woler ond proper sonilolion.

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. Woler polluiion is henceforlh regorded os o mojor public heollhconcern. ll we foil 1o reocl, lhis could jeopqrdize the fulure ol lheseresources ond wiih il. lhe quolliy of life oncl even jhe survivol of fuiLJregpn-l olio^

. UN eslimoles lhot by 2025. up 10 iwo lhirds of lhe world's people willfoce woier shorloges.

. The urgeni need lo deol with lhe woier crisis hos prompled the UN todeclore 22 Morch os ihe World Doy for Woler-

economic aspect of Water. clobolwoler wiihdrowols hove increosed sevenfold, ond induslry-

reloied woler conrumpiion hos mLrlliplied 301imes in one century.

. lncluslry require5 woler lor cooling, woshing oncl processing, wilh mojoruses lncluding power generolion, sJeel, chernicols, poper ondpekoleum refining.

. People oJso require woler for cirinkinq, food preporolion, sonilarliononcl oiher purposes. Allempls by governmenls 1o privolize wcrlersupply musl nol deprive ihe poor occess io il.

> E.g. Manjla's experience of water privatjzation in which the poorpays more for water than the rich tiving in the city is an example otprjvatization gone wrong_

. Proponenls of wcrler privoiizctiion soy woler pricing is ihe solulion loihe globol problem ol woler shodoge.

. Bul crilics counler thot woler like oir, is life ond everyone should hoveoccess lo ii. The morkej should nol diciole who gels lo drink. Wilhprivolizoiion, protil driven componies will provide woJer orily lo ihosewho con offord lo pcty ond ihe poor will end up high ond dry. -

. ln oddiiion, couniries in neecj of woler ore oflen omonq the poorestcouniries. The Midd,e Eosl, Norlh Africo (MENA) region in porticulor is

omong lhe driesl in lhe world. As such, lhey con ill offord lo poy highpricer for woler.

water as a money spinner. Singopore is going big on woler indusl4/. The Woler Technology tnduslry

hos been given o boosl when lhe Environmeni Minislry onnounced in Aprjl2005, the setting up of W.olerhub, o S$32 mi'lion cenlre lo bring locol ondforeign induslry experls lo troin people here to develop the technotogy,pick up know how ond moke woler lechnology o money spinner.

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. Hyflux, o Singapore-bosed woler lreolmeni speciolisl, hos cutlom mocle 2

seowoier desolinolion plonls ond 4 woier generolion plonls which purifyriver wcrler ond use less eleck;cily.

Quesiions: Refer lo ihe orlicle - singopore sels up two new institules to boostwolet teseotch ond livob,e cities.

. It il only lor economic reosons lhot Singopore is invesling in ils "woletindushy" inhoslrvclute? Exploin lhrovgh lhe concepts of urbonizolion ondsustoiroble deveropmenl in relolion lo Singoporc's iniliolives.

c. political aspect of water. Water has also become a strategic issue- Around the world, a total

of 261 river basins are divided between different states, generating arisk of "water wars"-

There have been 37 yiotent conflicts invotving water between nations'in the past 50 years e.g- lsraet's 1982 invasion of Lebanon wasptanned in part as a way of gaining control over Lebanon's LitaniRiver.

Singapore sers uptwonry inslitules to boost water .esearch and llvable citics

STNGAPORE S'nslpore rs booslinq ris capabili cs in €ter manaoemeniand susl?in.bre u.ban deverophenl ttwitlbesetring uplwo expen bodies lhe lnsrilule orw.ter Poucy dnder the Lee Kuan Yew sch@l of Pubric Polry, a.d lhe cenke

oponr.q lh. wD d orlies s!m,n,r 3nd rhe inrernalionar waler week, Prime l"l riner Le. Hsien l-@ns sajd every cLry s goaloJa good lrvnO erynonment and efli.iert use or resources ca.iolbe a.hieved in iso ation

Th.re's nodoubl colnlries pacehigh mpo aice on issu€s I ke waler managemenl € nersy erhclency, atr qu.l{y and lrbanplann.q Th.rs ev'deil from the ovetuhem'no resFonse tom d"^ieqares Io tha Wo d C r.s Summir aid rhe r.lernatron.r

PMLee.oledlhallrbansrl,o.'sriapp--nirs!ranunpre.ed€nledscareSotoens!,ecries.em.rndyr.m'ce.qn.sofq'ornh solr'l !rb.t m3n3qemenl DolcLes aren.edcd And lopp nq rhal lis( ls enerqy co.serval o.

MrLee$id "lo aclr eve rlsuns renllgy€tnclency.nd.onsetuaron.rr s mpodanr.gelrheeco.otricsrqrrl Er.rsy,lvherh€r erecl,icily or Delrol 3hould be pric.dprope ya.{J.d lbsidhed

J't lee nored rh.r R&Doncrednere.cylechnorolis inctudnqs.le.uc.arpowq ne€dsrobeannrporlanl component ol,n.nkLnd str.sponse lo slobal warmrng

Anorher .nli€r eieme.t ot sLsrainabre lilinq iswaler manaOem..l Ttiepime MifisterJeets thar, onlhewhote, rhewond enol shod olwalerbl( whal is .ckrno.ra sou.d w.ler m.nagem€nl practices

llesaid Li snotenolqhlobuldlheb.slEterlreatnenlplants and lhen neglst io prolect lhewater catchrnents iomsqlallds or polulion Enslingacl*nandreriatresupplyotpotableMrerrequnescilreslorrkea.inle!€redapproachlrcm lhe reseNoi.s, calchmenl areas and saler trea|fient planIs.lolhe relcular'on, sanilahon and sewerage sysrem

ln Singapore s case lhe Naliona Rese.rch Foundat on has a 55500 m trion pogranme to rinance res€arcrr in env-onmedat

Dr Tony Tan, Chairma., NalionaiResearch Foundalion, said: These inveshenrs have yi€lded dramalic eductions rr rhecosl or w.le. rrom r€cycino of used waler rnd desalinalrcn lhrough the use ot adva.ced memb.ane lechnology."

As some.tsi.lapores sotulions may be relevanl lo olher eneroing o es,lhe counl,ys bro new insr lules on water poticyand urba. pla.ning can play a ro e in collabo6livereseaEh prcjecls and infomalion shaing. CNAtm

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i Closer to home there is the Singapore-Malaysia water dispute, whjchi hds been a thornv brldteral iscua for vedrs.

f . On the other side of the world too, a water row features at the{ - United Slates Mexico border over the shared Rio Grande river basin.

They have an agreement to provide each other wjth water, butI Mexrco has failed to fulfjlt jt and owes the US a massive water debt.I fhe livelihood of farmers on both sides is at stake.

{ the inlernotionol communily musl prevenl contlicl over woler ollocolion byI providing solid legol inslrumenls, especiolly in oreos where woler shorioge is

combined wilh polilicol lensions.

Ii d. how some countries are dealing with water shortages! singopore

Treoled wosJe woler is mixecl crnd blended wilh reservoir woler ond lhen

f undergoe! convenlionol woier lreolmenl io procluce drinking woleri colled Ne,voJer.t" chil"

Waier is horvesled from c ouds by pulling huge neh on firounloins 1o

f oich lhe vopour The colleclecl woier con beused forsmoil scoleiqolor ocd boihing.

Chino1 -,.i Chino i5 Lrrrderlollng cr huge projeci io chonnelwoler from ihe floodingI oLr'h 'o ory'nq 1 r ll'.

. li hos bequn work on o mossive scheme io chonnelbillions of cubict melres of wqler from lhe Yonglze River 1o the clwindling Yellow River.t.

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I Formers ore ploniing ]ess woler-iniensive crops ond replocing them wiih[- cropt lil-e crpple cocius thol require lillle woler ond con proc]uce fruit for

I I monlhs of lhe yeor.

i. e. conservation of Water

. Woler recycling or reusrng lreoled woslewoler is for purposes such os ogricr.jllurolI ond londscope irflgolion, industriol processes, ioilel flushing, ond replenishing or- ground woier bosln. woler k someiimes recycled ond reused onsile;for, ercrrnple, when on incluslriol focilily recycles woler used for cooling processes. A

E common lype of recvcled woler is woler lhoi hos been recloimed fromL muni(ipol vrosiewoler, or sewoge.

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e(ii)- Efficienl wolet use

Efficieni woler Lise enlo s the moinienonce of oquolic ecosydems, ondproieciion of drinking woler resources. ll is one woy of qddressing woler quolilyond quonlily, onci con olso prevenl polluiion by reducing woslewoler flows,recycling induslriol process woler, recloiming wosjewoler, ond using less energy.

e{iii). Sound woler resource monogemenl

ln order lo meel lhe needs of exisling ond fulure populoiions ond ensure lhoihobilqls ond ecosyslems ore proiecied , sound woler resource monogemenl,which emphosizes coreful, efficieni use of woier, is implemenied in order loochieve ihese objeclives, e.9-

The US Envircnmenldl Ptoleclion A,gency Ggulores mdny ospecls of woslelvoletheolmenl ond drinking water quolily, ond lhe mojotily of sloles in the US Itoveeslobfished cilerio ot guidelines fot lhe beneficio, use ofrecycled woler, It h(,sprcvided o f,omework lo ensure lhe sofely of lhe mdny v!dlet rccycling prcjeclslhol hove beer developed ir lhe Untled Stoles.

While woler recycling is o susloinobJe opprooch ond con be cosl effeclive in lhelong lerm, lhe lreolment of woslewoler for reuse ond lhe inslollolion oldisiribulion syslems coLl be iniliolly expensive compored lo such woler supplycrllernolives os imporleg woler or ground woler. lnsliiulionol boriers, crs well osvorying ogency priorilies, con moke ii difficulJ io implemeni woler recyclingprojecls.

Section IIL AiTQlafrtJ. Foresl fires oncl hoze hove coused mojor problems in lndonesio ond il!

Aseon neighbours in the posl l0yeors.

. ln 200l, ihe hot spols were colculoled lo hove numbered 26,.561,1hehighesl since Augusl 1997 when 37,938 spols were counled.

. Mosl ol lhese come lrom lhe loncl ond foresl fires in Riou, Jombi ond-SoulhSumo lr o.

. Mojorily of lhese londs ore peollonds, lhol when droined for logging orogricullure purposes, become highly susceplible lo combuslion ond foreslfires.

. Slorting o fire is q cheop ond mosi convenieni woy lo cieor bul wilh direconsequences.

. Siluolion is furlher inlensified when Soulh Wesledy winds corry lhe bulk oflhe hoze over lo lhe region-

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a. tackling the haze. The scole ond frequency of lhe iires, ond lhe hoze lhey lecld to, reqL,ire

serious consolidoled efiorls by boih governmenis ond 5c)c;e1y.

Convenlionol suppression opprooches - puiling oui iire5 ofier ihey occurore nol odequole in deoling wiih ihis issue. The frequency of

occurrence is increosing, os oie lhe cosls of firefighling. Thereislhusopressinq need tor more comprehensive 50luiions.

Queslions: Refer lo lhe orlicle on - ASEAN Agreemenl on ftonsboundoty Haze

. why is il impo onl for singopote lo be poi of such diplomolic dnd muluolagteemenls?

. Moke o cosf-ben efi anolysis. wh.tl arc dilficvllies loced by o covnlry loocluolly provide conctele oclions, progtess ond commilmenl in cartyingoul lhis ogteemenl?

oi) Prevenlion MeosuresTo minimize lhe risks of deslruclive fires e.g. .oi;ficoiion of lhe AseonTronsboundory Hoze Agreemenl by the lndonesion governmeni.

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ASEANAgreemenlonTransboundaryHaze Pollution

The Govern{ncnts of the ten ASEAN Mcmbcr Colntrles siqned ihe ASEAN Aqreement on Transboundary HazePollution on L0lune 2002 in Klala Lumpur, Ilal.ysi.. The Agrcement is the fir5t regio.t I nrt nqeme |n rhcworld that bnds n gronp of contiqlous states to tackle transboundary haze pollution res!ltinq lrom land andforest nres lt has also been .onside.ed as . Olob.l role R,odel for the ta.kling of t..n5bolDdary issues

The Agr.-emeni requires the r€fties to the Aoreement to:

(i).oopcrat. rn developlnq and inrplementing m€asures to prevcnt, monitor, and mitig.te trdnsboundaryhaze poLlution by controlling s.!r..s of land and/or forest fires, {levelopmcni of nronitorinq, dssessment .ndeany warninq systemt, exchanqc of trform.lLon and te.hnoloqy, and the provision of muiual assistance,

(ii) respond proDpuy to . request for .elev.nt infoflnatioD souqht by a statc or States that are or may b€afiected by su.h transboundary haze pollution, wjth a view to

'ninrmisinq the consequcnce of the

transboundary haze pollution; and

('ii) take legnl, administr.tive rril/ or other measures to iniDlement their obli9atioos under the Aqreement

Th. Agreem€nt establshes an ASEAN Coordinatinq Centre iorTransboundary Haze Po lution Control totacilltate cooperation and coordin:tion in manaqing the mpact oi land and forest fires in patticula. hizcpolluiion arisino from su.h fires. Pendinq tbe establish6eni ofthe centre, ASEAN secretariat and ASEANSpecialised Meteoroloqical Centre (ASl'lC) co performed the interim turctions ofthe Cenke.

The Agreement entercd into rorce on 25 November2OOl. To date, eight I4eDber coLniries, ;ahely BrtnerDarussalam, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Nlblaysia, flyanmar, Sinqapore, Thailand, and Vlct Nam, have ratified theHaze Aqreement.

The First Me€ting ofConference of the Parties (COP) was held on 11 November 2004 in Hanoir Viet Nam-COr /*dah-dontr"lolhl00/rrBdrddrsenB-Jaidn,B'unerDdtu.\rldmCOPJ'asherdoncSepteDber 2OO7 in aangkol, Thailand. COP-4 ts scheduled ln V'et Nam tentanvely rn the lou.th qua.tdr of200a, in conjunction with the 11th lnformal ASEAN Ministerial l4eetjng on the Environhent (IAlvllvlE).

d/misc& nh2 oho

. Medio compoigns

. Promolion ond odoplion of zero burning proclices by holders of foreslconcessions, limber ond oil plonlolions ond smollholders.

. Cessolion of groni licenses lor lcrnd cleoring on peollond.

. The consumer mcrrkeJ should respond by fovouring goods which oreproclLrced through guoronieecJ susloinoble operoiions.

qiD Shorl Term ond Lono Term Mqnoqemenl Prqclices. Governmenl boclies enforcing fire lows- such os proseculing lhose

responsible tor lhe fires- need oll ihe supporl lhey con gel.

. Need for joinJ work by relevoni insiilulions ond NGos in Aseon counlries lohelp lhe ouihoril;es in cross-border evidence golhering, ond ihen firmlyproseculing lhe offenders in eoch jurisdiclion.

. Would olso go o long woy 1o correcl ihe prevolenl "gel rich firsl ondcleon up lolei' mentolily.

oiii) Rehqbililotion oflhe Foresl ond Lond. Good ogricullurol proclices lhoi clo nol resorl to fires lo clecrr lond crre

key.

. Giving o volue lp lhe peollonds ond other foresis in line with iheirconlribuiion lo sloring corbon ond moderoling lhe climole will creqle lheincome oncl incenlive for lhe lndonesion governmenl lo moinioin lhepeoilonds rolher lhon burn lhem.

. Win - win siluolion for oll

Sectbn I'/: Tfre (fireat of Natura[(Disdsters

a. natural Hazard or natural Disasterz

According to UNESCO,. Natural hazards are naturalty-occurring physical phenomena inctuding

earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tandstides, tsunamis, floods and drought.

"Noturol hozords ore o port ol life- But hozords only become disoslers when people's lives ondIivelihoods are swept owoy. The vulnetobility of communities is growing due to humonoctivities thot leod to increased povbrty, greoter urbon density, environmentol degradationand climate ahonge-'

-UN Secretary General, Kofi Arnan, October 8 2001, lnternationaL Day tor Djsaster Reduction

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Natural disasters are the consequences or effects of natural hazards. Theyrepresent a serious breakdown in sustainability and disruption ofeconomic and social progress.

Many researchers and scientists betieve that the boundary between naturaland man-made catastrophe is often blurred: naturat disasters are notentirely naturat , for people are agents of disasters.

b. the lmpact of today's CatastrophesBackgroundi An Era of More Natural Catastrophes?. Ftoods and typhoons in Asia, the lndonesian and Kashmir earthquakes,

Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, the lndian Ocean tsunami - the world seems tobe entering an era of more frequent natural catastrophes. Natural disastersare increasing in terms of frequency, complexity, scope and destructiyecapacity.

. People are the fr'rst casualties of natural disasters. The number of peopleaffected by these types of disasters has increased in recent years:

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. Disasters have a qevastating financial impact. This resutts in not onty aloss of infrastructure and jndustry but also a loss of development

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Disasters often damage environmental resources affecting environmentalsustainability. They exacerbate deforestation and soit erosion. Naturaldisasters increase the liketihood of potlution, jncluding as a reslrlt ofdamage lo industrial infrastruclure.

Disasters affect poor countries and poor people the most because of theirlack of resources, infrastructlres and protective systems for disasterpreparedness and prevention.

o In the Uniled States. Hunicane K!1rina rook orly hours to wreak devasralion esrimared a1

USli 100 biUion.o The 26 Decenrber 2006 l_aiwan qnake ruphtrcd undelsea data trinsnission cables aDd

caused ohssiv€ telecomnnrnicalioDs disnrplions th.oughorl Asia, as lnlemet servicesslowed down or sloppcd, pbone lines Nert dead a.d financidl transactions ground lo ah!11.

AccordiDg lo tbe UN D€v€lopmenl Programme, 24 onl of 49 of lhe world s leastdevclopcd counlries face bigh levels ofdisaster risk. Oflhese, six are hit by belween lwoto eighl largedisaste.s every year.

Even in lhe rvealthiest counrries, Ihe people most affecled by emergencies are liom thepoorer sectioos ofsoci€ty. iror inslance,lhe urban poor were wont hit in the aftermath ofHunicane Katrina ;n New o.leans

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Exposure to disasterstheir poverty andopportunities.

increases the vulnerability of the poor, deepeningpreventing them taking advantage of economic

[" r"'a*n.l"l.*I propodion ot l'.orl€

the 2004 lndian Oceanlivirg below lbe pove.ty

tsunami is cstinraled lo t)ave inereased theline fiom .10% 1o 50%.

ln the long term, disasters pose a significant and growing threat todevelopment- According to UK's Department for lnternationa[ Devetopment(DFID), the inability of poorer countries to cope with disasters makes itdifficutt in achievjng the Miltennium Devetopment coats (MDGS), inparticular the target of halving extreme poverty by 2015.

Reod more: Refer lo lhe two orlicles - Resources scorce, homeresiness persistj inNew Orreors & Aceh lsvndmi viclims dwdi, oid

Aceh tsunami vtctims await aidDead bod es litter the streets oflndo.esi. s Aceh province where it i5 feared more than 25,000 pcople mayhdve be, n l"l d tom jr ,d1, ,i1q dr- a.d I r' ln .

Decomposing .orpses have spread a foul smell over the provincjal capital, Banda Acch, o. th!- .orthern np ofSunratra isla.d. Fresh water, food and fuetare in shori suppty. Fear has becn mixed wrrh anoer as residenrs{tucuc outsida lh!: few open shops quarded bv soldieE.

Banda Aceh resident r,lirza, 2a, cnticiscd the covernment

''Wherc i5 the a5sistance?,' 14irzd said. Ihere is nothrng. 41lthe governrnent are asteep.

Another.esident Audi, 24, haqbeen standi.g in line for an hour.

''There is nothrnq a! homc,'Budisaid.

Hund.eds of soldiers and volunteers have collecied corps€s for mas; bun.l rn . b'd ro prelent disease in theprovinc€, where troops are stationcd !o combat a rebellion which beqan in 1976

Whole battalions of soldieG and police are among the dead and misstng and separdtist rebels haveannounced a cease'fne while people search for loved ones- aut foretgn aid agencies are shll waitinq forofficlat pemission to enter the aea.

rn Banda Aceh, Dn a field about four times the size ot a soccer pitch, morc than 1,O00 bodies lay where theydied while watching a sports eventon Sunday.

Indonesian Vice President Jusuf Kalla s.ys the death toll frcm the tsunami that swept across the Indianocean region could hit 1O,OOO inthis one area of the country alone-

In a separate rcport, state-owned news aqency Antarb has quoted him as saying he feared the tott could riseas hish as 25,000. He says 100,000 people had beetr injured,

Ihe death toll given by the Government lo. Indonesia is around 5,000. Families are fDnticatty looking iorloved ones, thousands orotheE arc traumatised, tuarinq fresh quakes and tsunam

Banda Aceh resident Farzalhastold El Shinra radio he is worried.

"wete scared about the next eanhqlake a;d tsunami," Faizar said.

''It is difficult to find fuel oil. we need food and medicine.

rlrlirdry o.ilc'dl L'e!tencnt Colonel Bddi \antoso sar\ rer;ur, "' "re *r,"r. hed.

'riany bodies are still lyrng on the streeLs." Lt colsantoso said. Therejust arentenouqh body bags.

'The eva.uation process is dimolt because there are not enough ttucks, another omcer said.

The wallofrater up to 10 met€s hiqh that followed the earthquake ofi the tndonestan coast has kitt€d morethan 23,2OO people acrcss Asia, Hundreds ofswotten bodies stitt tay tn a market in Bahda Aceh's oltskirts,covered with brioht oranse Dlasticsheets.

''I m tired, Maimorl/ 22l sid. "I'm lookinq ror my idther- Please help me."

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She says her father was . tlsh eciler a.d l.st spoke to her on Sunday before qotng to the market. Power.uts mea.i Banda Aceh has been viftually bla.ked o!t. Few people ventured ooio the strecls, but sonca.tivity could be seen at the m.in mos.lue, whcre peoDlc from outtide town have come to ask .esidenls.bout mjssinq relatives

aceh police clrief inspecior General Bahrumsyah Kasman says one battalion from the police mobile brigade.re rnssi'rq as well as ai least 500 miliirry oersonnel.

Aceh, whi.h is some 1,700 km nonh west of.lakarta, is under cjvilian emerqency rule as part ol efforts toquell the separatist i.su19ency

The United Nations has oifered to send d saster response teams and a Government otficial says Aceh lvouldbe open to ald worke.s fioo Wed.csd.y.

The Government ha5 also rushed ald to the rcgton

That effort may be aided by the fa.t that Sweden based leadeB of the separ.tist Free Aceh l,lovement(GAM) have declared a unilatdar cease tire wrth sovemment forces

GAll says the disaster has displaced some 50,000 people and ii did not wlnt to add to the panr and

Tbe UN has warned ofepidemi.s withjn days across Asia if hcalth systems.ould not copei saying theeftects of disease .ould be as bad as the tsunami itseli.

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Resourc€s Scarce, Homelessness P€rsists in New Orleans

NEW ORLEANS .. Fayor C. R.y Naqin re.enoy luqqesled a way to redu.€ this .ity's po5t-K.t'ind homelesspopulaion: 9ive thein one way bls tickcts out of town.

r,4r Nasin rater .srlrcd lhc orr the-.uff propos.r wasjLst a joke. But he has porkavcd the dozcns ol pcoprecamped rn a tent .ity under a qreeway overFss near Ca.ar street as recalcitr.nt drla and al.ohor abuserswho refuse shelt€r, oi!. p.srefr bv lhc fn,qer aFd, woEt of a l, trail from somewhere else.

While many ofthe homeless do have addiction problems or mental illnesr, a suney by advocacy qroups inFebruary showed that 36 perc€nt were from the New Orleans area. Sixty per.ent snid they were honelessbecause ofiluricane Katrina, and aboui l0 Oercent snid they had received rental assistance at one ttme fromthe Fcdcral Emergc.cy t4.nagement A9€ncy.

Not iar from the French Quarter, flanking Canal Street on Claiborne Avenue, tbey are living inside a longcorridor iormed not ofwalls and a roof but ofthe thick stench olhuman w.ste and sweat tinaed with alcohol,$ack and despcration

The inhabitants are natives likc Ronald Gardner, s4, an H.LV.-positive m.n who sai., he had ;ever beforeslept on the streets untll Katrina. Or Ronald Berry, 57, who despite belng a paranoid schizophrenic said hehad lived on his own. ii a.ented house in the Lower Ninth Ward, tora dozer yea6 before the storm, Bothmen receive disability checks ot $637 a month, not nearly enolqh to cover post-huricane rents.

''If I could just gct. narn room," t4r. Gardnersa'd, slttins on the cot underwh'ch allh's beiongings ar;stored, il could take it from there."

Lurrene Newelr, 54, said lhe Federal Emerqbncy Manaqement Agcncy had paid her rent in Texas after thestorm, but when she moved back to New orleans, she .ould not find a place to live.

Ay one very rough estimate, the.umber of boneless people in New Orleans has doubled since Katrina struckin 2005, Homelessness has also become a much nore visible prcblem - late last year, Unity ofG.eater NewOrleans, a netwo.k ofagencies that help the hoDeless, cleared an encampment of 300 people that hadsprung up in Duncan Plaza, in full view ofcity Hall. about 2ao of lhose people are now in apartments, butothe6 have flocked to tilr several blocks ofclarborne Avenue at cana,, ncarenough to the French Quarter toreqrlarly encounter to!rists

Unity workeE arc hopinq that Congress will lDclxde $76 millio. in the supplemental appropriation tor Iraq topay for vouchers that would give r.nt subsidies and servlces to 1,000 disabled homeless people.

20

OD Thursdby, the senate passed a version of the bill that in.luded the vou.hers; lhe current House vers'on,not yet approved, does noi include them without the vouchers, said Nlartha l. Kegel, unity's executivediredor, even those people already jn ap.rtments will be injeopardy Thet cuirent vouchers, issued under a''rapid rehousrng" proqram, expire at the end of 2004.

New Orleans had 2,3OO beds tor the homeless before the ttom, now Lt has 2,000, Ms heqelsard Tho5ebeds are full, but even if th.y were not, ma.y oftbe people living on CanalStreet i,re not the sort who can5tay in a qrcup sh€lter. Ac.ordinq to the turyey. whl.h was co.ducted before dawn one mornlnq so that onlythose who adually sleep

'n the canp lvould be cou.ted, 80 percent have at J€ast one physical disability, 58

pe.cent have had some kind of.ddictlon, 40 percent are ment.lly ill, atrd 19 percent were'tri morbid" -they had a disnbility, .n addiction and nenlal illness.

For these diffrcult cases, permanent houeinq siih 5!pportive seNices, like couDselinq/ has become aprefetred method. But it takes time, patience, money and one thing New Oneans is short oi: apartments.l4any .parthent develop.4 who .pplied for tax credits after Hurricane Katnna werc requned to set aside 5per.ent oftheir units for supportive housing, but because oi high construction costs and other tactors, i:riewer unils tha. erpected are in the pipeline And witholt the vou.hers, even those units will not bc

Unity has akeady moved 60 Dt the nosr vulnerable people from the camp to hotel rooms, paid for with a cityhcalth department grant, including a woman who is etght months pr.gnant and a paranoid schizophrenic whois diabeti. and a double.mputee. In the iilth ofthe c.r,p, the amputee's stumps had become inf€cted.

outre.ch workeB have tound cli.nts with c.n.er and colostomy bags, and one so disabled thaL he wasunable to talk. On averaqe, people bave stayed in hotels forsix weeks before lJnity finds an apartment and.obbles toqether thc ncc.ssary funds.

r,like r,liller, the director of supportive housinq placem€nt at Unity, said lhe camp had become a public healthh.zard since ihe.tty removed some portablc toilcls in February.

''Two olireach work€rs have tested pos'tive fo. iuberculosis," I'Ir Mtller said. "There's hepatitis c, there'saIDS, there's rr.l.V. Everyonerout there's had an €ye intection of some sort r got one "

on Thursday, Herman rrroore Jr was ha.qinq out with a friend in the camp. llr Moore had lived in a FederalEmerqency Man.gement Agency trailer, then a FEIlA-financed hotel room, but had not realized that he waseliqiblc for further assistance after the 30 dny hoiel stay ended last fall. Tipped off by his brothet, I'lr. Mooreh.d ofly recently rented a house under the coergency management agency's program, but had yel to paythe d€poslt or turn on the utilities because he had no money.

"lf I had a TV and some electriciiy, you all woutdn't even see me," he said.

clara Gomez, 45, told .n ookeach worker that she had just discovered she w.s pregnant. Like abolt 14percenr olthe homeless people under the bndge, Ms. Gomez had come to New orleans to work as a builder,blt ack.owledqed thatshe had problems with druq and arcoholabuse.

After gettinq fired from onejob, she,ound !p under the bridse, where sbe met Patr'ck Pugh, 36/ a NawOrleanian who sa,d he had been rn dtug rehabllitaUoi, turnanq his llre around, wheD the storm hit. Their lDshad been stolen, they said, nakinq it diffcllt to qetjobs or food stamps.

seated on a mattress, Ms. Gone2 shilted nervously, chnnginq pos'tions every few seronds, all the whilel-epin,l l.a. drm\ dn, hor.d d'ound Mr. Puqh's np,I

'wete ready," she s.id. we're readytogetoutofhere-"

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c. who takes the BlamerThe impact of today's disasters is exacerbated by a series of trends anddynamic processes:

. globolisolion,

. populolion growlh,

. increosingurbonisolion,

. poor plonning,

. corrupfion,- envhonmenloldegrodolion' ond climole chonge

are atl contrjbuting to an increase in the vulnerability of popuLations,especiatly within deyeloping countries.

c{i). population growth. Natural disasters are likely to affect more peopLe because Earth's

c(ii). increasing urbanisation. Poputation increase witt be made worse in developing countries with

overcrowded conditions and tow quality infrastructure and services.

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polenrial f.rI t.'rgc .rtcrmp.^r. Al lh( 'nn,c rmc. u,brn pot',lilion oRc,hr\eupou,unLie, r''ndr eI el'\" "r]Ilrllrlrlv

c(iii). poor planning and corruption. Poor governance reduces the abitity of a country to mittgate and nlanage

disaster risk. This ranges from failure to address gaps in legistation retatedto risk management (such as quality assurance in the construction industry)to corru (such as misa ation of reUef funds

Countries that are in, or emerging from, violent conflict present speciatchaltenges, both in terms of increased yulnerability of the poor, as wetl asweak governance structures. ln such countries, tackling disa5ter risk isseen as a low priority when compared to meeting basic needs and re-

Lack of proper buildirrg codes in senri'rural norlb west Pakislan is lhoughl to havc

dire.rly conrribDred to the high dealh 1o1l ir the 2005 Soulh Asia eanhqlake. I}ledestdclion of infrastructlre, i.cludinS schools and hospilals. had a dcvaslating impact,bolh d;eclly in deaths caused by buildings collapsiog, and indirectly, due tolhe resultingabsence of c.itical facililies

estabtishing sociat services. Yet many of these countries face high levels ofdisaster risk whjch are an addjtional burden to progress.

c(iv), environmental degradation. Disasters are also a consequence of deyelopment and industrialisation.

Naturat protection is being eroded with the gradual loss of coastalprotectjon, in the form of manqrove forests, and ftood protectjon, jn theform of wetlands. as these are drained and develoDed.

o ID Enrope, expens believe that countries such as France and cermany are more adverscly.ffccled by floods roday becaDse naior .jvers, such as the Rhirc, have beeD straightcnedro ease comncrcial t.allic

c(v). climate change. Climate change r's increasjngly bturring the distinction between natural and

man-made disasters.

d. strategies to ieduce Vulnerabilit! of naturatdisasters

When a natural disaster occurs, the provision of disaster relief tends tocapture the imagination of the public. Disaster preyention often ranksrelatively low on public agendas, as governments tend to focus or} retief to theexclusion of mitigation and preparedness that coutd help communities learnfrom disasters and reduce their yulnerability.

i, applying scientific knowledge

Today, there is more scientifiq knowtedge and technologjcal know-how thaneyer before to anticipate the potentiat effects of a disaster before it strikes,

Ahhousl! eanhquake predictioD is still nol possible, a conside.able ability exisls loday lomake more accurate forecdls dd to issue early wamings on volcanoes dd cycloneshours or days ahead and organise proper conmuD;ly response to sucb warnings, savingmany lives and preventirg s;gnificrnt property losses.Owing to progress in design dd constnction enAineering, earthquake-resislantslructures, iDcluding high-nse buildinss dd indusrrial facihies are lechnically feasible.In comties such as Japan,lhey have become a rcal;ty.

Averrge lcmperatures a.e rising. This will c.use sc. lcvels ro r;se, inoeasing the .isk ofcoastal llooding, and El N;no wcatlei p.ltens arc prcdiclcd to brcross

'nost oflhe Pacific. lt is estitualed thar by 2080 clirrrrc chrnge lnd curr€Dt

social trcnds will lcad 10 a teo-fbld incredse iD the nlmber ol peoplc affeclcd by flooding.cross ftral areas, cities and coastlines.

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ii. education

lncreased pubhc awareness about natural disasters is a vital element in anystrategy to reduce disaster risk, Pubtic awareness campaigns can be conductedin schools, through the media and official, pubtic, professional and commercialchannets. There is a responsjbility for governments to promote pubLic

awareness of natural hazards and rjsk on a continuous basis- Creating a cultureof disaster preparedness at a community'level enables people to be in a

better posjtion to help themselves should disaster strike again.

Section I'/: l[he l[frreat of Diseases

a. the Current situation. Human activities and changing environments have brought humans in

contact with organisms that are capable of causing diseases,

. Despite medical advances that have produced hundreds of drugs that aresafe and effective, infectious diseases are still a major cause of death,disability and social and economic upheayal for mi[ions around the \yorld.ln fact, diseases such as tuberculosis and small pox which were oncebeljeved to be under controt have re'emerged as qlobal threats.

. The above is fueted by:. poverly

o Overcrowded and poor living conditions make those livingin pove y especially vulnerable to coinmunicable diseasessuch as tuberculosis and cholera.

. lock ol occesslo heofthcoreo Limited access to health care and drugs renders otherwise

teatable conditions such as mala a, and fuberculosis fatallor Lhc poor.

. chonging envlronmenlol ond developmenlol oclivilieso These lead to intensive hurnan interaction with highly

concentrated populations of animals ald birdt substantiallyincreased intemational trade in food, increasing humanmovement throughout the world, and alteration of theenvironment and the climate.

o Afu pollution resulting from modern industdal processeshas been implicated in a grol /ing number of chronic and

24

fatal diseages such as asthma, lung cancer and resPiratoryinfectiors.

- growing onlibiolic resislonce,. inopproprioleprescriplionotineffeclivedlUgs,.. ond poor odherence io medicolion,

b. the Rich-Poor gap. Those who are most vulnerable to evotving heatth crises tend to be the

poor and marginalised who already suffer from numerous inequities andlack of rtunities

Children and women are especially susceptible to the impact of infectiousdiseases.

o Childrrn in developing countries, already lacking propernutrition, may also lack access to affordable measles vaccinationsand simple interventions for diarrheal diseases.

o Wornen now accotnt for more than 50% of ncw HIV infections and,among ac{ults, pregnant women are t}re most at-risk for malaria.

The repercussions of these diseases go well beyond mortatity statistics.Poverty not only characterjses the circumstances in which infectiousdiseases thrive, but the cycte of poverty is exacerbated by lostproductiyity, missed educational opportunities, and high health-carecosts for the affected and their families.

Communities and societies also bear an economic burden of caring forthose who are sick. Diseases such as HIV/AIDS, mataria and tuberculosisaffect those who are in the prime productive stages of tife, whilepneumonia and diarrheat diseases more often cut short the tives of chitdrenbelore their fifth birthday.

Fear and ignorance stigmatise those who affected by diseases such as

HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis, denying them much needed sociat support andother socio-economic opportunies,

c. what Needs to be done. Many countries have demo.nstrated that even in low-resource settings, the

burden of infectious disease can be reduced if there is strong political will

o )ortunrues-ln 2002 75% ofall dealhs dne 10 infeclious diseases occuned in southedl Asia and sub'Saharan Africa Sourhern Ati-ica, which is home lo l0% oflhe world's popularion,accounted for more than 40% ofdealhs due 10 infecliols diseases.ln facl, more than 60%ofall dearhs in the regjon were dne ro irfeciious diseases

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and the basic resources and infrastructure to support use of low-costinterventions.

o But such efforts reqlrirc substantial resources, often beyond thoseavailable in thc poorest counb ies.

Progress must also be supported by firm political commitments at theinternational level. These commitments must be backed by resources thatare sufficient to enable communities to have the basic toots needed toroutinely monitor and control disease.

The scope is significant: there js a need to increase the world's supply ofdjagnostics, medicines, vaccjnes and other Lifesaving toots. Effective diseasecontrot is possible, but witl only become a reatity vr'hen every nation,regardless of size, location or wealth, has the capacity to recognise,prevent and respond to the threats posed by jnfectious disease.

Multi-sectoral approaches, inctuding partnerships between the public andthe private sector, are critical to provjding resources in the scope that jsrequired.

o Partncrships that have formecl to addrcss these issues include'fheClobal Fund to |ight AIDS, TB and Malaria, bringing fundingand rcsources to countries battling thesc diseases,

o and the Children's Va(cine Prograrn, funded by the Bill & NlelinclaGatcs Foundation, seeking universal irnmunisation against measlesand other diseases.

d. learning from SARS. The closest the wortd has come to the pandemic scenario in fiodern times

was the SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) crisis of 2003.

o over a period of live monrbs, about 8,000 people lvere infecled by a novel humaDcoronavirus. Aboul ten percent ofthem died.

o The vinE apparently sp.ead 19 bumars when infecled animals lvere sold and daughteredin uns.nitary and crowdod markcls in China's Gllngdong Prolince.

Atthough the transmission rate of SARS pated in comparison to that ofinftuenza, it demonstrated how quickly such an infectious agent can circlethe globe, given the ease and frequency of international travet.

o Once SARS emeiged in rural China, it spread to fivecountries within 24 hours and to 30 countries on sixcontinenls within several months.

26

Even with the relatively iow number of deaths jt caused compared to otherinfectious diseases, SARS had a powerful negatiye psychological impact onthe populations of many countries.

. SARS provided a taste of the impact a kitter inftuenza pandemic woutd hayeobal economy

o In a r.ccDl anrlysis ol rhc epidemic, the Naltonal Ac.demy of Scieice's lnslilule oflvledicine concluded: "th. rchn@ hish ftttliry rdtt, the intntiJication oJ ssper-Ur.nde6, the naeness oj the disese, thc spee.l t its global spread. afi publictne ainly abott the abili, to cn trol its sprea.l may have conrrib!1ed to the plblic'salam. lhis alr'm, in lurn, may have led ro rhe behaviorr thal exacerbaled lhe economicblo\rs lo lhe lralel and tDtrrisn indtrstries oflh€ countr;cs with th€ hishest ntrmber of

o The economic impacl oflhe sir montb SARS.pidemic on th€ Asia-Pacific region iscstimaled at about US$40 billion.

o Thc SARS outb.eak also had a subsrantiat inrpncl on the global airline induslry. Aflerlhedisease hil ir 2001, fli8bls tn lhe Asia P.cific area decreascd by 45 perceni from lhe year

The SARS epidemic also raises questjons about howare to address a proLonged infectious'disease

PrePared governmentscrisis - particutarly

governments that are atready unstable.o Ihe SARS ep;demic crealed the mosr severe social o. polilical crkis encountered by

, 1,,n. s lc.,{e^\rp .,n.e r\ ' lo8r) lidnanmen r..ldo$n ChrnJ \ F,oblcn fl.h'bl\r!Jrlrc'llc trom \cR\'prbli( hudlrh imrr.' r,'i1 I o,n rhe govcrnmcnt r IrileJ etlo'lto .llty pxnic by lyilhholding iDtornrtion aboll tbe dtsease froD lhe Chinesepeople. TIe effon backfircd. DDrnrg lhe crisis, Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao pointed oul;. a cabiDel meetinA on the epidemic that'1he Ieilth and securny oflhe people, ovemllslale ofrefonn, developmenl, and srabjl;ly, and Chi.a3 nalional inleresl and i,nage are al

Widespread infection and economic collapse can destabiUze a government;blame for faiting to deal effectively with a pandemic can crjppte agovernment. This holds even more for an influenza pandemic, '

Unfortunately, the pubtic is often indifferent to initial warnings-aboutimpending infectious-disease crises - as with HlV, for example. lndifferencebecomes fear only after the catastrophe hits, \ryhen it is atready too late toimplement preventive or contro[-measures.

e. the Threat of the HIV/A|DS epidemic. ln just 25 years, HIV has spread retentlessly from a few widely scattered

"hot spots" to virtually eyery country.in the world, infecting 65 mittionpeople and kilting 25 million.

. Global trends of infection emerging from the HIV/AIDS pandemic;

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Strb Saharxn Afiica conlinucs to bcur the btunl oflhe global cpidemic. 6l% of!ll adullsand childrcD .tproximaicly 25 milljon people wilb tIlV globally livc in rb-Sharan

Withonl prcvenlion efforts. ]5% ofchildcn bom lo ar HIV-pos'live nolhe! \ri1l become

infecied wirh HIV At leasl a.luarter ofDewborns infecled wilh HtV die belirre .ge one,

!nd up lo 60% rvill die belorc reaching lheir second birthdays.

Inje.ring drug use and coDnerci,rl ser work are lirclina lhe epjdemjc across Asia .DdF.ast€.n Erro.)e, and lerv counties are srfljcienlly reachi.g oul to lhesc harginalised

In nrany regions oflhe wo.l(i. new HIV infections are heavjly concentraied anNng youtgpcoplc (15 to 24 ycars of asc). Among adllls 15 years and oldcr, young peopler.. ned lo, 40o" ol !'e, HIV lnte.l,ons ;r -006.

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Queslions: Reler lo lhe odicle on - AlDs drugs flood block motkef.. why do block morkels for ArDS orlrbiolics exisf?. Are lbese brock m orkels o vioble olletnolive for lhose poot ond ill-shicken

wifh lhe diseose? D,scuss.

'AIDS Drugs Flood Black Market

Harare Aids druqs some ottheD contaminated, diluted or faked are being sold at flea markets.ndhairdressrng s.lons in the face ofgrowinq sholt-ges in clini.5 link€d to Trhbabwes cconomic otsis, says theI'ealth ministry.

Stat. medLa quoted r4inister ol liealih David Parirenyatwa on llonday appealing to people livinq witli HIv/aidsto buv their m.dlcines lron reqistered pharmactes, clinics .nd hospitals only.

lle w.s quot€d as 5nynig: Thes. fake d.dgs rncrease chances of one becoming rcsistant to treatment and itbecomes even more expensive for that person io renarn on treatment."

n wns also rcported th3t the prohibitive cost of antir€t.oviral drugs at private pharma.res had ftielled the

state radio s.ld that ihe illeqal mcdications were either adultedted with olher substances oreseless fakes.

About 50 0o0 HIV intected patients were receiving tree medication from government hospitals in a natLon,where an 6tinated f 000 people died a week lrcm Aids related condiuons. Il was reported that 3oo 0o0 morewere in urg€nt need oltreatment.

Since a qovernment edict in luDe to slash prices of all goods and s.rui.es by about halt, pharmaclcs said manymedicrnes had bcen scarce.

'fhe price cuts were ordered in an effort to tame the world s high.st official tnflatjon of 7 634vo. ln<Jependeotestimates put real inilation closer to 25 000o/o and the International Monetary Fund fore@sts it rea.hinq1Do 000o/o by the end ofthe year.

Local manufacturers ot HIV/Aids drugs had fatled to obtlin eDouqh imported raw materials, whlch nrust be paidfor in scarce hard arrency,

The localgeneric drug costs about z$sm ior a mo.th s supply, rar odt ofthe reach of most rmpoverished

28

HIV patients liwe in constnnt fear'

A tea.herin a top qovernment hiqh schoolearned about Z$3m a month. Where formal unemployment w.s30%, an unskllled general hand e.rned halfthat adount.

At the dodin.nt btack market exchange rate ot 250 0O0-1, Z$5 worth oi medication was the equivat€nt ol$20 compared to $165 at the onicial exchhnqe rate of 30 000 1.

HlV/Aids support qroups said patients receiving antirerroviral treatment liled in constant fear of not berngable to lind o. pay io. their honthly medicatton. lmported drugs cost up to double the local make5

lnterruphons in treatment alonq with poor nutrition qu'. yr€nde'edsLffere'svunerabletorube.Lulosisandothcr often fatal infeclions, accordtrg to support groups

Most basic foods had drsappeared from the shelves since thc governnenis p.ices edit on lune 26. The.ornme.l staple, me.t, bread, mil!, suqar, e99s.nd even soap and tea fet.hed teo times the qovcrnmcnts filedpnce it tound on the illeqalblack market.

Brcad shortaqcs wo6cn.., on r4onday across the country aft$ the two r\ain bakery charhs s.id th€y we.edown to their last emerqency r.serues ot flour.

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e(i). women and AIDS. By the end of 2006, women accounted for nearly half of alt peopLe tiving

wjth AIDS worldwide, and represent atmost 60% of infections in sub SaharanAfrica.

. Social and cultural norms contribute to the unequat status of women insocieties, which facilitates the spread of djseases such as HlV.

o In their sexual relationships, women are often denied the polver tomake decisions that may lower their risk of HIV infection.

o Social norms may restrict r /omcn's ability to negotia'te sex with acondom, demand fidelity in a relationship or seek informationabout protection, treatment or health care.

o The unequal power balance between men and women putswomen at a greater risk of FIIV inJection. In some societies, socialnorms may dictate that women remain monogamous, while menmay be allowed and even encouiraged to engage in sex withmultiple partners.

. Poverty - 70% of the world's poor are women - and the reliance on menfor economic support cornpound women's risk of HIV t'nfection.

o Women might engage in unsafe sex or commercial sex work as ameans of survival or to support their families.

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IReod more: Refer lo lhe two orlictesHIV-posilive women.

Women's fjnancial and matcrial depencleDce on rncn often makcs itdifficult or impossiblc for thern to takc control of their sexualr el,rtionships

HIV-positive women may transmit HIV to their chitdren durjng preqnancy, lnchiLdbirth or through breastfeeding.

As AIDS ravaqes famjljes and communities, the burden of caring for illfamily members rests mainly with women and girls many of \4hom rlrdybe seriousty itt themsetves. A woman affected by HIV/AIDS is plungedfurther into poverty, tosing the abitity to provide tor hersetf and herchildren. Combined wlth pervasiye sociaI stigma and the co apse oftradjtional famity and support structures, HIV/AIDS is eroding the status ofwomen in many countrieS.

Poitiyely Sesome St/eet & Giving hope lo

Positively Sesame Street

ln South Afrca s war against AIDS, a cute and.uddty fivc yearord js prepartnq to mak. ar imporranrdebut. Meet Kahi, the wortd s first HIV posrtiv. S.s.me Srreet t4uppet rrkalari Sesame, Solth Africa sversion of the ramous U.S. television series (takatanj m€ans get happy jn ve.da), has been runn na fu,'ror'!'so'h- ourhAlr',rF'odd'nti1 ,o,,,,r'!6d1c,r,o,or,trL,.r.

.r,o,n 1d.d,.1. ..ind .,ludt,on. roeducai€ whLle .ntertainjnq younq .hildren thtuughoot the couniry.

Incorpodt ng allll ofSouth Africa s officibt tanquaqes into its pedaoogue ap1ared sctip\., TakataniSeiane is secn by an estimated halt-mtltion kids a week. Ir reaches basic skils and rutes of behavror, amttrjes to help children undersland.nd enjoy South Africas m!lttraciatcuttrre_

Not 50 easy to etplain is the reality ofan AiDS cpidemic that affe.ts atmo.t one io ntne South Africans,in.luding about 250,O00 child.eh. The numbcrof orpharrs who have tost their parents to AIDS is expe.tedto appoach 2 miilion by 2010. And a major obsta.te in the fight aqbinst the disease is the stigmaassoclated with f. The subject ofAIDS is reqarded by mary peopte as raboo and sutterers, whether adu,tso',1lo.p,, drctrellFdd co'alou o,r,. Tt-c'cnrerpan-od,nre,.cir.on\lhdtdtrcc.tiddd,essJ'IIV/AIDS for very younq children. says Gtorin Britain, rakalani Sesadek prcduction managor. We sawhow we couJd help fill this void.'

After morths ofdlscussion, Iakalart sesaDe cane up wrtb kam', a qrnge.-ha,red. qotden yelow Murlet*l.o lo.n\ rl"c ,how <tcrtr.9 S-pL J0,or tOah-h hoLr eoEodF!.rt hbd,lrnolomU€DeDr.tmenrotEducation ahd spoDsors incllding USAID and Santamr one of the counFy s najor insurance companies, theprogram willgo olt not only onTV but - anorher fiEt for ! Sesame production on radto and througttanoutreachandkainingprogramthatinctudespri.tcdmateriatandpuppetshows,Wehoperoreachastdqewhere every.hild in our coln$y willhave access to rhe TalalrDtsesnre messaqe, says MinisterofEdu.arron Kader AsmaJ.

The target audience for lakdlari SesaDe is chitdren aged three to sever, but pro<tuceB expect the newHIV/AIDS focus to attract older kids. When Kami bounces onto the screeh, she wi come aiross as a perky,tun loling and healthy HtV positive character with a weatth ofinformation about HIV/A]DS to share withher inquisitive triends. Shet emotionatty and inte e.luafy inte igent, wirh an insiqht that aoes beyond he.6ve yeaE," srys Britain-

Kaml - from a Tswana tribal word tor "acceptance - wil ctralenge the stereotype of the Htv-infectedsickly child and focus rnstead o. fun aDd friendtiness. she witt arso introduce bas'c informarion and promotedis.ussion about such uncuddly rssues as death and sociat ostracism. h an eptsode next month, Kmi hasto dealwith rejection at school because of hercondirion. (amrwins ove. her ctassmatesr teaching theother children a ressotr in tolemnce and undeEtandhg of her sickness. (am' is no outc;st rar rrom ,r,says Britain. she's lovable, and she's roved.'

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Sesame Sareet has been beamed to millions of cbitd.en h nore than 120 .ountries over the past 30 ycarsThou9h Sesame Workshop has no plans to introduce Kami in thc U.S., says Roberi Xnezev€, Sesame,s headof international project management and devetopment, we wilt be seeing how the characrer unfotds andwhat potential it mtght have in oth$ parts oi the wond.. Kami coutd pur new tife inio south afric. s Htv/alDsawar€ness campaign. She may also have a bigqer carecr. If she s a hit in the new series, sdys scriptw.iterNtck Warren, she could be the star of a full le.qth South Ahlcan fitm to add to the propaqand. wEr aaainstA\DS: Kami fhe Next

^4uppet Mavie-

source: t'rtpJ/w*w riue lod!rl!lrE93zrndE!!de]!-:!Zl 90to2oelo l5]-s?t oo.htmr

Givinq Hope to ttMositive Women

I'lalaysian women share their voices with UNICEF to Bark the .ount.y Iaunch of The State of the Wortd,schildren (sowc) 2007 report on Interoationat women s Day.

Themed Women and Children - The Doeb,e Dividend of cender Equatity", the SOWC 2OO7 examines thediscrimination and disempowe.ment women face throuqhout their lives and ou tnes whnt mlst be done toel:mrndra ac1dF. d'5. '.'r nJI on dqd cnpoi-, wome , fd q ,ts.

KOTA BAI-IRU, J'larch 20O7 - Sraff nurse Zaimah l]ussin s patients know they can reach hcron the te,eDhoneat all hou6, .nd €ven on public holidays rh.counsetling nurse atthe qovernrnent hospitatin Kota Ahaiu,the capit.lolthe north easternsrate of Ketrntan, does not onty hetp her HrV/AtDS paiients come to termswith therr infectton, but also assist them rn pracri.at Datte6 such .s seekrno financiat help to pay for th.rrmedicanon, dealing with adherence ro rreatmcnt .eqime and breakino the news to famitv menrbod

Still, she could not quieten her nagqi.g concem at not donlq enolgh for her patienrs, t4any ot rhem are puor,and have to travelfrom rural6rcas to seek treatment amjdtr fears ofstigma and discrtminarion.

Woment vulnerability

It is, however, the pttght of HIV positive womeD thai worry Zaihah the most. "Women are genera y morev!lnerable to I'IIV infection because most llck rhe knowtedge and the abjtity to protect rhemsetves,,, Zaimahexpiains wth conce.n.

According to Zaimah il is even tricli€rfor married women wharever theirsociato. economi. sratus - tonegotiate ior saf€r sex, even when they know their htrsbands are e.gaqhq in hjsh risk behavioursuch asinje.ting drug use. "In our culiure, women atways say yesto tbeir husband. He is the kinq at home,,,shesays when accounttng ior the three fold increase tn the number women qetthg jnfected with HtV jn i,tataysia

'From ou. sotuey, we found that women have a row sense of setfworrh and asserdveness 'n;akinq

contrct ofthetr llves- They do not take care orthemselves very well, t4ost come for HIV screeninq when their hDsband,or childre. or they themselves haye been admi$ed !o holpirdttoran ArDs related i nesses. sone ardtsodetected when they are sdeened for Htv in antenatal ctiniG," stresses zaihah.

Helpi.9 single mothers

w hen her patients .eeds coutd not be met by the bospitat s tacitities, zalm. h began seeking hetp tor themfrcm outs'de. After ten years of tappt.g on her network offriends informalyr Zaihah besan mooring the ]deaof startjrg a non qovernmentalorqanisation to hetD HlVinfeded sinote motheE tn Ketanran.

'lt seemed a dlificult thtng to do, but then my son Zahrain agreed to hetp run the NGO,,, said the 51,year,otdZaimah who has been in nuGtns tor29 yebrs.

zahrain zulkifli is well acquaihted with the hardships ofHrv anfsted shgte motheE because bts mothe. hasalways enlisted the famtly's help, "My mother woutd refer needy stngte motbers to our NGO, prihatin, and wewould helo them w,th financial ard. We arso set up counsetting seNices tor these women because some otthem Jre 6ore comrortable comtnq ro Prihahn than to theqovernment hospttat." Zah@in exptains. "We atsostarted income qercrating workshopsto help sinqJe mothers,!

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e(ii).What is Being Done?. There is no known cure for HIV/AID5. There are medical treatments that

can stow dolvn the rate at which HIV weakens the immune system- Thereare other treatments that can prevent or cure some of the iltnessesassociated with AlD5.

Life prolonains anriretoviral (ARV) lreahent dntss h.ve besun 1o kansform HIV froma. inescapable dealh sentencc inlo a nanageable condition for those fo.lunate enough tohave .ccess to lhem- h 2005, 250,000 to 350,000 dealhs wer€ avened because ofrecentscale un ofrreatmcnl.

Althouqh Prihatin st.rt.d sm.ll, the thrce yc.r old o.qa,riration has quickly 9ai.cd the attc.tion ai'd 3upportof rh€ public and qovernment aqen.ies. They recently .noved into a house that was oriqinally buit for lh.{iistnct health of']cer, and dow oftc's shciter to tllv posttive sinqle rnothcrs and their ch ldren who h.ve

'The number of HIV-positive women n Kela.lan is o '. ofihe h'9hest rn the.ount.y ALout crght out or t€n ofthen are infected by iheir husbands. Thcy are also olten left to deal with thcir rnfe.tion, and fend for the rchildrcn when their husbands passed away. flany are poor, a^d cannot turn to their fdmily for he p,' snys

Aside from pra.ti..l aid, the orqanisation has more impo.tantly qiven lnfccted women hope. Belore Prthdtnr,many oithcse women sutfer in sjlenc€ and desperatbn. At the shelter, they do not only acqlire incomegeneratirg slills, but also qa]n and offer suppon to ea.h other in a saic environment

'About 70 percent otsinqle mothers registerEd with us live below the poverty liDe, So, there is a dire needrorour serv'ces. other states have also looked at whdt we are doinq, and have asked us to help establishPnhatin the.e, s.id z.ihah whose jnitiation into HtV/ArDs work 12 yetsE ngo was aoidst mlch tear and

Overcominq fear, linding satisi.ction

"1. 1994, nurses were we.ring atrons, q oves and masks when .arnrq ior Hlv posrtive p.tients. But then, Iwas scni to Bangkok to work in an AlDS ward dhcrc lhe nurses were not ntr.rd of tho. pati.nts I .ameback, dete nin.d to em!late their po5iiiv€ .tiitude, .nd start.d treating my p.tients wfthout fe.r, str.

E'qlrt to ten new pati€rts.re di.gnoscd w tlr HIV at the Kota Baru FosPital ..ch week. zaim.h recognisesth.tl,crcouDselhnglsvtalinfhaDinqp.tients.csDonsctoiheiri^fection.llcr.altnnessand..'npa.sion.sshe expl.ins aboui the diseas€ and ireatment options .re olt.. patienLs fnst inkling th.t th.ir liv.s are not

'Most patients do not evc. know that treahnent is avail.ble; they all think they are qoinq to die. aut we tcllthcm that treatment has become afford.blc wLth Government subsidy.

As one ot the fiost erperienced HIV/AIDS counsellinq nu6es in Malaysia, z.imah is alsD actively involved tntrai.inq other health.are workers. There is slrll a shortagc ot Hlv/ArDS counsellinq nursca N Malaysia, as wellas a need to address 5tiqma and djscriminalion towanls HIV positive patients anonq healthcate workers

'I find immense satisfactior in helpinq my patients. it allcomes from the heart, said zaima\

Sour.e: ht!!://www.uni.ef ..ro/m:l.vsia/.eallives 6!qLlllrl

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o A numbcr ol drugs such as

moller to child transm'ssioshorlly afier birlh.

provcD lo significanlly rcducepreenant molhers ard childrer(MTCT) when

clinically

A global commitment to turnjng the tide on this disease js nonethelessbuitding. More resources have been devoted in recent years to research,preventjon, care and treatment for those infected \ryith and affected by thedisease. Simultaneous and sustained expansion of prevention andtreatment efforts are needed if the Dace of the eDidemic is to be slowed.

a 'fhe Global Ftnd to Fight AIDS, Tsberculosis an.l Malatia. an indepcndenlorganisalior, was created ro increase rcsources to fighl lhree o, lhe norld's mosldevastaling djseases a.d lo direcl lhose resorrccs lo arcas ofgrealest re€d-

The World tlealrh OrAan;sitio. launched the 3 b! 5 Iritiatiw in 2003. ]l'e campai8n.ims to have three million Hlv'posilive peoplc in developi.g couDlries on anliretroviml(ARV) d.ug lrcahcDt by lhe end of2005.

Top scientists from around the world are committeddevelopment, which remains one of the greatest bopes thepreventing transmission of the yirus, but a successful vaccineyears away. Clinicat triats are ongoing in severaI countries.

Governments have increased their health spendinq:

ln many countries, it is civil society which remains at theprevention, care and support programmes, particularlyvutnerable and hard"to reach DoDulations.

'l'hailand has $lccesstully adoprcd effccrive iontainrenl measures (such as massivecondonr dislribulion and public cducdtion) lhat have broDght the epidemic utder a

remarkable deBree ofconlrol, bolh in lhc counlry's military and ils civilian population.

Thc Nalion.l A]DS Prog.an of Br.zil has successfully otTered univeBal access torrealrnent while conducl;ng ao aggressive HIV prevcDlior campaign. lD lvlay 2003, lheprogranme w's presenred wirh lhe us$l nillion Gares Award for Global Healrh at lheailobal I l€alth a'onferenc--

ABc stands for Abstinence, Be faithful to a single partner and c6ndomuse. Certain organisations and governments promote the ABC preventionmessage as a means to stop the spread of HlV.

to vaccineworld has foris tikety to be

forefront of AIDSamong the most

o These iochde NGOS, faith-based orsanisations, women's groups, bEiness ertcrprisesand labonr onions, priv"le foundations a.d lhe media.

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Section'/: Ifu Etfrics of Ai[ anfI{umanitarian R7sponse. ln recent yearsJ global interest in humanitarian response is high.

Tacktjng these issues has become an interest of many privbte individuats(e.9. Bitl and Melinda Gates, Warren Buffett) and a key feature of manynations' foreign policies, for a varjety of reasons:

. Some *ee rl as,r mr'rrl rlui)o others see it as a form of public diplomacy;o some individuals see it as an investment in sclf-protection.

However, humanitarian aid tends to fayour high-profile emergencies atthe expense of other crises far from the media or political spotlight,They tend to reflect the interests and concerns of the donors, not therecipients; must be spent accordinq to donors' prioritjes, potitics andvalues; and come wjth strinqs attached.

o Posl September ll, while counlries lraeled in lhe war on leror' huvc altractedunpiecedenled levels of humaritariau and rcconstruclioD aid, oLher arguably nntepressing criscs Ianguish in thc shrdorv3. willi' weeks ofonsline Saddam Ihrsscin, lheUS Derarlnrenr ofDclcnsc,eponed lhal it h.d raiscd US$ 1.7 billion in rcljct for thel.aqi [)€ople: l.ess than half ol lhal ano nl h.d bccD plcdgcd tor ,10 rnillioD slrrving

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late, Even if thearrive too late

ma jority of funds areto prevent avoidable

sufferine and death.

. Thus aid should be adequate as wett as fair. Aid organisations and donorsmust agree on a standard way of measuring global needs and ensure thataid responses meet all priority needs. A ctoser integration of humanitarianand development responses is needed to tackte recurrent, chronic crises.

.gunnino'tJp)- |t'You have read the notes on hovy man'5 actions have had an jmpact on natural ,i dirurt"r, and the spread ot disease. Drawing examples and evidence from the ilt articles, discuss the following: ?

ii ls the human race in control of its destiny? ,,

\TPJC CT 2004 - modified)

'Ihc 2005 food c.isis ir Nige. was prediclcd monlhs before il hi! lhe beadlines, and mrnyde^lhs could have been prevenred iffinrding had been n.de available al lhat lime. Il looklelevision pidures of slarviDg children in Jrly 2005 lo prompl 0deq!ale'tdnds by w[ichtimerbe shondge had llrned inlo a disis.

14

WeE Qgsources on ltfaturafDisasters st Diseases

Medecins Sans Fronl.iereshttp: / /www.msf .orgl

Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disastershttp: / /www. cred. be/

lnternational Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (lFRc)http: //wwvr. jf rc.orgl

Populatjon Connectjon: Education and Action for a Better Wortdhttp: / /\,r'w\ry. populationconnection. orgl

Wortd Health Organisationhttp: //www.vr'ho.int/en/

ctobat Heatth Councithttp: / /www. globatheatth.orgl

Gtobat Heatth Reportinqhttp: / /www.globatheatthreporting-org/

Globat H lV/AIDS Timeline (interactive)http: / /wwvr', kff .orglhivaids/timetine/hivtimetine.cf m

BBCNe\r's I Speciat Reports - Bird Ftuhttp: / /news. bbc.co.ukl 2 I hi I \n depth/v/orld/2005/bird-f lu/def autt-stm

Relieflveb - Ontine Gateway to informat'ion on humanitarian emergencies anddisastershttp: //www. relief\ryeb.int

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Relevant P1 Essay Questions on 9l an {, tlie Etwironment

Do you egrec tb cnvironment.l protecdon should take precedencedcvrlopmcrt? EIC Cl 2002)

1d rhat ways can econonxc developnenr bc sustaincd rvithout cornprofusing the qrality oror:r living cnvronmentl (SRJC MY 2002)

Assess the ibp,d of m.tcnaLsh o. ao aLcady dctcdorari4 environmenr 0JC MY 2002)

'Nnsfortune teaches Ds tuuch.'I)iscu$. (SRJC Prclim 2002)

"We ourselves fcel thit whai ve dc doi.g is jDsl a drop ir an ocean. But dre ocea' would belcss b.c.Dse of that missr,rg drop." fMorber leresal Discu$ l];s tn rel2uo. ro rhe attenptsro help improve our env;o.ne'r roday. gJC CT 200J)

Is it ever posslblc to n,eet tbe deminds of rhe consuher class without incrunng greate.*onoeoral costs? (SAJC Prelm 2003)

Are co.cerns aboul the rced for us ro consere our envronmenr exaggerxted? (RJC Piehm200r)

1s it rxile to consider . glob,l plan lor consewatioo aod prorectlon of the envirormentl(SAJC C'r' 2004)

''There is enough for ocr'- nrn's nced blr n.rr for every nan's greed." Disorss thrsstatenreDt ir ielation ro d,e ilv'Joorncnml corcchs tdne us roday. gJC IfY 2004)

"I he futu.e ofthe hnman iice secDs blc,k.'\x4,^r xre yofi views? (SIUC MY 2004)

''our moder. lilesryle js .r oll.ls qjih ihc prcscnario' of the env;onmenr." Drscuss. (NyJL\,fi 2001)

Human beirgs h^v. hore to fiar froh rhehcel\es rlran rrom the Dan'r^l q orld. Do yonrgree? (iJC Prelim 2004)

llow td would you agrce rh'r despjte Nlan's arrehpt ro co.irol Nahue, Naruie h.s iNtcadbeen more successtul in contiollins Man? 0\lJC Pie.Ir. 2004)

Is poverty largely to blamc tor en ronmental dcvastatlon fodny? olc PreliD 2004)

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'Economic deelopme.i w l ,lvays be calned oDt ar rhe expense ofd,e ennrroomeor.' Howfar doyoD

^gree vith this sr.tene.ti (IPJC P'etim 2004)

"Wc have not been good gu^rdidns ofthe l:2fth." Do you agree? (l,II Prclin 200a) ''Tbe effotts oa the indrvidual arc jrtsi as impor1a.r ,s the effofts of the goverrmc'n ir rhc.onsemtion and presesrtion ofthe envfonment.' Discuss. (qC promo 2005)

The c'*o'hent is therc fot us to exploit, not conscrvc. To vhat exre'r .lo you agtee wnhths stateheot (,l.UC Promo 2u05)

I0hat 2re the main environhental problems that your country f,ces and how €an rhey bco\ erome) (Jlc CI 200s)

"Ooly the foolish will focus oo environmental consdr on in Third World Courtries wbenthe people thde do not have enough to eat." Do you €ree? (TPJC MY 2005)

"The prcblem of the envionmcnt is a pmblen) of consumptioo." Discus. (fJ1lC MY 2005)

20.

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22. Do yr[ rgJee thll it is t])e responsib rty ot ncher n.dons to iaclde glob,l environlnent.]

rrobl.ms? (AJC Prelrn 200s)

23. 'fhe .nvir.,nn,cnl should be Il,e soverihcrls marn conces.' Do rou .glecl (SAJC Preli'n'00\)

2+. "flrc Earth is rloored 'rherc is rothrg mxr .an do nbout tt.' Comoent. (lv{C Prelio 2005)

2\. Il]e worl.l is lrcrcishgly m.iked by rlrprcdictabiliq'. To vhat cxlent ;s this true? (N'IIC

PRlln 200s)

16. 'We are oDr ovn vorst enrmy.'ilow true is rhis srxtcDent ir today's worl.l? (SAJC Prclin2005)

21. Is recycling th. rnslc ro our cnwonr.cntal voesl (Ml Prclim 2005)

28. Is it tn,e thar 'thrre's enough oD this planet for cveryone's reeds bDt nol tor.!E4one'sgrced?' (VJC Prelim 200s)

29. 'Their: is no*lng opr'tusdc abour the fururc of onr environoent.' Do yor: agn? (M.lC MY2006)

l{1. 'Large scrle nrruril rlsasters brirg out thc chtitdblc side oi reoPle.' DiscDss. (IC Prelin)2006)

31. "Nriuril drsrsL.rs.r. L.yond our control.' D., yoD agreel FIC Pieh! 2006)

12. "'l'he future hol.ls nbr€ pessihism rh2n opunrisrr." Horv fir clo you rgacc rvlth rhisst,teh€'t? (IPJC Pich'n 2006)

3l Cnses rvlJe clev2sr,ti'g, c.n le,d to posjdv. outcomes. l)o lou agicel (MJC Prcln, 2006)

1r4- Discuss the inrpact ofre.ent worl(lcvcnts o! siirgapole's ftitDre. (lvlJc Prelin 2006)

35. Ijxtrehe co.su..nsb is $e m,h c,use of cnvirorment2l dcgradanon Do you ,gree?(SAJC Prelim 2006)

36. Flivc ivl^n's actlons ilrcady doomed his dcsccndants? (SRJC Pre.lim 2006)

37. Nl.nkrnd is r canccr upon th. Earth. Do you agleel (VJC Prelirn 2006)

18. Thc prcseration of the environncnt is a luxury. Discuss this in the light of c.v;odbcntalissues facirg us today. (AJC l,relim 2006)

39. In your opinion, is the goal ofavoidlng ccological disasto hopeles? (CJC PttLa 2006)

40 "Humin swiv.l v1ll depe.d oo effective rneisurcs to cope wilh ecologcal problems-"D,scuss. O.JC Prelin 2006)

Relevant P2 comprehension E\ercises on 94an dtIfre Envkonment

1. HCJC ?relim 2002: 'Ihe Use ofViolence in the EnvnoDental SltDgg e

2. RJC pr€lim 2002: The lss e of Global Wahing

3. RJC Prelim 2004: The ProbleDs Caused by l"ivatc Car Use

4. TJC Mid Year Common 'Itst 2003

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An In-Deplh look at the EnvironrnentHuman impacis on lhe nallralworld are both more apparenl and more widespread than everbefore in human hislory. li is increasingly more difficult to clean up existing environmenlaldisasters and halt furlher degradation of important naiural rcsources. But public awareness aboutthe key role that we can play in proteclrng nature and natura' processes is growing. Deslructionand protection hang in the balance al lhis cruciall'me in human history.

As we scan the globe, signs of environmental degradalion are everywhere. Almost 40 percenl ofihe Earlh s surface has been converied to cropland or paslure and hall ofihe kopicalforestshave been destroyed or degraded. Past productive pasturelands are lurning into deserts al analarming rate while low lying coaslal areas appear 1o be lhreatened by flooding from the etfecls ofqlobalwarming

ln the almosphere surroundinq us, the protective ozone layer has been damaged, but nolirreparably. Power plant and automotive emissions creaie widespread air pollulion; in a number otlhe world's largest cilies, ihe air qual;ty is frequently below international health siandards. Freshwaler is declining in qualily and quant;ty

Globally, an eslimale.l lhree unique planl and animal species go extinct every hour. As a result ofover tishinq, many species oI fish exisl only in small. isolaled pockets in the oceans of the worldPlanl species that form a natural pharmacological laboratory are disappearing wilh the kopical

As world populalion qrows, 3ne oI the blggest questions we must ask is: how many people canihe Earlh and its environment support? This carrying capacily' of ihe qlobe is atfected by theway we use ils resources and protecl {he envionmenl uliimately, the envitonmental ioolp rinl ofeach of the Earth s inhabilants will delermine how manY people the qlobe can sustain Today, iheaverage human toolprint is estimated to be just over 7 acres, while the available ecological spaceis onty 5.5 acres. The collective human footprinl is bound lo have a s'gnificanlly negative irnpaclon the environment.

The current environmental crisis ofters an opportunily for lhe economic engines of the world toconvert to environmentally sustainable practices thal are, in facl, good business. As a rcsult welebeginning io craft approa;hes to prolecl lhis fragile naturalworld. This means add;ess,ng lhe rootcauses of environmental degradation:1) Economic and social policies that promote the over'consumplion and lhe unsustainabls_production models of rich counkies; and,2) Economic and social inequaliiies in poor counlries.

A remedialion economy offers numerous benefits noljust to the environment but also to allof theEarth s inhabiiants. lt brings with ii the promise of improved employment and a narrowing of thegap between rich and poor as well as enhanced lood and waler security and adequate healthcare Environmental remediation is a major leverage point for global change.

First Decade ol the 21st Century: Major lmpacts on the Environment

Human hislory has recorded our impect on the environmenl. Whether wete clearing land toragriculture, damming rivers, or ex.tracting ore from lhe ground, lhe nalutalworld is alwaysaffected by our aclions. But untillhe 20ih cenlury, the most destructive envircnmenlal praciiceswere usually local in scope. Today, even the local is global as acid rain and global warming affect

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the enlire world A web of inlerdependence assures that lhe smallest action by a cjtizen of onecounlry can impact everyone else

World population growth has fueled an increased impaci on the environmeni. Uniied Natjonsexperls predict lhal, at lhe current fertilily rale, lhere could be as many as 13 bitUon people in lherxorld by 2050, more than double the present populalion. Nearly allofihat groMh willtake ptacein ihe developing world, where rnany counlies are doubling their population every 30 years. Wealso know lhal the number of people living in citjes has iriplect since 195O, and now constitutesmore lhan 40 percent of ihe global population. Dense concentralions of peopte place intensedemands on lhe envionmeni.

[,4any would argue that the Earth can absorb bjllions more peopte, but onty it its resources areboth distribuled more eqLJitably and used in a truly sustainable way. We're aware of ihe hugeappeliie of lhe induslrialized counl es for energy, commercial fuels, wood, and steel products aswell as all other nalural resources. lf those patlerns of consumplion prevail, natural rcsources wi)lbe exhausted and environmenlal deg.adalion will be irevilrsible.

Compounding that problem is the fact that, drawn into ihe globaleconomy, many otthedeveloping countries are approaching rich nations standards of consumption and waste Weneed Io pay allention to lhe harmlul by-products of what we produce_ Today s emphasis on freerand more open markels can exaceabate the problem, because it often places a lower value onEadh s naiural resources and lessens lhe perceived need to manage them susiainabty

The induslrialized nations pride themselves on their productivity; in tact it is usuatty the sotemeasure of economic success The production of food is a good exampte, in lhe pursuit ofquanlily and bushels-per-acre we use fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicjdes whose neqativermpacl on the environment have been proven scienl ically. cenetlcally enqrneered fo;ds mayprovide an abundance of mlch needed food in ihis century, however its lono term environmenlatand health impacis are yet to be determined

ln the cleveloping wodd, the cultivatio; of singte cash crops lrke cottee is often promoted over lheapplication of smali scale mixed agriculture. Overuse of marginal pastureland as wett as gtobatclimate change has also led 10 rapid desenification in 70 percent of the dry tands of lhe world.Slalisl;cs on ihe deplelion offish stocks in allthe oceans of theworld offerfurlher evidence ofthepermanent damage done lo one of humans most important sources of nutrition.

A good indjcator of balance in the environment is our fiesh water. Wfh the exceplion ot theoccasional drought, citjzens ot the industrjalized world take cJean drinking water f; qranted. lnIacl, more ihan 70 percent ofthe wodd lives without it, and 25,000 people die each day as theresull ot poorwaler management. Because almosl90 percent ot drinkable water is trom -groundwater close to the surlace, it is especially vulnerable to environmental potlution fromind ustrial waste, excessive irrigation and overuse of lertilizers.

A secondary impacl of poisoned water and waterways rs lhe depleton of flora and fauna, whichcontribule to the balance in the naturalworld. ln our need to develop tand we often destroyvaluable wetlands, which play a crucial role in maintaining healthy water quality. As wiih so manyother resources, the wasteful use and inequitable distiibulion of water must be addressed if we?eserious about protecling the environment and our health.

Our personalhealth is directly linked lo the health ofour physical sur.oundings. Ranging fromrjsing skin cancer to respjratory ailments, our sick environmenl is making us sick as well.LJncontrolled harvesting of lhe rainforests of the world nol onty has adirect affect on thegreenhouse gases but also directly depletes the diverse slock oftrees and plants, which are asource of bolh traditional and non traditional medicines_

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Froblems arising from improper diet are another indirecl resull of poljcies lhat are environmenlallyunsustainable As traditional agriculture is replaced by cash crops, ihe usual dependable sourcesof nutrition decljne. ln addilion to lhe obvious impacts of air and water pollulion on our health,careless disposal of bolh nontoxic and toxic wasle poses a major threat.

An unexpected resuli of an environmeni out of balance is ihe increase in naturaldisaslers. Manyof lhe extreme wealher events of the past 50 years can be traced lo environmenlal and climalecharge Floods, resulling in nearly 50 percent of alldeaths caused by naluraldisasters, are moredevasialing because of clear cutling and other deslruclive land use practices Overcrowding in

cilies has also meant lhat urban dwellers are more vulnerable 10 earihquakes and mudslides.

Most countries of lhe worlcl have extraction-based economies. Many supply the raw materials iodislanl industrialized nations while their local environment sulTers the most damage Leadingeconomic thinkers have suggesled that lhis rate of supply, also known as throughput," must bereduced by a faclor of 10 in order to establish a sustainable use oi natural resources. Therrgovemments are ollen influenced primarily by considerations of profitabilily and shortlermpolitical gain and tollow policies lhal are harmtu{ lo the naturalorder.

Given poor countries economic vulnerability and dependence on weallhier nations they are oftenunable lo overhaul their system, which condemns lhem to a dependenl relationship wilh the restof lhe world. More disappointing is ihe fact thal even when national or iniernalional laws do exislio prevent pollution or dump'ng of toxic wastes, corrupt officials will turn a blind eye to suchbehavior. Wiihout consistent and fair enforcemenl by representative qovernments, all such codesand laws are clearly ineffeclive

Concrete Steps Toward Protecting the Environment

Many people have grown aecusiomed lo dire prediciions about lhe environmenl. There iscerlainly ample reason fo. pessimism, but there is equally good reason to celebrale theaccomplishments of a slrong environrrrental protection movement. Non-governmenlalorganizarions iNGOs) have made tremendous progress in eclucating the public and leadinggovernments to more sustainable policies Bul global change will require a fundamenlalrestrucluring ot our current economic syslem thal favors an unequal dislribution of resources andexploilation ralher lhan prolection of the naturalworld.

Despite allthe projections oI increasing populalion, ihere are some heartening lrends. First, theferlility rate in many ofihe developed counlries continues to decline Reproducljve healthprograms ;n some ot the most populous developing countries are beginning to male a d,fference.Experimenls concerning transportation and housiog in densely populated cities like Curitiba inBrazil have shown that urban populaiion centers don't have lo be cenlers ot pollution

There are many ways to change our economic relationship with the environment one is toexplore innovative lorms ofcapitalism that are non-exlraclive; anolher is lo insist on new ways ofaccounting, which include environmenlal impact as parl of a calculation ofthe bottom line. A thitdway is 10 include anti pollulion and resburce proleclion clauses in all cont€cts with substantjalconsequences f or violations.

Since the pioneering R'o Conference in'1992, a number of agreements and prolocols have beenadopted by the United Nattons with the sole purpose of setting environmental standards forindustries. Each ofthese agreements, ranging from lhe Convenlion on lhe lnlemational Trade inEndangered Species (CITES) to the Montreal Protocol on Subslances that Deplele the OzoneLayer has a secretariat charged with enforcing il-

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Almost every practice lhai is harmful to lhe environment is covered, including dumping olhazardous malerials, destruciion of weilands, and overfishing of endangered marine speciesThe most recenl addiiion is the Kyoto Protocol on cl'male change that sels clear standards for

Each of ihe above organizations is beginning to exercise the authority necessary to identity andpenalize otfenders, and to gain the cooperation of naiionalgovernments Once bolh developingand developed countiies respecl these iniemalional environmental regulations we can begin toreverse ihe decades of damage already done by uncontrolled production and consumption.

Probably lhe most importanl aclo6 in this process are specialized nalional and iniernalionalNGOs ihat do ihe research and lobbying necessary to protect specialized resources like coralreefs, tropical rainforests, and mangrove swamps W;lhout the dedicated and determined serviceof NGOs, international institulions wouldn t be able lo accomplish nearly as much as they do.

Afterthe proliferation ofenvironmental NGOs, the next mosl encouraging developmenl is thegrowing respect for the natural world- Tree planting programs, recycling, promolion of car poolingand bicycling and aulojree zones are bui a few examples of a changing consciousness. Thischange in attilude is lhe essenlialfirst step in achieving the politicalwill necessary forkansformational change.

Wilhout the clear accouniability of governments of all nalions, no real progress can be madetowads long lerm environmental suslainability. Recenlly lhere have been some encouragingexamples of national-internalional cooperation, ofien with NGOS being lhe catalyst. Control of thesale and prodlction of chlo.ofluorocarbons (CFC) in developing and developed countries showsus that, wilh polilicalwill al lhe national level, slandards can be enforced.

Pioneers in lhe agricultural!,/r'orld are showing that we can produce tood in environmentallybenefjcialways. OBanic farmers are proving that they can compele in lhe global markelplacewhile not relying on chemicals; consurners in Europe and elsewhere are refusing lo purchasegenetically modifled foods until theyle convinced thal they won't be harmful lo lhei environmentand heallh.

As lhe wo d economy gradually swilches to suslainable praclices, healthy food production shouldfollow. lt is essentialthal the naiions ofthe world be able to feed themselves, balancing theproduction of cash and food crops. Appropriate lechnology in agriculture, which balancesmechanized with non-mechanized processes, wilialso help to safeguard the environment.Raliflcation and enforcement of the United Nations Convention on the Law of theSea and itssuccessor protocols is crucialto the protectjon ofendangered food fish siocks.

The skengthening of international law and iis enforcement would bolslerttre environmenfltmovement tremendously as wellas protect the rights of allcitizens ofthe globe- For exadple,indigenous groups whose very existence has been threatened by oil exploration, mining andlogging will benefit hom lhe Convention on Biodiversity, the Convenlion on World Cultural andNalural Herilage as well as other human righls documents designed io protect their culiure andunique way of life. The Basel Convention on lhe Transboundary Movemenis of HazardousWasles a.d Their Disposaloffers important prolection to developing countries lhat have beendumprng grounds for toxlc subslances.

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ln the industrialized countries, poor and minority groups have mobilized themselves againstpolluting faciories in theh neighborhoods and insisted on equal protection by exislingenvironmental standards. Local Nctis from Nigeria io California have delailed knowledge aboutspecific problems and a passionate commjlment to advocacy.

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Cornpetiljon for the conirciof natural resources is oflen al the root oi many conflicts in ihe wortd.Wilh the g€dual acceptance of internalion a I standards regarding the environmenl, there s agrealer chance that one major source o{ con{licl would be removed. Naiionat serviceorganizations dedicated lo tree planting, sho.eline restoration, and endangered speciesprotection provide a powerlul example oi how resources miqht be redirected to peaceiulends

Conclusion

As citizens and consumers we can play a tmnsformalive role through locai action to complementthe work of inlernal iona I environmenta I orga nizal ions and NGOS. The way we lead our tives rs apowerful stalement in itselt: are we conscious of how much we consume and how our eatinghabits determine land use and availabilily of food for olhers? Buying consciously contributesdireclly to rebuilding the environment; this includes selectjng products that are recycled,patronizing companies with proven envircnmenial records, and simply consuming tess

As aclors in lhe world econornic arena we can also have an impact. There are many investmenlopporiunities lhat a€ environmentally screened and promole positive land and resource use attover lhe world. Even lhe largest corporations are vulnerable to sharehoJder aclivism and manyhave changed environmental policies as the result ofdemands made in their annual meetings.

As voters we can make a huge ditference in local, national, and intemational environmentalpract;ces. From ihe preservation of wetjands and development of pockel parks to lobbying forhigher emission standards we have a powerful voice ;n how the commons-resources whichbelong lo allof us-are being used

Al the beginning of ihe 2lst cenlury, we are at a turning point in our relationship with the naiuralwond. There is ample evidehce of a strong determinatjon on the part ol ordinary citizens to forgea new way lhal respecis nalure and conirols ourtendency to oveproduce and over-consume Bulold habils don t disappear easily, especially when the economic benefits to be gained tromexplollalion are so alluring- Bul the beneiils irom such a chpnged relatjonship to the environmentcould be lremendous We do have lhe abilily 1o play a substantial role in protecting lhe

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,Well fed people have many problems, hungry people only have one. This tradilional Chineseproverb reminds us thal, even though allglobalissues are linked, nothing is quite as basic tohuman survival as food and waler. An estimatec,2 billion citizens ofthe world lack access loadequale nutrition, and nearly 800 million are chronically hlrngry. Our supply ofiresh waler is alsoseverely limiled: 31 couniries are currently suflering from scarciiy or slress and for more than 1

billion people clean drinking waler is simply unavailabie. (UNDP)

The human costs of food and waler insecurily are high. Drasiic shortages of food and waierheighten the gap bet\rveen r'ch and poor and often lead to conflicts on both sides ot the borders ofa partlcular country. Waler wars are almosl inevilable, as more people compele lor that scarce

The push for inc€ased agripultural produciion lo meet growing needs leads {o environmentaldegradalion from habilat desi.uction, chemical pollution f.om fe ilizers, and oveFfishing Riversyslems and aquters have been seriously depleted by water wilhdrawals. The inlrcduction ofgenelically modified organisms (Glvlo_s) in an effort to increase food production has potentiallynegalive environmental and health implicalions

As the environment suffers, so does the health olihe millions who lack adequate sanitation,potable waier, ancl daily nuirilion. Children who go lo bed hungry are vulnerable to disease aswell as delayed physjcal and menlal developmenl. Dirty water is a majorculprit in lhe spread ofdiseases like cholera, which are especially deaclly for children.

Populaiion grolvlh has a double impacl on food and water securily. On the one hand, increasingper capita food consumption bywealthier nations of a proiein-rich diet further skews distribulionof resources. On lhe other hand, a rapidly growing and more prosperous developing world williead to their demand for a grealer share of lhe word's food. Grealer numbers ofpeople also leadto expanded agricultural, induslrial, and mun;cipalwater use that eventually comprom;se bothwater quality and its availabilily.

The structure of lhe world economy al the beginning of the 2lst Century conlributes significanilyto the current problem. Developing countries, akeady deeply in debt to induslrialized countries,are forced to make difiicult decisjons that often tavor cash crops over food crops and exporlearnings over self-suff iciency

It is possible lo provide adequale food and waterfor everyone. Farmers can convert to provensustainable agriculture by improving harvesting, trcnsportation, and storage technologies thatcurrently waste as much as one quarter of alltood produced. It's also possible lo use water mrjchmore efficiently in agricullure, industry, and residential.applications. Thrcugh education,

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fundamentalchanges in consumplion patlerns and diet in induslrialized couniries and a movelowards balancing resou.ce use worldwide are possible

Food and water securily for a,l of lhe world's cilizens direclly addresses lhe rool causes ofpoverty and conflict. Hungry people who begin lo eat heallhy diels become aclive and productivemembers ofsociety, coniributing to a robusl international economy.

Food Security: The Current Situation & Predictions lor the Future

The UN predicls that ihe world population will increase 10 8 billion by 2025. Accompanying thatgrowth will be a dlamaiic .ise in per capita consumption ot food and a growing demand for morecalories lncreased consumption will make more obvrous the huge Inequ;lies rn lhe drslnbution offood to the people of the world.

This is nol a new problem. ln the 1950s, population experls sbocked ihe world with thejrprojeclions; many were convinced lhat, unless we made fundamenlal changes in agriculturalproduciion, widespread famine would resull. Agricultural advances of the '1950s, called lhe'Green Revolulion l" raised lhe amount ot food per capila through lhe developmenl andinlroduction of high yield, pest resistant seeds, and increased irrigalion techniques GreenRevol!tion I was an impressive atlempl lo increase food produclion in rich and poor countriesalike. But lhe environmenialand socialimpacts oflhis agricullu€l revolution were significant:

'arge tracts of land were deforesled, c hemical ferlilizers poisonecl soil and groundwaier, and

peasant farmers losl control oi seed stocks

Most importanlly, at the beginning ol the 21st cenlury, il is clear that Green Revolulion I dicln iaclually bridge the gap between tood producers and food consumers; it kept up with populaiiongrowih ior only a moment in lime Poor people don i eal well; the result is that about 20 percent ofthe world's populalion consAmes loo few calories to supporl an active working life As a result,the productivity of both agricullural and ind ustrial workers sufferc greally in undernourisheclde,eloprng cour1.e,

Recent advances in the area ofgenelic engineering, olten cojned "Green Revolutior ll" is theIatest attempl io address the probiem of insufficientfood for a growing population. Geneticallymodified organisms (GI\4Os) represent to some the ultimate answer lo food shortages and toothers a serious threat to the naluralworld- GMOs rnciude seeds, which are resistanl lo cerlainpests and have built-in genetic characteistics that promise higher yields and rcsistance lo naturalpests. But, tinkering wilh the genetic make up of lraditional crops can threaten organjc seedslocks and produces crops, like the Terminator, that have the polenlial ofmonopolizinginternational agaiculture.

Conversion of forcsls and other arable land to pasture for cattle reduces ralnforests esseniat tothe environmental health of the globe. The cycle of enuronmenlal degradation has also ledtounnalural disasters, especially droughls and tioods ln the flrst lew years of ihe 21st century,floods in Honduras and lndia and droughts in A{ghanistan have made those countries heavilydependenl on intemalional food aid

There are many trouble spots in the world where food and water security arc compromised ratherihan protected. Civilwars often threaten existing tood and waler suppiies lora variety of reasons:laud mines and unexploded ordnance interfere with potentially produce agricullural lands, militaryservice of youth and farmers means a smallerwork torce, and iniernal displacement (refugees) ofrural populations results in more mouths to feed. ln tact, il is estimated that 10 p€rcenl of theworld's hungry people are in thai condition because ofthe clisrupiions ofwar and othe. civilstrife.

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ln the process, lhe health ol many oflhe world's cilizens sutfers. Proper nutriiion is the foundation()1 good health. but it is estimaied lhat abou140 million people die annually from hunger andhunger-relaled diseases. Lack of a balanced diet and an insuiticient daily caloric irttake teavemany more vulnerable to olher diseases and unable lo resist the secondary aftlictions associaledwilh a disease like HIV-AIDS At lhe olher end of the economic speclrum, 30 percent ofadulls inthe Uniled Stales over the age of 40 are obese and sutier from a variety ot serious healthproblerrs ds\o' ialad w lh lhat , ondrlron

Water Security: The Current Situation & Predictions for the Future

Water is one of the most precious commodiiies on the earih; its ownership' and use-tike food-are not equiiably distributed. The least dire predictions for the future are that by 2025, two-ihirdsof lhe world s population will be ljving with waler shortages or absolute water scarcity. Theseshortages wi,l affect lhe poorest first, both in terms of domestic consumpiion and irrigalion.

World history is filled with hundreds ol examples of how water suppty delermines the success orfailure of civilizations. Every greal river system like lhe lndus Valley, the Tigris & Euphrates, NiteValleys, andthe Mekong lo namejusl a few - has along history of conflict and cooperationover its conlrol Water use has determined the very nature of the civilization itgelf.

Already in this century, neiqhborinq countries have come io the brink of war over the use of riverwaler shared by them For ihe mosi pad, potential conflicts have been resolved cooperatively:157 water treaties have been signed over the pasl50 years But as the renewable supptydeciines and world population grows, some predjct a ditferent scenario Even though onty one-quarter of water- €laled inieraclions were hostile in the last 50 years, there were 37 insianceswhere shots were fired or some sorl oI milltarv aclion occurred

Water can be viewed, like fdod, as a commodity, which can be lraded on the world market andproduced eflicienlly with the applicalion oi the very latest technoloqy. Some multinationalcorporations are interested in making water an item to be bought and sold on the world marketPoor people akeady oflen pay more lor their water lhan those in affluenl countries

ln a giimpse ofwhal could easily happen aa privatizalion of resources increases in lhe nextdecade, Bechtei Corporation, backed by lhe World Bank, doubled the price of water in ihe city ofCochabamba, Bolivia in 1999. They were unprepared ior the violenl reaction of the mostty poorcitizens of ihal city who slillsaw access to fresh water as a right and not a privitege.

lnlemal,onal law is even more e{plicil concernrng how waler should be usFd ln d;temrning vitalhuman needs , special attenlion is to be paid to providirg sufficient water to sustain human life,including both drinkjng waler and water required tor production of food in order 10 prevenl -starvation (Article 10 UN Convention on lhe Law of the Non-naviqational Uses)

Many of lhe most debililating diseases like.cholera, typhoid and less severe forms ofdiarrhe&-are waleFborne; lack oI adequale saniiation and an unpredictable waler supply are major culpritsin h;gh infanl moriality. Irany experts claim lhal provision of clean waler both for drinking andother household uses would be a major leverage point in assuring adequate and equitable

Planntng tor Food & Water Security: There is a Way

Despite the many worst case scenarios, we wilt be able to provide adequale food and waler tolhe esiimated 9lo 13 billion citizens of lhe world fifty years from now Br such a goal can only bereached lhrough a lransformation of our syslems of production and dislribuiion. We will have tochoose to use ihe resources of lhe earlh jn a more equjtable and sustainable way.

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A good slartlng point in achieving this goal is lo stabilize world population grcwth al a workablelevei. Reproductive health educalion efforls in rural communilies can have dramatic results,especially ln convi.cing girls and women ot the wisdom of reducing family size. This will slow theprocess of land fragmentaiion that is having such a destructive impact especially in Asia. Sinceihe poor oflen count on larqe families as a form of insurance, it slands to reason that as food andwaler security increase, one of lhe incenlives ior more children disappears.

This vicious cycle of poverly can.be broken in a variety of ways, but one ol lhe most effeclive is toprovide ihe food and water required for produciive work. The Worlcl Foocl Summii Plan ofAction,adopled in 1996 by nearly every nation of lhe world, slates lhat poverly eradicalion is essenliallo improve access io food " l\rany stldies show thai increased caloric intake increases per capilaincome dramalically-

ln alnrosl every country of lhe world ihere are grassroots NGOS devoted to reducing the gapbetween rich and poor. Many ot these olganizalions arc largeling rural farmers and making self-sufliciency in food their number one priority. The Bangladesh Rural Advancement Comm'ttee(BRAC) concentrates on poor ruralwomen and promoles home based income generalingd.lrvrles. i\e {ood procescinq and pourlry reanngHeifer lnternational, a non plofit organization empowers locai communities by offering heallhyanimals lo the rural poor and injtialing an ethic of mutual assistance.

Cooperallves and olher local organizalions ofler an imporlant antidote lo the impoverish'ngeffecls of globalizalion Anti'WTO aclivists claim thai free lrade and open markels musl bebalanced with programs lhat proteci and suppori indigenous agriculture and resist lhe lrendlowards privalEaiion of commonly held resources like waler, for example

Competilion for scarce resoirces like iood and waler can eilhe. be a source of future conflicl or ofpeaceful cooperation Recerily lhere have been concerted efforts internationally to eslablishprocesses ofcooperalion which have led to the Nile Basin lnitialive, lhe

'ndus Waters Trealy, and

a GlobalAlliance ior Waler Security, to name just a few programs. The World Food Program isoften lhe most imporlanl agency in areas of conllict, providing foocl lo refugees and the internaliydisplaced They are eager lo turn reliet into redevelopmenl and, ihrough lheir Food for Workprogram, allempt to address some of lhe root causes ofcontlicl.

lnternalional orcanizalions are also working hard to prcmote cooperation between developingcounlries in food produciion. For example, Ihe UN s Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) hasa Special Program for Food Securily thal targets lhe 86 lowest income food deficit counlries, andpairs them wilh another poor country lhat has made signilcant agricu,tural advance's undersjmilar conditions. NGOs like OXFAM foster small-scale local assistance programs, which bringlogether rivalt bal groups for seed sharing or developmenl of appropriaie technology

covernments, which are responsive lo tbe needs ofalllhen cilizens, willcerlarnly make food andwaier security lheir top priority. The numberof democratic governments in lhe world continues togrow; this trend is encouraging. Bul even a democ.acy as large as lndia, in ils efforls to fostereconomic groMh, can failto listen lo the grassroots. Anti hunger activists make a strong case forpoliticians io balance globatand localeconom'cs needs.

Consciousness of the tragility ot the natural world is growing and citzens and governmenls arebeginning to adopt measures io prolect our naturalenvironment Susiainable agricolturalpractices are an essentialfirsl step in this process, since mechanized production farming canlake a toll on soil and waler resources In the induslrialized world, consumers a€ paying grealeratlenlion to what they eal and insistinO on healthier diels. ln response, many farmers areconverting from heavy chemica I depe ndent praclices to more sustainable method of prodLrclionand are remaining compeiilive in lhe process. Altemative approaches to growing food and

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models oi appropriate iechnology are being disseminaled in the developing world with some

As lhe enormity oi the water crisis sinks in, a'ternaiives to wasteful irigation ate being explored.For example, lsrael has pioneered a waleFsaving method of d.ip irrigation lhat is being used inother arid climates. OXFAM has also supported the wider use ol a locally developed plow in lheHorn ofAfrica, which cullivates lhe land in a way that uses rainwater more eflic'ently. Atthe highlech end of the scale, desalination and complex waler transpori syslems are being explored. lnindust alized countries domestic waler conservalion is emphasized in schools and efforts arebeing made lo curb waste

All of these solutions have meril, but efforts to reverse lhe climale change broughl aboui bycarbon emissions are among lhe most importani Rising waler levels caused by lhe melting of icecaps and genera' overheating oI the climate are akeady having a devaslating effecl onagriculture Reduclion of carbon emissions is critical if we wanl lo reverse the negative impacts ofglobalwarming

The healih of the enlire populalion of the world rests on the availabilily oi clean water andnutrilious food. The epidemic of HIV-AIDS in Atrica is a good example: ;n many countries, thefarmers who produce the tood and could pass on lhe agriculturalskills have clied. Ugancia hastaken exiraordinary steps to slow lhe ,nfection raie and restore healih lo the rural areas. TheWorld Food Prog€m, in iis many food assistance piograms to refugees and viclims of naturaldisasters, I'nks food and health care in an eftorl to break ihe cycle

The World Health Organization along with NGOs charged with reforming health care in ihe worldhas focused on clean waler as the best way to prevent debilitating disease in develop'ngcounlries. Village wells and a guaranteed supply otwater lo the millions who live in the barrios oithe world willgo a Iong wayln reducing disease and promoling health.

Conclusion

As we enter 21st century, we are beginnang to realize that we do have the ability to feed ihe worldand io provide each global citizen with sufficienl clean waler. Even though we iluctuate belweenhopelessness and optimism, we are aware thal we must make some dramatic changes in theway we eat and how we use waler. Until resources are more equitably distributed and weconlinue to develop and implemenl sustainable processes into ihe way we grow food, lhe basicproblem of hunger willlikely persist.

When poor people have enough lo eat and waler to drink and wash wilh, they enter the globaleconomy as partners and consumers and business lhrives- When communities lake charEle oflheir own food production and protect theirwater sources lhe environment lhrives and the landbegins io recover- And when everyone is receiving lheirfair sha.e of the food and water oflheworld, one ofthe most serious sources of conflict is removed.

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After Iood and water, energy lo cook or heal or move from place to place is lhe most basjc humanneed. Whether we microwave a pizza or cook ihe evening meal on dried cow dung, energyimpacls every aspect of our life. ln fact, modern economies and cullures are often defined by thecycle of energy production and consumption.

ln ihe pasl we ve worried about how long supplies of energy will lasl; our consumpt'on patternshave been driven by a fear lhal some day we ll simply run oLit. Recenlly, we have become awareof the imporlance ofsustainable use of a varieiy of energy sources lrom tradjtional loss il fu els lopholovoltaic (solar) cells. A{d we know thal our ene€y models are not susiainable because ofenvironmenlal, economic, and oeopolitical issues.

Al the beginnlng ofthe 21sl centLrry, despite a slowly changrng atLdude concerning wrse use, weare siill reliani on tradilional sources of energy and on unsustainable palterns o{ consumption.Hydrocarbon tuels (oil, natural gas, and coal) slill provide nearly 80 percent of lhe world's energyeven though iheir carbon conlenl leads direclly lo the development of greenhouse gases andglobal warming. l\rore than iwo billion people in lhe developing world coniinue lo use lradiiionalbiomass tuels like wood whose overuse has led to land degradation, deforestalion,deserliflcation, and air pollulion.

Al one pornl rn our recent hisiory, beginning in the 1960s, we lurned to nuclear ge;eration as lheanswer lo all of our energy needs Many counkies in bolh developed and developing coua:trieshave built nuclear power plants, and must address the safe disposalofwaste producls of nuclearenergy as well as polential lhreats io lhe humans and lhe nalural environment from operational

Renewable sources of energy like sol.rr, wind, hydro, and hydrogen powerconstitule a minisculepercentage of the total energy package, but they are receiving greaier ailention and emphasts assustainability gains creclence.

As with all the other major issues facing the world today, we have lhe means to reverse the non-sustainable trends ouilined above ancl to prcvide non-polluting energy to the world s people. Sucha change however, would require an inlernalional effort, redesigning the world energy systemwilh the tollowing key goals:

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1. Efficienl use of existing energy, two thirds of which is curenlly wasled At Ihe same time, aglobal program of eificienl use would also slress more equitable distribution;2. A shift lrom hydrocarbons to renewable energy sources including wind, solar, geolhermal, andhydrosen,3 Redesigning communlties, businesses, homes, and modes of lransportation so that ihey useless-as well as different torms of energy;4 Transferrinq sustainable energy iechnologies directly lo developing nations, enabling lhem lo'' leapfrog ' beyond the unsustainable models currently used by the developed world.5. Adoption of international treaiies and binding agreemenls concerning wise energy use.

There are many encouraging examples ol sleps being laken in the direclion suggesled above Inmany countries ot the lvorld, the urgency of climate change and the impaci ot environmenlaldegradation are spurring individuals and governments 10 aclion

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lmpacts of Unsustainable Energy Policies on the World

Al either end ol the economic spectrum, ihe way people use energy nol only impacls their livesbul also affects the world as a whole However, within each one of the impacis mentioned belowis lhe seed of a so'ulioni suslainabilily is the iesl of its long-te.m etfectiveness

As mighl be expecled, energy consumplion patterns and economic status are direcily linked. TheUnited States and Canada, wilh only 6 percent of the world s populalion consume nearly 30percenl oflhe world's energy while allof Africa consumes only 5 percenl At lhe village level in

Africa, such a statistic means that women spend a signif'cant part of time dudng lhe day simplygathering the energy requue-d lo process and cook their Iood. Consequenlly, lhey have less timelo spend on rncome general,bn or efforls lo relieve their poverly They would pay a significantlylarger amounl for the same energy as a more affluent indiv'dual and have less capiial availablefor heallh care and education

ln ihe rich nalions of lhe world, energy tor cooking, heattng, hol water, and light are readilyavailable at a relalively low cosl. They have invested in both the cenlralized sources andextensive dislribution systems to make that energy available lo cilizens and businesses. At thesame time, il is estimated that almosl two billion people stilllack electricity in their homes.Providing similar, inexpensive energy to the village woman ot lhe developing world wouldtransform the economic siatus of ber family. One of the foundalions of a civil sociqty is theprovision of a reliable and cheap source of energy.

Provision of clean wate. and adequate food tely heavily on the availability of an inexpensife andreliable source of energy. According to the United Nations there are nearly one billion people ofthe world who are undernourished and musl increase thei daily caloric inpul lo 2,160. To do thatrequires more efficient production by even peasant farmers who rely on energy for irrigation,mechanizalion, and oiherforms ot basic agriculturaltechnology. Transter of harvesled crops tomarket requires noi only a developed infrasvuclure but also a kuslworthy system oflransporlation, which again relies on cheap energy. At various points during this cycle ofproduction and consumption, ihe processing of food also requires energy, wheihet il be sun fordrying or electricity for elaborate preserving operalions.

Most experts claim thal potable water is an essentiql key lo development. ln viliages as well aslarge urban areas, energy is crucially jmportanl bolh in the drilling of wells and the developmentofwaler sources and in trealment and supply. Food and waler securily, in turn, impactthegeneral health and the quality of health care ofworld citizens.

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But world heallh is also impacted negalively by careless ploduction and use oi energy. At theproducer level, the health of coal miner, refinery worker, and wood colleclor can be advetselyaflecied by lhei activilies. ln the processing and cooking offoods, many ruraldwellers in thedeveloprng world are exposed lo harnful smoke and other by-producls of burning organicmaterial ln developing counlries where large refineries are localed like in lhe Niger DeJla regionof Nigeia, the health of lhose living in lhe vicinily is di.ectly affected. As lhe scale of ploduciionand fossilluel use increases (in manufacturing and transpodaiion sectors, for example), so do theharmful emissions thal are breathed in by large populalions ofihe world Finally, andmostsignificantly, increased carbon in lhe atmosphere is acceleraling globalwarming with resullantskin cancer and respiratory problems.

Local and global environmenls both suifer in the face of unsustainable energy policies. Acid rain,a direcl resull ofthe burning of iossilfoels, .enders large bodies of waler lifeless. Globally, thegreenhouse effect already threalens lowlying areas with tlooding as ocean waier levels rise Aridregions oflhe world like lhe Sahel in Africa are threalened by increased desertificalion. Pipelines,which strelch over

'ong dislances from oilsource to convenient porl as in Chad and Cameroon,

have a devaslating effeci on the local populations and lhe environment Oilspills resulting fromlransporlalion in superlankers and lhe pipelines lhemselves afiecl localflora and tauna in avariety ofways On the locallevel, when ruralpopulalions must rely on wood bolh for processingand cookinq food as wellas for heal, the ullimate result is defo.esiation and land degradalion.

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Sustainable Solutions to the World Energy Crisis

As individuals we can make decisions about our personal energy use "policy which, combinedwith similar aclions ol othei cilizens, can profoundly affect ihe iocal and global envjronrnent. Asworld cilizens we can work'for national and internalionalpolicies, which favor equitable and wiseuse of resources and non-pollutjng forms of energy. ln both cases, the guiding principle must besustainability For each otthe solutions meniioned belowwe mustfirsl ask these questions: 1)

does ii take inio accounl lono term impacts on all relaled issues and 2) will it preserve theresources tor fuiure generalions?

On lhe international level, rich nations can transfer sustainabie energy lechnologies to developingnalions, thus allowing lhem to leapfrog beyond the deslruclive energy models used by lheindustfialized regions. ln order 10 reduce global warming, indusirialized nations might agree tolimit their carbon emissions while otfering "crediis lo developing nations wiih a much lower rateof resource consumption Any attempt by the rict] nations io reduce their dependehcy on fossilfuels will Lr'tamately benefil Ihe poorer countries as well as reduce their own rising energy bills. lna sustainable approach to eneryy use, reduction of wasteful practices musl be linked with-redislribulion olwhal rs alreadv ava'lable.

Nationally, extending the power grid to rural areas will have the etfect of slowing flighi to thecilies, reducing inetticienl use ot biomass energy and freeing women to engage in incomegenerat'on and productive aclivities. Development and €xtension ot renewable energy sources inareas of poveriy would have the added impacl oi creating jobs at ihe local level. Solar, wind, andwaterpower technology can lransform remote parts ot counlries into valuable assets and providecheap rel;able power to ftJraldwel'erc.

Significant steps a.e being taken in developing inlernational energy policies thatwill prolecl lheenvironment. The latest vercion of lhe Kyolo Prolocol, approved by all ofthe developed nationsexceptlhe United Siates, includes ai elaborate tormula for reducing greenhouse gases byagreeing to limii carbon emissions to prescribed levels. Many industrial nalions have teducedwaste and actively promoted the development of renewabte energy resources.

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The use of hydrogen and other non-polluting fuels would have a dramatic effect on lheenvironmeni. lf hydrogen can be ef{iciently isolated (eilhe. ihrough solar power or other means)and distr'buted cheaply it could provide a clean fuel for inlernal combusiion engines andrevolutionize transportalion as well as power generation. Other atlempts at de-carbonization offossil fuels and crealion of synthetic fuels could have similarly positive effects on lhe environment.Tree planling on land already degGded by heavy firewood cutting would not only increaseoxygen production but also provide cheap energy to peasant tarmers.

Enelgy policies that are envircnmentally friendly will have a direci eftect on many world healthproblems as well The shift from fossil iuels to renewable energy sources means that individualsdirectly exposed to g.eater risk, such as coal miners or lhose living in vicinity ot nuclear powerplants, would automalically live healthier lives At the village level, women engaged in arduousdaily wood gathering and families exposed lo haimiulsmoke trom cook fires would benefit greatiyfrom alternalive, clean energy sources.

As po'lulants generaied in pow€r and indusirial production and lransportalion are reduced so arethe many heallh problems associatecl wiih them Skin canceB associated with the greenhouseeffeci and many pulmonary problems arising from air pollulion would be dramatically reduced asconservalion measures take ef{ect and solar/airlwater power replaces fossilfuels

Smallsleps have aheady been made in promoling appropriate technology in agriculture,especially in irrigation With the advent offuelcells and other allemative forms ofenergy.mechanization on a small scale will be more atfordable and friendly lo ihe environment Asphotovoltaic cells become more affordable, small farmers will be able to raise and move waler toarid lands and inc.ease iheir produclivity w;ihout harming the environment

Cheap energy allows for fobd processing and prese.valion al the local leveland/or efficienttransporlation to markeis Ground waler pollutjon from the extraction of lossilluels will bercduced sjgnificantly with sustainable energy policies

The sooner we reduce our dependence on fossilfuels the sooner we'll redlce polenlial regionaland international conflicls Some obseNers of the international scene argue convincingly ihatover reliance by developed counlries on Middle Eastern oil has heightened the potentialforcontlict in lhat area The construclion of pipelines aeross parts of CentralAsia and lhe neeci toprotect them thlealens peace. Similarly, development of the petroleum industry in countries likeCo,ombia and Ecuador has brought conflicl as well as disruption and loss of nalive cultures

As we move towards renewable energy and away from fossilfuels we increase ih'e possibility ofbuilding truly responsive governmenls Manyoflhestales on the Persian Gult, especially SaudiArabia, conlinue to operale as oligarchies where an economic elile, which conlroJs the sosrce ofoil, also has absolule political power. lnduslrialized naljons dependent on fossilfuels apply adiflerent standard ofgood govemance lo lheir suppliers, accepting human rights abuses ard anti-democratic practices. Once energy is diskibuted more equitably lhe political powerlhat resideswith a small economic elite becomes diluled. Again, local, small scale renewable energyprograms bring with them undeniable politicalpower.

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Where Do We Go From Here?

The kinds of energy we use and tbeway we obtain them have a pervasive effect on our quality oflife, whether we're aftluent city dwellers or rural peasants. The saying you are whal you eat"could equally be applied to the kinds of energy on which we rely. As long as the developed

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f nalions ol the world are depencient on fossil fuels. all ot our actions will be driven by unhealihy

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a, ln Lhese ir.sl years ol lhe 2lst cenlury there is some cause for oplimism. Fist, lhere is a growing

I awareness of Ihe tragilily oi our environmeni and ao apparent willingness to make changes in lher way we l,ve Io protecl n More ciiizens are aware of lhe impacts of his or her aclions on the worlctas a whole Gradually, cilizens ot the cher nations are reahzing lhal they must change the way

f;_ they live and change ihe'r consumption of scarce resources.

ISecond, many nations of lhe world are translating ciiizens growing personal awareness into

,, polrtrcal aclron. The general agreement reached by mosl of lhe induslrialized nations of the world

I to drasticallv rul lherr greenhouse emissions by 2012,under the Kyolo Protocol, is a gooctr e,€mple of a progressive energy policy. There are a number of olhea internaiional agreements

governing energy production and consumplion which signal important changes in the way thet "vorld

lool\ alhowwepowFrou, vehrcles and unourrndusl,rFss{

Th;rd, lhe innovative lechnologies of the pasl few decades are beginning to ofter us some very. alkactive allemative forms of energy. As inclividual consumers begin lo truly understand ihe! rmpo.lance oi susta,nabi|ly and tenewabiliiy as well as the evenlual afordabjlily of solar and windI power, fossil fue]s will begin lo lose lheir edge This is aheady happening in places like San

Francisco, California where voiers recenily supported a measure to inslallas many solar panels

{' in thal city as lhe entie nalion does each year

{The remarkable lhing about energy is how it afiects every aspecl of our lives. As a resull, we can

. male personal decisions about our energy use ihal have the polential 10 afiect lhe wond as a! wtrolei

htlpl/wr*v. fucin el h etutu rc. o r!y'q Lql]l ll.s:!g!llt!r!4!!1j!lt1!!!!tr!!!t!)eFlh/rabid/ ]I2/Dcfaul!.lspr

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lntroduclion

Good heallh is absolutely essenlial for social and economic development However, despiteprogress made lowards the materiai well-being of many in the industrialized world, the majority ofthe world's citizens continue io suffer from poor health

There are many reasons for this disparity, but population growlh, globalization, and inappropriatedevelopment have had a tremendous impacl on the developjng world directly. ln the .ichernations, over Donsumplion has caused serious environmental hea:th impacts. As an indirect resulia much higher priorily has been placed on curative rather lhan prevenlalive health programs.

As with all of the major issues tacing the world al lhe beginning of the 2'1sl cenlury, healih cannotbe considered in isolalion We can see its impacl on eveMhing from population, to the econony,io peace and conflicl. By the same ioken, heallh is profoundly influenced by economic lrends,environmental degradation,ror the budgelary priorities esiablished by any national government

A,ihough the news is filled with shocking stories about epidemics like HIV-AIDS or the lack ofhealth care coverage for poorer citizens in industr;alized counkies, recent reports indicale anumber of changes for the better lmmunizalion programs are expanding in ihe developing world.There are certainly many opportuniiies to break the cycle of poor health care, including theextension of reproduciive health faciliiies to women, as wetl as access for all people lo anutrilious diet and clean water

The benefits of a comprehensive global 'wellness" program are clear Heallhy cilizens arc morecapable of economac productivity as well as social and poiiiical engagement. 8ul $rch a programwould require a reordering of priorities by all nalions, so that preventive public health receives asmuch suppori as the more expensive curative programs currently given lop priority in the affluentcountries. Health care, ot necessily, would take a niuch larger bite out of national andintemalional budgets; a reordering of spending priorilies would need to lake place

Global Heafth Gonnections

Epidemics have shaped world hislory. One has only to look at Black Death in Europe and thedevaslating effects of smallpox, measles, or syphilis on the indigenous populations ofthe NewWorld to realize how ihe spread of disease alfects human deveiopment. The lndustrial Revolulionof the 1gth Century also offers important lessons about the impacl of industrial pollution andadverse working conditions on overall heallh, especially of urban populations.

But the siluation has changed dramatically as we beg,n the 21st century. The increasingpopulation densilies and globalizalion of the economy during this century have magnified theimpacts of disease and environmental degradalion by speeding communication and virlually

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erasing bo!ndaries, which previously might have slowed the spread of palhogens HIV-AIDS,Wesl Nile Disease. and Ebola are a tew examples of the many potenlially leihal dlseases lhat arelruly iniemational

'n scope

By the same token, acid €in and othe. environmental conditions pose a similar ihreat lo publichealth worldwide Jusl as the outbreak of an epidemic in one corner of the world ullimately aflecisus all, so is lt linked direclly or indireclly to allihe other majorworld issues such as populationgrowlh, governance, lhe rich poor gap, orthe environment

Population groMh and movemenl have had a profound effect on lhe spread and genesis oidisease worldwide For example, those who move from ruralto urban areas are susceplible tonew diseases; increased populaiion density in urban areas also guarantees that disease willspread more quickly. One of the mosl faFranging developmenls of the 21sl century is the agingof the world s population. lt is a well established fact that population grows primarily because of adecline in mortality rather than an increase in tertility. As lhe population ages, priorities in healthcare change accordingly and di{ferenl kinds of services are rcquired. ln weaithy nations result hasbeen a marked decline in public health prcgrams and increased emphasis on chronlc diseasesand diseases that affect the aqing population

ln poorer nations lhe needs of pregnant women and newborn children are quile diflerenl and justas pressing The major goals of lhe World Summit on Children for the year 2000, which tocus onthe reduclion of the tive year old and under mortality rate and the maiernal mortality ratio, havenot been mel, especially in the pooresl counlries of the world. The resulting impacls onpopu,ation irends in ihe developing world are profounct lfwomen in lhe poorest countries hadaccess to reproductive heallh services and could be assured ihat all of their childreo wouldsLrrvive beyond iive years of age, the nurnber of childten born into those families would decreasedramatically

Limited access io adequate heallh care only widens the gap between rich and poor in the worldand intensifies ihe vicious cyc,e, which leads to further impoverishment. One only needs tocompare lhe impact of the HIV-AIDS epidemic on lhe poor nations of Africa and South Asia lo theUnited Slates io see how money lalks when it comes to medical treatmeni. Even so, lhere aremillions oi U S cilizens who have no heallh insurance and many more in the aging populationwho conlend with substandard care and inadequate provision of drug trealment

As the medical estabhshment responds to the needs ol ihe rich countries and lhe afiluenimembers of society, more emphasis is placed on ireatment of chron;c illnesses like caocer andheart disease, and less on preventjve public heallh. ln medicaleducatjon, specialization is lhewalchword, with precedence given to more expensive diagnoslic processes and end-ol liie careIt's been estimaled that currenl'y ihe per capita health spending in rich counlries is $2,000!Exper{s contend thal if we sel aside only $38.00 for every person in the world we could reversemany ot lhe neqalive Iends in hedllh ca'e p'ovision.

Poor governance often plays a critically important lole in the failure to deliver adequate healthcare to all cilizens. As we've seen in our exploEtion of other issues, globalrzation has increaseclthe indebledness of poor countries and given multinationa I corporations exlensive power over thedecisions of governments, which are dependent on their investments. When govemmenls mustdecide between laxing cigaretles to limit smoking and the prolils to be gained from lheirderegulated sales, lhey frequently opt fot the latter.Corrupt government practices inlluence everything from lhe funding of public hospitals lo medicaleducation programs, especially in the poorer counlries. When you combine lack of accountabiliiyai all levels with pressure from international lending institutions like the lnternational MonelaryFund (lMF) to p.ivalize heallh services and remove the safety net, it's nol surprising thal only theprivileged few in most countries have access to adequale health care.

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To a growing number of people, the failure of governrnents to acknowledge their AIDS epidemicsand to provide low cosl drugs is a gross violation of the'r human rights. Following the lead ofAmnesty lnlernational, firosi international human righls organizations are insisiing that lhegovernments of the world must adhere lo the major provisions oi the lnternational Covenant ofEconomic, Social and Cullural Righis. This means lhat pharmaceulical companies, ior example,need lo provide afoldable retroviral drug ireatmenl rather lhan guarding lheir patenls and pricingdrugs oul of reach in those countries Accepling the universality of human rights also means that'governmenls and lhe internationalmedical eslablishment mustwork against praclices that havenegalive consequences on the heallh of young women such as female genital mutilation

Food and waler security are key links in the chain that leads to good health at all levels of asociely and in the family of nalions fhere are probably no rnore essential elemenls in theprevenlive approach lo disease lhan good diel and a clean, adequate water supply. Both ends ofthe economic specirum are affected by diet: affluent count es suffer from the maladies oiafiluence like cardiopulmonary disease and other diseases associaled with obesjty and unhealthydiel and those who live on rice and beans are simply malnourished. Goal 3 of ihe 2000 WorldSummii for Children was to cut in half malnutrition .ales among children under the age offive.Weve fallen iar short of lhis goal. and, in facl, the absolule number of malRourished children hasincreased in Africa. [,,]any predicl that, uniess pr,oriiies are seriously reordered, waler shortageswjllplague most of the world, especially ifwater sources are privalized as part of lhe process ofglobalization.

A changed envjronmenl challenges good global health. There are counlless examples of theconnection betv{een environmenlal change and increased disease. For example, the anophelesmosquiio has moved into larger and larger areas in response lo global warming, and lheincreased rainlall in many parts of the world has led lo a higher incidence of cholera, dysenlery,lyphoid, and other walerborn-6 disease. Everyone is familiar with increased skin cancer due loour depleted ozone laver l[e harmful impacts of herbicides and pesiicides on both agricultural,or[ers a.d con(umers. dnd rhe .n pacl ol a r pollulion on young and old a|he. ln lheinduslialized world, workplace-related mental illnesses often associated wilh stress arebecoming commonplace. Allhough some scienlists are convinced lhat genetically modifiedorganisms are ihe only answer lo world hunger, olhers argue equally lorcefully thal they pose aprofound threai to lhe ilora and fauna of the world, as weli as pose potential adverse impacts tohuman health. Al lhe beginning of the 21st century it appears that an ailing environmenl is havinga protoundly destructive impact on the health ofworld cilizens.

Finally, ill health is a security threat lo the world Healih problems have the polential lo reduceeconomic output lo the point that entire regions mighl be destabilized. The HIV-AIDS pandemichas had this effect on Africa where, in some countries like Uganda, Botswana, and Malawi, nearlyan entire generalion of farmers has djed, crippling the ability of those counttes lo supporlihemselves. As we have seen in our analysis of food and waler security, unhealthy peopldaremore vulnerable lo mililary control and more likely to become involved in intercommunily conflictsoul of despe.alion. A healthy population is more productive and less likely to become involi/ed inihe civilconflicts which plague many parts oflhe world today, as in SriLanka, the Middle East,and Afghanistan. ln a destabilized world, it is also possible to weaponize pathogens as theultimaie chemical biological weapon available to teforists or rogue states- There is no more lethallhreat to global security than fast-spreading epidemics againsl which we have no real defense-

Health Care: Priorities tor the 2'lst Century

Not only meci,cal professionals butalso many development experts argue that, like education,health care for all is a goal worth working towards. There are a number of concrete measures,each ofwhich moves lhe world's population to belter health. The l\rjllennium Development coals,adopied at the Millennium Summit in Sept 2000, callfor major improvement in the health ofthepoor. The delegales recognized the importance of improving the healtb and longevity ofthe poor

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as an end in ilselJ, bui also as a means io achieving the other development goals relaling topoverly rcduction. For example, immunizalion prog€ms dramalically reduce infant mortality as doprovision of oral re-hydration iherapy (ORT) io the under live year olds who sufter from chronrcdiarrhea While there is no quick fix" for lhe heallh problems of lhe world, il is possible to reversemany of the irends meniioned above that pose such a significant threat lo world health- ln thisseclion we will explore both what is akeady being done to address lhreals to global health andalso iocus on some ofthe ambilious proposais designed io bring adequate health care to all.

Worldwide access lo rep.oductive heallh care would be a gianl step lowarcts populationslabilizalion. Not only would il reduce the €tio oipopulation to health care infrastructure bul itwould also signilicantly reduce miglation. The capacity lo conlrolfamjly size permils women 10safeguarct lheir chosen c hildren s' health by focusing on lheir improved hygiene and diet ralherlhan their survival Stabilizirg populataon movement, especially trom ruralto urban areas will alsoslow the spread of diseases like HIV-AIDS associated with lransient groups such as sex workersand truck drive.s.

'\,4osl imporlantly, reproduclive health services are by their very nature

preventive and reassert lhe imporiance oi public heallh and primary heallh care as opposed toprivale, curative approaches.

Does the narrowing of lhe rich-poor gap lead to improved healih or is it the other way around? lniacl, boih are probably true. Jl ce'lainly makes sense ihai affordable treatmenl and access lolools ot prevenlion like immunization and family planning contibule lo a more economicallyproduclive pcpulaiion. Sirong heallhy indusirialand agriculturalworke.s and studenis certainlywolK with greater atleniion and efficiency. People wiih a siable income will be abLe lo affordadequate health care. Experts in international anti-poverty straleg'es often link improved heatthcare for the poor wilh educalion al all age and ability levels as a key ingredient in reducing oreven eliminating poverly The GlobalCampaign Againsl HIV-AIDS gives equal emphasis tocommunity education and clrug trealment.

On a more global level, reduction of lhe crushing.nalional debis of the poorest nalions ol theworld is essenlial; ihese counlries can then budgel for basic heallh services. Jeftrey Sachs, Chairof The Commission on Macroeconomics & Health recommbnds the crealion of a Close to Clienl(CTC) system in which the local healih post is given higher budgetary priority lhan hospilals andexpensive medical facilities. The ef{ecliveness of such prog.ams binges on the efiiciency andaccouniability of bolh localand nationa'governments

'n whrch civilsociety plays the key role.

Good governance guarantees ihal local primary heallh care as well as massive immunizat'onprograms like those currently supported by lhe Bjll&Nlelinda Gates FoLrndation are efiectively and equilably administered.

Rapid communicalion and lhe widespread use ofthe lnternet have led lo ttr" gro*if, otconsciousness lhai good health is indeed a human right. ln the World Health Organization's 50thanniversary siatemenl they reatfjrmed the right of all people to have adequale health care:Human Righls Watch and Amnesiy lntemaiional have also pledged io expand their advocecyprograms to economic, culiural, and social rights, recogn;zing ihat, wilhoul good health, freedomof speech is almost a luxury. At the beg'nning of lhe 21sl century, the Global Fund to Fighi AIDS,TB, and Malaia has underscored lhis commitmenl by targeting these three diseases, which affectihe most under-served populaiions oilhe world.

lndeed, recent courl decisions in South Africa allowing the manufaciure of a generic anliretroviralAIDS drug suggest a shift in

'egal aititude towards the rights of ihe poor to affordable drugs.

Given the urgency oI the worldwide environmenlal crisis, it's tempting io give precedence toprograms that address pollution and globalwaming. But the inter.elatec,ness of all globalproblems reminds us lhat we can'tfocus on CO2 emissions without also lookjng at the habits ofihe truck drivers who are prime carriers of Ihe HlVvius. Prevenlion is as importanl in lheenvironmental arena as jn lhe lransmission of djsease Most nations of the world have signed the

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Kyoto Protocol, agreeing to reduce carbon emissions significantly before lhe end of lhe firstdecade of this cenlury By reducing global warming we will also narrow the talge ol lhe malaria-carrying anopheles mosquito,lust as more prediclable weather patterns willevenlually moderalell'- rn pacl o'cl'olera

Food and water security are obviously key links ;n the chain of health care for all We continue tomake impressMe slrides in lhe production offood but not always in

'ts equiiable dislribulion. We

must encourage suslainable organic agr'culture at the local level, while tesisting the pressures toorow cash crops and overuse lechnology There are impressive examples in both ihe developingand developed world of the application of appropriale technology lo food produclion. Emphasison a more balanced diet and belter use of available land for the produclion of food grains insleadof catile teed will make a tremendous difference in internalional tood security. A reliable watersoorce at the village level kansforms the lives ol a,l ils inhabilants; organizalions like OXFAM andUniled Nalions Developmenl Program are promoting relatively inexpensive small-scale projects.They lead direct'y to nof only a changed allitude aboul what's possible, bul io the mobilizalion otcivil society. The village health posl is lhe next step.

Health For All: We Can Make a Difference

All of the above measures are componenls ofwhat we can calla globalwellness program. lvlanyoI these sleps are preventive in nature and are not lhal expensive, even on a global scale.lmmunjzation against smallpox and olher campaigns in the pasl against diseases have beenlremendousiy effective. We can conlinoe to achieve ihe same successes bul ii will require a basicshft in altitude as we recognize the increased inlerconnecledness of humanity and rea'ize that illhealih and the resulting insiability anywhere in the world can affect us all. Only by reaffirming theimporlance of public heahh willwe be able to achieve these goals Preventive and holisticheallhcare clearly the foundallon stones ior global wellness.

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ll mlght be argued that withoul lhe mulliplier of population none of lhe p.oblems we confrontwould be of sutiicient magnilude lo qualify as global Certainly ii population were slable, many

Jlobalissue5 ,!ould bF'dr mo'. m.ndg.ablp

World population exceeded six billion in 1999 - doubling trom three billion in 1960 and iscurrently increasing by 80 io 85 million people each year. Depending upon the choices we makeover the next lew decades, demogmphers ai ihe United Nations project world populaiion in 2050could be anywhere 7 3 billion lo 10 7 billion. lt is inrportanl to nole thal these scenarios assumefertility willdecline significantly in lhe idure

A number of taciors drive lhis growih. At lhe mosi basic level, ii is because iar more people areborn each year than die. Advances in nutrition and health care have increased survival raies andlongevily ior much ot the wgrld, and shifted the balance between bidhs and deaths.

Another is populalion "momenium". Even though terlility rates have come down worldwide froman average of six children per womarj in 1950 to 2.9 children per woman in 2000 - lhere aremany more people of childbearing age today than eve. befoe Roughly half lhe worid spopulalion is under age 25, so as those three billibq people stad families over the next fewdecades, world population will likely increase by several billion.

Another reason for continued high levels of population gtowlh is that fertility rates remainrelatively hjgh in some populous regions like Atrica and Soulh Centml Asia Broadly speaking,population groMh is higher in those regions because levels of income and education are lower

Decisions about family size are often based on economic factors, and in poorer socielies,;avingnumerous children may be an imporlant assel. They provide support and secur;ty in parenls'oldage, help €ise food, haul water, care for younger s iblings, and gather fuel wood Child ren mayalso work forwages outside lhe home, be indentured, or even sold lo help support the family.

Birrh rates are also closely l;nked to educat'on The more educalion people have, the moreeconomic oplions they generally have, and the fewerchildren lhey are likely lo wanl or need. lnlhe areas ofthe world where education levels are highest- Europe, Japan, China, the formerSoviet Bloc, and Norlh America - fertility is correspondingly lowest.

Population and Ecological Footprint

Population is about far more than numbers, however ll's also about ages, abilities, litestyles, andconsumption. One approach scientists are increasingly using lo study population

's through the

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concept of "ecological footprinl pioneered by Mathis Wackernagel and W'll'am Reese Thefoolprinl Bodel calculates the area of the Earth's productive su.iace (land and sea) necessary tosupporl a particuiar lifesiyle or levelof consumption

Viewed lhat way, every person has a "footprinf'lhat Ialls on the environmenl Al the most basiclevel, it includes enough land lo produce food and frber lo raise crops and graze animals andgrow lrees - and enough clean waler lo drink, wash and irigate. We also need enough land tosupply some sort of energy for heating and cooking, and to safely dispose of lhe wasles wegenerate

As indiv'duals hfesiyles and consumption expand, sodo theirtoolprinls As.nalions become moreindusirialized and lheir siandards ol living increase, lhey consume more resources, and occupy alarger footprint. They need more iarmland to suppoil higher protein diets, and may clear forests,plow prairies, orfillwetlands lo provide il. They need mo.e waler, and have to lap more lakes andaqui{ers, and dam and divert more rivers. They need more energy, and have to build more powerplanls, burn more fuels, and release more pollulants

Growing populations and higher levels of development also require additional iofrastructure andincreased levels o{ social and communily services- More people need more housing, hospitals,roads. schools, parks ancl piaygrounds. More highly developed societies, because theirconsumption is grealer, use more land and resources per person To supporl lheir economiesand produce consumer goods, they require more factorles, offices, businesses, and shopprngcenlers. To dispose of lheir wastes, they need more landfills, sewage syslems, and ioxicconlainment siies.

Each oi lhese needs is met by extracting resources from lhe environmenl, often \,rithoutreplenishing them. The mole people on the p'anet - and the oreater the averaqe level ofconsumplion by ary individual or group lhe more resources are required to meel ihose needsand lhe larger the human footprinl on lhe planet. The larqer the human footpinl, the less arearemains for other spec'es and naturalsystems.

Carrying Capacity and Population

The iotal human foolprint the Eadh can wilhstand is expressed as the "carrying capacity" oflheplanet. Carrying capacity is the maximum numbe. of people the Earth can supporl withoutenclangering its ability to support that population in the future. A population thal does not erodethe resource base or otherwjse degrade lhe planets abilily to srJpport lhat populalion in the futureis considered "suslainable"

Carrying capacity is difficull lo accurately assess, however. ln recentyears, lhe Earth's carryingcapacity has been suggested to be as low as one billjon people, or as high as 40 billion people.Environmentalists and biologisls typically pul forth lower numbers, while economisls andbusjnesspeople ollen pul forlh hnher i,gures

This divergence appears to be rooled in philosophy- Many growth advocales argue thalincreasjng population is necessary Io provide more workers and consumers to expand the globaleconomy. And they suggest lhat the natural ingenuily of people will overcome the problems thisgrowlh creates.

Some indusirialized nalions, such as Germany, with slable populations already tace shortages ofyounger workers, and groMh advoc?tes argue that iheir economies will suffer as populalionsage. Not only may there not be enough workers to keep up prodlrction, lhey suggesl, but theremay not be enough workers to pay inlo retirement and medical plans lo support older citizens.

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Advocates of "sustainability argue ihat increasing population and consumpiion are alreadycausing damage to the planel, and that deforeslation, soil erosion, exlinclion of species, andpollution of ai. and waler are all indicators of exceeding carrying capacity.

Populrtion Conneclions

One way lo view the issues and impacts of populaljon groMh is through ihe "Global lssuesItlobile" Essentially il shows thai as our populaiion increases, human needs food, waler,energy, liveljhood, etc. increase as well. We attempt lo meei lhose needs by consuming more

When populalion levels reach a criticalthresbold, we then see both a decline in lhe resourcebase, and damage to the environmenl. which supplies allthose resources These trends reinforceeach other the damaged environment provides fewer resources, and lhe shortage of resourcescauses us to further damage the environmenl. At some point, when lhere are nol enoughresou.ces to go around, we see signilicanl scarcity,,ancl poverty, which is lhe human iace of

Scarcily and povedy underlie a number of problems. One is discriminaiion. When resources arescarce, lhose in power ollen decide who won t gei a fair share, and may discriminale againstwomen and girls, or other races, religions, or economic classes.

When resources are scarce, people may also move in search of more resources. There arehundreds of millions of migrants in lhe world today, seekrng food, waler, land, and work. Scarcilydrives legal and illegal immigralion into the US and other induskialized nations as people slruggleto survive and supporl their families.

And when scarcily is acuie,'people may engage in conllicl over resources. As world popolationand consumption grow, envrronmenlal impacis multiply, and resource scarcity worsens Asenvironmenlal desiruction and scarcity spread, and as more people compete for limitedresources, social, ethnic, and po litical tensions increase This combination drives politicalinstabiliiy, declining social health, and greater mag.allon.

The combination of populalion, consumption, and scarcity has fueled more than 150 amedcontlicls since the end oJ World War ll, and driven tens of millions ot people trom lheir homes aseconomic migranls or refugees. As shortages of essenlial resources such as water, farmland,and iisheries reach critical levels, many security analysis expecl conilict over thosg .eso!rces lointensify.

Ullimalely, our own numbers, and the lifestyles many of us choose lo live, drive all the crilfcalissues we confront Left unchecked, the combinalion ol pop!lation grc$,th and consumplion -along with increasing inequjty between rich and poor individuals and nations will ultimaleiyihrealen not only the well being, but also the lives ot a majority of people on lhis planet.

Personal and Struclural Solutions - What Can We Do?

ForlLrnaiely, a future of scarcity and conflict is not inevitable. Expeis poinl lo stabilizing thepopulation as the key step. Solving the problem of population groMh will lhen help solve theenvironmental, economic and socialproblems we confroni

lnterestingly, solving cuffenl environmental, economic, and social problems will help solve theproblem of popu,ation growth. As the Uniled Nations Conference on Populalion and Developmentreported, "Efforls to slow populalion groMh, to reduce poverty, to achieve economic progress, to

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improve environmental proteclion, and lo reduce unsustainable consumption and productionpatlems are mutually reinforcing_

On a personal level, there are a number of Ihings each of us can do l\,4ost importantly, we cancons ider ou r own ferlilily This is especially important for citizens ot industria lized counkies,because people in those count.ies have large. ecological footprints, due to lifestyles adLonsdmplion levelq

We can lower our own consumption and envjronmental impacts by making informed choicesabout how we live, and whal we own and use. Consumer preference is lremendously powerful inshaping producl manulacturing and markeling, and is aheady beginning to lransform many

There are also a numbe. of structural solutions io lower population groMh rates. An importantstruclural solulion lo populalion grolt'th is univeasal access to reproductive health care lf everycouple in the world could reliably and affordably choose ihe number and spacing of their children,world populalion growlh would slow by nearly 20 percent almost immectiately

lnvestmenl jn community health care is also necessary. Adequale heatih care woutd significanttyreduce intant, child and maternal mortality, and allow community members to be more socialtyand economically productive ln some parts ol the wo rld, parents expect one or more of thetrchildren 10 die of hLrnger or disease. ll they have a reasonable expectation that their children wittsurvive and be heallhy, lhey won t need "extra" children to oflset those deaths

Educating and empowering women is exiremely imporlanl Women with higher levets ofeducatjon tend lo marry later, bear children later, and have fewer, and healthier, children. Moreeducated women generally have higher incomes, more econornic oplions, and more power intheir families and communittes

We can supporl structuralsolutions that stabjlize population through voting and activeparticipalion in lhe polilical process. While individuals can't implement politjcaland structuratsolutions on lheir own, lhey can help raise awareness, promote discussion, and influence jocal,regionaland national policies. Many ofthese solutions can be ;mplemented at state, county, city,or even neighborhood levels, through land use actions and budget priottjes and attocaiions.Many are akeady being implemented at some level around the wodd. lndividuals can support andcontribule to groups involved in ihat work, lobby tbeir representatives to support and fund tbatwork. and toin rn lhat work as volunleers.

We know lhal these sojulions work Since 1950, totalferlility has fallen 50 percent worldwide.lnfant mortalily has declined by more than half in lhe last 35 years, and ave.age tongevityhasincreased from 45 to 65 years. More people are literate, more live underdemocraticgovernmenls, and more environmentally sensilive areas and threatened species are undei somesorl ol proleclron

The choices we make in ihe next few decades about our own numbers and lifestyles willdetermine whelher the world of the 21st century will be one of hope and opportunjly, or of scarcityand deslruction.

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Topic Guidc on Climate Change

Millennium Development Goals and cl'mate Change

Governments and big business were not the only sectors to wake up to the ihreat of cl,mate chan8eduring 2005 and 2007. The intern atio nal development community t'nally absorbed the reality th.tstrate8ies to achieve the Mjllennium Develo.pment 60.ls {MDGs}are being stabbed n the back by lheimpact oI dimate chanBe For €xample, the Glob.lcalltoAction asainrt 8qvs4y{qc4q) belatedly addedd'matechangeto its lislofcoreissues.This procesr of enlightenment culminated intheuN Human

Development Report Jor 2007/08 {HDR 2007)whicb for the tirsltime focused on lhe imonct_o_f climalechanpe on p9!9t!y. The Report i5 unequivocal'n concluding thai rtabilisation ofgreenhouse Eas emjssrons

is an "e5rential pan oI the overall f'ehi asalnst poverty and for the MDGt'.

The interdependence ir alltoo paintully obvious. i mp octs, Ads ptotion ondvulnerobility,a section ol the 2007 4tb A$essmenr Repori of the lnterSovernmentalPanelon climate chanse {iPcc}, confirms that Ilctb!!!!€Elqilqb!lily and crop yietds,

rhe flndamentak of human development, will berr the brunt of climate change.Africais notonlythe most vulnerable reSion but is also the onecontinent for whkhIPCC otfers quantified predictions .s early as 2020. ll says that between 7s and 250m'llion people in Airica may experience water strers, whilst crop yields in somecountries.ou d be reduced by 50%. rn Asia, Blacicr retr.at in the Himalayas may lead

to water shorrages for abort 1/6th ofthe world\ population by 20s0.

Pressure on food securily and water resources will undermine development nrateSiesIor improvi.g education, health 5eryices and opportunities lor women. shiltinBpatterns of m.laria m.v ieorardise efforts towards

'ts elimifation. The whole pack of

cards assembled by th. M DGs'is built on shaky climate foundJtions.

o urlcdJ,a! snillntear.ted&esielrq!

sesea.ch bythe UK based loternationallnstitute tor €nvionrneniand Developmentshowsrhatrhe 100

countries most vulne.able to clima!e change together account forjust 3.2% of Blobal carbon dioxidecrissions.li'sinconceivablelhatnnyinternationalagreementscouldbeblindtotheiniusticeinher€ntj!dimate chanae that tbe pooren countriessufferthe greatestimpact whilst being the lowest

"Adapta!ion" is the term given lo remedial measures which might attractinternationalreparations fortheinpact ofclimate change on poorcountr'es, forexample the provision offlood defences, improved irrigation, drought-resjstant cropvarieties - measures which many richercounk'es are increasingly adoptinAthemselves atvast expense. The HDR 2007 estimat€s that adaptation in deveiopingcountries requires the sum of586 bill'on pr, almost as much asthe entire current

Elobalaid budget. The uNt new adaptrtiqlll4 wbich held its fkst meei'ng inMarch 2008, aspires to attract totalincome ofjust 5300 million by 2012, a sum lhal a

European country might contemplatefor a singleflood defencescheme. rbe UNJunded Nation.lAdaptation Programmes ofAction {NAPAs}prepared by each Least Developed Country (t DC) recoSnisefinancial real'ties by remaining extremely modest

'n scope, seetinEooly to identify immediate and simpie

steps that indiv'dual .o mmunities can take to combat a changing environment.

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by both lhe US and EU may have been conceived with minimal r€search either inro the potenrial imoacts!_clsb,a]los lllqty or to verify du bious cla ims of n et savines in em issions.

There is furthe. injustice in the concept adopted by Bovernmenrs and somecampaigninE aEenc'es oJ a "line in the sand" a tolerance th res hold for global warmingof2 degrees beyond which iheworld stepsat its peril- Whilsr tbere may be an elem€ntofpraBmat'sm in this suggesiion, the IPCC 2007 report shows howthe richercountriesmay be relatively unscaihed up to this threshold indeed croo producr'on in remperatezones willjncrease- wh'lst crops in topicalregions are already at thet limitoftemperature sensitivity. Smallisland staies will also feelag8rieved by a tolerance of 2

degrees; lhe rPcC reponstates that, whilst more scientif'c investigation is needed, "sealevelrisewill ... compromisethe socio economic w€llb€jngof islaDd communities andstates'. Related concerns about inundation ot delta regions such as Bangladesh exposen funherd'mension ofclimate injostice thestatus of people forced to leavetheahome5 willthey be allowed lhe same rishts as politica I refueees? The UK stern Review Report pLrblishedin 2006lentatively ru8gested a number ofup to 200 million clinr.re refueees bv 2050.

Beyondthe Kyoto Protocol

The Uniled Nations Framework Convention on Crrmirte ChanBe {UNFCCC) ihe inrernabondl rreaty agree.lat the Rio deJaneiro "Earlhsummit" in i992 - did acknow'edge rhe chmarejustice principle rhat richcountriesalonesfouldlakeinitialresponsibilityforreducinggreenhousegaiem'ssions.Thesecountriesare known as Annex 1co!!tl!g! and it

's they who are subjecr to le8ally binding trrgets underrhe Kvoto

P rotocol whic h was negotiated in 1997 as asupplementto the UNFCC and evenruatty ratified nr February2005

Afrustration Ior pove4y cam paign ers is rhe tendency for big;deas emer8inB in theclimatecrisi5tocreateyetlurtherinjustjceforpoorercountries nonemoresothanthe craze for biofuelt. These can be produced from crops such as sugarcane andmaizeandused as add itives o r su brtitutes Ior fossil fu eh. Whikr developingcountriescould benefit from demand for new cash crops, ambitious biofueltar8ets announced

AlthouShihese countries in aSSregateshould achieve the Kvoto tarRet of a 5%reduction in their t 990 level of greenho use g:s emissions by 2012, this

's no more

than a p'nprick in the menace ofclimate change. The figures exclude emissions fromaviation and shippins- aodthev also excludethe US which accounts forabout20% ofworld emissions but refusedto ratifythe Protocol. 6lob al Sreenhouse gases have

The key quest'on for the future ofBlobalwarming is whetherthe Kyoto Protocol will befollowedbya more inclusive intern ational agreement, whilstretaining the viraldisciplineof binding quantafiable tar8ets. lfthere is ro be a replacement after 2012, the detaitshave to be agreed by the end of ?OO9 to enable the logistics ofimplementation. Thepurpose ofthe Bali Climate Change Conference in December 2007 was to obtaintheagreement of allcountries to a roadmapforthe 24 months ava ilable fo r ne8otiations.The politkal envi.o n ment for th e Conference was relatively favourable in light of

therefore been risingsharply in re€entyears, defyinAthe scientistswho plead thatthe le;elmust pealand stanto fallbefore 2020 in order to siabilise the climate.

initiatives taken byCalifornia to pass a billio cut emissions by 25% by 2020, th€ EU which Dr. Raiendra

has committedto 20% cuts bythe samedate and tha UK wh'ch is co ns'dering leg'slation Pa.hauri@to cut by 60% by 2050. Th€ year 2oo7 also witnessed the award ofthe NobelPeace Prize IPCC

jointly to the |PCC and the climate evan8elist AI Gore, and rhe collapse ofrhe lasrbastions ofclimate chanBe denial. Humiliatinp recantations bv Enon. the downfallofthe Howard

Sovernment 'n

Ausiralia and a U-torn by President Bush on the existen€e of global warming symboiise th eend oftwo decades of obstructive abuse ot power.

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tn the evenr tbe Bali cg!lqE{'-Se-did-pl.o.!!!q_{o3d!]!p for indusive leSotialionswhich reco8niset the need for "deep culs" in emissioos and in wbich developing

countries a.knowledge the need to take measurabl€ "miligating actions". But theprocess wa5 so tense and the wording so stran8Ulated that doubts remain over lhe

core disirusi belween the U5 2nd the deve loping coun t ries curently exempted from

Kyoto, each demandins prior Iirm commitments ofthe oth€r.Talks willcontinuethrolghout 2008 leading up to the next crucial conterence in Poland in December.

A more co ncrete o utco me 2t Baliwastheestablishmentofthe Forest qrrbon Pannership Facitrty, ;r

schemeto explore how 20 developing countries might be compensated for "Reducing Deforestation and

Degrad.lion(REDD)",avitalneedgivenitsconlributionofabout20%lowardsEreenhoutegasemissionsPledses of 5160 million have been lnadetoward5 a larget of5300 million.

technology Iransfer

Apan tom the soft touch ot the Kyoto tar8ete, there is concern about the methods,

known as flexibility mechanismi', by which the rich colntries are permitted io ease

their painful task. ln padicular the Clean Development Mechanism tCDM) encouraEes

Annex l countries to installmodern clim.t€ iriendly technolosv in developinscou.tries in return for c.rbon credits towards lheir own emissions tareets.

a renewable

ln th€ory poorer countries cJn then leapfrog dkly and inefficient power technology in tuture

their energy evolution. But the CDM ojfers technology transfer as suflicient in itseltwith no underlyrng reference to the re.l.ncrgy needs ofdevelop;ng counlr'es. rhese needt are

increasnrglVdesperatewithl:6blllionpeoplelackinEaneleciricilysupply,theirschoolswitho0tl'Shtlnsand he alth c€ ntres una ble to 9p eraie ectuipment whi,st the stern Review suggests a figu re of 52 0 30

blllion pa to meet this enersy sholtfall, CDM credits tor efficient energy produclion amounled lo onlv

rboul 51 billion 'n

2006. Afric. has qu.lified for only 18 out of7o8 approved projects. Not sulprisinSlv, the

Bclr(onlerpn,FrFqup\rF(lll'p(DMddrrnsl'"ror,ro-\plo'airp,ovPm'nl to lhp

Climate cha n8e n rategies th erefore n eed to acco m m odate a vision for en€r8y

etticjent provision of el€ctricity to the worldS people. Meanwhile, developing.ountries willcont'nue to take the line of ieast resislance, represented bycon5truction of coalfired power stations. China plans to build one ofthese every

week and willbe doing muth rhe samefor its newfriends in Atrica. The latent demand

for en€rgy in the developlng world is movirgtowards an exponentialrelease of

ereenhouse sas emissions, exactly the opposite ofthe intentions of ihe KYoto planners.

The mechanics oftradingcarbon credits underthe cDM have been hijacked tor the

veryditferent purposeof "otfsetting" the emissions ofcorporations and indaviduals

concerned aboul theircarbon footprint.The apparently cheap ava ilability ofsufficientcred'ts has enabled a succession of businesses and m unicipa I authorities to annouoceplans to become carbon neltralfor a modesl financ,aloutlay and, perhaps, equally

modest behaviou r ch a nge. For individuah the d ilemma ofcheapfliShts is thereby

"solved" whilst gllp4rlde! q! 9ll!c!j!bc!09 governed by the great and sood oftheUK environm enta I movement, which promises European car driversthat less than

Ssopawill neutralisecarbon emissions.

lhis unregulrted "voluntary market" in carbon credits is prone to bucca neeriDg trad ers,

trading G)

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badscience,philosopbicalanxielyandmuchcoDfus'onoveritsvalueeitherloBlobalwarmin8ortopoverty reduction. The carbon offset marketis viable largely because the extreme ditference in sp€nd'ngpowerofcurencies between rich and poor €ountr'es yields cheap credits- lf ofket payments are investedin renewable energy schemes in the home country, the mathemat'cs is somewbat transformed.

China and lndia preseDtthegreatdilemmaforpost 2Ot2 n egotiations. Should theybeclassitjed as developins or

'ndustrialised counties? Both a.e hoslto hundreds ofmillions

ofdesperately poor peopleyet lndia's ind ustria I lycoons nowadays make takeover bidsfor major European companieswhilst, according tosome repons, China has akeadyovertaken the U5:e ihe world\ bi8hest emitter ofcarbon dioxide.Ihe

's5ues are

complex, not le.st that China's dominance of ma n ufa ctured goods €Ife.t'vely imponscarbon emissions from the consumer countries in 200514% otChina\ emissions weredjscharged on goods destined fo. the US wbere they could have been manufactured inmore eff'cient factories and without iransponation costs.

Extraoolations from the cutrent low per capita consumption inthesetwo hiSh population countriescreaie clim ate cha nge sc enar'os more akin to disaster movies than a scientific basis for policy making. Yetneither country is prepared for the foreseeable future to compromise econ omic deve lopm ent with€ nfo.ceable em issions targets. Manmoha.Singh, the lndianprime ninister, has said that socialdevelopment is the first priority and that 'the developing world cannot ac.ept a Jreeze on globalinequity . lndia's per capita carbon dioxide em issions 3 re l.1tonnes per annum aga'nst 20 tonnes in lheus.

ruralChina

An imponant inlluerce on thqpolitics could be the spec'f'c impact of climate change,n these countries. Both face alarminB risks from the thaw of Himalayan glaciers;

resnicted tlow into the River GanPes could ilnpact 500 million people aDd 35% oflndia\ irrlgated land. Boih are dependeni on stable monsoon rainfallfor ag.iculture.nd watersupplies, stabilitywhich is alreadyshowingsignsofbreakdown. Bothcountries acknowledge the serious ihreat of climate chan8€ and have started to put inplace institut'onal skuct u res to add ress the issue, a longsade som e qu antifiableenergy related objectives. Nevertheless the.e is no current prospect of e'ther lndia orChina be'ng drawn into a post-(yoto a8reementwhich involvestargets for carbondioxide emissions, unless the Annex 1 coun!ries make commitments on a qu'teditferent 5calefrom those to date.

lf the driving force beh'nd apocalyptic lndo-Chinese em'ssions scenarios is aspirationto western ,ifestyles, then the surestsolution istomodify them. Climatechange is notthe root problem;

't isjust oneofsev€ral critical environm€ntal symptoms attributable

to unsustainable lifestytes. Theremedyto climatechange lies wiih the cultureofperconalbehaviour.

cui5ine, Guyiang,ln some developed countries there are signs of awareness ofthjs reality at the level China O Tami awhich matters most- that of ordinary citizens. Many people havecome to realisethat Hetdthe fate ofthe planet lies in their own hands. They are disillusioned with feeblegovernments, seltin terested bus;nesses _and inetJective campaign Aroups. They see through the fahehoodof structura I m easures ofsuccess - 'ieconomi. growth" and profit.

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SDch indiv'duak are striving to meet their Chinese and lnd,an counterparts halfway J

vision in whkh poor families should not be den'ed the right to many ol the comfortsconsidered eesential in wealthy countries, whilst the latter reco8nize that any

correlation between happiue$ and consumplion is at best doubtful.

Jhe search is on for an underlyin8 philosophy ns welias pracli.almecha8isms forsLrch

iundamental chanBe. One helpfulvision is of a lifcstyle which consumes no morelhana fair and equal share of the earth's .apacity lo irbsorb Sreenhouse 83s3s. ln direcilyaddressing the curreni injustic€ of climate chanSe, the philosophy of €arbon

citizenship becomes the antidote to the imperfect world of carbon neuva'ilY.

LbBging alongthe

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{FoE) tar8et the f!ll r.nge of env' ron mental proble ms. Environmental NGOS oblain frndin8 from differentsources: for example, Grecnpeace, FoE and many grassroots organDations rely mainly on individ!aldonat'onsi olher NGOs accept corporate, governnrent or aid agencyfundinS.

Topic Guide on Environmental Activism

fightingto save the planet

Environmentalactivismisthecombinedpoliticaliorceofpeoplewhotakeactiontoprotect the environment. Unfulfilled by mcre complainine about environmenialproblems, activirts follow ihe advice ofMahatma Gandhi, "belhechangeyouwanttos€e", and workio brinStheirvision ol a betterworldinto reality, cven iftheir nctions

sometimes involve pe.sonal .isk5 and bring no marprial rewardr

rhe instrlutional proiije ot envkonment.l aciivism embraces !ctors ransinB ftoln lDqLlFrassroots 3nd community-98e!lldj.o-!: to large intern.tional pressure Sroups. Some

of these focus on !!qdf!qE!!t!! while others such as WWF and Friends ofthe farlh

5purred by environmental problems linked to nuclea. technoloSies, pesticidepollution, nnd overex plo iiation of natural resources, environmenial a ctiv's m firstemerged as a w ides p read movement i n the 1960! Th e publication of Ra ch el Ca rson\Silent Spin1in7962 is Aenerally considered to be a key milestone. The maioachievements of the movement over the last 30 vears have been the raised elobalawareness about eco logical p.oblems and integration of the sustainable develoPmentconcept into inrerDationalpolitics. Environmentalists now aspireto be a le.dingforcein sha ping intern rtional agreements.

It is larEely accepted that these advances have not translated into high standards 'rpolicy making, stillless to any t! ndamental ch. nge in behaviour of ind'viduals and

society in Beneraltoward sustainability. Astbe UNEP Global Envionrnental outlook

ZlqZ clearly indicates, environmental deg.adation continues at an alarming rate-AlthouEh one ofthe Millennium Development Goals lMDGs) is labelled "EnsureEnvironmental susta inability", !he official MDG proaress indicators offer litllesubstancefor enviro n m enta I cam pa iSners. Ihe negliaible attention to climate chan8e

which could undermine every one ofthe otber MDGs - symbolizes the need for a

fiesh approach to environ menta I activ'sm at the stan to the 21n century.

New media lechnolog'es emerSing over the last decade could providethe catalyst to shake up the

66

e nvironmental movement. overcorn'ng potir'cal, geogra phica t, censorship and communicarion barieF,!Y!!L:a-c"!yl:D lte!?lIe?dyrtshieved subs!ar!!4lyE&!r:. orsanisations which depend on youthfut aciivistmembe.ships have not been slow to explore rhe porenriat ofp.qputar sociat n€tworkinp websires tocommunicatetheirworkaithoughitistoosoonroassesswherherrheseareappropriatechannekrodllrd I nPwr.-ber\or \uppon lor (dmplrBn\

A wade r.nge ot trad ition al s trategies and took remains ar the disposatofenviro nne ntal . ctiv'sts

'n the search for democratic change; some NGOS, such as the

world Resosrces lnstitute, provide policy and scienl'fic advice, white broad basedmembership Brou ps w'll engaBe in peace fut orotesrs to stimulate media and.onsumer campaiSns, public educ.tion and research; advocacy, tobbyins and tirisationfor politic.lnd legq!le!!B!Ltt!! of environmentat vatues and rights. IogginB

c.mpa'sners tackre a wider ranee or:,cro.s - not onrv buenesses and sovernments, ;ilf;il H:,but alro intcr sovernmentrl or8anDations, fin.nciat in5titutions, investors and G;;i'::consumers. LobbyinS and enBaging in alJiances with these new stakehotders is olten :seen as thc mostpromisingofthe reto rm ist n rategies. For example, the Forest Stewardshio Counci(FSC)trademark is widely adopted tor labelling ofsustainabte t;mber producrs and invotves workinsrelationships between torest camp:igners,logging companies, tocal co mmuniry erou ps and retaiterssimilar partnerships focus on rhe rhe use ot E4&9! !9qI!!EI1L9 qlb ?relDcaI investment to promoresustajDable consumption and production.

ln thepast, radicaldirect act'ons.nd "no saying'prorests were rhe main insrruments in raisiDg publicenv'ronmenta I ;l waren ess. However, as pubtic rrust and support for rad'cat environ m enraJis,rr dectined,NGos have incre.sinBiy turned toward moderale, sotution,o rjentcd straregies thit seek to address theundFrlyinE .r..- ot -nvlonmpntotdFErdde.,on

Nevertheless, thedays of l!da!fnsd:bitt!!B!!9I9!s bysroups slch as Eanh rjrst!whichlake direct, som etimes even violent, act ions aga insr r hose a businE t he envkon menr a refar from over. Often, such actions remain rhebnty eifective means of resisting oppressivegovernme.ts or corrupt .orporations, partjcutany'n devetoping countries. yet, to resistcorporate power, buttressed by the WTO rutes and the evercrearive co.porareSreenwasb strategies, rrdical environ mentat activism strategies haveto be toushened bvnew communication tools and stronger attiancerwirh socialjusrice a€t'vists. Fo.exampte.iD lndia lhe fo! nder of the Save Narmada Movement, Medha patkar was abteto exptoit-Elobnlnedrdrorp.&agq!r!!!hunper5trrkp.dtlcdrorhpcdureotpoorpeopterh,edtenedwith displacement by the Narmada dam.

Socialjustice issues come to the forein local cam paiBning. Over recent years tocat com mun'ties havebecome increasjngly active in finding their own sotutions to rheir immediate envtonmentatand socaatproblems. However, typically lackiDg financialmuscte and awareness oftheir rights, tocat activists aI toooften face prosecution bv corupt eovernments and bu5inesses. Thefight forthe environmenl especia yat grass.oots level, is ;nseparable from the fjghr for the human rights.

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Ihe e.o jL6lice novenrent link5 the goalof environrn€ntal protection to the Soals oI DealinB withlqcjallLrstice, peace, and the recognition oI the riEhts of allmarginalized and wasreintndiac)underprivileged people. Environm€ntal action has to be driven by a strong eCdISJg!5!&!!eu.derstandingofwhat isjustandfair, andbedeiivered t hrough dcmocratic and Envnonmentinstitu tions, srch as re pres en tntive E.assroots oBa'1,zations which have a n im m ediate

srakeinlhelocalenvironm€nt.Thereareioomnnyexamplesotsolutionswh'chmerelydriverheproblemaw.v frem rich to Poorygrn!,qlltjq

F.ilures of eco justice Jre also to be found al international level, in the abuse of the developinS world by

ricb countries From toxic waste dumped on the beaches of Somalia, a counlry with no government, tothe attempted decommi5sionine oi an asbestos ridden French w.rship in an Indian dockyard, deveioping

countries tind themselves !reated as second dass environmental citize ns. Climate change, the foolprint ofthe rich oD lhe ooor, is the ulljr ate ex p resslarl qt€nviro nmenl al in iur!i!e-

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In the last three decades, environm ent a I activis m hrs emerged 3nd streDgthened in

developing countries, symbolized by the aw.rd oflhe 2OO4 NobelPeace Pri?e to WangariM.alhaiforherworkwith the Green Belt Movement in Kenya.However, manyoflheseNcOs arc {inanci.lly dependent on governments and multilateral organDations, raisinS

5omedoubt as lo the inci5iveness of thei campaigns. Nevenheless, acrivistsfromdeveloplfe countries increasingly participate in intern.tional environmental neBotlations,

often uring the lnternet !o collrbor.te with inlernational partners or receive uncensored

informrtion not accesrible in localmedia.

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There is however a growinB sense of lrustration among5t NGOs in developinBcounnies, a.d indeed marginqlized communities in Beneral, who feel thal theirinterctts nre not adeqdately rep resented. Ihey pointto the transnationalenvironmental NGO domination of inl crnation a I process es, inter se.toralpartnerships and media coverase- For ex;mple, the majority ofAtrican NGOs did nothave sutficienl resources to participate in thewodd Summit o. Sustainable

Development in lohannesburg in 2002. G8 Edinburgh2005 (c) Peter

AltbouBha proven mechanism formonito nB the internation al system, the increasine Armstrong

presen.e of environmental NGO5 in nationaland intern ational a renas has created difficult conflicts ofinterest5.lt is undeniable that the complexity of negoliatio ns on m.rllilateral environmental agree ments

demands ihe resources ofhiBhly qualiiied scientists and campaiBners; yet the typical northern'basedcentralized organn.tion necessary to sustain such resour.es can be accu<ed of lacring leBitimary iorepresenithe interests of Srassroots activi5t5, ma r8'n alized societies and those seeking eco justi€e^ Such

uncertainties are seized upon by those politician5 who feelthreaten€d bythe new plural'sm and who arequick todraw attenlion to any shortcominss in vansparency and accou ntability wjthin the non_protitsector.

Similar dilemmas have emerged in recentyears through thegro\ring n umber of Pa rtnersh ips betweenenvironmental NGOs and industry, donor agencies and Sovernments. Advocates ofthese pannerships aredriven by concerns overthe abilityofthe environmen tJ I m ovem ent to d€aleffectivelY with the challenge

ol globalization and the growlng financ'al and political power of maior corporations. OPPonents ofsuchclose involvementwith ihe private sector feel that it fundamentally undermines the kaditional.ole ofenvironmentalactivists as watchdogs and Suardians of environmenta I justice.

NGOs are iherefore under pressure to strenethentheir lesitimacv by pushinB through much-needed

retorms in their own community andto practicewhai they preach in empoweringthe poorto sPeakfor

68

Most environmental indicato6 in China are moving dramari.a[y in lhe wrongdirection, on r scale which tbreatens ro denabitte progress achieved etsewhere. yetihe live5 ofhund.edsof millions of poor peopte remain desperatety in need of rhebenefits of industrialization tn a country wirh one of the most represriveEovernments in the wodd, where the concepr ofcivi'society is retatively embryonicand where treedom ol information is at a premium, whar hope can there be fo.striking r balance between the needs of citizens and rhe protection of both locat and

Against these odds, there are promising siBns ofroterance of environmentatactivisrsin China, far more so than human rights o. soc'at ca mpa igne6. There are betieved robe over 2,000 environmental NGos capable of mounting protest aDd te8atchaltenge,with a track record oI some success in prompring environmentat regutations. There isspeculation thatthe Chinese governmenr wetcomes a degree o f jocat activism tocompensat€ forits own failureto imptemenr nationat envirop menta I taw! at

Cl;matechangewillbetheissueonwhichthecurenrgenerationofenvironmenratactivistswillbejudSed Theyears2006and2O0Thiveseenanastonishingkansformation in the rt!irllgglsqvernmenrs and corporations iowards the desperat.nee.lforaction, mostremarkibleoiallintheUS Thejury'sstiIoutinassessingwhe!herthistippingpoinrwa!reachedthroughyearsofintrep'dctimarechanaecampaiEninE orsimply rbe inrpact ot At Gore s powerpoint presentatjolr timed neartv inlheJftermdrr.olonFor lwopdrli,ut,rtVnd(tvhu i.dne,

Nev€r b€fore have tbe poliricalwinds beenso favourabte for ctimate change

Demo in China @

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campaigners but there is a sense rhat rhe a8e;da is be'ng sejzed bycorporarions and su b,narionat levetsotgovernmenl. Envkonm ental groups are ftounderinBwith ditemmas presenred by the era of cheapaviation. nuclearpower and the headlong rush for biofuets. Manypeople are abandon ing faith inestablished campaign groups.nd turning

'nstead to indjvidua I actions in the home. often find'ns a sense

ofcommunity throuEh online networking and btogging in preference to traditiona I forma.t memberships.There is talk in the U5 of a new civ'trishts movemenito address globat wa rming. Active cirizenship maybe the only hope for overcoming the impotence ofwortd governments and corporarions to acr jn the Iace

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Topic Guide on Food SecuritY

Millennium Development 6oals and Hunger

Food sec!ritv is the condirion in which everyone h.s access io !ufficient and

affordable food; it can relate to a sinSle housthold or lo ihe global popula tion The

ii6t Mill-"nnium Development Goal (MDG)ialls short of food secutity aspnrtions in

seekinB o n1y to reduce by halfthe proportion of the world's populatioR experienc'nP

hunser. Furihermore, governmen!ssigning the Millennium Declarationwere

overriding a com mitment madejust4years earlier at the World FoodS!mmitof 1996

which applied the 5ame tarBet to the numberof people- Rising pop!lation fiSures

mean that 170 million f€wer will betargeted bY the MDG programmethan wouldotherwise have been ihe case.

Thc first oftwo benchmarks for measuring proEress is the "minimum dietary enerBy

requirement" loreach person as stipulated by lhe UN Food and aBriculture

Organization (FAO).This naturally v.ries by age and sex so that a weiShled average is

cal.ulated for eacb country based on its population p.oJile; iypically this avcrage is

just below 2,000 kilocalor'es per day. Despite the promisesotthe MDGs, over 50

'nillion peo_plqEtqleC! ?!!ded to the 800 million falling belowthis ben.hmark in

2000. Malnutrition impairs the ability to le.rn or to work and reduces resislancetodise.se, these problems increas in8 in s everity with the shorttalltrom the ninimumdietary requlrement. Hunger is therefo.e a cause as wellas ,r consequence oI povenv

chrldren! [ealth and cosnitive dev-"lopn]ent it cspecially sensitive, to the extent that

rhe majority of chi!d monalityt\ attributed to malnuirition The second MDG ;ndicator

is lhereforeihe proportio^ ot children un.lcr age5who are underweight in relation totheir.Be. This fiSure has reduced only iroll 32% to 27% in the period 1990 2006

Unicef says that 5l co!ttries are unlikelv lo reach this MDG tarE€t by 2015.

Moreover, these pro8ress assessments predate the explosion in world food prices

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lhat has rocked Clobal development a8encjes in 2008. UN Secretary General Ban Ki Moon has warned

that "hi8h food prj.es threaten to undo the gains ach'eved so f.r in fiShting huneer and malnutriiion"

Erhiopia OCrispinHushes /Oxfam GreatBritain

climate Change and Food security

As recently as 2006, progress repons on malnutrition publ'shed byuN agenc'es made no

reference to€limate change. Yet 't

was nosurprise when, in pteparation for the Bali

climate change conference in 2007,the lntergovernmentalPanelon climate change(IPCC) painted an almost cataclysmic picture for Africa in which "for even smalltemperature ancreases of 1-2 degrees..... yields for rain_fed agr'culture could be reduced

by up to 50% by 2020". ln addition, the predicted increase in drought and floods willaggravatewhat is already a 5erious shortterm cause offood insecurity lnSouthandEsslAsia cl;mate change tbreatens to upset the stab'e monsoon oattern around whi.h rice

p,oducrion in parlkuld, ha\ evolv.d.

The UN supporls lha 50 Lei l De!eloppd Counlrie\ (LD( sl ,n p epdralion ol Ndt'o!4!Adaotation Prosrammes ofActions (NAPAsi and the B3liConference launched an

Adaptation Fund which may in timesupport these programmes- Re.o8n ising that funding

is likely to be scarce, NAPAS limit theirscope to community-based low cost options fordealingwith climate va ria bility- Adaptat'on of agr'culture willinclude the use ofalternative seed !€rieties, improved soil management, mainten:nce of water

10

management synem5 and r€torest:tlon. These NAPA repons convey u nive15al concern for the sensit,vityof food security lo a less predictable climate andfor the very limited capacity of poor com munities torespond. Seed s.jstLts ack.owledpe the extreme difficulty of dirnate adaptation even where research

Biofuels and Food Security

Under pressure to take action on climate change in the run up to the BaliConference,politicians .eso r ted to kDee jerk policymak'ng, seduced by the claims ot the bioluelindustry. Petrol additives such as ethanoland biodieselare manufactured from piantcrops.s a me.os otreducinE dEpendence on fossil{uels and cuttingtarbon dioxideemiss'ons. Apparentlv obllvious to the mathematics that one tank ot ethanolfor a

Spons Utility Vehicle consumes corD that coold feed a man for a year, the EU

announ.ed thal these biofuels willcontribute 10% oftranspon fuels by 2O2Owh'lst Corn, th€ rawthe US plans to quadruple output in that period. materialusedto

produce ethanolQuite apart from the fl.wed assumption that rhese products creat€ a net reduciion !n @ NetworkforEreenhouse gat emissions, the use oI land ard food croos to cnter tor rich motorisis New EnerPy

ata time ofglobalfood insecurity has provoked outraSe amongstBroups campaigning Cho'tesIor poverty reduction. Oxtrm predicts that biofuel targets could creare 600 millionndditionalhungry people by 2025. ln 2008, one third otthe US maize crop willb€ divenedto biofuelproduction, showering corn farmers with subsidies offar Creatervalue than US food aid. As these realiliess nk in, there arc initial signs of back pedalling on biofuel targets and subsidies amongst EU and U5ofticialt

Promotion oI bioiuels has been cited as a breach of the flBht to (utf,c,Fnt food enshflned h the UniversalDecla ratio n of Human Rights a nd other internationa I treaty comm ih ents. The U N Specia I Ra pporteur forthe Right to Food, olivie. de Schutier, has urged lhe UN to respond to the food crisis as a human rightsemerBency and called for a freez€ on new investment in convertingfood into fu€|.

ln contrast to the half speed MDG vision, a human riehts approach to lood securitv places immediate andinclusive obligar'ons ongovernments to create capacity fortheir peopleto feed themselves.ldeally theright to food shouldlake its place iD national laws or constiiutions, w'th guarantees of Boi1,d'scriminatoryand n on- political sirategies. Many ofthe world's food secur;ty problems stem from the absence of anoverr'ding goal lo honour the ri8ht to food. A set of world trade rules might look very different if -soverned by suchan objective rathertban the focus on abso lute volumes of rrade.

causer of Food lnsecurity

rhe aftermath ofthe Second WorldWarsaw strategieswbich did indeed award prioritytotood security. The European Common ABricultural Policy and the US Farm Billcombinedsubsidies and !ariffsto supporithe pattern ofsmallfamily farmswhich were dominantattbat time. tbe5e poli€'es proved successfu l, Beneratjng colossa I intern al food surpluses.

Nol surprhrngly. lhe poorer (ount' ie\ ol lhe modern ;vorld are keFn to copy this cuccesfulprotectionist model, not least because ot t heir sim'lar profile of agriculture - there are 500millionfarms ofless than 2 hectares in developing countries. Such ambitions remainunfulfilled largely because in 199s the richer countries were successfulin th€irefforts toinclude agriculturein thesystem ofopen market rules governed by theWorldTrade

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Organisat'on, whilst simultaneous ly ref!sing to onraveltheir own proteciionist model. Attempts bydeveloping .ountries to build lheir agricullure se.tors have been undermined, both in domest'c markelsu.dercut by cheap imports from nch countries and in exports which encounter trade barriers erected in

Countrie5 ioAfrica and SouthAsia are aho ro bl;rme for their proloneg4,bgLglnvestment in ruraleconomies whict] account for about 75% ofworld hunger. For€xample, African Sovernments are yetto

'neet their 2003 Maputo Declaration commitment which called for 10% ol national budgets to be

dedicated to agriculture by 2008. Ruraleconomies have thereforefailed to grow. Poot farmers, oftenholdinE uncenain land lenure and lacking capital, plant lor a mix of subs'stence and surplus for market, a

m od el c hron ica lly vulnerable to fluctuating prices or u nJavou rnble weather The m ajority of develo pinB

rountrie5 have lo-glkhkllt a rerlous problem for those lackinB foreisn curency to purchase expcnsive

whikt overall popul.rion growrh creates pressure on food security, it is a relativelymin or fa ctor since 1961 world prod uction of food has trebled whilsl I he population

has doubled Feeding more rhan halfoftheworld'sgrain produciion io animah is themore siSnificant indicator. As 7k8 otSrain is required to produce lkg oibeet there is

an nrBument that meat produclion on lhB scale impedes the Soal oI global foodsecuritv.Anotherhumanweakness-forviolentcornicr invariably le;ds lo ex!rem-"food inse.urity.The 2007 GlobalHunger rndex reports thal ".lmost all" ofits wo6trankinE countries have been Involved in violent corflict in the last.lccade. Coll.psedeconomies such as North Korea and zimbabwe also generate food crises.

The Sear.h for5ohrtions to tood lnsecu.ity

Dis.greement overirade rulei reflects the two longstandinE and opposinSphilosophies for addressins slruclumlweaknesses that lead tolood insecurity. Theneo liberal m odel a dvocates that lood should be subje.t to thesame marketforces as

manufactured Soods with minimumstate involvement lt denie5 any value to"romintic peasanl farming" which siould be consolidaled, with aiternative

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&.trvelihoods found forsurplus tabour Largertalmscanrhenraisecdprtaland.omp€@ grarnsofhope?Oincxpori m.rkets. Fore;6naidwould havca rolelo play in rleveloprngtrarsportrnd "er""no"o."

ur<o,rgernI'd.rru,'1,p.',Fdlr.8"' nrerr1oL"lmd,Ie,\dndimp,rvirS rdndc,d,ot

BoverDance advocates ofthis modelputa price ot58-510 billion peranDum on doublitg farm output inAfrica.

The alternative philosopby of "food sovereignty" restoresthe priority for food security overlradevolumeIhis model favours localownership and conlrol ofihe fullchain of resources acceptine smallfarN forwhat thev are and encouraBing thet sustainabjlity throuSh subsidised inputs and credit ashasbeenfollowed successfully in Malawi's.ecent transfo.mation from shortageto surplus. New communicationstechnolosies can also play an innovative role in su pponing small fa rmers.

World rood Prices and Food Secudty

These com peting ph'losophies are under8oing intense scrutiny in reaction to recent dramatic increases in

world food prices - the FAO Cereallndex doubled in theyear to April 2008. As the world's pooresthouseholds already spend 60%'100% oftheir incomes on food, they have no mechanism to cope withrisins pri.es otherthan to reduce the volurne or nuvition al quali\ of their consumption. The World Food

Programme (wFPlsays that 100 millionpeople willbe added to those below the hunger threshold, takinB

the globaltotalto almost one billion and creating a rew class of urban poor unableto alfo rd s ufficient

72

There is llttle consensus as to the unde.ly'ng cause ot 5uch sudden p.ice adjustments.IachofthemostlavouredexplanalionsisopentochaUenge:globalproductionofgrain increased by 4% in 2007, casting doubt on claims oI poor harvests; biofuelproduction does not involve rice or wheat;nd thereaore should not

'mpact those

prices; and the increasing demand for meat is neither new nor confined to China.Iheparall€ I doubliDg ofthe price of oil does have a sjgniti.ant impact on the cost of farminputs and transportat'on and is a reminder thatthe lastserious world food c'isis oflhe early 1970s coinc'ded w'rh the oi'price sho.ks oI lhat period. The IinSer ofsuspicion h also beingpoinled at speculative.ich countrytraders in commodities. The

'ncreasinCly complex and opaque world of

d€r'vative financial products has been exposed as rotten to the core in ihe context ofthe globalcreditcri!is. Governments

'n lndia iJnd Ethiopia have banned tutures t.adins in the'r aericultu ral comm odit'es

although ihe llllbasE!!! a task force and world l€aders promise discussions, national inlerests have sofa. dominated the response to a crir's which requiret coordinated globalaction. Manycountries haveresorted to stockpilingtood and blocking exports in or.ler to keep down domestic prices. The US Farm Billcurr€ntly under d'scussion iEnore5 the golden opportunity pr€sented by h'gh prices toabolish farmsubsidies Without Slobalfood security today, adaptat'on to future climate change willhave nofoundation on which to build

RisinBprices creale a pinccr movementon foodnid proBrammes byincr€asingthenumbers in need whilst redu.inB the amount offood that can be purchased withfixedbudBets. Although food aid alone is not a susta inable s olution to hunger, it has. vitalhum.nitarianroletoplayinthemostcrilicaicircumstrnces.Monito.ingthebalanceof tood sLrpply and demand thfoughout the world is the core mandate ofthe FAO,

delivered by its Globallnforrnalion and Ear.ly War!]ila syltell. Based on thisinformalion the World Food Programme (WFP) drnws up its programmes, givinBpr'ority to regions wherethe depth ot huoEer is most ser'ous currently the aSencysupportsT0-100 million people and aboutthe same number is assisied byinte rnational aid agencies.This leaves overT5b million dependent on highly variabi€or non existent domestic safety net arangements such as rhe lndian Public Distribution

Despiie the d'version ofsurplus maize to biofuels, the US remains thelargestfood donor country.However it

'nsisis noionly in donatinp surplus erain from US stocks rather than cash, but alsothatthe

chaiD ofdelivery to the recipient country must be handled entirely by US contra€tors. The result is ottenmonthsof delayforaservjce which is time critical- Development asencies preter donors topurchase fooddirect from the beneficiary country - high prices typic.lly beingthe deterrentto the poor ratherrfianavailability. This scenario has creat€dthe u nusual circumsta nce ofcountriessuch as Zambia and MalawiFrdntinp tood.id tolhen own peoplevrd the WfP.

B'otechnology and GM Crops

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Ihe curent crisis in food security willnrengthen the hand ot lhosewho beli€ve that Canvan (lCC)

biotechnology is the way lorward. The great advances incrop vield5 siscethe 1970t,

!ymboli5ed by the "gre€n revolulion', haveto be we'ghed aBainst their ecologicai and strudural

cons equ en ces. The rAO sitys that 75% of food biodiversitv was lost in the 2otb century whilst 80% of the

world's dietary energy is now supplied by jun 12 industnalcrops, such is the dom'nance of a small

o!m ber o f very latEe internation a I "agribusiness" corporations The green revolutio n has also been

responsible for significant deEradation ofsoilquality and severe depletion ofwaler resources, a worryinB

loss of environmental ca pital wnh which to satisfy the proi€ct€d doubling oldemandforworld food

produdion in the next 25'50 Years.

gqlltqllv-modif ied {Glvll croos. in which a Sete of desired characterislicis transposed

trom one plantto anorher, are the mo5t extreme and controvers'al output of the

biotechnologycompanies. Offering higher Yields, lower che mical inputs and hiSher

nutrltion a I va lue, GM crops sound like the panacea to food ansecuritv Led bY Brazil,

south Africa. China and lndia, m.l)v developinB countr'€s have adopted GM crops

However, there are doubts as to whetherthe poore. have the capacitvto establish

regu latory fra mew orks lo manage inevita ble con flicts of intcrests betw€en the loca,

srakeholde.s (farmerr, consumer', andsovernments)and Elobal shareholders who

control.lhe intell€ct!al propertv riFhts.

Topic Guide on Water and Sanitation

Millennium Development Goals

Wdrp dnd(JnrtdlonldisPl'lFdtureu.dp'elvrronm'ntdl u\laindbrl'rY OodlT olLne

Mill.'nnium Developmeni Goals {MDGs}. The wording calh on governments to "holve, b/2A15,the ptoponionoJ people without sustoinable occessto safe drinkinq woterondronlrotio.". Taking into account population Srowih from the baseline daie of 1990, the

target necessjtates the introduction ot safe waterlo an estimated 15 billion peoPie and

basic sanitationto 2.0 billion overthe 25 year perjod.The logislica I challenge beh'nd

these stark figures mun embrace 'm

m ense differences oftopograPh, climate and

cultu.e, as wellasthe gulfbetween u.ban and ruralhr,man settlements

A proRress mon itorinR reoorl jointly released by UNICEF and the World Health

Or8anisalion {WHO)in Asgust 2004 suggested that, althoughthe drlnkingwater target

may be achieved in terms ofabsolute numbers, poorer countries are beinSleft behind.

Forexample, despite advancing from 49% coverage in sub saharan africa 'n

1990to

58% in 2002, this rate is far too slow to meet the target by 2015

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the sanitation targelis more fundamentally al r'sk as improvements arefailingeven to keeP pacewith

elobal population Srowth- A!thouBh morethan a billion peoplegained accessto improvedsanitalion

between 1990 and 2002, the n umbers witbo ut sanitation coverage decreased bv only 100 million Millions

oJ people in lndia arecondemnedtothe indiSnity of open defacation; 76% of P€ople in ruralSouth Asia

!4I i!!e!!f9 ? bI ! whilst in urban areas oftndonesia lhe tisure is s0 million

74

Amon8st the many measures putforward to bolsts thas flagging proBress, ihe monconsistent recommendatlon centres on the concepl oi waler as a human r'ght,1hishav'nB been omitted from the original Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

'n2002, the UN Committee on Economiq Cultural aDd social Rights adopted a proposal

to re€ognise water as a human ripht, thereby placing considerabJe obliSation oncountrje! io fulfil individ uals' rights to saie drinkinE water and sanatation. ThrouCh2007 the UN Human Rishts Councilis engagedin tak'ng this i5iue funberforward.

WaterforLife and the vea. olSanitation

Parily due to unclear definii'ons of "acce5s', therehave been considerable difficulties in placing a

'nonetaryvalue on deiivering lhe water and saniration targets with est'mates rangingfrom 59 530 billion

pa. Nevenheless, cost/benefit €va luations invar'ably show that benef'ts in terms of economic output andhealth savings outweigb the costs, a crucial consideration for internationa I dono6. Such equatioDs do nomore than reproduce in fin ancial la rguage whdt development prot€ssionals have been saying fo. y€ars -

that provis'on ofsrfewaterand sanitation is the lynchp'ntohuman and economic development in poor

Poor access condemns women and children tospend hou6ln water collection; timelhat could insle.d be utilized for income g€neration and edu.ation, espec'ally fortemale children. And unsafe drinkingwater and poor sanitation areihe cause ofteverc heaft h problems throuShout the developinEworld. Millions of the world\poored people mainly wamen and children die from lygtrllglAlelk!!!C!5C! eachyear. For exampJe, diarhoea can b€ both prevented and cured by the most simplemeans Yer this disease is likelytoaccountforthedeaths of2.2million children underaqe.5 during 2007; its cont.olwillbea determining lactor in MDG skategies.

Gualemala n

ln Chenna'O

Access to clean water and safe sanitation therefore corelates closely with other critical MDG targets suchis child mortality, Bender equity and enrolment in erJucation, ;nd severe poverty. rn China there is

recognition thatpollution and scarcity otwatercould undermin€ th€ courtly's s pectacula r progress rnpoverly reduction, and inde€d stall its economic boom. Governments are beinB encouraged to r€coBnisethat, w'lhoutsuccess in water a nd sanitation, the entire MDG concept may be

'n jeopardy.

To reinforcethis message, the UN has procJaimed the peraod 2005 2015 to bethe blg!ta!!S!?l_!C!!dCfor Action - Water for Life. and the year 2008 as the year ofSanitation, with ihe aim ot injecting someurgency into5vategies for achievingthe waterand sanitation targets.

Water and Sanitatlon in GlobalPolittcs

The comb'n€d pressure otthis hish leveluN suppo4, the favourable cost/benefit analysis, and p;erfulrights based advocacy has not yet g€nerated the desired sense of urg€ncy. The NGO rommonity \,tasp.rlicularly frustrated at the apparent neelecr ofwater and sanitatior jssues at the 2005 Global5ummitto review MDG progress, and at the lilqidlpproach ofthe 4th World Water forum held in Mexico in2006

A necessary correctionwas provided by the UN Buman Developmeni Repon (HDR) tor 2006, qqyA4iscarcitv: Power. poverw andthe elobal water crjsis. a title reflecting the view that poor governance liesbehind water problems ratherthan any shortage ofthe r€source. ln an unusually hard'hitting analysis, theHDR asserts thatthe "Blobalcrisis in wate.....reinforces the obscene inequalities of life that d'vide rich andpoor".

The HDR laments the absence ofany clearglobalplan for achieving the water and sanitation targets, norsutliciently deta iled nat'ona I st€tegies. lt also calls for higher priority for water and sanitalion in rich

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countries a'd budSeis which currcnlly allocate nbout 53 bitlion pa lo lhe sector,less than 5% of all aid. ln

rhe4 yeaB Jollow,ng the Millennrun Declaration, the pt-o-p!r!!! SilSIg]8! 9 gdjc ?!eJi lq-ryqlgr !r!d:Cnrla!ra!j4!!Ollylell .nd only 17% benefiled thc poorest "Least Developed Counkies". Furthermore,

campaignersJeelrhatlhcconditjon5imposedbydonorscanbeincompatiblewiththeunderlYingla5koicreat'ng access to dean waler for poor people.

This particularconcern atlracts its most torcefularticulation on the subiect of priv.risation

ofpublicwatersupplies, typicallybutnot exclusivelyin nr aior conu rbal ions where

miEralory populations are mushroominB beyond formal recognition by city service

providers ln sucb.n environmenl, i multinational utlliiy corPoration willtend to target it5

se icesto middle dass areas and selprices beyondthrpocketsofthepoor.

The subject is complex and lends it5elfro ove6implification and slogans. Neveriheless,

whilstthere.resomeexamplesofsuccessflilwaterprivatisalioninthedevelopingworld,the balance ofevidence points lowards failure, oflen al the hands ofsome of thewond's privatisatioD

m ajor co rporations. There are signs tbat some dono r Bovernments and even the Wqt! protesl in

!4! may be p'rllinB back from their u n q uestioDiDg stance on water privatisation and the Boliv'' G)

water companies are said to be reducins investment plans for devetoP'ng counlries. Butthe luleD ult!aBency u N world water Deve lopm ent report for 2006 warned that " it wou ld be a Plasencia /m istake" io write off any role fo r th e p r;va te s ector 3 nd ss !1rq!CEjC! !!qr!qttb- lltg -q l in A P / Il.lemany major ciiies oJ the world UNEsCO

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Water and 5anitation in Locrl Politics

D.veloping countrics thcmselvc! have n tar trom passive role to play "

the MDG tarBels

are to be.chiev€d.They too are s!ilty of anachinE insufficient pr'ority to watet and

rven less to sanilation in natimal povedy pl.ns. Of particular importance rs the need ionrcngthen local governrnent c.paoty to deliverinfrastructure projecit and to reformrrp{r rpn, vd' d bu. 'u 'o /.

Governance i$ues in water and san'lation stretch allthe wJy lo the benefici:rycommunities themse'ves. lt has b€cn demonrirated over and again that success in

watcrandsanitntionprogrammesdependsoncr€atingasenseofowneEhiPamongstthe beneficiaries themselves. Catholic R€l'ef

Seryices

key roles in oBan'singvillage level5tructures to ensurethe sustainability ofa facility. tquipment needstobe properly maintained, user fees collected, and hvqiene behaviours chaneed. often involving difficultculturaladjustment-

Nevenheless, community levelwaterand sanitaiion projects in both roraland urban areas have a-

consistent record olsuccess, in painfulconvasr to lhe history oflarge m unicipa I programmes of bothpublic and private sectors. Wh'kt it is difficuh to convert small-sca le develoPments into nation.lprogrammes, th€ improv€d undeEta.dingoftheir righrs to safewaler amongstthe benefic'aries could

translate into wider citizenshio movements to bring localand national governmetts to account.

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'16

Carrving water

To botrow popular businessjargon, water is a "zero sumgame". lt is a finite resource in NiSer GJ Josh

over wh'ch compering interests are condemned to squ:rbble. And in an unfair world, its EsteY/CARE

beneficence is distributed by nature Lrnevenly. water sc.rcitv describes an environment 2001/IAEE

'n which demands lorwaterfor domertic, aCr'culture, and industry purposes exceed

'ts lqlA

availability. Th€ significanceof waterscarcity for the MDGs is ihat poor peoplc tend tolose out in competit'on for scarce resources, typically th rough the pricinB mechanism. Allprojectronssusgest that, under pressurefrom rapidly risingpopulat'onsand continred global dem and fo r mearproduction, water scarcitv willdeteriorrtesisnificantlvin the period covered by lhe MDGs.Those whoapplaud the world! achievement of€xpanding tood production €xponentially overthe last cenerationtend lo forset the paralleldemands placed on water resources which themselves arei'nite. !ry!:l9,r!!i9!is seen as an obsla_qleto world hunger and the water MDGs.

HumaDconsumpt'on'sobligedloshrreitsdemandslortreshwatersupplieswithlheneeds oi asriculture and industry Even if the donor community met all tbe fundingdemands of internalionrl NGOs Ior water and sanitation, the MDG tar8ets could still failthrough inadcqu.te integration wilh the bigger water picture. This inteeration is notlimitedto understanding these other use6; it must ext.nd Beogr.phically across

separate but inter related watersheds .nd rivers, acros! natio n al boundarie5 andoceans. Water presents a global.hallenge of unfathomable difficulty.

Waterdemand management is thc opposiie side of the waterscarcity coin. Nowhereis the n€ed for demand management more acute ihan the Midijle Easl. ln add'tion toeducationa' programmes for raisinB awareness of water conservation, wise andcff'cient water us,. measures embrace water pricinB, pollution prevention, ardfegylEd wa!!q!!tgr.

The uitimate;rony of water manaEcment in the 21st century is the increasing ;nterestinrcstorationoftraditionalstorapelech;oloRies.manyolihemdat'nEfromantiquity.Anumberof lndianstates nowinsistrhat new buildings be fitted with rainwaterharvesting equipment.

climate change

Ihe 2007 Report "lmpacls, Adaptations and Vulnerability" ofthe lntergovernmentalPanelon CIimateCr!anee (IPCC)brings home the niBhtmare prospectthat climatechange couldunravelthe assumptions u nderpin ning almost every drinkingwater development proje€t.Cha nging monsoo n patterns could disrupt tiny village level systems whilst the potentia I

impact on the flow of the River GanRes caused by retreating Himalayan glaciers couldunh'nge rnd;a's ambitious 9200 billlon riveilin k'ng project.

Too often associated only witt! risin8 tevels ofsaltwater and extremes of weathet climate Glaciallake'

chansecouldfundamentallyalterthedelicateecoloe;ofthewaterrycle,withdevastalinB:lutanOimpa ct on freshwater dependence. Ihe lPcc Re;;usserts tha t as ;a rl; as 2020, 75 25; Piervander

million people inAirica could experience increa;ed wai"rstress. railure to synchronrse ttre Po'l

planet's freshwater resources witb the demands of humanity mav be the cri5is that f'nallyspursAoveroments into decisive action on climate change.

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Topic Guide on AIDS / HIV

Mrllennium Oevclopment 6odh rnd Hrv/AlDs

AccordinB to the 2007AlD5 epidemic update p$llehed by the loiRt UN Pro8ramme otr HIV/AIDS

(UNAlDs),2.5 million peopl€ were newly inlecled-with HIV during that year' Despite the widerange oipotenlial etror conc€ded in the report,lhere is consensus that the 8lo ba I rate of infection has fallen from

a peak in the late 1990s and th.i the crisis may be levelljngoffin themon seriouslY afiected region of

Beneath such optimism lie5 a lqtt of !!c!li4iU!!gr not least that the rale of inl€ction,known as inc'dence, i!justoneof a bewildering range oi indicalorsthat have been adopted

to assess pro8ress jn the fiBht against Hlv/AIDS The oriSinal fr.mework fot the Millennium

Development Goals (MDGs)focused on the reduction of prevalence as the measure forthetargel (in Goal 6) '1o halt and begin to reverse the spread of Hrv/AlDS" by 2ol5 Prevalence

refers to the percenta8e ot people aBed 15-49 I'ving with HIV/AID5; for €xamPle, in 2007

rhere were 33.2 millionpeople livinswith H!V/A|D5,95%i. developing coun vies, implying

Elob al preva le nce of0.5% However, modern dru81h€rapy, forthose fortunate to receive it,

exteDds life erpecta ncy without removinB the presence of the virus, an oulcome which

increases prevalence and sueg€sts neg.tiv€ proBress

rn theevent, theinadequatewordrngoflhe MDc and ils flawedbenchmark w-"re 5wiftlyoveNhelmed by n ew politica I reso lve in res po nse to civil socie ty activists who a rBu ed thatfailure to combal HIV/AIoS would undermine thc entire MDG prog..mme The Declaration o{

commilment on Hlv/AIDS siBned at a UN General AsscmblY Spe.ial session in 2001 related targets lo

'ndividual rights rather than pJpulations, for erample 2cknowledgingthe riSht ol all voung people to have

.ccess to inform.lion nece5rary to reduce theirvulneriibllity to Hlv infection By the time oftheEdinburBh G8 summit in 2005, this principlewas exlended to thb provision oflreatment forthose alreadY

infected,50 that a uN Polltical Declaration approved in 2006 committed wotld leaders to work "towards

the goal of universa I a ccess to.omprehensive prevention programme5, treatment, care and support bv

2010".

The oJfidalUN MDGfiameworkhas now beeD supplemented bya new ArDS tar8et for universal

rreatmeni by 2ot0 blrt, in the context of Hlv/AlDs, the MDG agenda has had minimalimpact TheU!Hieh Levelmeetinson HryAq5 due inlune 2008 has been calledto review progress aga$sttheDecldrdro. ol ( ommrrT"nl r,'th-r rhd. the MDU(

Such d €matic scaling u p of targets, toE€ther witb a tight deadline, requ'res unpreceOenteO rinancLt

commitments from the internationalcommunity. spendinBon HlvlAlD5 in developing countr'es has

indced increased exponentially, ris'nglroh 5260 million in 1996 io over 510 billion in 2007, wirh fuDds

sourced primarilyfrom eovernments, internalionaldevelopment aBencies and Philanthropists The largest

s'nsle5ource is the Us Eovernmenl which appears likely to approve fqltdilpil3qbilll9ry.l4cIllc4!to m 2008 through renewal of tbe President's E m ergency Plan for AlDs Rel'ef (PEPFAR) About 25% of all

globalAlD5 projects are granted by the Global Fund to Fight AlD5Tuberculosis and Malaria, establ'shed in

2002 to "attract and disburse a dditional funds"-

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UNAIDS says that annualspetding needs to quadruplethe 2007 t'Cu'e to fu2liljqllbv 2010 Co ns idering that the entire 2006 toreign aid budget forsUb 5aharan Africawas lessthanS4Obillion,itisclearthattheAlDS lobbvaspires to a seneroussliceofthe funding cake. Other human develo pment sectors sometimes 5ugSest that th€ AIDSpriority has been overdone, compariDgthe 2 million annualdeaihs caused byAiDSwith 10 mill'onlhroughhunBer,5 milliondueto un5afewaterand 3 million dillbornbabies.Ihere have even been accusations th.tArDS aEencies inflate estimates of thenumber oi people living with HIV/A'Ds in order lo attracl funding There are indeedsispificart difflculties

'n data collection; the most recent UNAIDS report absorbed new

lower preva lence fiSures from lndia and other countries where sratisrical analysis hasbeen improved and the agency has aSreed to review its finan.ial need5 estinates.

Olayinka Jegede-

Ekpe, N;gerianHrV activist O

Prerana

i4s!q!lcte qEO!A)

Ihe reason why HIV/AIDS has anra.ted generous funding is that90% of its victims are carried offin theprameoflife, ripping the heaft out of a countryl socialand €conomic fabric. Life expectancy, oneoflhethree core measures determining the UN Human Development rndex, has fallen dramatically i. manyairican countries; women in zimbabwe and Zambia are rnore likelyro die before ratherthan after rheir40th birthday. Th€ loss ofteachers, health workers and even MPs in sDb saharan Africa has disrupted thefunctioning ofpublic life and undermined pove.ty reduction plans. Donor agencies have been re5pondinElo.n emereencyas much as develoDment.

The less emotionalanalvsis ofcommerce conveys rn equalmessage ot urgency. TheWodd Bank has estimated that HIV/AIDS prevalence of8% knocks l% otfa €ountry'srate of economic growlh. ln zambia business research has valued the loss ofrnerperienced workerat S9,00owhilst an HIV prevention progra mme .osts just 947 peremployee Major companies lbroughout southern Africa have invened in HIV/AIDS

etu\p. Io' \rdfl and lo.dl _ommunrtie,.

Wh'l r ub\dhJrdnAlricddrrrdrr5heodInFctor'o(oboullhFtmpdcloll,V/AlOS,thelatent th.eat of HIV in many other regions of the world is of no less concern.There aremany countr'es where low prevalence dirguises a rising rate of infection, the reverseofthe pos'tion inAfrica. New inf€ctions in Easlern ELrrope and CentralAsia ancreased150% overthe per'od 2001 2007, mostly

'n Russia and Ukraine.ln southeastAsia,

prevalence is increasinBin V'etnam and in part'cular in rndonesia. UNATDS atk'butesthese lrends to the combined iDfluence of 5ex workers and injecting druguse.s,aggravated by increasins mobilitv oflabour and leisure.

Nat'onalAlDs

Centre forDevelopment andP_ooulirtionActivities

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Women and HtV/ArDs

A dntre5sing charact€ristlc of lhe nnpact of HIV/ArDs ha5 been its cruel exploitalio n olthe un€qualSender relationr andthe tjr:pat-qflqtrllti! yj9l!!!9 that exist in many

developinB countries Thevirus has no sympathy tor lhe weak poeitioDolyoungwomen

to negotiate safe sex or no sex. Maffied women are expoted to the infideiities of,theirhusbands, especi.lly those whose work takes them rway trom home.As il these

rela!ionalrisks were not enouBh, women are ! ucb !Ilqlq!!!!9p!!lC rha n men torrrnsm'ssionoflhev'.us duri.8sexw'th an infected p: ner

45 a result, inthe 15 24 age group in sub.Siharan afr'ca, 75% of people livinB withHIV/AID5 are women. This protile.nd lts underly'ng causes have ealvani5ed the efforts qlinrern.!jonal vvmen's eroup5 and strengihened the crll ior fllV programmet lointeSrate with broader reproductive health services. ln con5€quenc€ a conkoversial

moral'ty dimension unsetdes the hurnanitarian fiSht again5t AlD5.lts most eitrem-"mJnifeslalion is the continued refusalof the Roman Catholic church to countenancc the

Lrse of co.doms And US PEPFAR f qllll!L :!Lll.!!! 19!l9l4r !9!!li!1q; impoEed byreligious conseNativ€s which biJs its preven!ion programmes towads abstinence rather

th.n5afe5ex Apart from naively, the {law in thes€ inPositions istheprcsumptionthattire b.lanced Aender relalions found in the west are repli.3ted in poor counlries.

children and HIV/AIDs

chilclren livingwith HJV/AlDSrrethe most heartbr-"akin8ly innocentviciims in thatalmoslallwereinfededduringpregqancy,bi11horthroughbre.stteeding over 40o,000 new

inteclions occutred in 2007, mosllvtr sub 5aharanafri.a.Thescienceofpaediatticrreatment lags rhatfor aduhs; only about 10% of infected children receive proper

rreatmenr and one sixlh of allAlD5 deaths are children Dnder Jge 15.

tnodledeeolprnvcnlionol morher lo(h'ldr,dn Fr ionrP\4lCl)Dmo'e"ordn',d.hrich corntries a combinaiion ofspecialdru8s for bolh nlother and child, caesarean

delivery and fo rmula milk reduccsthe risk tojust 1% 2%. ln the comPlete absence oftreatmentrhe risk is 30% 35% and this is the position for the majority of babies born tomothe.s with Hlv in the highest risk coontries. Althougi! increasing etforts are madeloprovide at leastsome treatment, many mothers are faced with

'mpossibly dillicult

choices between the risk of breastfeedinB and the presence ofcontaminated water in

There is perhaps sreater pu b lic awareness of th e problem5 ofthet2 million childrenin sub saharan Africa who have escaped Hlv brrr who have lostone or both parettsAlthough cu ltural tra ditions often support the security to be found in extendedfam'lies ortoster parenting,lhere are naturallimits lo the capacity ofcommunitiesdevastated bv AlD5. For example, in zambia;t is estlmated that one third of all

children willbe orphans by 2010.

Human Rights and HIV/AIDS

ln many countries the vtus often takes hold initially amonBst high riskgroups such as

sexworkers, men who have sexwith men, and iniertingdrug users. Association ofthese sroupswith HIV has aSSravatedthe prejudicethal they

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.lready experience in both rich and poor countrier alike solhat accessto Hlv/Alosprevention and treatment services has been veiy low. Quite apanfrom leaving thedisease unchecked, such an approach offends orincioies ofhuman rishts.The 5ame

appliestothose who experience discrimination directlyas a result ottheir HIV posit'vestatus; a combination ofstigma and ignorance has often resulted jn loss ofemployment and public services.

There has been res'slance to the inclus'on of human rights lanEuage 'n

internationalHlv/AIDS commitments and AIDS activists themselves have been harassed in counviessuch as ChiDa. However, tbe 2005 PoliticalDeclaration includes a clause'n wh:ch

Soveroments unde nake ro introduce legidario. to ens ure " enjoym ent of a ll hu ma n

rights and fundam enlal freedoms by people living with HlV".

Prevention ot HIV/AlD5

Ihe hunon immunodefici ercy v,rur, first identified in Califo.nia in 1983, is transmittedbv bodily flu'ds exchaneed in sexualrelations, or bycontaminated blood, orthroushmother to child transmission. Despite prevention services absorbing 50% of HIV/AlD5

spendinS, in 2005 only s0% olyoungpeople in developing countr'es were assessed tohrve sufficient knowledBe to lake controlofthe risks. Achieviog universalawarenessis a formidable and expen5ive task although the challenge of communkatingeffectively to young peoplc in schools and in loca I co mmunili es has provoked endlesscreativily, with new technoloeies ol.VinA a oart where oossible.

Advocacy of behav;ourchange must tackle the strong bonds thar exist within localcustom, Aender rel3lions, lhe stigm. ofAlDS and ttre realil'es of poveny. Althoush

'nteruention can only be effeclivethrcueh localcommunity groups, there has been

aBainst

lnternewsNetwork,lnc.

broadapplicationoftheaBCconceptofAbstinence,Befa'thfulanduseCondoms,eachprinciplehavingprior'tyoverthe next but not to an unrealistic extent. Concerns about unavailabil'ty or failiJre to usecondoms are such thar the Wond Health brganisation (WHO) has added male circumcision to ils list ol9.pplelrd pleycqlll tollowing research showingthatthe risk ot intection was reduced by60% for ckcumcised men. For similar reasons great efforts areEoing into rhe develoome,llqltl!!!resistanr microbkidesels which would restore a degree of control to women.

Early successes in lllV prevention have been attributed to lhailand. Uganda and

Senegal and more recently in Rwanda and Burkina Faso - with a commonfeature ofdeternined politica I leadership at the highesr level. Bycontrast, publicdoubtseroressed bv President M beki con cernin8 ihe link between HIV and AIDS denied thenatu ra I opponunity for South Africa to display regional leadersbip and lo tackle itsslatus as hom€ to the world's largestnumber of people livingwith HIV/AIDS-

rreatmenrofHlv/ArDs y;"lj;r,,On average a patientwith the HlVvirus can live a normallifefor 10'11years without HIV/AIDS

treatment-A cocktailofdrugs known as antiretrovtal th erapy {ARI)should leade6hip rn

commencewhen the immunesystem has weatenedto a measurable threshold.The Thailand

virus is not eliminated byART but rhe rBk ofonset of Acquircd lnnune DeJiciency

Syrdrome (marked by tbe establishment of one of a range ofserious illnesses associatedwith 'mmunedeticiency) is reduced by about 80% givingthe prospect of a reasonably norma I lifespan. ln about 10% of

pat'ents the treatmeni fails, and an alternative "2nd line" therapy is substituted.

Sucb isthe position for people livingwith HIV in r'ch counties.ln poorcountries ckcumstances oftenconspire againsl the progress ot modern medicine. The pEtient may be unaware that he orshe is HIV

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poiitite, or there may be no rvailable t€st for theART threshold, or lheremay be so sovernmenr firn.ls lopry lor thc treatm€nt Other obst.des induderhe lS|plerlltC! SllChCr-.!l"S:E, often dormant in people

tivingwith Hlv but liableto be aclivated by the viru5. For lhose receiving AqT d!p!!lj-ale5d!4!!ce!!!lli!!lli5% in Africa aft€rjust 2 years betr.y the shortase of skills for prescr'binB and monilorinsdnuretroJ|dl lreJlmell

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By the end ot 2006, only 2 million people were receiving lreatment in developinB

countries out of T.l million in need.50me enimales suSgestthat 14 millionwillbc in

need by 2010, the targ€t date for universal treatment. Prospects are much dependent

on il,e price ot drugs which is a constant source oI tension between lhe humanitarian

ion.crn to save live5 and the prolit motive of multinational Pharmaceulicalcompanies armed with 20 verr oatett prolection AlthouEh World Trad€ Organisat'on

{wloirules permit the least developed count.ies {LDct lo acquire ormanulacturelow costgenerics until2016, middle income countries such as lndia, Thailand and

Brazil depend on less concrete concessions in wro ruletfor heahh emerqelcjes

'lhere are concerns thattbe curren! Iashion ior regionaland bilateral Free Tta de

Agreements willcl05e down the5e conce$ionary .lauses, pr€venting the developmentolgenerics for proh ibit'vely expensive 2.d lineARTdnrgs. These painfullessons aboutequitable distribution of drugs may pro!e

'nvaluable if ihe dau ntnre p@h19!]!

q:-sgddgd !!4L\ ij!di!&s y..ciqg lor Hlv are eventu.lly overcome.

Towards Universal Access

This conc€ptual adjustment would illum in ate the pra ctical r€ality th at u niversal access

to HIV/AIDS services cannot be ring tenced from other health issues. For example,

uptake of voluntary counsel'ing and testing (VcT)mi8ht improve if inteer:ted withless sen5itive clinicsewices. More importanl stillis the need forsufficient numbers ofqualified health work€rs and adequ ate facililies. The mo5t recent plans publkhed byPIPFARand the GlobnlFund do refleclthis shift awavtrom a sense ofemergencytowards "horDontal" developmeut supportforg€Deralpublic health faciliiiesStrengthening the infinstructure in which other d evelopment seciors operate wouldreconnect HIV/AIDS with the broaderMDG and development agendas.

Achievementofthepromises for 2010 willrequire. fLrndamentalrevision in the Prioritiesot AlDS donorwhose reports b€tray a narrow "vertic.l'world of AlD5-related intervention. The Global Fund boasts of

Jl ovid ing d.u8 treatment to !6 millionand HrVleststo52 mjllion beneficiaries but, however .dmirablerlresefigures, they tellliltle ofthe progres towardr univ€rs.lacce5s.lt is exclusion that shotld featirre in

reports such astheestimated 80%ofpeople livinSwith Hlv/AlD5 in low and Diddle incomecountrieswho ere not even aware of their condition.

Zambla O Cent.efor Developmentand Populalion

Nairobiclin;c nThe Globt Gag

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F'OREIGN AFF'AIRShrlp / rww tcreiqnatralrs c{q

Preparing for the Next PandernicIJI Nlich.cl'l (lsrerhol,r

t\on Fmign Alatt,llly /Augusi 200s

http: I t w.loreignoffoirt.otgl2nsoTolf aessoy81402l nichae(t-atterhotn t preparing for the-rdt pan teni.,htnl

Srrnrlary: tf an trfluenzi pindemic struck today, borders would dose, the global economy wouldshrt r},wr, intetnrtional vacche supplies and bealth care systems sould be overuhelDred, aod padcwoutl reigo. To lirnr the frllout, the jndustrialjzed world must crerte a detailed response strategytnroJnng tbe public aod prjvate sectors.

M.hdl 1 (rl.rhaln t Dtftdqr oI lht Ce"tuJbt hJe,/iry! Dtea.ft lt/l/,rth ard P,liry, Ar!0,'aE Di,e'/or oI tha

I>!a,b,4t af llolre/ard SeBnU't Na/tur./ Gnktfu F|ot Ploh.tia, ard DeJe"ie, ard Pnfeilor d/ th. Uri,ed,0[ Mn,t.tota'J.\'.k|t oIPabtit I kath.

IITIAR ITS]]I-I-

Dathg back ro andquty, urfluenzr pmdemics have fose.l the gle.tesL theit ofa Norldvide c,ladtyoused by trtecrtus dse,st. Over rhc past 300 years, tcn inlluenza pandenics have occured anonghun.ns. The mosL rece.r crme in 1957 58 aDd 1968 69, a.d ahhouBh sevebl tens of thousa.ds ofAn.rlcirs .Lcd in cxch o.c,these were.onsidrcd dnd cobp^rc.l ro othds. The l918 19 pturdcmicw2s not Accord,ng io lecent analysis, it kmcd 50 ro 100 lniltron pcoplc globally. Tod.y, with ipopulation o16.5 billior, oore than thrce tioes $xr of I9l8, cveo a "rild" pandemic could kill manyrnnlors ol peopl..

A nrmbu of r€cent €vents and fxct,)!s hive signi6caotly heightened co.cern that a specific r..rrcrd pandcmc may bc imd.eni. lr could be c,nsed by H5Nl, rhe avian inlluenz. strain cufentlycirculanng in Asia. ,\t this iurcrDrc sden'rsrs omot be cert^i!- Nor ca. they kros .xacdy when a

pandcmic will hit, or rvhcthc it v 1 ;v.l the experience ot 191&19 or bc more mutcd hkc I957 58and 1968 69. The rolity of a coming pindcmic, howcvcr, canrot be .voidcd. Only jts impact cao belessered. Some imponant prepalatory cfforts arc r:ndcr way, but nruch more needs to be dooe byinstinrtioos at many Jevels ofsociety.

TH E RACKDROP

Ofthe three qryes olin0uelza;ns, iDt'lucnri rypc A initcts and kills the greatest oumber ofpeoptce^ch year a.d is the only t?e that causes pandemics. It originates in wild aqurE;c bnds. The vinsdocs rot cause illness in these birds, aod although it is widely E,nsmitted rmong theh, ir does Doturdergo any sig tcant genetic.hr.ge.

Drect uansmission ftoh tbe birds to humds has not beer demoDstnted, but when a vins istranshitted from s,ld birds to dohesticated birds such as chicke.s, it nndergoes changes th2t.llov itto infcct hunrans, pigs, and potenn,Iy other mamnals. Once in the lung cells ofa mammalian host,the wirus can "reassort " or mu genes, wi$ hDmao influc.za vinses that are also present.'Ilisprocess can lead to an eotirely ncw wiral stain, crpable of sustained human to hman transmission.Ia sr.h a vins has .ot circulated ir humans bcforc, dre entirc population vil be susceptible. lf &e

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vrDs l,rs not cilculated in the hnDraD populruon br . nullber oflea.s, most p.r,th wilt hck r.sjduelinrr: ry frcn prrvtrrs niectn;n.

Orcc rhc novrl strih bcrt$ id,pG ro hudaos.rxj ,s easily txnsnrtc.l lioo pcrson to pcL or, tt is

.rprl,l. of caushg " new p"ndcdc. As rhe vin,s pisscs repcatcdly trom onc huhrn ro dic nc\r, ir(vcnftr.llv be.1' cs lcss virDlenr.rJ j.ins th. orhrr hfluerzr linscs rh2t crcllirc rlrc globe rxch

lcrr Ihis cyclt cortirucs und inorhd ncw n,flu.ua virus cncrgcs ftom wnd blrds ind rhe process

Sornc p.ndcmi.s rcsuh tr bu.h h;gher ratcs ol inlectlor rnrl dexrh Lhxn othcs. Sclcrusts,,o\vurdcr*and rhrt ttrs vanrLio. N x rcs,lt olthe gcneric oakeup oleich sF.]fi. viros,..l *,e pr.s.nccol ccrmin virulence fictors. 'ILrt is Nhy rhe 1918 l9 pandemic killed many nore ptople thm eitht'rthc 1957 58 {,rtht 1968 69 pandemic

A CTiITICAI DIIJFERENCE

Inlc.tious clise.scs rcnfur drc nunbd onc lcller of hurrars worldwidc. Ciircrd!, moic than 39nlillor pcopl. L,ve with IIIV, ...1 list yer xl,ouL 2.9 Jdl]lor pcoplc .ljc.l of AIDS, bfurgrg thcennulrtivc total of deeths from AIDS ro .ppionnxrcly 25 dUor. Ttb.rculosrs |lB) ..d '!n.!i^i,lso r.r,.ri Daior ouses .rl dc.th. 1,, 200:1, rbout 8.8 milLion pcoplc bc.rDc nLcic.l \uih TR, an(]

rhc drsdsc liLlcd !r.r. tl)in 2 rxlLto.. Ercl, r.ar, nxlfia r2uscs hoic thx'r 1 m Lo' d.rdrs dd clos.tr, 5 billron cpisodcs ol cliricd ilhcss ID ..ldiror, !.wly cridglrg hf.crons, dr.rrL.d .nd otherr.ctor bcrne <lisars, and igcrts ,csist..t to ilribioircs posc r scrious rnd growbg publc heelrb

a;!.n so nrxnr other s,:jniEcanl !nlc.flols discrscs, why docs droth.r hflu..,r pi..lclr. !'enrrrntg: rncl urgenL iLte',ronl lrrst, ol thc rrrc rhan 1,500 microbcs lnrorvn to c^!sc diserse bhumnrs, bflrcnzi conhu.s ro b. d,e ldng ln rems of ovenll nortality. Ii.r'en tr r yerr sAen odyrlrc grrd.n vaneS' strahs circul.tc. in cstitrhr.d 1 1.5 'ndlon p.opl. lvoildvrle.he fro,r hfluen?,inti.ilons or relrt€d .onplic.tions. ln . pxD.lcdc hsfi,g I2 ro i6 mondrs, rhc nlnrbd of.,ses in.l.l..ths lvould rjsc dnu.ilcaly.

RcceDt clinic.l, cpidcnriologic.l, ...1 hl,.,rat{,rt evideoce suggests Lhar thc ihprct of r p,n.lc!!cc.nsed by thr cnrent IJ5NI srrin lvould be s nir ro Gnt ofthe 1918 19 p2nden!.. \,Iorc dr.n halfof drc pcople lill ed ll thit pxDdcmic w.rc 1 8 ro 40 lefs old and largcly hc2l LhI. I f 1.91 8 I 9 mortality.lilr ir. extripolrtcd to $c cDnc't US. populrtn,n, 1.7 dil]ron people .ou]d .le, h.lf of thesbdwccn thc,gcs of 18.nd 40. G].,b.lly, tlDse sxne esuhites yield 18U 360 m lon dcaths, Dorerhan fiv. tincs the cu.nrlativ. mnrbcr of do.unre.Led AIDS .leadrs. Is 1918 19, nrosi dcadrs werec.used by a vins ilnluccd rcsponsc ofdlc vlrrjm's lhbrne systcm

^.ytoki.c srom which led to

a@te rcsplatory distress syodronc (ARDS). ln othrr woi.ls, i. thc proccss of fighrig thc rli..r.r, a

petmn\ imnune system severely dam.gcd thc hxrgs, rcsulting in death. Victios of I I5N1 hive .lsosuffered ftoh ctrohre sr.,turs, and the ea,rkl is

'rot nDch be$er prepared t., re,t hrllioG of cas.s

oIARDS roday d).n rr v,s 85 ye,rs ago. In the 1957 58 ^nd

1968-69 pandehics, tle pnm.iy c^use

of d€rLL vxs secoj,ddy bactenal pneumodas that infccted lungs rveakened by i!fllenza. Ahbotghsoch b.ctend hfections can often bc treatccl by arrbiotics, these drugs woukl be eitber uoavrnableor nr shorr pply foi m!.h ofthc globxl popln2do. duing a pindemc

The atival ofx p^.dcmic n!fluenzi would trigg€r a reaction tbat would chaoge $e vorld ovunight.A vaccxrc pornd .ot b. available for i number ofmo.ths aftd the p2.demic sr,ned, xnd there arevery limited stoclipil€s of ..ti*al dogs Plrs, only i fee pnv .gcd arcas ofthc world beve 2ccess Iovacche prodDcron facililies. lbreign tr2de and havcl would be reduced or even ended in rn atrcmpt

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to srop rhc rirds fron errer;rg n.w ()DDrries cveD though sDch efforts lvould probxbly tul grvcnth. xrl..fiousr.ss ofDi]lcnza.'.1 rhr volunL ol rJJegal covng' rhrt u..uL rr m,'\r h, ers. ltislikelr'firL lrr'sportaron rvould also bc sjgdfic.ndy cut.n.d doncsrically, as yna]ler commurunessought to kcep the r}sease co.taired -Ihc sorld reles on thc spc.dy disiribution ofproducts such as

f.,od .rd rcplacciDert parts for eqrnpment. G)obal, rcgiooal, and oal]onul cconomies world cohc to,n rbiupl h.h sohethjng drat h,s never happcned due to HlV, ozlana, or TB desp,re thdid.irniL. lrD^cr o. th. dcv.lopbg world.

'Ihc ck,sest tht vorl(l has .oDc ro rhjs s.enario iu nodern umes w,s the SARS G.vcie .cuteicspiratotl syr,lrome) crisjs of200l. Over

^ period of five nonrhs, aboot 8,000 people wcic xrfcctcd

by a novel hrman coronavitus. Abour ten percent of them .Led. The vjtus apprcndy spiead tohlDans when iofectcd arimals Ndc sold ,.d sl^ugbt€red jn unsanlrdy dnd dowded m.rkcts ir)Clu.'s Gu.rgdoDg Province. AltloDgh the transmissior rxte of SARS p,led in compxrison to th2tofnUr:cnze. jt deoorstrated how quickly su.lr an iofectious agent can citcle the globe, glven the.ascand frcqucrcy ofintehatron.l rhvel. (lnce SARS emcrged iD n)ral Chin4 jt spread to fiwithn 2,1 hours and to l0 colntries on six cortncnts vithiD several months.

llic Sr\RS.xpcricncc te,chcs r ctitj.,l icsson abour the potertial global response to 2 Fand.micr,fluerz. Ercn vit} rhc rchriv€ly lorv Ntrber of dcaths rr caused conprred to other ;,fecuous.Ls..s.s, SARS had x poscful .egatile psrchologr.?J Drpact on the populadons of many c"unues.ln ^ rr.enr n.rlysjs of the tpt<lernic, tlc N,ti.',r] A.^deniy of Science's lnsdn:te ol Medicineconclurhd: "1}e relruvely high cas. f.rihty.xte, ihe ide.tlficxron ofsupc! spic^dcrs, thc rcwrcss ofLh. dlscxsc, $c sp.c.l .,f jts global sprerd, .rd public unccrtainty about the abiiity to contol itsspr..d

'nay hrvc cortibrtcd to the public's ahm. This xlim, iD turn, may have led to the behavor

rhat cx'cerbatcd the ccodonic blovs ro thc rrivcl .nd toDrism indusiries ()f $e cor.t.l€s wirh thehig,hcst nurnber o{cases." ,

SARS prouded ^

taste of the rnpact a killer irflucnza pardemrc would have on th€ glob,l economy.

JoDg X/lM l.ce, of Kolca UnFcsity, and u/aNick McKibbin, of the Aus[rLan Nauon.l Uillcrsity,esrimaterl the econonic impa.t of thc si{ month SARS epidemic o. thc Asii Prcitc i.gon ar about$40 billon. In Caoada, 438 people eere infected aod ,13 died after an infected person tr.vcled froDHong Kon!' td lbr.nto, and thc Canadian -I ourisn Conrmissior estimat d th2t drc ep'.l.nxc costdr. nauoris cco.omy $419 million. Th. Onrdio he,ith ninistcr estimated th.t SARS cost *,eprovince's berlrh care systcm rbout $763 Diltion, money rhat was speot, in pan, oo speci,l SARScltojcs rnd suppJies to prorccr he2hh care vorkcrs. The SARS ourbleak also had a substanEal ihpaclon the global arJline industuy Afrer the disease hit in 2003, fljghis io &e Asir-Pacific area decie^scdby 45 peicent from the year beforc. Dur;ng the outbrcak, the .uhber of flighs bersecn Flo.g KoogaDd the Uniied States fell 69 pcrccnt. And $is jmpact \rould pale in compdson to that of{ 12 tot6 rnunth uurlhvitle influFnzi pa,,dehr\.

Thc SARS cpidcmic also rdses quesrions.^bout hov prcpared govemments re to address a

prolonged infectious cltse,sc disis .. particulaily govemcrts thrt ale already unsiable. Seroo HaIUnjvers;ry's Yanzborg Fluang concJuded that the SARS epidemic ceated the rDost severe social orpolitical cnsis ocountered by China's leadership since the 1989 Tianmmen crackdovn. Cbi.a'sproblems probably rcsultcd less from SARS' pDblic healh impact than from the goveinmenfs fliledeffon to allay padc by witbholdiog irfomxtion about thc disease Fom the Chinese people- Theeffon b'ckfired. Duriog the cisis, Chinese Premiir \yen Jiabao poinr€d o r in a cab;oer meciing on$e epidemic that 'rt}re health and secu;ry of the people, overall st,te of refom, devetopment, ardstabfity, md Chinars natiooai intdest md image are at stake." But Huang believes rhar "a faral peiodof hcsitation reguding infomatioD sbarng and acrio! spaMed dieiy, pdic, md mor monger;g

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rcross rht coorrry xn.l rn,Lldnmc(l ihe gorcromeflas.fforts ro.re"te a I ld'r !n'ge ol itscl{ in dic

,tcrn2ion^ltcnr."

W'd.sprcxd hlccrio. ,,rd cccrroDic colhpsc can rltsrabilize r governnrenq bl^rne lor fdlhg ro d' J

cffecdrc]I with . Pandemic crn criPPle a gorc'nncnr 'lhis hoids even nntc lor an t'tl'rnzapenrlemc In tl,c cventolapddcnic mllucnzr, rhe levcl olPailc vitnesscd d!d'g thc SAItS o$]s.oukl sl,ml o"t of coDtlol !s illlcsscs and rlPirbs .ondnrtd ro drolrnt ovet monrbs and m'nrhs'

tlnlinrrrrtcly, tht Publc is oltcn hdlliirert to liiual Ir nlls ab"!t inrpen'lin!: hf'ctlo!\ 'Ise'scc,isc as Mrli lIIV, lor .lahPlc. lndrtfdcncc beconrcs lear only alter rhe c't^stroPhe hiLs, vhen itis rLc.dy too l^tc n' imPlcr.cnt Prcle lllt or contro]

'rersur.s

ITEADY FOR 'I'fIE WORS'T

\urxt shoukl the nrdusttlalzecl world bc dolng ro prcparc for rhe nexr pardcmic? 1he smplc answet:

tui Dorc. So far, rhc World ll.alth ()rg^'jzxti(D.nd sevdal counEes hrvc flnalizetl r" dnried

usctin bur ovcrly seneral Phns. -ll]e U S DcP.ltnenr ofllealdr arcl Hum'n S'n'ices has i"'rc:sct1

res*rch on trllucrza va.ctrc Procluc.io'l ,',d .vailaLrhrr these cflbrts re conrmcndablt. bot ghat

is nc..lc(l is . .]cr.n.d oP€muo'd bhePnnr for hoN to gct x PoPtlirion rhrorgh o'e ro thr€r tcars ofr prnJcmic Such i inan must inv.,lr. all the kcy comlxrneDrs of rcierv h rlr' Privatc stdd the

pr," 'nurt..",r,lr"^t" rbe res|onscs ol rhr fucdrcrl c.'nFunlry medicll $Pplics, li)od fro'(lers'fd rhc t,o,'sportanc,n s$Lc"i. In tl. g-crn6enl s.cror, rht Pl.n shOukl rikc into rtr:ouI't ollnirlsfrollpubllcllcrlrh,lrrvcnloi..n]tnt'rl.lclo.Igl'cy'lanxgceltrlthclnte']ali()na]'fc.l.liI'5lrrc'

Ar the s2tr' tinrt lr nntrt bc lcknovlc(lgcil that such mnstct bluePr;)ts 'ni]' h2ve th'ri drxrvbicks'

ro,. Rcrl<lcy's Arron wil!avskv P.rsnisiv.ly irg €d rhir relljcnct s ILc rcil ket r" 'IALnld,rgdn€lr ovctly ngrl lll-* crn do auc hatn d!.n gooLl Srill, fla'd'g s cnounrrslv rselirJ

Itgi*sgov."l"cltoi'ci^ls'lrn\,.t.sc(torPrrtIres,ddlhecolnnuutyLIrcoppoInrtr'i;k d';""sh pol.aital (lile;nas, purchast nccesst'y equPmcnt' and sct oP orsr"iTati'Jn'l

srrucrorcs rbr " i2 ro16 "","th rcsporse n blucprnr forccs lexders tii r'hc^isc rheir resl)onsc k) 'crisrs, prepxrhg e'ron(nally i..l ;ntcll..[,ri]y so r]r2r whcn disaster stnles the 'ohmDiq

c'an t''c 'r'

lnfiuenzr ra.clie producror .liscnes sP.cral irrc.tron Ar rnitiative to p'ovide viccjie tur the

.ntr." o,otl.l mrst Lc cl.'vcloPcd, lrih r wcll dehncd schcdulc ro ensurc Progless lt is laudzble that

courucs srch 2s tl,c United St"tes .nd VtL"r,n lre fursdLnu lroP]im\ wrth l-ng t'rm goals r"dev.lop and tro.t.ce II5NI vrcche for rhit rcsp..uvc Pulllitrons FuL rf rhc ri'r ut ih' vorldl"cks sirpptics, cven the ',cdnarcd

vl L'e dcv'statc'l vhe. tbe global econonry comes to a! al']rlpt

hrlr. Prni.nc influenza PicP.r.clness is Ly nanrre a. intchxtio'al issuc No one ca' trulv be

, -, .J t,on. rJ"J, ',i .

-fhe pan.ierrc rehred colxPs. ofwi)rl.lwi.lc t'ide rnd its tlpplc elfecr tliroDghout;r'hrstflal'zcd and

<l."eioplog cou"tn.s woul<i tepLcsenr thc 6nt rc:J rcst of the rcsiliency ofihc modern slob'al dcll'erv

ryrt.-. C,"",' ihe .xl.nt to which trodcrn cotuncrce ielics on dre Precrse and rcadilv avrtJablc

int..".aonrt trarle oI goorls rnd sen'lccs, a sbutdovn of the giobal ecouomic slstcn would

dfumatrcally harn rhc woild's rbrlry to meet the sugiog denand for csseodal cohhodiri€s nlch ds

foocl and metlcmc during a cns$. The business commudry ca,i no longer aflotd to plav a ''tror tolc

in phnnirg thc rcsponse ro a prndemic For the vorkl to have critical goods x'd senices during a

p."ae;c,';ausr,1'-r,e.as msi stockpne raw matef,als'for Production and prcplar distni'rtbn mdfansportation suPPort. Every e,mP"nyts selrloi na'.gets nccd to be rcady to resfo'd nPjdly t".hr.g"r i" lh" rvr;talilty, pt"auctron, distnbutior, and inventory mmagemenr of their Prodtcrs'fheti is ro moctcl for how to rcvjve the cl,renl s,lobal econony wcrc it to be devastxted'

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'Ib truly be comFliri, atl planning on hrtrrrnonal. reg;onal, r.donal, aDd locd levels mrsr considerthree dillerent scen.;os: \\ftat il thc lxndtmic t)qlDs torighr? \1lrar ii jr :rrrl\ onr yerr from now?\Mnt jl thc world r so forurrtc as to hrve an cnrlrc .lcc.clc ro pi.p^r.l Al .re possible, bur none rs

STAR'I'ING'I'ON TCH'I'

Wh^t would h.ppcD today in thc ofhce of every n,tio!'s l..dc if s.vcral ciries in Viernam sufferedfrorn rnior outlrreaks of I I5N1 !,le( tun, virh a iv. poccdr rnorr.Lry rxie? First, tiere would be animDredi,re effort t., lry to sort out drsparxi. dlsc.se,sureillance data from . v,ri.tl of govehmcntrnd public hezlth surces to cletcrmrnc which counries might have pandemic rdated c,ses. Then,tle clecision strrld tikely be macle to .kse mosi internarional and evcr some shte or provinci.lbordcrs vjthout

^ny pred.remined .drcria for hov or whcn rhosc boi{lers mighr be reopened.

Bor.ld scc[ir], vornd b. made . priolty, .spcci.lly to p()rect potendal supplics of pddenicspecific lac.Des from n..rby despe.ate counrncs. M liary leaJers vould have to develop \rrireg,csto dcfcrd thc courr.f.nd also prorect agahsr clo'hesnc insurleocy with amcd fores that voddLkcly bc cohpromiscd by Ge disease. Evcn in unrlfected countr;es, ieai, pi c, tud chaos wouldspread .s inrerniuoral h.d12 reported rhc .l.nt x.lvrnce ol the disease around rhe soild.

In shon order, th. global ccononjl !ra)ul(l shDr do\ r Thc co'n,r,u.luc\ rnLl \en,ces counrrcs vouldnecdtc,'univc"thcncxr12ro36Dx)nrhsNouldh.vcrob.iden!fi.d.Currendy,mosrbusircsscs'corrinuity plxns accornt tb. only i locrll,ed disrupror i shgl. pl.ir cbsu,e, for iosrmcc andh.vc not plano.d rbr cxrcnsiie, lonB rerm onagcs. Thc pnvare ind pnbll. se.rors would have todclclop cmclgcncy plaDs r., susrdn cn0cal d.ri.s!. supply chrns nn(l Drarrfacrd'rg aidrgricrltunl prodrcnon and djstnbutlon. I he labor iorce woui.l bc scvcicly affecreJ when ll vas lnosrreedcd. Or.i th€ course o{{he ).ca!, up ro 50 perccnt of afleded l,opularioDs cornd bccohc rll; as

J.xny .s livc pdcer t coll(l die. I he disci sc rvoulcl i senior mar rgrmcnt as h dd .s $. rest of thewolk folce There vould be najor shortrg<s Jn aI cou.ties ol . vide hnge of commodiues,including food, soap, prpcr, Lght L,i,lbs, gasol;rc. pairs for rcpdtng rnfitrry ecpiprnent andmunicipal water pumps, and mcdroncs, including vaccircs uffcl.tcd ro rhe p,ndenic. Mdyindusdes rot critic.l to sutriv.l-- electroDics, automobile, ..d clol,\ing, for example vodd sufferor cvcn closc. Acuvitr.s rlu! ie.}ue close hun^D corlxcr -- school, seenrg movjes in tbcaters, ote,ti.g

^tesriurants .. woukl be avoided, mnybe eveD baoDed

Vaccine would hzve no lrDpaci on rhc course ofthe vis io rhc tust 'nonths

dd lvould likely play..extremely li'nited role rvorldvide .lDn.g rhe folto$ng 12 ro 18 months of ine pa;demic. Despnemaior ionovatiors in the producrio. of most othcr vacci.cs, inrdnationzl production of innuenzavaccine is based on a fragile

^nd limited sysiem that utilizcs rcchnotos/ from rhe 1950s. Ctrrendy,

anoua) production of in{lucnzr vaccine is limited to aboor 100 mliion tivalent doses whichprotect aglinst thiee different infllenz, str2ins io one dosc or less th.n o.e bilion nu;ov, enrdoses. 'Ib connier a new sfudn of pindemic irfluerza that hes nevc crculate<i throughout thepopuhdor, each person would lkcly need lvo doses for adcquate protection- Wilh roday's limircdprodDction c2pacity, that meaDs tb^I lcss lh^n 500 million people about 1,1 per.ent of tne world'spopulatioo would be vaccilr2t d wirhin . ye2r of the paodemic- In addrtron, because rhe sftuctDreof the virus cbaages so rapidly, v.ccine developmeot could orly stad orcc the pb{}ehlc began, as

manrfrcturers wolild have to obtain th. ner pandemic strai!. It vould rher be at leasr ,lnothcr si\monrhs belore mrss produ.uon or rhe \ "(, inc

Even if thc system functions to the be\t ofits lbdity, mfluenza vaccine is produced comelcially injust nine couotries: Austr.lia, Cd1d4 F arce, cem,ny, Ir,ly, J.p2n, the Nerherlaods, the UnitcdKingdoo, and the United States. These countdes coDt4in ooly 12 pcrcent of the iorld's populrtion.

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ll I1N l), r.1os.(l i(, 'h^( rts 1i.c,..

l1 . ti'drrnrc s[u.k rh. w.'kl tod.y, d,crc wou].i bc inothcr possiblc sc.l).,. .g.hst lrllDenza:anrivurl rrcdjc,rc \\rlrcn txlcD dii]I dlnng rhe Lrme ol exp{rsure ro tlilucnz., aDirvirils have

p.e1.e.rc.l i.dffxl|xls lrom bccomiig tll -lhcy h,ve also redur:cd thr s.vcity of ill,ress a'dsrrbsegucrt complicrrt,ns wh.r Irk.:r Mdrx, a8 bours olonset. Aldrin,gh rt,.r. is no dnri for H5N1,n js assumti .Dtivirxls wouLl rlso p.crcrt ll5Nl inlecLron

'f t.kcr before erposure. 'lhrr. is no

cvidcrLc, Io$evcr, rhir cD'rent intiviial nr0u.nz. drugs voul(l he\r lf thc piticnt developed rhe khd,,f.iLinnn. sro.nr rhai h.s .hiricrerizcd !L'cc't Il5N1 infcctions. But bdri'g this corlt[cadon,II5N1 slFlkl bc ncar.blc $nh lanutlu (oscltanivir phospharc), whi.h is Inrnufacrurcd by the

Ro.ln' tlrrnnic.u!.ils .ompxn) jn i shgl. plinr ir Switze.land

Io rcstDnding to r pandemr, 'l amilJu could havc a mersurable;xp.ct ln the limited rumber ofcourrcs lvith si7xl,le stockpilcs, l,ut for nrost of the worll u lvornd not bc ,vailible. ,\lth.Ngh d,c.ompa.y tians on opcnrng inorhrr lacility jD the UDitcd St,rds Lhs ycar, rnnual product,o,r voul.lrdl corc! oDly r small perccrblle of rhc woild's popuiation 'ti, dxk, ,r tc.sl 14 coD.rrics have

,,rd.i.d I?,nilhr, brr thc rnount of tlcs. ordcrs is enorgb to rre,L olJy ,10 nllio. p.ople Ihd,,rd.rs ul{. co.siilt'xble nme ro l). ploc.sscd

^n(l rlclivcred nrmuf:rcnu,rg cao rike up rc a yexr

rn,l r. rn r'r.rse,.r rb. co",pr.l's ibjl,ty ro produ.e n,re woulcl bc Imilcd r\s wjth r (.jrr!,cornrrics."oulcl probr yfurjodxLzcthcii irtejnl srpplies r]Luing r pddcntrc. Evc. rfthc medrcbcr.cr.,,La iblc. most ounrirs (oukl nor rlli,nl t,J bu! 1r. Cr;dril in br.rtlcs. lo1 ircxrrl.nr ofsr.on(l1N br( rrrirl ,ni& t,{r1r, Nonl,l ilso be in short sufph dring

^ pandcmic 1'lven norv, supplies

ol .irhL {l'lLre'r rn!r,fc.ri"c is. r, xre lidt..l n dre U'rited Srares due Lo Inir!l.cturint

As'.lc lio,n m€dr.itro11, ,nany .ounrics uaNkl not h2ae thc ^bilry

to nrcer rhe s!rge in thc d.nr.ndlor herlrh care supples rnd strvi(s rl,rr aLe notmally trkcr for gnrtcd. Ir lhe tjnlt€d Sr^res, ii)rerarnplt, tlrtrc arc 1115,000 r,..hrr'c^l r.!ril.rors, 75,000 to 80,000 ,)f lvhch are h usc at inl Ei\.,,tise ior cveryd,y m..h.il c.re. Dunlg x roud.e hflucnza sc.son, the nuhbei ofvcnd.rors be;nglscd shoors ut t,) l{)0,0{)0. ]n rn i.lluenzz trndemic, the U r.d Stetcs mry neecl rs t,my rs several

Lun.lrrJ tl,ous.n.l.dditronil !crril.tors.

A s! hi siRr.tior cxisrs in rl' (lc!'clop.d countrjes Vinuzlly every picce of med;cal egLLiPDcnt orprotcctivc gcii wo d be ir short supply w:thii days of the recogntron of a pandemic. 'IltoughoDt

rhe cnsis, nr.ny of thrse Dc.cssjnes would snryJy be DD.vlihble foi host hcaltb care insunrtrors.Curcntly, t\ro U S based coi,paDics supply rnost ofthe respir ory prorccrioD oasks for hctlth care

vorkos around the world. Neither company vould be 2ble ro nrcct the jumP jr demrnd, in partbecause thc compoocnt l)dts for rhe hasks come fton trltiplc suppliers;n mllriple courtriis. Wtrhir.vel xnd tr2rsponxton iesrncrdl, rnasks rmy nor eve. bc produced at !ll.

Ileelth care provtle.s and managed c{e organizatiorrs de ako unprepared for an outbreak ofpandcnric hfluenzr todry. lhete lvould be a tremendous d.mand lor skllled he.lth ProfessionalsNew "hospit,ls" h lxgh school !}mn*iums rnd comrunity c.nters vould ll.ve to be st,ff.d lorone to three yeds. Ileal$ ciie vorkers lvoDld prob,bly gct sick and r}e ar rhe saDrc rate as thegcner.l publtc perlaps at an cv.. higho r.te, particuhly ja lney lack access to PotectivecquipmeDi. If tbey I'ck such luodameotal supplies, it is uoclear how DaDy Professionals woold.ontbue n] pla.e tbehselves jn high risk sirDadons by cari.g for $e infected. VoluDrcels vhd are

n2tui ly ihhLtr,c .s a icsrnt of h.vhg snflivcd influcnza infecrioo wornd thrs bave io be fou.d and

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.Dployed 'I hxr means rh,i tbe ocdicll cornJnuniry! srrong resistan.e kr usinB lav voluntcers, Nh;chis grounded in both Lrb rty concerrs and professioial hnbns, s{,ul.l nccil ro be .ddrtssed.

Orher urple.sa.r issu.s would .lso need ro be rxckl.d. Y.4io woll.l l,avc pr'orrry x.cess ro thccxLremely Ldit(.l .drvjral supples? lhe public woul] consi.ld. ) ad hoc pdonb2abon Dnfdr,cr.xlng lui$cr drsscnr aDd .hstuprjon during a pandchic. Ir .ddrnon, thele woold nol evcn bc.letajled plans ibr h.ndLilg thc mnssive oumber oi de,d bodrcs rhar vcDld soon outsrjp drc ibirrl ioprocess theD Clearll, !n influcn,. prn.ledc rh.r srrlck tod^y lvould de,nard ar unpicccdcDtcdoedical and nonD.dr..l response.'this requilcs planning well beycrrd My*rng devised lhus 1,. byr.J n, r"( u.,l.l . ro 'nrnc J.J,, E.'n /Jron

A YEAR fROM NOW

Evcn ifaD H5N I pardemic is a ycar awry, the woild bust pl.D to! tbe same problems with the samefeivor Major campdgDs Dust be idd,ted ro prepare the no.he.lic.l .nd mcdicil s.crors. landemicplandng hust be o. the ageoda of every school board, nrnufacrunng planr, investmeot trm,

'norruary, st2Le kgrslaturc, md food distribrror ir the Uniied States ,.d beyord l]rere is an urgcrt

need to re2ssess the vulnerability of the global cconooy ro ersure that surges io deniand can be rnetCntjcal beath ore and consumcr pbducts and commodines must be stockprled. llc.ltllprofessiorals must lerrn hov to bcftd c.nhunicare flsk

^nd must b. .blc ro borh providc Llie {acis

and acknowledgc the unknovns to a frighl.ne.l or paruckcd population.

]f rhci. js . ycir of lc^d tune before ^. H5N1 pzndedc, !'2ccbe could play a [orc ccdtral r.]lc in$c giob.l rcsporse. Ahbough the worid rvorid sdl have i Lmitccl capacity to manuf.ctur. hfl!cnzava.ciic, r.chriqlcs that could,llov sciendsrs b g€t muldplc doscs lroD a c.tcDt singlc d.,s. 'ra}increrse the supply. In,{ld{on to htirtcr rcseirch on this issue, efforts arc needed ro ensDre $ravallxbilry of syturges Ld equiphe.r lor delivering vaccine. 'Ihere must :tlso be ,n iat.rn,tonxl plinfor how thc v^ccin. would be.Iocrled. It is far better Lo stiD*i. with dlc cthcal issucs nrvolr.d tncietermining srch priorities no!v, jr . pDbttc fonn), iathci thad ro vlit until rhe crisis occuls

Prevenoon must also be lmprovcd. lnoriry shodd bc placed on early iDtenention and risk.sscsrnent. And an

^gl+cssive and conpreheosive research ag.Dcla must be launched inxrcdi^tely to

stDdy the ecologtr ald biolo$ of drc trfluenz, dars ,rd rhe epidemiologic role ofvarious.lnnal and

TEN YEARS LATER

If developed coDnrics begh to transfolm radicatly the curent systo of influenzivaccincproductio., an hflDenza pandemic ten years ftom now could have a much less devasla6g oltcome.The hdDstn.Lzcd voild must iniriate an i'tdDatioDal projecr to devclop rhe ability to produce a

vaccine for the entire global popdation vithin scvaal months of the smn of a pandemic. Theidriadve must be a top pnority of the group of seven iodusttialized n,tioos plus Rlssia (G 8),bccans€ 2lmost nothing coDld inllict more death -d disruptio. th.n a pindcmic irflEMa.

The cuFent Bioshjdd lav aod additional legislation recently subhitted to Congtess vill ,ct toenhance the 'v,n,b;iity of vaccines in tbe Udted States. This aih is laudable, bui ir does litde toaddiess idtehltion3l needs- l'be ultiDAtc goal mut be to develop a nN cell ctlrDie vrccine o!compdble wac.ire rcchnology that sorks oD all iofluenza sDbrypes ard that can be made availableon shon notice to.ll ihe people ofthe vorld,

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WHAT COUITSE 'I'O 'I'AT{I]?

I he world mlsr fonn a bettc! Dnde.shnding of lhc potcntial {br the energencc of ^ P,ndcixc

i.flIenzi srixr. A prndcnric is coming It could be causcd by H5N1 or by anoth€r novel strdn. Itcorld happ.D ronighr, next year, or ercn reD )ears from .ow

The signs rft r1ardrg: r|c nunrbo oI huD', and animrl H 5N I hfccdo.s hrs bccn i.crc,sing: snallclusters olc.s.s h.!. becn docunreoted, slggesnng rhir $. aitus mxy h,vc comc close ro sustained

hunr,.-t., hrmin transmissioni .rd Il5Nl conri.ues ro.volvc id the vithral ge.ctici.borarory pr.,vided by thc !.pic.cdcDt.d number ol people, pigs, .rd troultry n Asja 'Ihe

population explosior rn Clnni .nd or|o Asjan counE es hns ffexrcd a. incrcdible mirrg vessel forrhe vints. Consider *!s s.,beiing bfomr.tlon: Ihe most recent trlluenza pandcmjc, of 1968 69,

eDdg.d D Chjna, when irs popl ation sas 79{} 'n

Loni roday it is 1 I Lillion. I. 1968, rhe .uJ.ber ofpigs in (ihn,a *as 5.2 nillion; roclay ]t rs 508 million. The nr:nber of podt--y io China in 1968 vasl2l tullio.; ro.lay it is 13 bi oD Cha.ses in otncr Asirn.ountries are sim;lar. Giren thcsc

devclopn.nrs, ^s

well as the expooenbalgrorvth in foi.lgn travcl over tbe past 50 years, rn infl't.n?.p..dedc cortd be more doastating than evet Leforc.

C.n diastcr be ivo'dedi Tbe rnsver is i luilfled y.s Allhouglr a conlrg prnclcrruc cdnot beavoided, irs in,pacr cm be consideiibly l.ss.rL'i]. It depends on how d,c leidas oI drc worl.l fromilrc hea(ls ol tl,e G 8 !o local .]fficids dccidc to icsp.nd. They nusr i.cognizc thc ..o,,omiL,sccurjty, and healrh rhrert thxr rhe ndt hfl.cnz. pandemic poses and nrvcst .ccorclinglt. E.cn leader

rn6r rcalrzc that even ;f r counrry hrs cnough rrccine ro prlte{:t its cilzens, drc eco.omc inPa.t ofr worl.lw c pandenic wrll intlict sul,srrodal pd. on cveryonc 'lhe resoures requed ro PrcParc,.lcquatcly vjll be extcrsive, But they nlsL bc .onsidered in Lght ol the cost of faftng ro lrvesr' n

gloL,l worl.l .coDoml tbat lemaDs in 2 sh2nbles for sevcil yca's.

'l lls s i cnucal ponrr;n history. Iime is runnirg out lo pr.parc for thc ncxt Pandemic. Wcmusta.t

'orv uith (lec;siveless and purpose. Soneday, aftc thc rcxt pandemic has come ard gore, rcommisst,n nuch lkc t}e 9/11 ComJ ssio. wrl be charged wiLh dcrcn'l ng how vcl go!e!nme.r,buslne$, dnd publc h.,lth leaders prepared tbe woru for drc catastophe vhen they h*l .l.ar!v.!ning. \I'}it !v l be lhe v.r.li.rl

wlrw.foreign affai rs. org is cop].rightRelations. All ights reseNed.

2ooz--2oo6 by the Council on Foreign

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Act of man

The impact of last monlh's earthquake on the people of north pakislandemonstrates how the crippled state machine has only heightened thevulnerability of its citizens

Dr Kamal MunirFriday November 1 '1, 2005

Guardian Unlimiied

Everywhere in Pak'slan, loudspeakers on top of mosques are btaring only one message: thedevastaling south Asian eadhquake of October 8 was divine punishment for the moratsins of iheviclims and a warning for the resi of us

Pinning lhe blame on God is a convenient way of absotving ourselves and of perpetuating thesocio econom'c and polilical framework that lec, to thjs devastaiion. The catastrophic aftermath ofthis earthquake has litlle to do with divine or even seismic causes. but serves as more ol anindicalion of lhe crumbling siale apparatus and changing potjticat reatity in pakistan.

Nobody who vis'ts the earthquake;ffected areas tarts to nohce one thing whrte many pnvatebuildings are slanding, almost all government constructed buitdings - chitdrens schools,hospitals, colleges and offices have cotlapsed. years of state sponsored corruption stare you inlhe face.

And much ljke ils buildings, the slate apparatus itsetf ties in ruins tndeed, the eadhquake has lajdbare the piliable slale ot lhe civil government The civit bureaucracy in pakistan has over timebeen crippled by lhe army's continuat jnterveniions jn aftairs of the state. iheir numerous"refo.mations" have destrcyed civil institutions and glassroots potitjcat slructures_

The inhabitants of Muzatfarabad are only the most recent group of unfortunates to disclver justhow ineffectual the slate has become. When lbe earthquake struck, the city's Civil Defenee (CD)departmenl was unable to provide even rudjmentary digging toots to the citzens

A Muzaffarabad university professorlold me of his vain slruggle to rescue students trapped undercollapsed hostels and universiiy buildings. 'There wasn'l a singte crane in the entire city. lt wasleft to the people io dig oul their loved ones using hammers, chisels, picks and shovels, evenscrew drivers. For over two days no relief arrived, civilian or mititary. My students died before myeyes and there was nolhing I could do," he said_

His experience was replicated atl ov-er the quake,hit region. The civil government proved uttertyimpotent, and the mililary was cteady unable to tilj the void. The latier tacked the capacity t;coordinate or even communicate witb the people. And no wonder: for ihe last SO odd years, the

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armys priorities have ofien been in drrect conflicl wilh those of lhe civil slaie, resulling rn

numerous martial law regimes

fhis is nol to belittle lhe army's contibLtion to the relief effort Their aviatorc are slill risking iheirlives, flying helicopler missions in darkfess. The Frontier Works Organisation has done a sterlingjob in clea ng lanclslicles and rubble. But lhe army has limiiat'ons and it cannol eve, subslitule forcivil administraiion. lt cannor bring ilself to hold the hands of survivors and ofier words ofsympalhy

The absence of lhe civil stale, and lhe indifference of the military one, is taking rls toll on themillions ot victims. Thousands oI villagers sit where their houses used lo be Everyday bringsnew, often conllicling, reporls about compensaiion, relocation and help. Given lhe absence ot anycommunily-based governance mechanism, there are no communication channels.

Their plighl is unimaginable most have lost many loved ones and do not know their immediatefutures They have almost no say in lhe plans being hatched in lslamabad. And most impodantly,they have no trusl in the promises being made or in those who are making lhem

The only people in whom their iaith has been renewed are the orclinary citizens of Paklstan, lhereal heroes of this lragedy. They came in droves, helped to pull out victims and bury the deadDoctors came from Lahore, Karachi and other cit'es and set up iield hospilals Coordinating withinternational NGOs and numerous privale donors, lhey did eveMhing from arranging for X-raymachines 10 treaiing the wounded. Others broughl medicines, food, clothing ancl bedding, even loqovernment hospitals.

Dr Yasmin Rashid, who heads the Pakistan Medical Association, was one such selflessvolunteer. lt is perhaps ironic lhat the good doctor, who set up an emergency fieid hospital nearBalakol, had hvice been sabked by the governmeni tor protesling against heallhcare privalisationin Pakisian, which has rapidly reduced the common man's access lo medicalcare and led lo theunderfunding of lhe public hospilals in Pakislan

Dr Rash'd's case, in a microcosm, gives an insight inlo the sheer scale of lhis disaster Wilhunbridled privatisation, access 10 pubJic services has markedly gone down and poverly hasincreased. And with inequality reaching new heighls, much of the socialcapital in ihe country hasbeen desl.oyed. 11 is even thought lhai in absolute numbers, illiteracy has aclualiy increased in

ln the mountainous north of Pakislan ihe tsk ol naiural hazards has also increas;d manitold wrtndeforeslalion. The nurnerous falal Iandslides, which followed the earthquake, were largely theresuli of ih's

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The decimation of houses and other public bujldings, and the unnecessary dealhs ot thdusandsof chlldren, women and men have less lo do wilh the earihquake than with their highly vulnerablestale. The real culpriis - poorly constructed housing due lo a vi.tual lack of building codes, publ,cbuildings wilh corruplion as their mortar, low lileracy levels, lack oforganisation in civilsociety, anineffective civil defence and above all, liitle or no access lo public services - reflecl the crippled

The only way we can come out stronger from this enormous tragedy is if we stop blaming divineforces and slart quesiioning the policies that have silently been increasing lhe vulnerabilily of thevasl majority ot Pakislani people

Kamal Munir, who leacbes Strategy and Policy al ihe University of Cambridge, travelled toPakislan and Kashmir to offer aid in the immedjale aflermath of the earthquake.

92

lDtenotionol Federotion of Red Crass dnd Red C.es.enr So.ietieshttp: I lw.iItc atg/ D66l Ne$l opinioto6lD6l2 1]ol I index otp'

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Fn c'6 d nd c€,g,PRINTTHIS

clobal generosity after crises must reach people in need

bv Mohammed ode. llukhiet

In 2005, as never before, individuals and qovernments reached out to people in need around theglobe. Ihey responded to a string of sudden, large scale disasters that include the Indian Oceanrsunami/ the South Asian earthquake and a record hurricane season along America's Gulf Coast.Last year, disasters ki'led 99,425 people, affected 161 million people in some way and cost aroundUS$ 160 biilion.

rhe response was record'breaking generosity. In 200s, funding irom individuals and governmentstor humanitarian aid reached at least Us$ 17 billion outsLripping ary other year on record. Ofthis, individuals qave over US $5.5 billion for survivors ot the tsunami alone.

The suln is more than non-governmental organizations had ever collected in a year, according toihis year's annual World Disasters Report, which focuses on neglecled crises and was launchedtoday (December 14) in Geneva by the Internationa! Federation of Red cross and Red crescent

there is much lo be proud or in this generosity- The donated funds enablecl millions of peopre toeat, drink safe water, tind shelter rrom rain and snow, and start rebuildnrg their lives andlivelihoods after disaster.

BUL what about those in the shadows?

Few know of Lhe silent trasedy of maternal and neonatal mortality in Nepal that has claimed over25 times more laves than the conflict. Discr'mination against women in Nepal leads many of them tosuifer ln sec.ecy during childbirth. An est'mated 35/000 women and newborn bables dle each yeardue to unsafe childbith and neonatal practices, and d'scriminalion agains! women. l,lountains,confljct and poverty prevent their access to adequate healthcare. Yet this crisis goes virtuallyunnoticed. Such humanitarian tragedies hidden by politics or culture must be exposed in tlme tohelp people.

The brighter the media spot'ight sh'nes on bigh-visibility catastrophes, the deeper into shadow fallmore chronic - and often more deadly - humanitarian crlses. For every high prorile cata6trophe,there are others ignored or simply not adequarely funded. llany millions of people miss out on vital,potentially lire-savinq aid because crises qo unr€corded by mosi databases, media or donors'

No one records, ror example, how many migranrs die in the sahara or in small boats in the seassurounding Europe while attempting to reach Europe to make a better life ror themselves and their

In Guatemala, as ln many countries, the ma'n disaster databases fail lo record Lhe vast number ofsmall, localized floods, mudslides or earthquakes.

Ye( these small (rises ddd up lo more deaths dnd dlfpcl many more people thdn d few malorevents. Recurrent crlses create a cumulative impact, ratcheting up vulnerabtlity to larger hazards lnthe fuLure. In small€r crises that erode the alreadv meaqre livelihoods of miltions of people, lie theroots of future harm. They also provide an opportunity to mittgate lhe impact of future disastersLong-term support is ne€ded to build safer commu4rues through disaster rlsk reductionprogrammes so people can cope better with everyday. small'scale disasters.

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rast year, food aid prevented lvidespread deaLhs from hulger in 14alawi. But donors provided justone-fifth of the funds requested by the United Nations (UN) for agricurtural support seeds andfert'lizers so smallholder rarmers could recover and reduce the risk ol another food crisis the

Few donors seem prepared io invest in sustajnable agr'culture Lo avotd continuinq deadly cycles offood crises. During the 2001 2002 famine, some households were forced to sell or lease their land/Peter Madeya, kom Dedza diskict told tlre World Disasters Report.

"Many people had rented their fields out for five years in exchange for food so they had no I'eldsleft lo cu'Livate ard had to rely on piece work only."

Delay in responding to a iood crisis in Niqer led not onty to an avo'dable loss or life and livelihoods,but also increased the final cost or a'd a hundrediold. The international community must learn thelessons of Niqer and inte ene in lime with the right measures - or watch similar sulrerinq in otherpla.es such as the Horn of Airica.

Wben funds are raised for an identified crisis, are they evenly allocated? When we divide the totalamount ol humanitarian funding the UN raises per emergency by the number or peop'e tarqeted forthat aid, some revealing statistics emerse. chechnya received US$ 281 per benetlciary in 2005, the.south Asia e-rthquake attracted Us$ 310 and sudan Us$ 431 per head.

Far and away the best funded disaster was, noi surprisingly. the tsunami, which raised at le-st us$1,241 per benefic'ary in humanitarian aid a!one not including an extra US$ 8 billion forreconstrucl'on. At the other end of tbe scale, according to Lhe World Disasters Repot, the UNsemerqency appeals in 2005 lor chad, Guyana, c6te d'lvorre, Malawi and Niger garnered an averageof less than US$ 27 per persor in need.

Some might argue that clifferences of fundinq amonq €mergency progra'in'es reflecl differinqhumanitarian needs and tbe costs oi meeting those needs. But comparc the exLent Lo which needs.re met and a similany wrrped plcture emerges. while UN app€als ior the Republic of Congo,Djibouti and lhe Central African Replblic were on average less than 40 per cent funded. thetsunami appeal was 475 per cenL tunded and the south Asia ea(hqlake appeal was 196 per centfunded.

YcL lhere are siqns that lessons are being heeded and erons made to reach those neglecled.

In l"rarch 2006, the UN launched an expanded central Emergency Response Fund (CERF) to providelunds for rapid humanitarian response to crises. A third of

'ts funds will go to neglected crises and

'n its i.st month, ihe CERF arlocate.l USq 13 million to agencies in the Horn of Africa. By June, the

fund had ra,sed Us$ 36s million towards its halr-billion dollar target.

Simildrly, the Internat'onal Fed€ration ot Red cross and Red Crescent Societles lnitiated a similarDisaster Relief Emergency Fund 20 years ago, which dispersed over US$ 8.5 million of rapidresponse funding in 2005 half of lt for mlnor or forsotten emergencies.

And while women's needs are often forgotten ln ahe urgen€y ol an emergency, this isn'i alMys thecase. In Pakistan, after the South Asia earthquake, IRIN news seruice reported on a camp in Puniabprovince set up within a week or the disasler to house 300 women and children who'd lost malefamily members.

"Unlike other camp settlements, where familles tend lo huddle together in scared clusters, youngsirls and children run freely throuqh the area, vyinq for a turn on one of the swings, and women sltoutside in the sunshine mending clothes or knitting," reporte.l IRIN-

Such efrorts are well worthwhile- The common tbeme behind all neqlected crises is socialvulnerabillty and chronic poverty/ compounded by governments' inability to cope. These factorsexpose people Lo a wide range of disaster risks and undermine their abil'ty to cope and recover.

Much work remains lo be done to ensure that millions of people suffering in cases do not remainneglected. In many cases, the first step is to direct political will towards c.eating the condrtlons in

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which humanitarinns can operate - in the more neglected, bidden. secreL, dangerous parts of Lheworld. Among the priorities ror ban'sh'ng neglect everywhere are:

'Attracting adequate donations tor large, common emergency response funds that are noted, md'led 'or parl!uld, dNasters,.Developing a Slobal measure of the sever'ty of humanitarian need/.Ersuring the right kind of funding and response for chronic crises, such as hunqer, rhat fatlbetween developmenL and disaster and. finally,.Agreeing with donors and host qovernments on appropriate triqqer points for actton-

The continuing cycle of neglect and misery musr be int;rr!pted by governments, donors, the mediaand aid orqanizatjons willing to th'nk and act differently to address negrect.

I'lahammed Omer Mukhier is lhe head oftlisaster prepdredness and response at the lnternatianalredp dtb- at Red Ctosi and R?d fies.ent tacieties

web 5ite is copyriqhtiorhe rn ss a Red cres.enr soci€ties- Anrmarion rom this ueb5ite, pleapreJse contad our audiovisual deDanmenr.<av@ifrc.Drq>

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No end in sight fo. flood-stricken Somalia

by Onar val.:Jimarsson jn Naircbiphotos Ly Pldran Yazdi/ICRC

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te.s of thousands afhones have been d.stared bvthe

by 15 yaE af @nfhct attt a hztd'hifths drcuqht eattierthi. vear. ( e 1 5 1 6 s ) I Pldran Ya2di/ t.Rc)

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Flooded roads and lracks contlnue to hinder thedelivery of emerqency rel'ef supplies to some 350,000people affe.ted by the worst floods Somalia has seenin a decade. ol these, at least 70,000 are children.UN projections indicate that the number or affectedcould reach 400,000 by the end oi the yedr.

The floods are compounding what was already one ofthe most severe humanitarian situations in the world,After 1s years or armed contlict, tens of thousa.ds offamilies are

'nternaliy displaced in a country thal

lacks bas'c health services and infrasLructure.

And the situation is not getting any better, TheShabelle .nd luba rives on the border with Ethiopiahave now joined aL Kamsuma where the Juba hasdiverted from its natural course, pos'n9 serious risk otificreased flooding to the areas surounding theconverqence ol the rivers. t

Projechons suqgesL that the El Nino conditions thathdve be'n ,n erfact .,n.a 56pl mb.' ausi,,9mass've dispiacement of people and destruction oifields - have a 92% p.obability of lasting through

The Somali Red crescent, suppo*ed by theInternational Federation and the ICRC, is significallys.aling up its response in the areas where lt has thelead role - in the Hiran region in central Somalia - tosave lives: provide clean water and promot€ hygiene,as well as distribute plastic sheeting, blankets ando'her rel,Fr item\. the,F are 9'owrn9,onrerns rnHiran that the bridge linking north and south somaliais about Lo collapse.

The town of Belet Wayne in Hiran is one of.the worstaftected towns- While wnter levels have somewhatreceded in the last few days, a number of streels inthe to!,vn are still under water. Some 70vo of thepopulation have rled to higher ground.

The remaining population lack water and in manyplaces the water is stagnatlnq and mrxing withsewage becoming a breeding ground for mosquitoesand other waLer borne dlsease.

oulbrpdl\ ot didrrhoed hdve been reported in mdnyparts of the country. some 45,000 people in Belet

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Wayne.nd the surroundin!l areas a.e rece'vingdrinking wnter and othe' items throuqh the efforts otLhe SCRS an{l the ICRC arrlift ol supplies from Nairobi.

In a camp set up a few kilometres outs'de BeletWeyne people are safe trom lhe floodnaters but theirconditions are still horrendous.

''We djd Dot receive any assistance", a woman told aqroup of SRCS volunteers and JCRC wo.keE. "Justlook around, we are 20 families (from my commun'ty)installed here, our children are sleeping outsideexposed to mosquito bites. Ihe town is down there,but we had to come here to higher qrounds with ourchildren, but rook at all lhis, we need assistance."

''All of our houses are surounded by wnter," sheadded. "We cannot 90 back to take a.ything includiDqfood. We don't have access. The problem we ranaway from is siill with !s, we don t have pots to cook,no food, not enough plastic sheets. We are alldisplaced, we don't have anything/ but we help each

I p I s 1 61 ) ( Pi d h n Yazdi/ tcRc )

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The iloods in southern Somalid have destroyed cropsand farmland, disrupted iood supplies and cut oilentlre villaqes from the oltside world.

Hundreds or lhousands or people are an urqent needof humanitarian assistance. ln some areas, people aresiLl'nq on dykes, completely surrou.ded by water, stalllackinq shelter an.l drinkinq'water, despite relentlessefforts by the Somali Red Crescent and its partners tobr'ng aid to Lhe needy.

The floods, that also ared Kenya and Elhiopia, beganin late October and have seriously

'ocreased the food

insecurity brought by the drougbt earlier this year. Iomany a.eas, the so'l was so dry that it could notabsorb the rainwater.

The lew crops that survjvecl the d.ousht are nowdestroyed by the flooding. lt has been reported thatcrocodiles unledshed by ragin9 waters have devouredat least 24 people along the rivers.

Since October. the rains in Somalia have been 300600 per cent above normal levels. The rains coincidedwlth lhe slart of the second ''dyer" crop season, whichaccounts for some 20 to 30 percent of the annualcereal production. Floods washed aivay recentlyplanted crops and seed distrlbutions will be necessaryror replanting once the $,aters recede.

h pastoral areas, "dyer rains" constliute the malnrainy season and, despite the severe damage tornrraslruclure dnd liv€sto(k losses, the heavy rainswill replentsh water resources and regeneratepastures after last year/s severe drouqht.

"Our blggest challenge continues to be access, bothdue to the ongolng conflict and flooded roads," says

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I deleo"rro, ro, somdl'a, sh,.h mP ' ' r\"1 rnoreneeds are constantly bej.g identified as we are ableto access .ew areas. ln addiLion there is a high risk

f 'o' ourbr''ks ot ,.JlJ,,J dnd orl" I wdtprbo'n'! . diseases, he adds

Ihe SoDali Red Crescent is one of the iew local

f;i orquni.utions that have managed to strcngtben itsj dDd('lv durinq th'r'^dt' ol the 'onill r' lh' \o(rotr'' n". brdn(hes wrlh nltive voldnlPers "r d a well-

established health proqramme in all the most heavilyf dlrerL.d teqrons ol H' dn. LowPr Jncl r'tddlP'rraoplle

l_ vloot. ond I owp, r|bd,drduPdo

volunteers are alreadv enqaqed in rescue activitiest "' p'oprp LUt on by "ood wrte,5 dno rn drsnrbut'onI o' rFl,Fr ,r.m|n pdrlnpr nip w'rl l( Pa. onen us'nq*' L'o,tr lo red,h orherwrsp 'not e\$ble people ror

rescue and assislance Over thc last few weeks, SRcs! , t'n'.' hdve mobil,/,ng 'edms lo, n"d bv lwoI volr, 'rpe, (rainpd rn (lalr',a drd d,d heao rnrerventron!) to v rl !r'laqd\ arou.d rhp i Inrc\'

I '1" ln F,4"riondl r'oerJrron r\ Dol(lF,r_.r the SR\ \,l ,-..,n I,ppd,n4na.s Jnd r-\pon\- . apJ(it/ by

" p'o/Ju,q N-w ImerqF y H"dllh lrts lor Lse b/ lheSRCS .linics situated alonq the rrood affected areas.

t 1.1-dr' Jl l rn\ ndvd bpna p e Do\irionPd wrlh SRCS bvi tne leoeirrion n ourbrFal( ol d.Llp{- dlarrhoeal diseases.

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Melinda Gates: The Virus and WomenThe next front'er: For many of the world's women, marriage is not a refuge hom AIDS. It's arisk factor. But new technologies coutd chanqe that.By Melinda French Gates

Piay 15,2006

to Africa, I

qroup of

Kibera, the

biqgest slum

range.t in aqe I Gates (here in calcutta) betieves s€ience can jmprove prevention as weil as trearment

from 16 to 45 but had one thing in common: AIDS had devastated Lheir tives. A woman I'lt ca

Chanya told me her story. Chanya is a mother 'n

her 3Os trying to raise four chitdren. Shedoes not fit the typical profite of a pe.son tivinq with AIDS - at teast not the Drofite thatprevails in the West- She is not a man who has se)( with men; she is not a sex worker; shedoes not use IV drugs. She has engaged in no behavror ar a that ,s hrgh nst f;r A]DS, exceptfor one - she 9ot married. Her husband, tragicaly, did engage in high,risk behavior: he hadunprotected sex outside h's marriage. After acquiring HIV, he passed it on to Chanya. Shespoke in a hushed but matter of-fact volce about her situation. ',My husband ctied of AIbS. Iknew we should use a !hird te9 sock,".she toid me, using the co oquiat phrase for a condom,"but he rerused. Now my children wrtt be orphdns."

Chanya's story is not rare. For many women, marriaqe is a risk factor for AIDS because ofthe'r husbands' dangerous behavior. Wortdwide, 80 percent of women newty infected with HtVare pra€ticlng monogamy within a marriage or a tong-term retationship. This shatters themyth that marriage

's a natural refoge from AIDS. And it shows that, more than two decades

into the epidemic, our f'ght against AIDS has faited to address the unique circumstances ofwomen - especially women in the devetoping world.

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Why are women so vulnerable? Physiological differences make women twice as I'kely as men

to contract HtV from an infected partner cluring sex. In many countries, sexual inequalily

compounds the hazard by making it difflcull, if not impossible, for women to erforce their

choices about whom they have sex with, or to insist that men wear.ondoms. But one of the

deadliest problems is that women sirnply don t have the tools to protect themselves. Despite

the array of breakthroughs we've seen for AIDS treatment. prevention efforts sLill rely on the

three practices described by the abbreviation ABC ("Abstain, be faithful, use condorns"). These

approaches work, and we must encourage lhem, but they dll depend on a man's cooperation.

For millions of marr'ed women, abslinence is unreal'stic, being faithful is insumcient and the

use of condoms is not under their control.

Throuqh our foundat'on, my husband/ Bill, and I are working to develop tools that can put thepower to prevenl AIDS into the hands of women. Ilicrobicldes are one exciting new prevention

tool in development. These are colorless, odorless gels that a woman could apply vaginally-without her partner's knowledqe to prevent sexual transm'ssion of HIV. 14icrobicides may

also prevent othcr sexually trans mitted infections, such as syphilis and gonorrhea, and some

act as contraccp-t ves as well. Mic.obicides are now being tested by wo'nen in several

countrius with large HIV brdens, inctuding South Airica, Uqanda and India. Researchers are

also studying other promisjng mcasures thdi could qive wornen the polver to protect

themselves with-out depenrling on their pa.tners. For instan.e, trials in Botswana, Ghana and

other countrics are study;ng whether drugs now used lo treat HIV nray also protect people

kol.l b-rnq r''fe. tF1 n rh. rir<l plare.

When we consider the mlllions oi women who have d'ed, it's tragic that the world has been so

slow to invest in HIV prevention tools that women can initiate. We know why so many women

are get-Ling infected and we know what we can do to srop it. Here are some of the steps

needed to make the most ot these llfesav'ng opportunities

r rrst, governments in both developed and developing countries must commit more monev to

study'ng new prevention tools. Although funding increased from $65 million in 2O0Oto g163

million in 2005, current spending is only about half of what is needed to advance the mostpromising microbicide candidates. Pharmaceutical companies have liltle incentive to invest.

because the women who most need t'hese products can't afford to pay for them. But

governments can encourage companies to 9€t involved by providing direct funding forresearch, and by promising to purchase new technologres if they are successiulJy developed.

At the same time, developing countries, with international support, need to build the

infrastructure to host clinical lrials so that promising new tools can be tested in the settings

where they'll be used. If developing countries can't run trials, lifesaving breakthroughs will sjtin laboratories waiting to be tested. By some estimates, 100,000 people will be needed for

r00

HIV-prevention studies over the cominq decade. Yet most of Africa's trial sites are now filled to

capacity. Countries need to invest in more facilities, and tra,n a new generation of doclors and

nu15es to run Ihem

The challenge is not just to develop new tools. We also need to ensure that scjentific advances

reach the people who need them. Today, fewer than 20 percent of p€ople at high risk of HIV

have access to exlsttrg prevention methods, such as condoms, education and HIV test'ng.

Health ministries, NGOS and businesses must combine their resources and ingenuity to

improve rapidly on that .ecord.

Ten years ago, 1 percent of women in South Africa had contracted HIV; today the number is

25 percent. These women are I'vinq a nightmare, but we in rjch countries are the.ones who

have to wake up. We need to develop prevention tools thal can give women a chance to

defend themselves. We need to deliver them as soon as they're available, and we need to

deploy now the prevention tools we already have. Sadly, nothing can come fasl enough for

Chanya. But ii we hurry, we can deliver these new advances in time to protect her children.

Gates is co-chair of the Bi & Melinda Gates Foundation (gatesfoundation.org).

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World Health0rganization

Was 2005 the year of natural disasters?Why do nolurol disoslers seem io be incleosingly lrequenl ond increosingly deodly? Poor

ond vulneroble people ore usuollylhe worst hii.

Tsunamis. huricanes and typhoons, earthquakes, locusts and now th€ threat of a flu Pandemic Will2oos be remembered as the yearof oaturaldisasters?

lhe year 2005 saw the aftermath of the 25 December 2oo4 earlhquake and tsunami waves in Asia,hurricanes in central anij north america, notably Katrina, which trigqereti flood'ng in the uS ciiv ofNew Orleans, and the 8 october eafthquake in Pakistan and India The year also saw lamine aftercrops were destroyed by locusts in Ni9er.

Virtually unnoticed by the outside world was tiny El Salvador where the countrv's highest volcano,Iramat;pec, erupted on 1 october, displacing more than 75oo people and killing two A few davsIat€r Hurricane sLan swept through and killed about 70 PeoPle with floods and mudslides

rroD lanuary to october 2005, an estimated 97 490 peoPle were k'lled in disasters globallv and 8a117 oi them in natural disrsters, accordinq to the center lor Research on Lhe Epidemiology ofDisasteB (CRED), a wHo cdlaboraling Centre thal oPerates a global disaster database in EelqiumAccording to CRiD, the number or naturdl disasters - rloods, windstorms, droughts and geological

drsaster; - rccorded since tgoo have increased and the number or people affected bv such

disasters has also increased since 1975. - Li4,l"^Is lhis as bail as it gets, or could it get worse? why do natural disasters appear to be increasinqlyIreqLrFrr dnd hc'easingr/ dPndl/1 [a*.ro-dtoday's disasters srem from a complex mii o'r ractors, ,ncludrnq rouLine clmate chanqe, global

warming influenced by human behaviour, socioeconomic factors causing poorer people to live inrisky areas, and inadequate disaster Preparedness and education on the part oi governments as

well as the general population.

Som€ disasters experts reject the term "natural dlsasters, arguing that there is Stmost atwavs a

man made element.

''I don't I'ke to use th€ term 'nalural djsasters'," said Dr Ciro Uga.te. Regional Advisor forEm€rgency Preparedness and Dlsaster Relief with the Pan American Health Organlzation {PAHo) inwashingron Dc, explaining that natural drsasters would not hav€ such a devastatinq etrect onpeople's lives if they were not exposecl to such risks in the first Place

Natural phenomena do not always generatd human disasters. ugarte noted that in 2005, severalearthqu;kes that struck in souah Amerita were of a higher maqn'tude than the one that devastatednorthern Pakislan and parts of India in october, but th€se hit sparselv populat€d areas andthererore caused less damage. The same goes for severaltsunamis ln 2005 which were not deemed"d'sasters" because they didn't endanger anyone, Ugarte said

Natural pheoomena are likely to affect more people because Earth's population has increased'Accordin; to the United Nations Populalion Fund, this stands at about 6'5 billion PeoPre and lsprojected to reach 9.1 billion people in 2050.

Marko Kokic, spokesperson for wHo's Healtb Action ln Crisis department, said that somecommunities are more vulnerable to the effects oinaLural disasters than 1o0 vears ago because olecological degradation. He said that, for example, when tropical storms hit the Caribbean in

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Scptember 2004, there was norhing to stop storm waters q.therinq and wreakinq devastatioD jnriirlr b.cdu.e ot detor /\tdtion"We need to tackle the underlying issues, such as poverry and inequity,, Kokic said, addjng:,,tnmdnv.ounrie, peopl' (ut doqn rre-\ berdu.p wood rs the rherpest iuc,,.

.Disasters are/also:a:coesequenca otudev€topmentlan.L,industrjalization In Europe, experts betievethat countries such as France and Germany are more adversety affected by floods today becausenajor rivers, sUc.h as the Rh'ne, have been straightened to ease commerciat kaffrc.Global warming as well as routine, cycticat ctimate chanqes a.e causing a higher number of srronghurricanes in the Caribbean, meteorotog'sts say. Add to thar the

'ncreasinq nirmber ot peopte livin;

in areas such as coastlines, in subslandard housing and rhe destruction in a crisis oi essentiatirrrastructure, such as hospita,s, and you hav., the potenriat for more devastatiDg disasters tban a

There have always been disasters. rhe bubonic ptague wiped out more than 25 miltion peopte, or37olo of Europe's population, in rhe t3oos. More recenuy, the 1918 19 ftu pandemjc kilte., between20 and 40 million people worldwide. qne oi the eartiest recorded disasters, rhe eruption of Vesuvairs

'n 79 ADr buried the ancienr Roman city or pompeii kiling abour to 000 people. T;day, two mi ion

people live within its possible range, 'ttustrating

one major dinerence berween tleo anrj iow.Abor,L 75 disasters were reported gtoba y in 1975, accordrng to CRED. rn 2000 rhe Rgure peaked dr525 anc, d.opped to just under 400 in 2004. By far the htghest number of fatatitie; _ abour 45000-0 o(uned in 1984. In 2oo4 nearty 100 0OO died in disasters, but the nomber oi peopteatrected has soared since 1975 with about 600 milion peopte affeded by disasrers of a kincts in2002.

So complex and 'nte.tw'ned

are the iactors behnrd these disasters Orar some expets betieve rhemost practical approach to pr€paredness may be to focus on reducing the risks raiher than racrors

Dave Paul Zervaas, regional coordifiator for ratin America and the Caribbean at rhe Unjted Nations,International Strateqy for Disaster Reduction (lsDR), argued rhar preparation shoutd focus onmakinq people less vulnerable to disasters

"We think it's much more important now to took at vutnerabi ties, because you have factors you caoconirol," Zervaas said. "You can work to tower vulnerabitity Iro disasters].,,Hurricane Katrind in the United States is a good exampte, Zervaas said, A number ot tactorscontributed to the damage and loss ol tife. The storm was huqe. rt st.uck a cirv whose tevees hadnot been maintained or strenqthened for vears, and qovernment aq€ncie; response to theemerqency was at first inadequate.

ln central America storms such as hurr'canes Mtrch and Stan have wrought damage with ra,n andlandsl,des rather than wind. The poverty rssue and the sociat inequiLy si-tuat'on h;ve not beconemuch better in mosr ptaces, / sard Zeruaas, adding that migratJon to c'ties conspires with a tack ofurban pldanrnq ro pur people rn ddnger.

Clearly, climate change whether helped by human behavtour or not - is ptaying a rote. Hurricaneexperts say the wodd is jn the midst of a routine, cyclicat ctimate change that caules the Caribbeanto heat up, increasing the f.equency of poweriut storms. The effe€t oi this is greater lhaf, lhat ofglobai warming, according to Srantey cotdenberg, a meteorotogist at the US N;tionat Oceanjc andA(mocphpric Admrnist rdtion rn M'dmi.

Wb'le eathquakes represent some ot rhe mosr devastating disasters in recent years, these arediminishinq in strength compared with ean'er times. Uga.te said. Nowadays an e;rthq;ake wirh amagnitude of 8, 9 or 10 on the Richter scale is rare. the one in south Asia in O€tober 2605 was 7.6.Ugarte_said, addhgi But yes, we are seeing a lot or damage. you wil probabty find more damagein the rulure for phenomena lhd' Jre tess ,n maqnrtude than in prevrouq yea,s 'Experts agree ihat the poor are disproporuonately hit. "tn severat or rhese counMes, the poorpeople are look'ng for spaces to buitd their houses or their commuDities [and] they find spaces thatare not already used." Ugarte sald. \And lhose spaces that are not atr;adt use;, are usuatly thespaces at higher rrsk for naturat phenomena. There,s a huge retationship berween this k,nd ofdamaqe and poverty."

For this reason tlnancial services ptay a rote in both prevention, and damage Imttauon andre€overy. A report entitled, Climate change furures; heatth ecolog'cat and econ;mlc d'mensions,

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published in November 2oo5 assesses the risks generated by cliBate chanqe. One of severalscenarios "wou!d involve blows to the world economy sufficiertly severe to criPPle the resilience thatenables affluent countries to respond to catastrophes," according to Lhe repot, whicb was publishedby the center tor Health and Global Environment at the Harvard Medical School and sponsored byreinsuranc€ company Swiss Re afid the United Nations Development Proqramme. While lt isimportanL to ercouraqe people, governments and.ompanies to buy insorance, not everyone canafford it or see the need-

Microfinanc'nq is a.other avenue, giving poor p€ople the means to improve their economic situaiionso Lhat a disaster .,oes not hit them as hard as it would otheMise, and also by lend'nq them moneylo use

'n recovering from it,

r.jany counlries are working to lmprove their disaster prepaledness, but more needs to be done,

"countries are nolr better prepared in comparison to 1970," he said. But now the level ofpreparation and risk redu.tion thal you need is huge in comparison to that year,"

The Michoacan earthquake in r.lexico in 1985 showed that beinq well prepared was not enoughbecause hospitals

'n the disaster zone were destroyed. Lrkewise, in Grenada Hurricane Ivan

damaqed and disrupted much or lhe Caribbean island's bealth system, makinq it difficulr ror healthworkers to respond to the needs generaled by the hurricane.

PAHO has expanded its programmes to locus not only on preparedness but also on mitigation. Thisinvolves reducinq secondary deaths and destruction thaL can occur in the aftermath of a disaster,and

'mplementinq bui'dinq codes that require hospitals, schools, military bases other vital sLructures

to be built to withstand such disasteE.

f4any countries say they can't afford more preparation, but some measures are simPle and can beinexpensive, such as a tsunami wa.ning system, Uqarte said. "But from the.e to Banda Acelr, lhat isanother step," Ugarte $id, rererring Lo the capital of tbe Indonesian p.ovince that was wo.st hit bythe earthquake and !sunanri of December 2004. "And from Banda Aceh to all the llttle communltieson the coast, that's another lssue. That last link of the chain is not in place. And that is the systemthai we need to build "

Disaster experts say early \'./arning sysrems and erlu€ation are esserlial to prevent and mltigateaqainst the effects of natural disasters. In its World disasters report 2005, the IDternationalFederation ot Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies .otes that a simple phone call saved lhousandsof lives when the giant tsunami wav;s hit India in 2004. A risherman's son named VijayakumarGunasekaran, who lives i. sinqapore, heard about tbe tsunami eady on the radio and phoneclrelatives living on Lhe east coast of lndia. Follow'nq his warnjng, all 3630 residents evacuated theirvillage lbere beiore the waves arrived.

If\et.sa B.aine, I'1exi.o City.

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ur)il<e lbe oil cnses ofthe l970s ind 1980s for lrple rdorJimate d.Dge. -

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energypolitics of

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.hJnoe /\nvamrudldeJ{w;UprobrLly.n\ohe.\meri.

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'6 io o;l rrd Irs Son€ 97%

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Ar&r ci flDmir ofle.dingiDdusrialiedBrtioDs oil €remor ivirh S an-At horre, Ch-Da wil' b€ held in ,aFn in )uly, tj'e ADeri(:s will iDsisr & kerp oroing new coil-tired p@6 phits ar. Ere

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TI JEWONLD IN 2OO8

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\bow thcir Bood citi"rrL"hip. A l,rdtulo,

rd. Tbe CJob.l Rrporb's !g"r!+ 9 l5) one b;& probto is ihat Dost -!sE $.h; puch"-*.f sffit"e, ioor Bdistioo b*d in lne lldler ldds, l;lsrainab iry repofts de Bor au.tirrd by ;latrr rre6, wh;d dbsorb olU" a;Aa"ha be! i$liDs r+ortr-n8 sddelines lo"r*a-.1"amcaro.; ".pe.iat1yEe; i.a A-ai"* *"t".p r..s.".s"-li"go! sNraim- tilh.y si'e 2ooo. Ur-mdudes lAm-siG), Tbi, coutd cb.+ as iDvetins behayiobr_witl t*"i""diq:ie!erih@a-risbrs a,'d vorldore '*'* * li" ".*r"i.,ble .oopo;ei- grows. tui ,007 c","."1trj.tui;;6'ffi;"Nerrd .*'-htzl on*.)c!L repon lviro*stalisrs d puttina pre$ure oD ftdjt 6dilatbt' s ca*on offs€rslrirh,oBhdp.^: tne o,EoBadoD ef,pccl{ lA'do's 5ffid6 uJ exJrd8e co'- rebE d poiirr, dd poc qimidts wirlr,7.0 globJl {orpri.s ro i$c repons lm*.joo ro rquif (oopmjs ro-disto* sue)rMir in 2008.bJ*d on jl. Eujdetns in .{0& yiple lhc I Lheir a boD d;-s;orl! r5 tE[ a ro qda_ i\ B;r 6e ,at br.,k[hro'Bh, olt (onf

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Oec f1, 2007

YEAR IN REVIEW: ENV]RoNI.IENTBusrness.rf ctojnq llreen burns briqht

As climate change moved trom belng a frinqe rssue lo a mainstream concern, /00/ wibe remembered as the year of the environment. Wiih the green business becoming theworld's ldste5t-growing indLrstry, JESSiCA CHEAM looks at.the rnilestones rn 5rnqaporefor the year

Clean energy blueprint

lN IYARCH, Si.llapore herdtded rts entry inl{) the clean enerlly race ds prime Minister Leeilsren Loonq a'rnouncecl a $170 mi ro,r rcsearch fun.j for the industry.

The Econorn c Developnreni Bo.rd ( EDB) soon unveiled a more detaitect 5-]50 rJliIronblucpflnt lor rese.rch and development, testn.J anal prlot p.ojects in clean energy,

i!€:-d,m: Io credtc a nr;rjor rndirsrry v.rorrh g1 7 I,r /!r dr, ch w cmpl;y /,U00 peopre by2015.

Sinqapore's 1'or;y ioto a{eirn enerqy lhal i9, oner.Jy gcner:rleai 1..,n renewabte sourcesi.' \rr .r.r..rlw,.', .o|F tr,.t d\ , ul,,L, t,t]d,, dllta/.. .^r I, cnlo, ,gmdss ve qr owth.

Leddilg, (seJr.h lii'use alean EdqeU!g4u b,il/ol (t958 rrlll ,,,r) rl 2tl415US$226 billiofi by 2016.

Mega qreen investrnents

l[] OCTOBER, Sjnctapore wns propetted into qtobal timetiqht \/hen Norwea nn sor.rr tirmllenewable Energy Co.poratron (REC) arlr ounced thai rL wrll set utr the wortd,s biggesL sotarequipmenL flranufactunnq ptant here, wo.ih 96.3 bit,ion.

'fhis was the fruit of 'nine monlhs of intense courtship between EDB'and REC. Singaporetrumped more tlan 2O0 tocations to emerge with the prjze. sd,d EDB managing director KoKhencl Hrva

The Tuas planl, which witl begjn operations in 2OtO, is expected to ernploy ;p to j,000 staffwith an initial 1,5OO setectect to be htred next year. A qood number oi these wafi be sent

to Norway for extensive trdinjnq:

Earlie. this month, oil qiani {.,leste Oil said that it would build the wortd,s biggest biodieselfacility in Singapore at a cost of 5SO miltion euros (Sgi.17 bj jon),

The plant, ideally located near Indonesia and Malaysia , the wortd's two largest palm oitproducers willconvert the feedstock into flret for vehicles_ The anvestmeniwit, creale 1OOlobs and boost the Republc's 4oal of expanding its environmentalty frjendty andustrjes.

has reported revenues in the inrJLrsiry climbjnq iromlo LIS$55 b'llio. last year_ This is projected to hit

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I O REALISE SJn!J.iDore s afirt)Lljon of becominq a ma jor ctean encr ljy player, a Ctean Ener gyProqrirnme Office (Cepo) w.rs announced in tlarch to drivc the qro!/th of the sector.

Cepo coDrpr iscs sir governore.t a9encie5, includin!l ttie EDB, the Natronat EnvrronmentAqcncy (NEA) nnd the Buildinq nnd Consrruclron ALrth(n iry (ACA).

I r s firsl /nrti.rlrve \t/ds to set rlijde a g 1 7 fliliion kitty for the Ctean Enerqy Resenrch andlestbeddinq (Cert) p.bqraor.ne, whi.h wrtt prov de 5rle5 ior torciglr .rncj loc.rJ corn pirnies tolest all krnds ol.leaI technoloqy

In Oclober, (:epo launchcd .r 950 rnrltiorr research fund ior the next live ye.rrs Lo acceleratethe indL'sny's resr.ar.h.r'r.l rlcvetopfitent efforts Thi5 !./ns soon toIowed by a g25 nliitionscholiJrslrip pr o.tr arrmc to .Jr oom a wor ktorce to ser ve this industry. Cepo plans to awardolaster's or PlrD sdlo{a,5hips to dbout 110 stuclents over the next irve years.

Th.r NFA nlso lauf.h.rcl a En.rqy Efiicr.:ncy prograr me Ofticc {E2pO) io coordinal-enalronwrrle ellorti to streaml]'te 5!nr.tdpore's major se.aors of energy use, na,nety in power(tcnciilion, indLrel'y, trdnsportnrron. burldllrr]s and hoUsehotd5.

worlrl (:irss r€rji.rdrrh c-o rr. rli.rt yriti tocus on envitonricnt:rt tssuet lhe frrst ot t5 ki.r.t r':tinq;rpore r:i dl5r) |kcly 1o l)l' s,rt 1jl) 5oon 1t uri tikely to be c.r e(j the S nqnpor.: F-Tlla:eritrc lo' Glob.r tnviro]lrne' t.rt S!sr:.rinabrtity_

Tlrc res.r,r.ch h.!r5rl'rlirilJpore and n topETFI I)orn.in

will be a l).rrt erthip b€t$/een tlre N.rtLonal Reseirch FounrJ.rtion inErrropear' .lroup ol re5e.rch .r.]Ll tead)inq instrtLtes fro|r Sw/tzertan.l,

Carbon: a new commod ity

WITII the Kyoro Proto€ol crc.Jlin,:l !r new market comrJlollitypositioning rt5--ll b become the re!)ioD j cnrbon tradtng hub

A local con)pdny Asia (.rrbon Grolrp sard tdst month that5rn9aporr, Fxchar)qe lo lJun.lt a potentially lucratrve aalrbon

in carboir, Sirgapoic !sltiven lts standir(l as a iinanciirl

it wds workrnq with thecreclit t.ading lacility-

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Catalst listed ecowise Holdrnqs, a ]ocal cnvironmentat solutions company. also s,gned ade.rl Lhrs year with lap.rnese fi'm Kans.ri Etectric power to se up to 95,000 cdrbon credatsover five years - rnaking it likeJy to be the flrst cornpany

'n Singapo.e to se {arbon credjts

under the United Nations' Cledn Devetooment t4e.hanism

The tr.rdlng carbon credtts is dejiqned to timit industry corllon dtoxide emtssjons, widelybldm-d -\ d .or t'tbulot to glohdl wdr,rrtnq

Solar: Option with most potential

THE solar industry has been the rising star of Sinqapore s burgeonrng ctean energy sectorthis year anal looks seL to rematn so in the near term_

The Government has sinltled oLlt solar as the clean ene.qy with the ntost DotenLral for

108W

Singapore dLre to rts ex:stinq strenlllh |, the s nil.I ser riconductor indu:rry, ancj itsstrategir location ilmong the sun-bell aountries,

Big pJayers such as Norway's REC, Germao solar firm Conergy, United States basedSolnrworld have been courted to set up manufacutLrrinq facilities or req,onal offices inSinqapore; while local comparjes such as Sotdr Energy power In.rde nrirory by becomrngthe f'.st Sanqapore company to manufacture solar cejts th's year.

Cepo has also called for proposals from iirms to test a r.j qe of solar technoloqjes atselecled sites.

BCA lasl montlr unveiJed a gtO million zero energy bLjit.jjng _ Singapore.s tirst , which wialso h.ve sLrch test facilities

The cornplex vvjll have a net zero enerlly coDsumpLion over a typical year, macle possible trya maljsive arr.ry {Jf solar p,rnels coverinej dbout l,jOO sq m - the bjqllest rn Srnqaporewhich wlll be rnte.Jraled or) the roof of one of th-. buildin,rs-

8CA rxpects diFferent generations of sotar techllotogy to be tested here, pav,ng ihe way torltrrtlr.r rnnovati.rng nnd adophons of solar energy in Sing;po.e

The greening of.orporate S'pore

Illl5 Yeal, cf icl €rlecullves h.rve found thal envilonrlentat i5sUes, once af afterthou(Jijt,r. . .! roroordtp I.dt,qr'.

Firo)3, foreiqn d rd loaal alike, have been JLrmping on Lhe tlreen trandw-agon, nitiatin.l'lLrrrre.ors

.orJ:rorate social I esponsibiIty prac|ces trorrl tun(ting environrnenint qroups tostre.r,r'lrn ng thLr'J operations.

Thosc wiLlr !te'lurne rntenLjons hnve ofteD [ound recorrnition for thei. .]ftorrs

I'r Apni. ior exarnple, properry firm City Devetopments (CDt) became the f|si pr,vate(leveloper to be .rward.d BCA'S Green Mark ptatinum the hiohest accoJade tor oreenL.r.ldl a\ ror ir' O.ednfronl{OSentosa 4ovp proJ,. l

CDL'S reputation anci experience as a green developer atso in some ivay led to its clinchingof a l.5ha prestigious sile at Beach Roact from the urban Redevelopment Authority inSeplember, whach fealures an eco- friendly mega olixed devetopment. r

fhc numbe. of local companjes joininq the race for environmental sotutions-have atsoswelled, wilh more diversifying into the green business_

For relari investors, 2007 is also the year green rnveslmenL fUnds went nlatnslream.

Fornrer US vace president and environmental crusdder AI Gore, who c.lme to Singapore tnAuqusi for the Global Srand Forum. gave a separate talk o.t the growing range of green,nvestments in the market that could give high returns and urged investors to .plt yourmoney where your valu€s are.-

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WORSTBEST

SPI](--IAI. REPOR'': ENVIRONMENT

Green C-ountriesA GLOBAL REPORT CARD ON NATONS DOING THE

MOSI AND LEAST, T0 CLEAN UP THE ENVIRONMENT,

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By FRED GUTDRI,,?d BARRETI.SIIERIDAN

RF.i.'NS COI'I,D ],Ii],{RN A LOT I-ROX{ !'R,ANKI-IN ROOSIi/EIJT ASOUT

ho\r to tack inninent en\ironmcnt l djsa{iers, lt may scem hard to

believe in this age ofdaLl oyerload, but on the eve oI 0re Great Deples-

sion, theU ted Stater had no broad mellsure ofwhettier the economy

I{as growing, or about to (xash. Roosevelts ill-fated predecessor,-Ilerbert Hoover,

was leli watching rrndom bits ofdebatitble info lihe the size of{ieight-car loads. Tl,

co eLt this prcblem, Rooscvelt asked economjst Simon Iclzjlcts to comc up {ith a

broad, stindardized accountins s)€tem, whai is Dow kmwn as the gross national

producl ihe univelsal mcrsurc of'national economic performaJtce- 'Ibday the battle

to prevent global eDvironmental catasimphe sufi'ers ftom the sarne pmblem-

random, vaSue data andbegsfora sirnilfsolution: some kind ofgreen GNP-

Tbdays equivalent of Kuzn.'ts and the team wbo invented GNP is the research

stallworking on the Environmentnl lerformance Index, or IlPl Joindy prcduced

c0UmrIG TBFES: Crri', h/ to d.aud gcn CNP. aad got d btuhlth todXl@ah-.fitslti

tL

ftE GOST oF wEALItt Rrci, dtioFl;ke t mk tc,llto h@. enrilo"nntsthat4reli;@du to htm* b t kot to pl'ats all @intak

by )ialcJ Certer lor Laiv & Irnvi('hentalIlti{:y (led by Dani{,I llstr) ard Columbia s(tnter for Intcmatnhal lrti Sciencc ln'formitjon Nctwork (led by Marc Le,y),EPI aims to be a comprchcnsivc assess

nent of the woridt cnvironDental challenges and bow individurl counb;es areiesponding to thenr. It is rn elTort to hoilall rhe activitie ol a Dation that relate ioi|e eDv;omeDt doq to a simPle Detrictlai tuB from loo (tl,egreeD6t) dosl torero (thc lc6t sreen). The l'.le Colunrb;atcm released thetust complctcversion ofthe index in JanDary', dd il is tic statisticalbackbone of tlris spccjal issuc oD theworld's mosi dd 1c6t greeD natiqN.

Fi6t, tbe obvious cv@t the ElI is stillnowhde ncar a ac4rat€ t $easDle of national pcxfomalce as GNr 0ror its sc-_ce$or, $oss dondstic pmduct). Thc indcxincludes tle b4t avdlabledahin 25 criti-cal categorles, lioD fshens to c_arbon

emissioDs, forcsts i(J watcr qualily, dssdrs

ing thc lospitrbility of a Dahonk €nvnonment to ],u',ans, and plants od mioals.Mu.h ofthe data.rc sirong c.rbon cmissions, fo! instancc, are well documented.thmks to 20 _vc s olwork by the Il itedNilions' lDiergovemmeDtat Pa'el or C]imatc Chege. Sone of it is no!. listy, a lormcr oflidal for the U.S. EnviroDrtent..lPrctection ]\g!nc], sals that jn some ()!Isdat e "dislressiDgly thjn in terms ol@v-cngc, or poorly construcledl

Slill, fie EPI is the Lest m6urc wehale ofhov nrtions are fding in the battlero save rhc cNircnment, od ihc I diDgsare strikins. As one might dpc.t, dle overaI raDLings plaL! snall, wc.lthy S.andinavim socicties

^t rhe top, and P(Dr war torD

Afti.nn nations at the bottom. But one bigsurprise is dht si4 is no encDse for p@rpertbtmdrce; big dd small nations (mrpyboth the top dd bottom rarlqs. And b;Kler

suTnses comclh.,' )ou compde nrriomqith p(.r 0i sm,ld in,ume, or srthncighbors. ID tlE follosii)g pases, you'I6nd chaptd on thc bst mdwo6t-na_6oN h dery inome gtoup: dte ri.h, themiddle .la;s md ine rDor

China in partjculd hs long a4!edthat ii ; too poorjo afford rhe V/entenlNry oI cNirotu-nental at?.renss. TbeE?I expos this claim to bologus. Chinanrks last mong l5 nations in its incodre

arorp (ihe fifth decile), bchitd l,tetnam. IfColonbja, the grorpk leader, on allodenviroDmental coDmm, why cst chinat

Icmss the boed, Chinas eNironmo-tJ perlonnece is subpd. Compared withiLs neighbors i! Souihca+Asia, sllich harcsnnih popdation densitig md grcsthplses, China larcs slighdY bett€r inproicdins its hcbitdt bDt much $ork hm.-rqrr*oa indNtrial ilts. Tbe o!e'-,I rm-pact olits cnvimnmenr on hman halth is

CHINA HAS LONG ARGUED THAT IT IS TOO POOR TO AFFORD THE WESTERN

LUXURY OF ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS. THAT CLAIM IS BOGUS.

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hnt a,,-rxd\mr(, D^d 'tiu ',aJrL;nE, r ''nrl,rrur l'rr'i'lPUPltrlrils ri rr hr' "- $ ll un r"l '_ rn u.d I' biLrr

.,,,,. .,",, le\,1; -e tr;ut' l".;t^...' i,:,o, 1 ""'St-rs ,onsPo'rturonu \s uaP atsl'l FxD! 1 ri'irr(n\rtrrtr

l;.:: ,i; i.;;;':;, ;i:'^", ,i ?r1," ;;';;;;:', " "" orn, , rr" rrr'r or rr' o"nrn "r ri'r^ n rr

t l :l-"T: lll*:"."

. r_"- *i"p,l-t" to,this disrnal Pcr Frcent), rukrlg thiid fmr ihe botlnn, ihc adlatrt 'scs

..".- ',-;i.g ,elobL"ri^n c'm- i. 'nr',g-l,r'r"'e-lr- "'sco"'n" irhe . i' I tdill\r'rn ' o'rroic{ in'l

^,uvmq,fi bu, r,"i. -"-.ri rl ( ltrxvil) $'rgh"l rn drc 5"u'rllalhr'- ubl-"o\c'mr 'iifiii'1,'""',i*ril'":'i'ili;,i,."*'gx"o'' ;;il r';a;;' "r 'h'i 'on-trr'"uo' rr' rcni)ro.r{ftrorrPU" '':'9.n"-"::ll::n.renr er.iu. n"ed rrrl inkine. Llol il * rnrr,g. cnd lile 'hinr $' $ -l( n'nr' \ldrv ul' srr' u 'F *:y '*:' :-- ir,".tr ,l- , .J" omr"inrectints i s "mi i"'"'or,sa'edrr illrrr"c ir( slvem 'l l v '

un uPr' Jnt-li l:s'J::t -ss ;n flre storl of chinat i nvimnnci tio* o' co.l. In the EPI, tlr Uuired t@ brok€ tu \diirrdr r'.thl].i:l'L11,'ill

'];:;:ffi;:'iil"ffi;;;iffi.ii- iil;;rs;"J."";i""i.*r'm thenethroushoutthcstudvishovanv

'J;:il;; ;" coal fircd Pwer pt-r. "r""t

i;iv g".-"tidr, @npded wirn -an 'atio'' tstudlcss, 6f 'nc-*-lY:::: "-i,.k,\,r rbid_.",, r,'r ", bor, J,uri,l.. "",'g-.i"d l' ounhtu ur 'rmtl r le|crit 'lf duurSlrL"A'dolrmrn i;.,.:i. ."" , r'.1, ,", ri . ,r'o"q ".',.,^J ".trr, rn. ',uri,h{P, Lh.us. !dr wr';r: rc':r:i llo:':::: n,5..,i.'l:

:ii"iH:,iff;il'? ili;.;;]-ii"r' i"-**""r,*c"oi.,, whicr] \deputsat rvccrse than nuorre' oemdv t€nds to

,.""". ""1*i" -a -" lc (ldaging to 56, frr b.lor ihe pc.cgroup rv.ragc uf 74 o]l":rforn dd1 iis Eurcpca' Peere'

,,i,i!. Dlxnts Jn,l ..E lr drqn,r" ' tlr.ir, -,'r,"

''" ' a:*r'p'l ounthb "r'ich i- wl'' th' l Pl r-m irrvi Al u ru

","". 1"",r'--.*'..',u,allvhiphi' '"n,1 o,,'d'fit I'e.lr}lia' -nffonmPnts rtureil'm'rnr1"rn-r'hrI'rsd'nrP ar

* "-'"or*r. "hry. it prchds,r'r ror InJrl' fi' lc* Je\cluFd ''l{'9!' 'F'lnJlior' rr do! h1r'r o'n nrrrv

r.a,rh,un, Lhe .un: olmnohr ny.. Bu, a, n-iLtlir ior pt-r "na

,.imrts. wtaldrl n$er ri,1' natioN ;n ,"n lil18 ?::l']j',:crnrrnrrlevelwh.rr.oalDlmrs,el"aenuriorF"s,fiord.1rlrrrflnnologicsdrdmd'ginargfl'r'rh''ari".,- "*a..," p_pi;;;; rl;; ,,. n." soo.l-,,,r,,i". -dmt:ryr".o". al o, n er, rr Uo,,lrorrinc.irbon erusron:

borl qld rnd ,romlU,,re,l. r-h nJs \Frid on u'er .rs' bu' de\elopmcnr nd murnnrn'A high l.'t"-q"-Y.t-lsco.esinthcE}I,smm$.esofgrcud-t'Ies.tolonthce'viroment.lAsde]oflevek!lsootjnttsLltlG.G€msyllslcvel ozoDe arc among thcworst lelopcd

' lunlJjs oft"r I lack both dirtv in

h ils envircnrnenhl pnorins, thc a*ti*.*i.r.." L"u"g watd s;d O See irhotos 0l green courndes arumij the

uniic,l strte is ;n one -ays *--Ur'ry g"t" r'ill ,'rk Lr smttcf,on; Ilnzm'a v wodd at tfo Ncwsek:com

ii"

Green Leaderc and Green LaggfardsmeeMAiJ d aoo,na'ls betveatheoa?athofdarktnafttrh.t i@oJB'nd^n atdzgdndim Md z,n@ebhbinings@rn''nheadinrbitiry 'th.

L,nronnnta]Mo;dne tnn'*tu ";""t i;' 6fan-'M.,*bir aisit, vat rc'os,B atulhdtitat P'otcdion to Jhtudhon tuti,&*hich?atlL

overall CountryEPI Bankings

1 swit2erland 95.5

-za'-?+--7=ig

9at

countrles has low enis-

theworld's best sysiem

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No. 59 'Ihis lvealtlv utder-achiever scores well lorrater and sanitation, butits higi oileonsunpuonmeans hlgh eO, einissions.

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.. :_rF, _14- Unitedxingdon 86,1

rifirfirfitl86.3

86.i16. Lithuania 86-2

85.0

85.2

?9:.9ry!1" ., .9q4 4!e1 . jL!??:_,lc!qqe" , .,!4,!?.!.:,!!!3L ,.--9!f?1.. rtaly ...p1425. .D!!I34 ,, 9i4

840

5I Gaorgia . 422

Iq.lreslirl,.. ..- . .--9U39. united states al.o o. 55 Brail pio-

85-8

80-[

41. Cuba 80.7

42. Poland , 8O5

840 s0.5

83.9 a0l29, Chile 85t 80,0

30- Spain

tB.1 .._-4.8i.t 48. Bosnla./Herzt€ovina-79,J

a!- lsmel ?S.6S.-s!rrD!qn"4 ,,qI34- lrel d 42.7 79.5

15. Bra?il

ndagcd its 'sources

well, adopting gmdpnctices such as reqcliag ed investiDgin altemative €nergy.

France, too, Ianls Yery highly No,1oovenll ed second in its i!@me sroup(the secoDd decile) due laryelyto its longdd caF.irl devotion to nuclw power In-dccd, the generally high soEs ol nations

N'

that reh oD nudmr oDerpy, includingnany in E6tcm Europe, is testiDoDy ioits value s a non-lossil'fuel souce. BycoDhas! Br]giun and the Netherlands,vhich share mtch in teltr ofpopdationad geogr"pbyrith their ncighbors, sDtrerliom neglect o{tire e'viromcnt-partiohrly in pmtecting native habitars-

EP|SCOEE I89.99-80 g 69.99-60 149.99-39t 100-90 &] ru-gs-m E 59.99-50 ai: No data

Thc nations that find th€Gelv€s ;n themiddle of the income band tod to havet}}e vorst of both wo ds, vith medicrrescores on hunm hc-ahh dd poor scores

on the Hnds otneasurcnmts that woildindicate hary iDdusL"y, such as Poor anquatity- I dia, for instance, is jn many rc-spects a poor @utry. Millions ofits citi'

NEWS\;IEEK r JUIX TlltJL\ 14,20!J4

8,-7 See all the mnkings atrtrd N.*wcik c6n16. Urugxal 82.3

I rei pu rrgerrnldstplse-

MoneyMafters

BtsI New Zealand 100

llonst Etlriopia

L- ro rt5wld€sDread"use ol emission_curbing

"rclear Power Planls

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zDs lac} addtuare seit tion. Dd clemilnnkina water, odgy spply is sPotryeven in citis aDd the buming of. bio-mass-wood md duDg-is wid.sPread,Nirh rleleterions etrecls on hmm health(lms dis€de) md the envircment (sootmd caibon emissions). O'r i])c othq hand,mpid gro$th has broDght a; poltution

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'np F.nim,ndtdJ Pcrfmd lndatuhB i,to 6cu"nt aeid. rbsc afJ@M e dnn'i'i"8

" "o'ue1t w,. ao" i," in" wt M.tro t ?'afm6 stune ofthos' n@ ob'ture rdtesti't

most meastrr?s. including

Fr.n faster thd those in

and other itls, whrch wil only gerwors€ ,scitirens L-ade in s@tes for automobiles-

Even at the botton ofthe incomes.aie'in tbe most cbalengdt region of the

workt-sub Salann Aftica-there {e higdiffarences in how coDtries perlom vis-

) vis the environmenf- Niser6 out lhe EPI'S 100 point scalq_ which

t/'

100

ouatlrY of ,latu8r BEs.uRcEs

Brsr Fiii 99

won$ Cambodia 44

makes it the mostiniospitable courtrv onthc nlmet for rw ot bmt 6te[as the.**r rt soe ba<llv on a IcY masurc'ott'o* tiletv is p"opt" .rc to be afilidedbv illness$ related to eDvironmental dslc's;ch s p@r watcr qualjty or rirpoUutionIts sditation is poor, its driDling mter $tull of nsg micmti€.s dd its citizens con

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'att,ha!!m!.J rytun, tb Sahtaa Afri@,Ihfie at bi8 dOfrn';:in

h.t lurg disass_iiom cooking :tucs- li'sa place where a,@nbination of envimn-nartrl wealo*-rhe connt.y is largely a

d.sert poveny od politici idstabilityud Dcglc.t can lud tu enlironneDt.lldcgradrtion and so.ieLl collapse.

Ily .ont dt, 'I$zania, with a r.rJ< ofll3, landsjust ah6ad olthe fd richer UDit-ed SJab Emimles. Tbnania also ranksfrst d)ong those nations in ihc poorcst r0pcMnt. Thc r@son h6 to do p.rtly viththe counbyt biologi@l inheitanc! it indt cs nuch of the wililljfe-rich SeftngetiPlain-but also a slable govenrment thathd gdded .d€velopnent od .onircllcdpoaching ard pollution.

. Comparing coDtlj8 of thc sme end

oDnent.l qTc is.aDotlar intbrasdns wayof slicins the dat . DBert rntjoDs; for in-stanG, have simild p.essDrs md chrl-leDss thcr must jrlsile i:]imii.;d. rdtersupplics with the ne&Ls of indusbl turdf.mnig, vjthout hdriDg ftagil. desertccos'ystms. Although Ismcl doeqlt scorewll compdre{l *rrh courEic in iisrvealthclds, it looLs nlch bettcr conpred wiindesert Drtions sch as Saudi Arabia, E&?tand the United Anb Eminttes, ithici havemore severc mtcr problems.

In some cd6, thc Yale dd CalumbiaBorches had to do some catite anrry-sis. To 6ss how r'ell routries d€ protcding biod;vasiq, {rey overlaid a map ofmtionat parks md otherwildlifc ee$1tith

satallite inasar slonirlEtow much dcvel

opineDl had dcro cheil'Dpon thse tesioDs, illo$ins *rciu io identify rhich.ountries have kcpi trote.tcd ar% tnJywild (the United Statds, Nw Zralmd addBotsw a), md which had allovcd tlteirmrks rosntr r ft,m l,dm.u eLcrcahmotiIFImd,DemaJk, lrrm, lDdraed South ,

rsro), Aid sith their'he.'lth oaDe'indi-€tor, thc mearchen had to rely on n:tle_maii@l guarswork, blsdl on satilltemcasu.ements, to set a rough sense DfhowsnoB-infesied tne world's ciijes h.ve be-

cone. (wlile thdc are g@d c.npmtivedata on oenc, smog also inclDds Ditrcglnoxids, crbon moDo)dds and other com-ponents t}lti dc poorly trdcled in mosi na

W}IEREITHE DATA.ARE IHIN, SOME,COUNTRIES.SIMPLY MAKE,UP THEFACTS. TODAY, RUSSIAN BUREAUCRATS MAY BE FUDGING THE NUMBERS,

48

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ELtilsY. ih;nuat6 badhJb; tuB! ind*ffidl tltt, dre it Pat 'o ds h,se .wL), Ptio, oJ {oodt,l ike thL nathfrboanls NttzLt'"t ot' d sned Abtu)

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tions.) ,{nong t]1c bet iddustriil suntriswere Malqsia, the U ited Kingtlom.Dd aU

o[ Eastenr D!rcpc (a legiq of the SotietnuclcF fmgnn)- Among the $oFt oifenders werc laPd, south Korea, Bi?il,tie Udtcd Sht€s, It ly sd IhnguI

$'h.rc the data rre.drin- one .easoD is{mDlc: r!'bJrnsroeDi- Sun'e cnuDtic\s,npiy lie or n.I. uf th. f,.ts. Thirw'5commoD Pradrce eong Soviet rlPamtchiks 1'lro, yeai aftcr yw, tuDrhow al

vrvs stned to ra,l, Il'e rn'lu'tnd dd,-'firMmm$t coJrs set fortl, ty thcKR.rnlm. ft day';Russd bureaucrrts Daystitl be fldsinq iLs en*onmenral figurcr.l'lnt's why YJe rsarclrcrs de suspicjolsof Russiat shmkingly shong po{omJncea$instils economic pe.6 lit r$ks 28djoicrrll. rn,lhich rmorg nations olsirnrl*income). "l .to;'t belici€ the Russian dati,"

'rys Esry.'Ibelisc ir:sijllmrdc,,1.'Bruil c suthcr codfy wl'ose high

!_BllisrvLIIK L Jtil-v t/JUI,Y rr, 20o3

mnk 3'lth. is decepiivc lt, nidry v!ys,l}&il is resting on its laur:ls. De.ades ago

it irvestcd heavily in promoiing bn,auels(ethanol made:lion sov) dd btildingL'rdrupusr.,lms tlrurL ,s I vtsl ldrdbi.-s"e,l wrrir r rbrn,ldr'cc of\, rter, Fhi.hii.lds enersf rcladvely ch$plr with n.J

!$bon cnissions. Thcse lactors buoyBruilk score. but nr rc{:elrt y@s, despitcthe cxhortations ofPoliticidq the 6uDtryh.s bcen hacklidiDg on tnc Amv-on Ibr-stt lasi ytr, by dcsign or neglecl, ihc nteof cied oning judpe.d rB percent. tlecause tres e a reserojr for c&bon, drrinq ihcm rulrrceq otbon dioxidt;nto $err, @ntnbuti,'s ro sluh,l \vming Rnzrlis nolv rhe world's foulth biggst emitter ofcarbon, tDainiy duc to the lellingof tEs.

One .onchsion io be dnm tom thcYalc-Cohmbia pmject is the need for bet-tLr (lrta, vhich rcquir6 fiDds. AcqDiriDghish quality daia. eq)ecian"v in i}je derc'l-

^pDg w^rl4 rL J$irult. \lthouglr &Li..nn,'1,,n in\DlveJ F ruldtilelv smprrin'li,k\;ssire, ti h.L\ to I edcllovcd o\ert nlire.o;unc,'Ls on .-con\ siu nt bsis Be

.nse- d2ta .oll{tion md.rmonitonnA is

not norly s scxy ar irsue ast sav' saving

r.rnda' or p"l,r h.'n, \rrppon r.n'tlndll.n,'n, lt'llhout hctttu dtodn ^n.ooli.luJk;i dt tnil Bo"d policres

iroooo s lrke th< ac.nrbi' rloels surge.

'vlirch istlnqnqrp looJ I'ntcs shuwho\v

treachcrous erin rcll"intcntioned dcci

sioN abour the ervironment la bevh€Dtheyt€ d,nfomed. lhe 'de hold5 f!'.nns'n,ef who somebms Lhink nq4ngs,,mrbodv to LlDi r fe$ tre€s wilJ @m_

prnsate lur llying irounJ the $orld in ajr

r,h,es. [ur "u.h d-isiont, d aaressetu

riJ. lfMa.e aoins tn.\nid rluddermg.d Daiural Goucs, the quicLer we bdgin to rely morc ott lads sd lss on as'

smptions, dre better. I

49

N0T L0NG AGO:,BERl-l N'BESISTED:EVERY PUSII T0

BEffi ranks-I3th but itiwas quick to-turn its cconomy green.

BY STEFAN THEIL

to prove ihe etrecis dfl)o ution. (Sounil

climatc ..haDge and eneryycontinue to drive the globaleonomy, no coDtry nowseems better poiscd to PIofiL

, Thc Germm' sucless atpushing . grccn ag€.da lrst

I-Trs H\Rr,TOIIT CMTIL\TNO|SO r.'r\C AGO.CFRMA YrrASO\L

I U, "uroo..

* "'., .nvii onm.nLd lagsaros. b, rhe ro7o.. rhr ri\e' Rl{ne

I "n" r "tnL,;ng.esspool. pui"oned by herv,y i, lusr). G.,mln rFsobarurs

I ."u, -,,," *.r"* ur,r,., "i,",r

i,,'*.. -d rn" scandi-nan.rn,ounuies

to cut sullirr'dioxide emissions or b:ln ozone-depletilg'+Lvdrochlorofluorocar-

Lons. lnd'rsrl l{,bbyi<6 and labor unions arguerl t}:r*relrnrdon wouil llll

nnre plDs a bug6ningcnvi-ronmeDtal novcDcDt, and :th€\ o':l,t\ fiat mri,' cren r"'tu II ^34

n'i',"-*ff;t*ffifi \lat bonq tbcD in the EDmpm

Tbday, Gcnmy:nay .be .rhe worlds Union, lnd nor worldwidc stems frcmgrenst mutry-md .noi just b@use the ddisioD to rork jn tardem wiih iFsalmon once.gain rctlm to spaM in the dnsby lrom the staf, not,againsi iL 'IheRhjDe. Af@ !ado^!. score beter overall coDiry's 66t EnvironneDt minister-or Yale aDd Columbia's E rnornenbl KaDs Titpfer, a consenative, no ls-for-Perfo4ndce Indd (EPl), md Germany nulated a blueplint in ihe 198os that stjllsti]l lags in prote.tinghabiiat dd;rctrb- ho]ds roda] Cls;er tehnotogy, Topfering gas-gDzzhrg tiN. But.:mong corn- saw, l@ a my to modemire Gennany'$uies naking then*lvs.g@n by dsign, rnetaLb%diag eonony. lThe ideaG€many is No. l,! sa'sYale'sDdiel E.sty, war to creat !)wkctsdd busin€sses that

Ge.many's nassi€ tummud gB profit from hisher enviroDmental slan-far beyond its erfironmental clernup, its dards," salB Andreas Kmeiner, direcior ofdecouplilg of eneqy Dse fmrn economjc the Faologic Institute, a.thini tu*,ingrorth md a suge in mewable Tlowei BdliLlAnorherkey\r%stoplanlongnemMore importmt, b@ue of theweight of dd give iDdDstry tine to adapt.l lntim€'iLs economy dd intenational clout, cer- st@dilytighteningsr.rdedsonpolution,ndyhasb.n setting standads iDpolicy . ra*€mdre.TcliDgvoDldaddlptoarad-od technology that are making the world ical ov€rhad ofindnshy dd the e(:ororny.

A 19805 BLI,EPBINT:Irrr@rred the netif t;ghttu;ngofruLt on potlutim; ea'te and w|cl;rg

50.

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f 'l.]r€ etrcct $as nrassive pr6$rc on G€r

I -- .o-pr'*" to use icss ene,tsr- ddf€qcr reso!r.-s I l,La b& 'nir

,,'ore ton,n, tir'ver\ r,d\ull.

I Th. c."', s ajs,'.ner d ubje,t Les

I son lr loo r., ma,.strclnr gree lohcl'l ijDlirt cdneDt $,ccessor, SjADar

- crL,i.l, \a\s thrt krce,' policy i5 mtre\q sootl ,ndustJiil pnl,ct .imql !t t,uLtrngL s..n.u', "n!,"'es rt ih( hrdrr^ltirthc

says is a "thnd iDdusirill revolDtion," dria'r rn br sreen teh an,l Ll€n cncrry' Much

I ut c".-.'trt g,*",nment is t*l'in]i the[- 1n,gLrm. the Rser.b M,n,stry linJs

R&D, while tbe Eenomjcs MinisEI mar-i keG Ccmar Sre.n-t{h e{|ortds abrcr,lI Thc FrneLe tuidstn. rhrodah the strt.[- ome,] Raonso'uction credri astr.1, fi-

nancs cdmm rc.€wabie cnersy IrOd rt\ .roruLl ll'e qorlJ \vl,ile &el nvcloomeut Mustrv introduc6 Gcr[- mm e.een tech to chrn.', tnd,a mdafrio

"ltt gleen policy, but it's also divcD byf GemaD econonic inteets,'sDs Sr-(l,ai tl,tuller-xraoner. d,rector of the Natct Conscrvarcv in Berl,r'.

From tire stdt, the Gelm s pushcd

I their Eorop@ Union prtnea to rdoptI sm r stailuds-nut lest to ]cvcl d,et-

playing fielLl lor C"ms firms. Forqdple, when in 1983 the govcmment of the

llien Chancelktr Hcl!]ut lbht lorcerl power conrpanis to phase olt sulfd. emis_

snrns lon tnc-ir r:oa] fired plarLs; thc Ger_

mr.s p.$sc(i llrlsqcls io Pass a sinilarEU widc direciive oily one ]car later UD_

lile rhe slill $ccner scdxlinavims, Ge'_mady is big orugh to st the agoda forils ncighbors, says Mihnda Schrcs, aneDvironm€Dtal poliq dpot at BerIntIree Universj+ TaIe thc feed it tdi{l a

sche e ti.t lor.es po{e. compaDics tobuy Dp rcne{ab)e eD.rgy at marked uprats froF aiyonc who wants to generato

it, 'lbe I]ans invented it, but Gcmanyadorted it .nd,alhosi ore.night 6Ftedil,e mrldk biggst marler for wind drdsold powel Dozens ot otner .ounlrisGon Broil to Indon6ia have since pNeds;milar mcLsu.es. Tlanlis io $ee feed inhrifl's modeled arourd rhc vorld on thec(man dmpk, tlie global ,dket haq

cxpdded drd pnces are conillg dom.The ipple eiTects ofGermdyt iader

shiD rcle N Glt far.nd wide and djsPutcthe conventional wisclom that highe. envi'ronment l stddards ju.,t scnd dirty plo-duction olfshorc- ld 2007 (hina adoPted

the EUk drectives thai prohibit h@doussubstmcs and mandale recycling ofhouseiold applidces ud conmmer elmboni6. iror China, says Schrctus, the ide

InmD INDUSTAlAL BEVOLUTION. Wth iPPkqt:' :^4'.[!:!':!:4!!:"!rvu not o'\ to dcan uP its owr comPanies, notorio!s for ignoringproduct safeil,bui also to .Dsure that Clircsc FoducLscouki be export.d to the ErroPed Unior's490 nillion consumers (conrPard wi$Anericas 3oo million). Since itt usuallymore efiicjenl to inanuhcture to a singleslandrd, Asiar co.,irdrjs olteD choosethe stricier GdmJn or EU tegllatjons

Nni,nodorJly. GcmJny's rionc.rir g

role has Aiv.n ,Ls firms a h@,1 5L1rt in de

\clopins Lhc techn"lagyto meet urt en{ronmenbl siddddeiial ire oftEn copieJ

htc b\ oljred. rvl,en the EU rdoPtslc.-,i,v\ q'llirriraidc st2ndanls in tleresus, iomp$ies l;kc S'emtns aLerdyl,ad the.lsnrp tohnulogy rcrL! to instillon t}Ic cortjnent's mal-6red Pow€r PlanbTbday, Gernld companjes re leadels inphotuvulLl,Lq. wind rlrhinc. mste mMr,e€mcnt mJ (cylliog. ALtording to a2oo7 stldy bt the Rolrnd tle.ger consult_,nA Amup, G.md compdr6 sleoalir'ina in ecofn€ndly iecn aLeady have a

tumover of €15o billion a Year tirhsrcEth averaging 8 percenl a year- Gremtech. the sirdy sat€, til] pass @s to be'

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BERLIN SEES ITS GREEN POLICY AS GOOD INDUSTRIAL POLICY, A WAY TO

POSITION ITS,COMPANIES TO PROFIT IN A BOOMING GLOBAL INDUSTRY

::Tdlr"#'rr1li;jirT,* Not in Our Park, MisterHeMelnantr sel)s Gennany on ihe

'etge of

i "sreen cLononic mirade."'ist rtcentlv. Gcmmv hos stcpped uo

iis ;forts to t2i<e its cnviromcrtal leadersbit beyon{l Euopt. Al tit Sali climrteconfercn(e last DLtember, ChrnLello. An

sela Mdlel promjsed a unilalenl redDc

tion of Geman carbon cnissioDs by 36

Frcent below 1990 lwels by 2020 MerHea lso pu\hed ihe 1-U s a wholc tu crt by 20j'dcint, to he mistd to 30pocentifan inlematioral agrecment ms reached. lnMar Gcmany ple(ked €5oo nilion a

ytr to ielp developing coutr;s proteclforests and habit^ts.

.lylrer ihe EU thisya began a]]oving mernb€r stats to auc-tioD ofl emissjons certificats (imtead ofgiling then alvay frce), Gemmy w3 theonty .ountry to spmit that the vinclfallwolld not go into the general budget butto pay for specrnc sreeD tech projmts. ofthai, one tlird €l20 millon ihis ye.r buidsins sharply as the auctions gear rp-will go to renewtble-energy proj@ts in de-

Theft are some serious blotehs on il,ecemanJ record. It scoc badly on rheEPI on biodive.rsiry, aDd iLs hiSbly subs;djzed larnrers and fishern€n h.vc dory.nore than dreir shm of hm. Cemarsde grca! i! s€tuq iD tc.lling rhe Bdjlidsto plotect tiei! indig€nous speci6, btri lastyear, $ en . wild bed retmed to ibe Ccr-dar AIps after ar absoce ofn€+ a ce.-tDry, a Dalionwide hyst€ria bmke out, nndmgcrs sllot the "intruderl A similarh)"ocrisy ls so far lot G(mDy chrg tom old ageem€nt to phase out nuclwpolver by 2030, despite the rappnisal ofnuks as a carbo.'f€e enersy sourcc.

Critics also say Gemm policis donlalwals pronote eff€ctiveness and eficier.y, espccially if c6G ca be handed do\rnto tarpayers dd colNnels. Sone poli-des ft oubight nutty. fbrseholds de required to sod thdr trash into six .liferstcontainers- ryen rhough noden rccy-ciing plmts sort glrbage vith gqter cfi-cienca md preision, dd nnDins p&a]lelcollcction Estms is a trcmendous r€steof cneryy ad rsouce.i D€spiie occasional orcrze*ousness,'liewewr, Gernany's gEat corbibution isto show that enviromental progras ddironomic dselopmeDt ne€d not be mDhraliy dclusive. A bit of it, of ou*, isIuck-the counby wouldn't b€ at this setspot today ;f€nergy and commodity pnBhad stayed low. 3ut lor deiding edly onthat gre€n is an opportunity, not a threai,

:'l5$iEtffilEranks No.1 in the green index, scoring near-perfect marks-

3]y WILLIAM UNDERHILL

WHEN THE SWISS PBOTECT LAND, THEY MEAN IT.

OR A CIJMPSE OF PRIMEVALENpe, hetd lor the high noun-taiN oI eadcm S\'ltzdlDd. lDihe wnd s@ne.y oathe Swi$ Na-tional Park, ihc authoritis havc

sought to re-create th€ mnditions ihat pre_qiled 5,000 yeals agd No tre6 are aelled,

no nadors mown dd no uimals- huted. thc ibex and the beaid€d qr-lture, oncedr;vo to neu extinctioD, now 0ouish.sain after their rdntldD.tion in the lst€rt!ry- WolB liare retumed to the re

sjon, $rd so h6 the ocmsional btd.A .are geshft to nature conse{ation

Fod a natlon fmousiy ddoted io com-me(ei Not so. WhcD it comes to oviron-DenLd protection, the Swiss .an po;Dt totradition. As fs back 3 r91.t, the nationcreaied the oklest natjoMl park in the Alpsor aryvhtre jD cirtral t]ll.ope. And thctndition peEists vitli a hdp oflegislationth^t Gtablishes more thD 20 ne; nationalplrks. Snall wooder drat the country took-I.st place in Yale Dd CohDbia's Ennron'rnenrrl Perform,n.e Index with a set of'no perfetnals.

b:EiN wiih history anct tre inPortdce ofth;,r,lpiDe ]d,Gqpc iD the nationai Psy_.hd Th fou original .utons that .-metogeths to lbm the nDcleus of the SwissMtion in the l3th century en@mPas sP€_

iacular moutain ludseps "The Alpsire pln nl the $hol. Swiss dF}lology,"\4s R.to Soler, Swiss reprG.nt tiveultl'e

t"h -"hon'l comision forItt e achiftment- that fewwor d challense. Moie thdna]fthe forests that cover 30 percentolthe c1)Dtry have gotten For'esr Stewalilship Coucil cerbfi-caiion, the intemational haltlldk or g@d pncti(g In theEPI, Switzqlmd sored 65 inilie efi€tiveness ofits mnseeiioD m@res, comp?ftd vith a averrgeof25 for its Deislbors dd 51 lor others ofsimilar weatth. This is aI the more jmprsdr€ considering its poprnation density176 people per sque kjlonet€r, more thdMce the figm for cretre, largely oncen-h-nted in the ellets ud lowlands. The.outry hs naMged tojuggle the neds ofpsple vith thc needs ofiLt rAdife, qm-iDg it more thd double the areEge Eum-p€n sere for bodircrsity. "You m simin oy ofou lales, and tun on dy tap anddriD} the mtcruith plea.sre: sqs Hans-Pcter Fricker. h@d ofthe Swis ofice oftheWorld wide Fud for NatM,

w]ry sc} dedic?tion? ODe explanitjon

thc llotedioD of the Alps. "It is

where switerldd was bom ". EnvircmeDtalsts have tal'en ad@tage of Swis dircctdenomcy, which a]ll'm citi?rns to demmd a releEndmon the issues ofth€n choosing.The oneirt @nstmction ofthe

worldb longst dd del6t rail ilmclhene,th rhe St Ciotthlrd ml'rif in $"AlDs to.liven heaYy lioght b-afic otrthe

-"a.-f"tl '* a rationai "ote.

So, too, drd

movstob6n herry loreigD trucks.More tlrd 40 yeas ago Pelamsl

pNed laws to prctct edmds. modows;mr Ainine strms 3nd slacjs cm forthe enviMmot is now vlitten ilto the

Crnstitrtion. Ar artide added in 1996 ex

nlicirly obligs the governrnent to pmmoiesustaimble fcmins dd tlte uPkeP ol tbc

tural lmdmpe New pdks. scn as a boostf^r r.,'rism amldnsetraboD. wiU b€ s€t_tered acos tie co\Dtrt On t}le envimn_

rnent, lhis Dation isnl stdding still. t

BoarElJrThe poactioN go b@L to t914

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il ich Farmers FirstIr

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WITH FOOD PRICES RISING, THE U.S. CONGRESS DOES JUST THE WRONG THING;

scores better than Europe on agricultuml subsidies, but it's backsliding quickly.

3} DAVID G. \TICTOR

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IGI] FOOD PBJCES H-{VE BEEN B I ND''9'S FOR CONSUMERS, BUT TI]EY IIAVE REVI}\LIiD DVEN WORSE

rcws about the tendencies of govenmenl Soaring rop priccs o{Gr a tremcndous oppotunity for smart re

lorms and leal economic development. In ich countries like Westem Europet and the United States, highprice$ could, in iieory mrlc ;t easi€r to wean fam)ers tiom lavish subsidies, plugging holes in dre public budget

rnd putting tne world's farmers on a rnore ler..el playing field. That, alier aI, hes beer rhe slated goal officFmarket-oncntcd

lpvernmenrs iD the United Statea aor manyyears. I-oweri ng subsi(iies ltr)uld als.,lightcn l|Inrers'fooQrjnts on tlre lardscape;

bsidizxl and protecied farrne$ usually plow ioo much land and trcad heavily \vidi f.rtjli7.c.s and pe-stlci dt:s- \\4lich nakes

L

'I rll Lhe mor surt'n.rngtnilurcre new EU !,rml,E,; ..,.-t, dssponse ofthe ltDited Stntes in lirticu poldd, do .iuci Letter on the

Lrto rhe lood c;sjs has been to do the EPI'S flbsidy score lE-ause tldr{"(omcnt,dorth,ve.onu.}olp..,teotwhdl$.,ut'th.hr-r,,,rrh, .n,"u," 1t_t atrf,o.,gh $"

rorl.l e.onoDy' Clvcr lhc last monti the t U-t"A Stt"" lar ii-e.'ila,l ,U.s. consress l,as tasse.l new legislation sodl record on sisilie, ttetharvill heap even morecash on farner$ EPI stldy sh{m that U.S. famThe biil will enend r progrm that pro- prcg]lrm m not ne{ty u lavishtmts U.S. strEar troducers froft lvorkl 6Elropc's.Ameriqhowdd,isconpetition by gdardieeing dut thet nou(a&iingup.rlone can keep most ofthc U.S. markct. lt lt is Dot !D a€idcrt that t}lc lat st U.S.channels money io a widc range of fim- thm bil mse jn b election yd. Da?iteers regardlsss of whether ii]ey need it, its hugc a.d nnnGsary ost s well s adrd it indexes ns subsidis to already rvdll'del€red veto by Pmidcnt G@rse w.high dop prices, which puts thc sovem- Busl! $e le$slation is so popdar withncnt oD thc i,ook for mssive palDcDts politiciaN ke€n to (xm rc,electon that it'vheD

pri.es eventrally declire. passed by a large enougb naJgin ro oreFide'ftis is mcrly the kind of thn,g dDt $e theveto, The fann lobby kepswinning be

UdtedStateshasdcoriatedEuopefordo- 6usmostfarmpolcyissiftda@rdingtoing in inepast. Yalet md Calmbia's Envi the age-old l(r$n in potitics: the boefitsomeDtal ltrloman€ Indd onnms are chbndd to spftial intcr.sts, ud theqhat bat l,eer lm(Jm for y@6: drc Euro- cosL3mdiflnsedtopsple$iodon.tnotiepean.omties etlre lDrst ofiEnders in tbe or cant do mu(b to chdge the poucy.hrnhing ofagriontral sdrridies. (TIre EPI ADoim taxpayers and €tas IEy a sautr:m m()Nrd shsidie Ning a merhod pan of the total Gi, but mril Eotly tneyrpplid at the World Bant: theyl@k at ihe didn t notice it. EveD wo6e, f.m6 in theditrertDce betet€n ihe m d narket pri€ rqstoftbevorldsDtreruderthispolicyh,-lo. pmducb dd tie a.tual price inside qch caBe they €nI sel d nuc}l ofthei!pr(x],rufty.) Tne ncher nernbs ofthe Ellr uct iD the U.S: marker; subsidies have al$oed Unjot, suc.h s Fmce, cemany and dmpeoedvodd prices dd nade ithard toB;tzin, have maintained thse p@r pnc plo inBlrnmts in imlorialt mps liketiG b@aB their ftm lobbis m strong comaDdsugd,)ut also b$aDse they N ricll The pooE Anoss t}le dseloping wrld, gorcn-

I

mllu,'w'menis .rc squudenng thc opprtuniry 01 high food pric6. Intlre I;rce oaix)d riots and uDr6t.marry hare pa .kd by dmFing dom on ery.rLi on the ihcory ihft kecpntg prodrcts otrtheworld mdler will l€ve more athonc India, for dmplq forLade ils f,'nd fmm 6?orhngri@ edlier thjs yoi'l}ral ofered

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a icmponry fix for high local ;.e pnc6 butdeplscd the price that lndie:s rml faD'ds g€t for leir pro{lucl. Mqnvhile, inte.-natioDal prjcs rose, .Dd other governDents havc ben tcmptqt to follN sit Aseach govemmot takes Datters into its oafirhdds, the onlerly globrl trade in Iood,which hs hf,en a nain clcnent of a moreprcdD.tjw md st1Ie rtrrld fosl slstm, iscoming DMveled. Thc Chinese govm-ment is now retting piatis to date its i)mddliatql glob.l Iood-suptly chaiDs to en-sue that China gets whaL it !dds.

Faced with today\ high food prics,sc.h gove$nent has tendcd ao look at thctssDes fiom ;ts om n.now pmpective.Tbitt uDdestodablc, but tho govm-ments haw soften togethe. in efforts todql with rh6e pmblens in concert theyhaven t done \re.ll either The Doha ltoudof lnde illl<s ;s alt but d€d, havinsfoudered mainly on the inabiljty of suv-cmments to agrft on fam poliry. Agriol-ture has been pildal to those t"lks because

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LAST MONTH 1BO GOVERNMENTSGUSHING BROMIDES BUT UNABLE

n

MET IN ROME FORTHE U.N. FOOD SUMMIIEVEN TO AGREE ON AN AGENDA,

NDWSWEEK I JoLY TIULY 14,2oo3

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sovemmcnls have .lreldi nade schtrogress oD reduciDg trnde-brtie.s onother goo.ls and serviccs, .nd boaue thcDoln ltound Ms aimed at hclpjng thcs'orldt poorst, vhic]} requir€s he.lpingl-he,J f.lineE belum( more proliFhle.SuBJidi6 bv nch counrrie-s arc r , hi.ant\stacE to flrcs- and the ncw U.S. larmprqram vill nale progls ever l]ardei-

Even \vhcn gorernm(TLs satl,eriust torlos on fooJ ths lnrE hid i h.nl r'memaliog progrcss. iast moDth lso govenmenLs met in Rolre for the united Nations' aood snnit. 'fiicy gushed bromides about tle nee{l to address theernent crisis, bui they vere unable evcn to

,grcc oD ar dgcn.la. 'flre Rome stmmitmade !o prcgiess on the ise of bioftelsjrrhich aG pushins up {bod prices, bec-ausethe gowmments d,at have backed biofdelsnost heutily, notably thc Uuitcd Staies,re.en't willing io erTose theirbad policiq.to ;ntematjonal smtiny.

Periodicalv the vorldt {bod narkershnh into qisis. crops fail; demand ddsupply dorc in Dexpe.ted wls, BDtmdkeLs help rcctiry drose iDbaldc6.'lbey deate lood secuity tlrough fldibiliq, and they be.lp even the world's p@resrlame6 get their lait share of cconomicopporldnity. 'Ihe bad ne$s about the cDrrenl food crisis is that most ofihe Forld's

SWEEr DEAt-U-S.famtu get b;g etbJitli5.

najor somnents de actively Ddermining lll thc; main tenets of liee, globalmarkets. ADd the United Shbes. d indis-peNable forcc ir the worid, has abm.doned its role 6 champion for narketlbrce. $4En the EPI tr)m updat€r itss.or6 ndt fe2r, the Unikd States willprobably move doil'Il a notch or tro-

t'tcmR{Ar b oftha I'togldn an Encgt d,tlsutainabb D*Inpnflt at Sta4fonl Urijnry.Hc n rsnio*tba,zt th. ancil on Fate;gnR.trtiw ad h6 d4yiyd thc US. gwntudt

73

DECADES OF INVESTMENT IN CIVILIAN NUCTEAR

f eowrn puTS FRAN0E lN THE ENEBGY 0ATBIBD SEAT

, lEHffiEB ranks t0th in the EPI because ofits snpply of clean energy:l

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EING POOR IN OIL AND CO!I- MIGHT ONCD HA!'E BEEN CONSID

ered a disadvantage, but notfor ]r-mnce Forty years ago necessity Ied

prLr"uc nude.ar power agglessn.lv aq 3 ctucl

srd heding over thc nc\1 50 Yeds, vithprolisions for. theiseue disposat,of nD-dd mste. adE ced roctot deEIoPnent.and possibl€ fuel sho.t2gs. It is'akiDd oI] so-yes-long rsp€Ihigh'avlwithrlrious oD- dd ojillmps llEtgiee it thefldibiliV:to handle . changing technolo-gies. OdEr nations would do well to mu-

Fmce's drrent plo vas begu in the1990s .oD the assmption:&ai nuclearpover will remm the mainslaY ofFmce\ ele.lr'icii seneotins srstem torthe lons tem. french ptlNers,e alsopositioning its:Duclerindustry to tateaah"ntase oIm expdsion in the world'sgcneration of nuclear powerr which

hudrcds of$irNands ofyea6, makingit

t

difi.utt tordispose of sfet R.tber'6anbury it, the Frenc h plm is to stta(t pluto_

nnrmfron l}lc tueldd oixitvidLNo'nohedrrj iln to.make ar.w tuel caledMO)L or nihed oxide- 3ecaw'Moxyields alout one third $e enew of the

;nginal en,iched uru ium. thjs *ep eff(-tiveh.inlEss t$e milE se F@€ gets

ftoln the on_ejnal eeicled Lruimtuel.l he left@cE fon this pr6lis DDst stillbe isolated for hundrcds oi thoNmds ofyl]s, hot tbey dont pos the pmlifqatimhaa.d that plutonium do€s.

'TbeFrench bave trepared a gpoloCical

repos;tory for safely disposing ofndio(-tive qzste. Unlike tne Us repositoryrn

Yuccr Moul ain, Newda wnjeh h6 besnird in politi€l oppositr@. $e Ff.n$rcnosiLtd is lDDded The s'te qrr De

.*l to *. nrel tmpolirily vjtJ] the

option to rcErde it aL a lats dite Bvabotrtthemiddl. of the century Menttrenils ar€.ry iniLlcation, a worldwideshort ce of tllaium maY dise Th?reeentthct p;ssibitjty, FmDce is now doing rbe

a&n on.a nev eencratim of ad!3nced

"".le,r Hctors. ;aled bre€dels, tht can

produ@ new tucl ,or itself or other'r@c-tors. Rati€rthm buryingiitst stcP€manoth ard then facina a tutl shonage'Fmc'e will bc in D cn iablc positjon ol

NEWSWEIiK I JULYZJULY ]'T' 2OO3

N:UKE* lttunt n bein;nCnorc dahts

matlers at lmst ihcy scem to be ronsiderrbly rnore mtioDal. Their loDg-rdge nu.lear'eDerSf plm v6 devclope{l 1vi$ tieinvolveDelt of their cledric Dtiti9, t]lecolnpey that builds theii nucled rsctoisnld thetr CEA. (tho equivalent oa the U.S-

Departlrent ofEncrgy). The contrdt bctw€en how Frma od the Unitdl StatEhandled thc @ntrovelsial isstrc ofnuclearwa.ste is stdk. 'rb scttldtthe wLde issu€,France relied on thc Parlimentary Officefor Sci€ntific sd 'lbchnological tAssess'nent (POSTA); ajoint .omrnittd oftlrcntwo boNes olPdilid;roE 1'tiose membd'ship is piportio;at to thc repr6eata.tionolthc loliticrl panie,s, a civil-senmt stng'and a high-levei cnedul scientifc adeisG

ry co]mittcc lF 1991, ihe FrenchiPA:lia-ment; on iic aaldce ofthe POSiIi! pdseda lav giviDg ihc govemnenl l5 yetrs to re_

lFn back{ith tbejr prop6al for hddlingnuclea. Fsh:. In 2005 POSIA begu a sc'dcs of hclnngs on the govemmentk Pro_posal (I t$ti{ied at one), inclddinA hcir.-i.gs in the a.ea wherc their proPosedrepository woold bc lo€ted: The re$ltwrs t]E Act of 2006 blessing the nuclea.m{d ,nap. Thc F.ench Public neverp(aic+.dd n6.orernuclarP,iweri Prr-haps becausd ol the opcnless of Fienchddision nakingi ln contrst, the UnitedStats hs.no cohar€nt long-tetn: policydd h6 not becn able to site a rePositorycvon after 20 yees oftryingr.

Ttre Unitcd Stats stiu ha +c li$e-stn!mb(.ol€ctors (lo4l, whrch *upPly 20petcert ofrhe nation's electricity. It is stillthe b6t in iie mrld ar opdating'nuclm

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L

power plmts*uptine has dsen ftom'60' percnt in tlre r98os io morethm gorper-

cent todan ldding 50 percent to nucle.rel@ticity g entioD capacity ' wiihourhuildirg any ns plants. But die Unjted

havinA a virtually unljnited sdpply oafuel:Brecd6s, of .oNq ee rot new. They

lvcrc lirs1 derelope.d 20 yff ngo in tlreUnited Stlts, but shclverl for lcr that thepluto.ild l}ley crcate would causc prcblclns io.Lspos.l dtl proliJ.lraLi.F. Tbet'_rE-eds tecnnology thitIFn.. d?c(ts tohavc lcady for commercidliation in 30yeds addr6s6 tbese coDcems. Tbc rac-lo.s could bc used to .lesboy tle lorg-lived

-sbte; ii no iongo bcreader iD matters of'rpolicy, ttrh.ology t. nmtfaabningj

Frmce bas assrDdl drtrole, and it is pGsitioned veit lor a futdre ofgletn energy.tulio.ctire cothponcnts of spent reactor

fi,el, creating a lcw way ol dispnsing ofthis hazadou! nltend more efie.tivelydrd sfely tbao is dow possible. wastebeared by m id'€lced bEeder woddDed to be buned o y tor a thoDsddyds, grody sinplifying the safc8lardsn€dcd in a repository

Americes tend to see the l'renc}l s mcnotio;al people. Howwer on tcchnictl

9.1c1ttE1\ o Nabel L&r.ate, i' ?tufeso, of?Lrn6it st4frd anl4naibd afnt us. Dqrimerof Etdsrt Ntuten E rs! A.ttnMJ CoMitE .

I L h6'me.l 6 an ddwn to theF@\ gM-ndt an nnkn p$a bdf@ Ndnbd2oo3:to Mdrrh 2oo\ eB M thc bMit ofdiftctfi ofrt.US- tultidia ofFffih r.tut da&fAREUA.Hr no rhq6 ]w sq ti6 totht ntu.Lsir.tutl!,

AMERICANS TEND TO SEE THE FRENCH AS AN EMOTIONAL PEOPLE. HOWEVER,

ON TECHNICAL MATTERS THEY SEEM TO BE CONSIDERABLY MORE RAflONAL.

tTheII

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{

{ m! ,"o"". ttigh over all buto fails to protea marine wildlife.

DOZEN'OR.SO.LIRY,\N'IUNAboals mooled in the French

Meditcrrd@D. Port of Scic de a

bider reminder to Frencb fishcr'man Dois tsiN{maro of ar

f BLUEFIN WITL SOON BEr cotvttrlrnctlLLY ExTlNcT.

AT CURRENT RATES,

THE MEDITEBRANEAN

businNl offishbg- flf€lost. a

lor of money the l6t two )e{s: '

he sls.Meditemnem :fisbermen

"m hurtiog: siocks of blue[n ,

tlm, b'"far $e se.rh dost ']@mrnicaly inpodslt, 6sh,.@,,

dngeioDsly lo* .\lthoush

'nanv @unti4 she $ebtane, ihe.chief cdpii!.say fishcries d'

necked , aMr sd an indNt-Y sone {,! ._ll'e

bobts cirry Libt fligs. but it's com-

,non knoslelgc tl,at they e FEnc}l

.rDt"Ds. fts dld @' 'ittl \Mtlr tl@hedn ,ind. ljbw qtcrs m @mpellhF tNirrc mde

^bun.Itl dd rbat f€wpoticePa-

rrol lhe s@ cd be bnbq! saF Birs(jmmo.

l

I

II.

*nrlrl , m"st (]ffnsrvc fith -a loo-t4.ld luna Ii!- D un'leacr ' aB(s ro nonhsbrnt

s.rvine (u 6ili 'op '-2s

largetv dnKn vcstl" wH(h.bke rle riJ"'":91:::-DcrG, js Frdce- lts Mnual qDoll acomtsior onc Iffi the cntire lesral qtrotd ofAFlDtiel a for'alrcoDtries;Saetor in illtgil otchs, hd Fmceb tal@ climbs toaboutoDethiid of all AllMbc hm €ughtlast ,season, ultDding ,to Glmpace'wlen it ores to btuenn hDa in the

Mcditerid@, "Fmce js the worsti says

FEnch biolosist Dariel Pauly' dnector ofiic Fishaies CenEe at de Univsiry ofBrilish C.lunbia.

, Bead an ini€rviet $,fin marine blol0gst ilr,iililii'i.iJ-;;+!;il..s.i 19-E:-ry"*:'1 wirl to drb ;mpot

i'" ij'ii"Ti"i#id."-;r'. r^ir,."'"r,- wosr,r iuv'triJa. Lo oinhor p s $h@i.lifi"'. -1"'"-n.r,j;- .".-doos ha"e rhqy''eibtoed ror s'leii"" ",'';"ii. 'auJ "i* L-., *.,;* it'" uu.p"- Lommission rdstrvi.. '".r..r' o, bi".L tl'" ruls The chasbsed ld(e tor nedlv rea'tJn8, rB

.',rcnl dE ol ovcrGshins rs drMn8 quoLl lo dr's ;nlo LIle scsn wno a'\.'l.djkrtrFd blupfin hDa rotl"l",*of gm in Mry. flEl niJn'r ''oP in-E^r:D:l'

ommerial enjnftion. Scienusb ar the goEnnol rrom sPeedrng

lnlematiooal (ltlm;ssron lor lhe Coosn lionaid prcliSe to the Lqtungrnousrv' al

utionof ar-foL;.rr,ns, r-t'F Mailrid rrgu rer h'\Pmen r@k ro the bcrisol Han'n)

r,on umiauon. orimalP thal ihr '€ Pro!{q high tuel nr;c's dd Bres Despile

.ar qsur; an m,al, auch ot lS o0o totB ils grEo Moal lrmc-F st'u dn r seeiD @

Daniel Pauly at strdN*seeekcoi

76

The Mad ExperimentDUBAI'S ECOLOGY MAY BE A WORK OF GENIUS OR

INSANITY, BUT IT'S NOTHING IF NOT ARTIFICIAL.

alone,butaspart of tle U.A.E., which comes i$at112th,

,)TCHIUSTOPHERDICKEYT aldgas-bmingplmtstha!.I€adyh:Mmifialled capaciry or l.2b bilJion l,ters a ddy.

dcr€d a fewy€rns ago. Threehuge desigaerdclripelasG hare erupted in die sea, in-clding one rhat foms a map ofthe world.'Uie qDestio4 envimmeniilyspea.king, iswhether this mad,. visioDqiy expeimcntreprseDts athr@ttothe world: .

The Envilonneotal Perforndrce lndexfor i,\c Unit€d Arab EmiEies gives a aairid€a ofthe impact that Dubt hN had sotu the En mtes, i lideration that alsoincllds AbD Dhabi dd five other states,d*s way dom the IIPI jist at rl2, m ap-palling per{onnae for a Nlnty that tfdlls xnong the worldt 30 richst. By compeison, ahe vorst Duropu nation in thesme income Foup, BelgiurD, cones in .t5Z morc than 50 places .nead ofthe nni-ntes, whicn scores as poorly as ene ofthe world's 30 p@rest nations. No rich !a-tion dcept Ku'ait lags its peeru so badty.And iI llubai alone wcre sure]rd, &crumb€rs would be 6r Mrs€.

'rhe nain prcbleD is not environden-tal health forllDn beings. Therck plentyof ilrilking Mter, dnnls to the ldt desalinaiion plmts' md smitation is g@d.The rea1 poblem'is vhaCs beirg donetothe nat@I. 6os)st€ms, The,EmiEtedscore-on tliat Fort is, a:miserable 38.2-while rhe tlimat€ cheg€" score ftom allthe oil andg"s bming is an ablsnaL26.6.

In Dubai, entsiaimmttrmps the en'viFmot evqlvhw ]ou hrn! imitathgjt ad r€.onstitutinA.iti Onlha ir and edgeofDubai a stupendous,thme.park ed FsdE."onpl.r ,now' u"d* "o;' '

enorrnous malls will sboll along 5%lk-va]s mong guJgling sttt]ms-" At Dubai:lmd, rhe deve.lopeB tel us, tbe slogaD js"Thinkbiggc." Snowwoddwi bc grandertho tha indoor slope aheidy operating inDubai: 'the only ptace in the world sfidb;t snows at 40 degEes CelsiN," bng &edel€lopss- Ther€t also Bio world, a rut

conld see mile after.mile of llat bottoiit. Aspokesmm for Nal$ed, the doelopmentfiim building the Palin Island complss,i€centlr responded to criticisln Fongrens by claiming.thairhere aJ€ actuallynore sea slasses, morc fish and more wi-eti6 of lile in the sbaliercd:satds of thePaln JimeiEh the'oldest of'the artifcialarehipehgoes, t}Ian:iherc trlerqbefor€:-Butof @urs6 that is:the poinq: drthc prob-lem Many of-those grasss od 6sh maynotbe nnti\€ to theregioD-Dubai js lj@tr;ng m ecology tha! is lew-beyond thesp€ctm of hunm erpsience' or na-lurc's-dd whqe th.t wi]l lead nobody

I

sddctio; aihE$siLself's,186rain foicst nnda gts, od awild-animal peL -IhiDL @-tourism, thirkbigs!" iDtonethe, videot lr:rmtor.. "Eco'iouismr? ThiDlchutzpall

If you:go to Dubai dd getstuck'in trafic (which you :i.most €nainh wil)i you'[ seeinsrandy, md fe.l in you €l€stine b€.lcling; bntal impact on

",il.;"q;;;-:;;; ,/dilffitrffilT;:TffiY /J#t ond uiil@ mlls it "a t t sy U:a-

I

n

PLA}]TG TtlE DESEm GEEI$ E ey;thm f odt;okl dteftdiinnt:ttn?tii elniivndtt.

Lond qid@ mlls it "a l r,sy U (----J; t

lM,l ser riqhr in rhe he* ril r \' , ./

*:ffi,ft1*i-i#jj )K

MIDDLE CLASSII

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g,

WITH SIMILAR INCOMIS.

mtion rvithin thegoverlmsLi l,Chinat ennircDmertrl h€adaches ru

tl,e e_dul but most can bc linted b$cso;hins Dae 0r eonomic grosah. Fa(toist}latemit.opious amoutsDf smog,s@t dd rarbon have sprout€d q.nc.Hy mdcheaply. .PollDtitrg, unsaG coal mines dcsobusa (dd luctivc) that.orl cza6 rFloath to Nb Chintc overidins dep€n(l-eDe on coal,as aa energy soucdlAs a:re_

srit, China scores-?ooiy on tey etegorissch as watd,polludon, indDstrial Co,em;ssions ed iDdoor air Pollution (whichin some es*is linled io the llsalent{seof bunnc @al brick for wdmti duins*"r".\ _o".

rh'nt of. china: rivetrmd three qu,rters of jts.majorlakes e

-':'hishly potlutediaccodin8-totieOECD,vbich late last yqrreported that up io3oo

78

t.

' timillion peoplc dr;rk cont@irite{t ratei sct'go a retuscd ioljvest in iqmvins

Hu Jintao md other lmdeB have E tlre imp.ct ofthen opantions oDt}le envi-

ho,ted:tic mss4:to .rdte a "Esourc€_ rorment "ODe hs.to pav a big Pnce" to

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I

s.rns. cnviomcnl Gsdb.!(trr.' But FalizeGrcen cDP savs ctunge AcldeDv,,m;Uinq lo.al ,fpmrcbils ro lo ow of so(iJ scre n.6 I Lsearher Li shirl,is:lo*d is i huse.on"nJrum ha aus' I n'e I i rcport on Lhe Dtdun\ G"olor tloarle tlrc biggst lactor in thcir GDPwd isucd in 2006 bl'whatvddEnDrcmodo$ ha b*n $er loulitics l-he Sl,lrc envircment l Prols tion

,,ononii-rmqh nt.. ll,ishastumtrl3 cgenryand d'c NaLioncl Bu @u of SLius

h!,se.ostithemiromot.&tordingto tic (NBS)' lt qwtified dle cononicrh;{orld Banh polhtion and othd ePi- Iosresre"sdting ftdm €nviroment'labus-roment l duag€ msts the ChiDse @n_ s in 2oo+ at 3 peftent of GDBomv as much s 12 D"trnt of GDP.mual- b,,L,lueroclskoiJMLbe r,_lv (includbq -"a;a "*p"o* md tu dmdge ms Lhoughr tu be

d.magetocml,sdd6sh).TheGl1dGDP higherj Almost asr'sooD aa,thewrsdpposdltoincorporateihosecr.sts. teport'cmeoug thetwo:agen

PD iue, a Efolmist vice ministerin ci6: bcgan bi.kding over

Beijins; vas d edly cnmpion of the no nethodolbgy, fiDdins and, ofltioD ofusins a Green GD? torank o6i:ials cowse, politiel ftictioiFs_by:thei|sEnness a punishing thoe Petially as top CommDdst?d.lound ]rotins,ld mmaged to vin the ty oficials vied for promotionr.(n qpDon;f hrs boss€s h BPijins. bul ,head oft-he 17$ Paif Clongress thar ru-$e proien wa a nonsure ir r-6e prc"- tum. Crsn GDP r{)m leader wdgJin-inces.-Arrthoritis ;n.hadsmbble rcgions ne. blmed. foot dngging local govem'with.a lotbfpoluting in&stries'such as mmts- shortly th€!€ller, rcprisentativesNinsiat Heb;, Sbsrxi dd Imor Mongo- ofthe National Bu@u ofstadstic' noto-lia-. oppondthcGreerGDPideaFomthe iiousfo!undereportinggrostnfiguesto

Y*Y!:v!Y6:Y:!t-YtYYnD.lercDt fws of @Domic ovdh@dng,slopped attrnding Gren GDP meetingsWlthout uy nunrb.r to cruncl, the ini't arivc Isg{6hci}. Th€ ndtydl.s rePon

vas postponed jldefi nitely.'fhe.G@n GDP fiasco PutrhebureaD

cEtic rsistatce to rcforDs dd tbe need

1dr.@rdimlior uons sotemment m'n-istns ;Dto fc;s C\EentlYrerc's a-ministry_level unil

Iraniltin{ dimate (h gei 4-other for -ocers; Y€i motheriackling sDdstoms ed deforesettion. md thre€ minisriiesrsDU.srblc for soil andHround_wier villases md lrnnlmd,md laks and xivers, re-\Pective-

It wlten th€ toxic-algae eisisemDred in 2007, devasbbng fish fams inssiem Chinas tihu d<€, Prcviocial iu'ihoritid imted to release Mter upstrea$to cloar out the.algae dogging thelake, butfiFt had, to'naligate a b@ucratic m22e

They appeled to r}}e Agricdture Minist )a

COMPELLING LOCAL APPARATCHIKS TO FOTLOW THE.GREEN DIRECTIVE IS

nrFFlnrll T RFnal ISF PROMOTIONS,DEPEND:S0LELY 0N'EC0N0MlC GR0l/llifH,

. nich is in (hdgc ol llsh fam\i rhcI ""+"'hm l\4inis1r. which conrolsI watd-t'€aheDt tldts; the Scicnce oil

Thdnology Mi stry, od d!. Statc Dwel-. )meDt ud Reform Commrsion, bcforc

I ca,tinsvitJ' the Minisby of 1,1htcr l(c-Lsourcesi whicb opmed the floodsates

h m etrort ai strearilining, in Marci

f lers ddstrstrns::?an isralso $oriloringI rhitous smeinuce projecr,c .uch s a

'i,aiionwjde wctEr Pollulio,' Map" sd

instancc, so far ihe ministry is havirg a

- {rgh tinE I'ersuadrrg Chitrbs bus,re$[ "nsfie ructr .s conmerce, FrDOtr[.ud the L]r Btrredu to pDsh forr^@l

emission bxa foi car buJ€rs dd polDrion,. E6 lor enlcrpljss. But Pao is regsdedI s r rhaismaticlqder od sk nl lobby-L$L "He co do rhings otl'ers Ld t," srls r

source who rcqusted monymity bmLsf e ;sn t clrdEd to talkwitl forcign mcdi..I TIE Gftn GDPprojert djd $caed in!- gal\mi;ns sorne li-kFdinded provincial

l@des, partid]]dlynayols of moilest'sihI itis 1'+rdc cMn indussis baee been

I &ingrcot. ln Chdgslu.for iGtee.teLr€l pldts harc reently laNc}led r.ctcling

nrojects and r a-:carbon-dedit sc.hei€.f idn adv@t6.iso took hean that rle fi-I rl political worl nprt at last autm\-Party Crngr$ plr.d sMter mphrsis on

.usLlinaltte derelopDent md enviromenl'.:

- ;'s "we rc loo p@r to be gIeo" argDent* : itr adLliction to Epid sDeth,Party led-L_-s 16 $ar goit'g too green too {an vill

hut iheir busiDs parnrds dd their rreo-lq.who are alr@dy faeling ine lain ofin-ation ald isins prcductioD costs- Baling

,nDst forge in.€ntives i iin its om bu,raumcy befoie itican convi*c thect of

r ie outry that $ e trice ofaoinS g]1n is

L ".th p.1ying. I

fl)'{$

Ministry ot trnjronmdl "IoLithumia, envimmental consciousnessp@oled iDdepodence."

Pedoxjml . s it may seem, tlEChemobyl-cn gimt is nov al{ey elemotin the Baltic st.ts' ompdln to roch theworld-batiDs levels of ecological heald.The Baliics' green mov€ment may hareben bom in :rrti-rudtu rciivism, butnow many eilize that nucler power crt

Call it . gianl gieDoeDtoringschenei rhe Swedish. govem-mdli allomted about €200 mil-

.lion .to firnd Swedishled eo-prcje.ts in the n ticstater.ndaorthe<tem lrnssid .finland-Iocused on listoni vhileDen-mek spent €48 million on

Lithudia betrcor r99r md 2oo2- Wattrprnfication ms d @ly prioritr:becaNeof.oncems ovq pollutioi in the 3alticS@. The DDropee U ion did jts bit, too,prcviding frnding to h+ the Baltie mm-ply with stri.t Eurcps! emissions codespnor to $enjoining thc Union in2004-

It wo*€d. Tbe prcsp€{t of EU nemlEship Fovcd to bc a p@erfn incentive

NEWSl!.Eri( I JULYTJULY 14,2003

The New ScandinaviamTHE LEGACY OF THE SOVIET NUKE PROGRAM FORMS

elel€ted iheftmer State Fnviron'THE BAGKB0NE 0F AN ENVTRONMENTAL G0MEBACK.-9.

r etJtng erevarcq ucrurxI cnr.l Prote.tioD Ascnq to full mh,stryI .slrtus, s,tra .l4ce Mini\ter Ptu, n,ot l6th overail and is second, to Latvia, in its income group,

cloDt to c@rdinaie.environmental:plio/. I !

f 'l polmon rl,an wr t€for(. E t.hinJ ms . nFural t*uc. dd ir \6

[ " .a vidim oiits ('M slc ess. Onc,eson n n .' R.dls lns's LisLs. un-

-'nnks Isr in ils income drile saboBging J(r sardary rr d. Ufiunie

I vicr burh Du.lqr Ectur-es|.ec,Jly

lh:+*T:[i::L{TilT$ist argc my the Baltic stals owe a loi lotbe lgnalina nud@ power plmr in lr6a-gin6, Uthuania. }-or one, the preence ofthe pldt, plunted iD the middle of tl,ecounttlside:by I the strDke of a:,litosowbueauaratt pen, helpd ignite LithD iat

, fledgling ero.movement ir.ther lg8osityiirlspi;ng activjsts to oppose itsrpldDed

ndvmcnt to Soviet@pation."l}le envircment was one ofthe first things to srface dunngcorbachet's ,.la'ot bduse ii

have moved to a Dore sddinatian *o'no;ic.ad social modd, with dl lhat tliaiinplies fo. tle cnvironment. Liihuznias@rs higher tlh average in n.atue ofagriculture, fisheri6, irisation, pBticideregnlalion and mrer pun+ 'wele nlingto reac}l not only the Scmdinaud std-dad of living, ,b!i. also- its envjmnmentalstandanls, too," s.'s Daim SemeDien.,,di-re.tor of tle Center Lr E.vircnnent lPolicy in vilrJN.

l-uckily for Lithuania, Iitvia dd 'Esio-nia, their S@diDavjs Deighbors have

ben morc.tharrj$hle mcidelsi Since thedly dals.otthe Baltic states' indepdd-cn@, Nordic coDtnes have pored huge,mnnnfq .i mnnFv i"t; .ll rlFF lr1l6t:

r hc r'ew MidsEy nf Enviror'nslil PmI dion ,s nov lobbi ng otJ

'e. r Di n isiries ro

i 'sha.e p.tlutiorrSat4 a key ti, €iforcimenr l

It ha, hop.s of, a l'€al'1}tmlgh in:

'ting a hish profile in batdng polutioI iiersencies sich .s tle-hihD.algae-diis- i.

[ .-jis ]atcstiDitiative.is a "sren eolon:s:'proer-m tiat'woiild p;ide prefer.Ttial 'ails to iDstrdcq credit:and lPOs ior

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cttwnacl/;d|en" k a;^danitactzfud'dUtn MJ6IiliMn;Acirk(W6i\)dtartu;nn;nginohk'(alN)'aalltftPh'ttuT h4'-

"l don't thi* peotle$ould bc doing a lotfbr t|e dviro ment: tithout the legalp.cssMd s.)€ r\rtMs Abronaticins, wholld hsddi Swedish technology consil-LrcI Sh€(nh Lithu.lia opentjons sincc1993 Dd hN se€n the tmsfomation.first'hmd. Duingthe r99os, Lirhudia's emis'sions ol nitogen otid6, sulfitr dioxide

{4 tetrolatcr ,Lr.pIEd norc t]ftn 2-5iim.s.r rhe.-"nld rc-stmctmd dd de-veloped a serdce eJonony ald nw envi-romental reg atioDs. took hold- AndLill1umia;s dDe to rdeive €1 billion bc-tween 2oo7 dd 2ol3 ftom the,EmpemUnion to lund enftonmental. clemupprcjccts to meet new regulatjons-

'lhrt suc(s, od tbe cballenge inmeetins fijiDre EU idsets, nake the Lith

]@ian govemmeDtnwoN about EU de' !6onable;l sa)5 '\bmmavicins- -"Energv

duc to its adv&md .ge. Thc.Pldt pro Painful tdthecoDnt v-"J,"6 /'t nercenL of dre,ounrr'.;lr lh€ long rem N't. 'aB Kir kJas. is

ri.i,' 1a ;ell rs sone oI r!&iJs. L1t- ro forse m inl({mrPd, rcstonqde cnergy

vjd 'P.ine Milister I\rs Godm is.'h6 schen; that;s'clem and e$cient (and

.ffed dr.r clu.urc wo,,ld cad"e po$t|losn l rly on Rdssicn gas) Liduania,l'orrfalls unl.s\ the Brtri* furd alcma- I:rqa, Eslonia dd Polaod :r lalkingtive enersy sout6: Euope hs poured: about building a bifi€ea 3,2o0'm€-gawttbinios.cli euros into,safeity "pg'.des.t. ractor, atacostof€s billion to€6billion'ln. plsr in r(sr yff. dd ih; UK i. ro epply a nai6c-wj.le ps€r Srid'tund;ne. c".sodm of.otE:actoF $l,o The hird pan i( gettints ttircdgh lhe

N,l;;u'ling sd de$ntmin.ting th" I'ed few yws. o UrnLmial middle

olde' , l lgrau;as two tscroE. The re clN pub lllr:se on the poMr gnd

m.iDins ;(tor, Dow 2l yeffi old. ;s dre That shouldnl be insurmosrable for 'ro be sl,',t bM in 2ooq, bul Lidrusian count L\rf' gon. &om Sovicl-em ' tt's_ftime Minicr(r CrJimin,s KirLnJs has trcphe ro i SmdiDivid olrurcol ec'lo-

mods Io ctose down lgnalina by 2009. priccs Fould tise an.t that vornd be ver/

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tEcn 6shtins for a stay- -The EU should be gyin a gener.tion-

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I DELHI'S BUREAUCBATS BICKER OVEB CHOLERA AND, THE BOLE OF CITY DRAINS AND STATE SEWERS.

Mscoresl20 on the green index and especially poorly insanitation.

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3:yJAsoN O1TRD0RF cmcy eDsr6 ihat it renains a "mere slatc'mot of inient," ac.odiDg to TERI- Rcsponsibility for m.nagjng the coDntly!Mter rsonrcs is ftagmented mong a

dod iliferst miDistries dd depdt'mots without ary coordination. "Youhave nrntiple,,agencic* with ro qndgy

den;c h lvlay, the slitd md mdiciPalgovcnmots bickeial over wherher thcsiatek islq scwo pipes or-the cirytclosAed s€$.r dmins s ere to blame- "rlaving dem€mcy ai thr bt but nat havingg@d democratic institutions od institrtion.l sh,.hrre-q at rhe bottom is z tundanenLll Drcblo: sil i nl'dsbm.

Wf,r*. Cn-i. toLJrisid go!€S;meDt has an casier tine enforciilsits rules,comption aDd l!c[ of ac.ourtabilitYpla$c bd;a's eforls lo enforce regr ations and sct pionties- Agrjolturrl statslike PDnjab, wnere d,d water table is drcpping dogcrously fast, still otr€r tamersfrec or $bsn];ed ele.ticity to pmp wa_t.r for inisadon, encomgilg: ihen ; tosrov mt x-iDiensive fiops-like ;ce aduse inetrcient iEjgition icchniqlG Small

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ile.othcrihed, der?erarerpovqitJdvsmost ofits populatr'ot \rinerable to etui-roment'relat€dillnesses'Ned 5y:@ter

rtben," says Chmdn,:Bhl'3hanressoci.ied;cctor of the C€ntor for Science ed En'viromcnt (CSE)j a Delhi NGo.. Thus, .in

states like;Ra:jasthan md:.Ktu'nat l(a, pnblic @ter scberne

'laDcheid by tbe Ministry of'' luiilDcvelopment.didlt m@t-thek targeLs -bsaNe tbey. sercn't coordimtrd iwith the

M;nistry ofPlwels prcsam fornrzl electrifi€tion.

T}lse "Ioblems.

have @noto a lead in the YmDm Rive.

. l&king'lhe .capitali to.jnvest: iu:tnailmtechnologies are ill €quipped to deal vithtbe..conbminets theyrpradu@ dd t@

rmemus to be rcgulated:t5",the'mtratdd state polluiion-control.bolrds. "Themlhrtion-ront.l boards lhat wc IaE Nportv etatrert; tl,eir trlmol%ical @poity;s inad€quate. Combine thatif ith: poor

' sataries ad sone level of @rupiioryandyou have a real Foblernl' saF Lena Sri'vdrava, dmutive dnedor ofTERI.

.coDsidenng thse finddnenlrl short-.ominss, .it} easy to s@ why the Ilhst€rnobseqsion eith cdboD €misions 'BrlHBIndiars- Evo ihc EPI iaps India's lI}rickhs witn a !@r score oD rmisions Perneeawtt of elEtrioty. Ity lelling tllat tothe 5oo millon or so Indids vho blmdung jn their homes b€.ause thcy're. Doiden conndted to thc qiid.

:IDdia:s m6sy dol)@cy ispa*iculaiyi equipp€d to handle the con0icting pres-se of.tmpid rgrorth.and pov€rty. ..A1-

th@sh the national water poticy,F8 revi$ed in -2002 io encoMge.@lmmiryprnicipation dd daotraliemtE md-agernent, rhe coutry's brzlDtiDe bu@u-

82.

llhe stat -gwerrment-ontrclled.vaterboard hrihrhe new w"stemtd treltnentptdls, but tharntrnicipai govennent hasfaited to .1@r gebage fion.tne drains- Asa r€sul! so litde.Badeeater atrhs tkpldts ihat they (a operate arabout orily30 perent cnpacjty. AJter a cholera epj- II

c...&_

The Threat From?eesGLOBAL WARMING ISN'T JUST A PROBLEM OF CARS

AND SMOKESTACKS BUT OF THE CHAIN SAW TOO.

ffiFs*ores a rvhopping zero on the €lre€n index for forestry-

l:/ TIIOMAS LOVEJOY nin'ibMt dBtruction, scoB d 82.)Aithough ruch of tbc Lrrss lm iritia$/

due to iiaFeslng fortinber aDd foct prodncts, partiondbpirrood, iDieceDt d@d6in€sal lorsiDsrhs bm.nol€lwidesllad-The Epid sprud ofoil palm plantations is a.

relativijy new thr€r Palm oil ha3 lt!€rtlybm rerosni,red as a sorlre of biohels:

user hcomc irom sgar paln (a biofuclsouru) to wd loc.ls fmm logging.

In the long lut ihe most prcmising.dc-velolmeni is ftboD trrdiDg-thc only rvayto gener.ie ftnds on a nrfiicient scale toaddJs rdnpant deforebtion in thc tmp'i6 dd its contrtbntion io greDnousc.gdemissions- The b€autyof@bon tndirg isthat fimds @D lddrly flN to the people inthe forcsi rcsions who orrently have Do li'nsc;aLiDccntive.to stop lopging: CftbonIrading, ofcoume, h6 many citics. onecon@m is "lc*.gc"-the notion that 6ntrclliDg ihsdabago in one forest woild

oBt ofihe atmosphere.Co irtivc nanagement ofthe

rcrld's.forcsls nrust besmitiveto Dational aspimtioN ddwer.

eig{ty. Dono ;shq it:cornd hm miD-fot€stnaliols: inio powafi foRx. for-eNironodtzlgo<rl- Aithe l}ne tine,:we shouldntlory€t ihe.Den to 6t,blish ilinti!€s to@l]sflc biod;r€rsiry as wll; \zluing a forcs1 for its dJ1)on is.likeraluinFa]]rmputerchip foriissilior Comp&edwitlidrealter-natrsej lNestina. n@ in preseryins thcmrld s fomswul<lbe a bargaii. I

trr.'Etoy.n Fendeit ofth. E ;Ece,ttn.fur,S.i.rtc, Etofontx; dd ti. D,rttu"Mt-

EMIS'

Frcm 1990 to 2005, 56 p€Ilnt ofthesponsion in oil-pann planta?iioN in In lonBia @Drred atthe.dp€nse of biodii€$ity'richfoFsis, lnother.listdbing todis the con$ion of p6lfoG_ts,&fiich hold hnse momis ofcrr-bon, into plaitatioB by inierna-tion^lr@npaDisr ChinaS','\5iaPulp & Papr: pin ip!.I: amorgithan. Orce thafor€s-t is crt :drc pet'dri6

Mmy etrorts dc uaen{ray to siem thedefor€statiorl Emil Sali4 Indonesi/s ftstninister of the Dlrvnommt]r@i€dprctetted:ms ind lam. md i€Lriatidns.toc.jntror loggjng. Cons@6on lhtema'ridnal ;s @rkins with otree producers"toDaintain uplnd: for€srr in.Smaha. ofpartiolar promise.is the imomtiE Smiboja Iestari pojeeton Kinimutan,which

r I I n hon would be 'odoidone-time

1,il ll L\ H]llr. "il"'.'Hrx ":;:q l[ \l .,ri. ."f"*' in rcnm ro,-a-------t ! ,.-^-,-'- i^,*^- ,- .r- r^_- --,ffi keping cdbon in the forestdd

ofWatc

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MAKING THE NEGEV DESERT BL()OM ONCE SEEMED

LIKE A'GOODIDEA, BUT lT'S KILLING THE DEAD SEA'

| . mranks 49th on the green index butfit'st among desert nations'L

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3} KXVIN PERANO 4"dJOANNA CHEN

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M Nrlwsw0uK I lur,Y lluI-Y 14,2o03

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griculhtnl FDrpose5, says Hilt6l Shanl awter e4ert at Jeru.nl.m's Hada.ssai Aedenic Colege: The sbsidis help Ism€li1:mers €fport nuch of their .prcduce,

lvhich Jmles litde ovimDDental s.se in.n did .onntry. Fiporiing onc liilosnm ofwheat is equiraleft to erportiDt t,Oooiites ofwate, vhich mans rsrael iE e.trectcxports 1o0 million obic Deters of mteracl yed, about as mucn s its desaljnationplqts prcJuL!- 1\lo

'1:s ago IsraeJ inau-

grJd-tcda nrassive desatinrtion pldt in the@dtd city ofAshkelonj butd$lination iscrosily and enersy interisiver each @bic ne-ter of d@ wt€r 6ts rougfiV 60 ents topDduce, mrdingio Adar: "Subsidizing

mter for adculrre risrnts in iiEtidnalNq nr g]odlS uops.,which othwisewoDidn't be mnomicaly feasible," s]$HillPl

The Negev i.s th€ labonto.y for nwtechDologies Ism€lis hope My solve theirwater trouble$ Some.of t})e mosr ambi-tious rtcrling e{periments e foundtherc, just minutG ftDn the cabiD whereBen-Gunon retired to the deserr, In a sun-bleched sddtor mDndeJ by datepdms and dse.t smb, 4r-year-old AmirZis dplains ho1'9 his kibbutz pumpsS0o,oo0. cubic meteB of rzJm, bEckislrwater each y€ from m aquifer 8oo moters beiovgrcDd- Themter is first cyded

Blts llllg: Wat6 i wt j;n ImL

several.tim€s.tbrngE nD-made pondsfor grcwing fish induding sa bass, tilapiaand bllt]lnundi, then {imeled to fields ofwheat, olive ed jojoba. "we Mote thebook on this stDff sals Ziv,

Fip€rts, drough, mnd€r how far t€h-nology crn boost spply- Dnp inigationdd deralhation (fu... oDly do so mucb.Making the desdt bl@m ws a gmd idea"iir its time," saF BMks, but noF"the veryida of derclopins the Nesev is wonglThe day to rethirk Isnel's rcmarc€ widrd€sert famiDg may be hG. I

ONE.KILOGMM OF WHEAT REOU]RES ].,OOO LITERS OFWATER, SO IN EFFECTISRAEL EXPORTS AS MUCH WATERAS ITS DESALINATION PLANTS PRODUCE.

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HI] I.USSL{N GO'!'ERNMENT

tales maironrnental violationssenoNb-smetimesr Just ask

oles Minol, dePuty hetd ofRnssia's Federal En romet

.lisbelicf of orvone who's ds opened a

wioilow iD alrv tilv ln the lomer souiitln6n- ODe rm!; for the ilrscomect is

thevfl%stnss of Rssia, vhich includsDiistrn! vildemss thit drluta thc .lldt;f hsw n,l,sEv lt dsii, alore r mong big

natioN, nay alsD be cookirg $e nunbers'

s"nre pcnod, t(rsni 'lichr,l d'e Sntea,,",".ift-e 16r tbe llnvrronrnent\ 5,0011

ins.€cton to 800. Therers no agdrcv left

in;e c,unlrv tt' proqd. I fl(.tvt {ological ,nspcit,nns," sJys Sertc] TsvPlenbv.rhe.hr..tor of Ctce nD.! e Rrrssrl

MrkhailKrerdIn, crcenPaei ror irsuc"hr, a oty in sluth Buss,r ihrtis dlrlolnst ih. 2or4 Wintcr OlimPics. san-he*.

"1,''t nfrhe ruthorit;eswhen he fJdl a

repon l$LNolrmbtr k' t}lt lntoiation'lolrmnn C.mmitte tboor thc neArhve

,rnprJr ol Crlrmlic c,Les-espctiailv tlretFbstal incks-ol.Ned tu thrcugti "nature resewc. lMr}lir dars, DePuryPifleMinister iAlelsanilr Zholov, vho hcaded

$ersochi 2ol4 smpaign' sent a letGrI whicl NEws&'I EK l ai seen ) to drc FSB

dril lntenor sn EoR iAn m inrstrjes ask ng

lhem to gather tufomation on posible d'

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WhenGraylnoks GreenRATHER THAN TACKLE ITS ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS'

TtTOSCOW lS CRACKING D0WN 0N ITS EC0L0GISTS'

Wranks 28th on the Slteen index, but its too good to be true'

B} O$DN MATIHDWS

tal Monitoring Servi€. Ist 'vw'Mj!_ol

t

..,nDiled a dl)5s rc t on rlles€d .nvirome n

tal ioirtjons br r oil md gs drnhng

c.Nortrm led by Rqtl Dn t l Sbellunthen", iti. ishnd of Srkhalin An intignrntKrcmli{r pronptly uspended shcl\ opeF

ations. i\s soon as SheI ald its paitDcrs iii.:

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"-.J-. ".ir r cort.olhng stikc in

iilt "tl" t,, "trtt om.,l GJ4roD lrqt

sbte seftet; it's almost impossible io ac

.ess inforsation.on radiation .lups, nu

.lar'o@er.siations md ritircil nm.ld*bmirinesj sart fomer N&tl CaPt.

Aleksddr Nikitin; a ftseaK}lerfor tne Non€gie.tunded eco-Iosicalgoup Belona.

ilts ro tonder rhat RDssia

scores imptausibly wel on Yaled Colmbiat xnvnonmeDtal

Pertormdce Ind* On nany. criteri!, ftom air particld to in-

dDstrial .pollution md wter

lndeed, o$cialdoD nov semsto sPend olatioN bv GrtenDenLceir Soirhi.Soon'aFter. rsvOentov re;'ea pr'one calls Jiom

rh. r';];d Reslstrition Chmber drdtdins to.close: his Nco. ahfth led tooonths of inspcctlors dd buerdoatrcDroblems (tl!ous]' Greenped( ontinucsia work in Russia) fie fSB dedLned to

colmmt on XreDd[n's alleSrtions ]n.aFebruarv meetrrqFnth GrfDpeace Russa

roresenutives. Zlutov erplained riat $eNho "hart misuderstood the sitxabon" ;n

Sochi. ,RoFrdiDg potential darnage ft'rntl,e OlvmDic sit€s, Yunv Tiutnfl. musitr

"r n."-"t noou."s md EologY. sa)s:;There'i[ b€ Do real dmase lto the eNi-rcnm€ntl, blt tbcre mav be dmage tolheimDe of our @nntrv: As long as rt rs rm-

.*_-tt'- rft*t *6"tdo, llLich is the

sLte's prionry, RNias r6-st sPc€s wilisttcepgettingdirtier. I

moe timc craeking d(rm on €cotagists

thd tackliDs sotogidt Probtcms',Rnssiab Ministry otEmcgmcy Situa-

dons t.€ntlv qithneu infornation that. BJUona requested fora studY of

. .i"'t* *i'-*"" i*"#,t"

qnality, data provided bY RDssia

$ssast almost Scodinavim le!'els ofpu-

the Arctic o.f,3n, sals NikitinAnd:members olthe EuoPt{?ailiamentwere denied ently toa nucld-qste slongB site atAndreyera Bay on the wlitesea, qen thougb rhc ENPeanUnion had paid to ut oad the\%ste -"OnlY North. Korca and

lnn de rtrore secretive,'Nikitin sls.S;!ce rooo, env;onnental violations'

such s tonc qastc relased fion oil lnds$ plrts, have gIoM iom l4'5oo lo39500, aRordjts to GrenPerc. ln thc

rity. For instance, tbe munEy scos a 99un srosd-ldel ozone, a FJs produced by

ruJ plmts and otber hsrv iDdEtrv, dds6 on a mesrc otair Pollutioo-to thc

8$-

Coasting on Past GloryTHE AMAZON IS STILL LARGELY INTACI BUTTHE

FUTURE HINGES ON DECISIONS BEING MADE NOW.

ffiranks 3dth in the green index,ahead of the United States.

BtoFUaLtAfuA ofsst dne, d hora16

-B} MAC NIARGOI-ISr :t

showed that 5,850 sq;e kilonetds of ibrcst (d mn l&ger thdn Bmnei) had disap-p6Jed fti'm August 2007 to April 20o8-ar? p€rcent spjle Gom the yetr before thepldd tcek notice. "Bnzil hd a fmtasticddo,ment from naiurc butis failing wbenit comes to masing iq' sa,ts Judi.aelClereldio JuDior, head of eNimnm€nLdshidie-s at rhe R@ilid Instituteof G@gnptry dd Statistics(IBGE), &e ceNus bur€u.

Broilt glee! laNls are nol.n ;ilusion. Fou fifths of itseldtric power comes fiom hydrcelectic plmts. It is the vorldleader in bioftcls-nesly 30

trEr.dt ol its (rm Nn on et})a-nol. Thc trorble is that t}lsevirtlB rcfl@t sound d€isions nade in tbe1970s, during the mbitio s miliiarf gov.elm@t of Gen. Emesto Geisel- B@il hrsnot a1wqts folloved thqn up.

Major cities m maned by open sfle$and chokng on mog; d€spite the ien€*€dinterest in ethmol, ne€rly 70 p€Emt ofthecountry's e$ md tucks din brm Itsolineor di*I. with a score of 60, BEal ;s oneoa ine hemispheEt {o$i otrcld€Is on the

E?I fo! leveis oflowlying omDq a bprcd'Dct of bumins fossil tuels md a care ofr$pimtory illDss. Only ,16 permt 01 3ra

"iliaD homcs harc runnnlg water or senage

nains, .cconting to dre lBGIr. Thc hospi_taliz.tion r"te for illnsss due to ia;ntedmter (diarhe4 hepatitis) is five to lotim6 hishd nr dre impoverishal, l1nlnl dd northGt Lhen in the afllucntsoutl, a€ording to the cctsLs. For decads. Dational l€aders ha\€ b(n buildinshiehmys thotrgh the Anu on, Pating theMy lorsdde6. loSsl F J,,d ltrd g€bbrc." Ti ,eqe ,.e nlt rh. mrkl of rDsla;n3ble de

velopnent," sq5 Cleveluio.Bmzil will have to find somc cteative

wa15 to iliscipline its fio.tier, ihere thepoptrlarioD h6 riso lourfold, to 25 mil-

lion p€ople, sin€ 1960. That isDot inpcssible. Th€ nation stnlh.i 77

'nillion he!-tNs of idle

anble ldd otrtide the rainibresr- (Diltilers say they ln6ily double ethdol outputwithotrt topling a single he-tare of min loisL) And thqede ndly 40 million more h€c'tus of desiadqi pastureland

in the Am@n itself that could be wooedback into production.

Fonmitcly, B@il hrs oPtions. Itsboonins @nomy is not beholden to coal-fired povd plants, ed the rain foftslis stillldgelt iDtacl. "B€zl lL6 a rm opl!)rtui.ty to rafflom ,tself into a nch couirymd stil rnaintain it natural capital'saysCleveltr;o. Ifitcs gobackto its old habtofnakins the risht eneironmeDt l mo€s. r

ROM T]tE W]NDOW OI. A

lk,eing, f€w countdes are gidrer than Brzil. Since nu.h ofthis Et temtory in dre hetut ofSoutb Amen@ is still uDpeopled

aDd unbloished, it's not surprising t}latBdn look sood against the backdrop ofa Disileated pldet. It rsks 34th oI 149nations in Yale md Colurnbia's E vironmmld Itfornocc lndei gI@ner rhdlre.irnd (35*r) md tie Unitdl stats (39th).Aut how long v the {runLT be able tohold on to this l;voEble scoE?

To qet e betrer look, you have to go to9,ooo mcten, the altitude ftom rvhic.h theNASA remote seDsing stellite.s step theenlth. Every yqr sciendsts at Breilt Nationai IDstitule lor Spae Res6ch (INPE)pole @o satellite images to produce themosi detanci survey ofdefoBtation oaany&iriotr in the wrld- SDch ddor {s wDBrrzil kudos, but also diticisn. Bllzil is thefouth bigest ontributor of greenno*esas.r globaly, of vhich 75 pffint con€siom the fellng dd bming of foftsts. sowhen data relded by INPE in late May

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BRAZIL WILL HAVE TO FIND SOME CREATIVE WAYS TO DISCIPLINE ITS FRONTIER,

WHERE THE POPULATION HAS RISEN FOURFOLD, TO 25 MILLION, SINCE 1960.I

The l.,east Greenon Earth

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN ENVIRONMENTAL WEAKNESS,

POVERTY AND POOR GOVERNANCE COLLIDE,

fffiEflscores 6 on the,l0oipoint tlreen index,last among allnations.

-ot SCOrr JoHNSON

EVI'R-AI IIUNDI]IiD IIEAD OF C,{MEL, SIIEEP AND CATTI-II STTOA'ED

and b[srled n! the blist€ring aitemoon heai lo-get clos€rto t}le we.ll,

Many oftlcni \rc.c crying and b.nying Gom tlirst. Nearby, also waitingfi, ir rum. hdifu do/en Tou.u.g nohldr sir on

'io'L(c'. c,ny;ng empry

sdce in lddlo.ked NigE,whidr dselopnent: studisliddniit as: theirorldk. p@Btounby, is ielcnds, It . als,partly €{rlainswht in YrleindCrlumbiat Envimnrnent'I Pdfortndce hd*, Niger cmeiin

r yclkrw watcr contlinlrs: Some had traveledh day or morejDst to getto this weu.But th(] hws tlnt govirn water access in tiis vast nnd nrhospitable strctch oftleNigrr Silrd dictate tl]at everyone, man and beast alike, wait his tum. "'I'hislifeh# to end," said'MohammedMousa, a craggy-facedi 6o-year-old dan chiefs/hoha.s been fceding his herd ftom tlis well for halfa cennlJy. He knol{,s th+desert

t.is advmciDg, and tlat lLe ains de ro tlEt lie on re volnmblc 6ing6 of thelonger reliable. "Or life is blo.ked now dftlopmmt spectrum, enr.mmotaLde-becalse of mter- we have to find a wy to gnd^tion md societal collapse oflen goendihcthirsd' hand in land- "Ii tbeE is sltttitg calcd

Ii! dil6d rto.imagine.a mo€ filda- dtftfte wlnembility, ifs whatI sryinnenbl hunrn ne€d: the watdi.Its ab Niger,' els Jd EgelaDd, tbe Unitcd Na"

nnnqr srcc,al irlviseron conflictwho is orlu;tins the impact ofenvircmenbr dease aid, cli_nate change;rii€ Sanel Egionon tire Sahm's boftler-'

r.Ige hs netr ban aI thatgren. M6t of the @ufftside isan imcnse rcp'ot inferdtewinds(Ttsmbland PoloDgdlpdiods of drcushrand fl mding

(rN ia o()jlsrc of.ilJn6s toE enviton- ha1€ b@ prcL'lcms hm lor aslongcaymenLd €(6s) to wa'er quality dd edum one .,B to femmbd; alrn.ar oo pdcert oltton mte.r (DnfirmNgd as,d ()]mple of NigemislireinrDrile$dddependonei'the disasteritlEl crn:Bult*tld enrircn- thtragrionhft org@ingtorwilaLsincenenblv€knsqp@ertyddpmrgover, thel96os;hoq^:E,R\eaich6ha!€re.ord'nm.e co ide (Nig€r soB a pitiablc 6 on eda25peMntdecrea€innin€Iacr6sthethe loo-point EPI scale).ItFs ale arc Sahc.l, r4rft desert sd16*s l2o,o0onindd of h@, in tho* peis of the mrld h{ta6 of aEde land och yatr. Nigmis

rotttEwfJr:InN;y peopt|lom6tim4 na"ellong ilina,c6 toflt,? bottb enhfeshearer

lasL: the woild's 16r gr@n-munirt lroor,scors, eros!,thebDard. Iiom the burdeD of'dis'

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d'npels.tc by ovcmsng Uien shinkingGml2.d, 6.,.ning crosio. .nd caa(rbatingth. ld.l loss. This procese is why Nigcrs.ofs iow on e ircnD.rtrl be.lth nr thc

EtL "lti dicmety difianlt 1or l)@ple bcre

to diDk Gom y@r ro yu or nronth to moriho. @cn day to .laf,' sla Jun BernadI t rnmlh- dircctor ofthc S,,hel M€dical Re

sdch ticiliq'. "'Ir,ey ec jn $naiv.i mode.

Jl drc tin,e, cvcry snigle dar'

rGER'S IIEI'DSMEN ^NI)fdm€N might tE able ro cope

vii} the emtic rai tU by thetime hono.ed method 01 diver-

hcalth nrvarincss rnd nds shockei lry ihercs,lts "Not one ot the peoplc I inte.viewcd had hmrd ol il lV/AIDs," shc s.lys.onc litdc girl's licc |ad eclled up somlrch shc had trolblc brearhirg.l'hc o,l'prit; Ar dDlrashed pinrple.

Nutntior is lacking, too. ?Ls watcr di-minishes, liv6tock hcrd! hdve shnnk,ub;ch mars les mot ancl nrilk to gorouDd- With fams ta;hrs, md,y Nigercisrely on \rild pldts. In tie vjllage ofsdokjSoddy. vendors at a local maket werc un-loadhg a tnck ofl,uge sa.k oflars, f.onlrhi.h people nrale a staplc sarce 'The deperdeDce oD wild producis is an eileltiveindic-*or oalow lerels ofeel-beingl sa)s a

r!rcnt U.N. re?on on dre Salel.with s'Lrch @t chdlengB, ihe goverl

ment has iaken a sholgun app@ch to de'vc.lopmcnt, witr some sdccd$. l} d nor-tality liAtG havc drcpped slightly, a@ss to

DoingMore\ 4th IrssIN AFRICA, BAINFALL AND

i'

I \ sifying t!'eir cmps md herds ifitwer.n't fo. anorhi.r dinEgiDgtrcnd: risingpopDlation. h thc past 40 yws, Nigc*y,pulatjon hd quad.\)ld, tiom 3 mill;onin the 1960s io rnorc tl,an 13 million ioilay' ltis still .rparling at 3.,1 Per€nt a y@_laster than any oLhcr coddry. Thatk patlyl@us. o tu.l Doms falor big fami1i6.brt also beoDsc pa.edLe L.y to comp.nstefor an j art molt^lity nte ofotc in nve. ltl. big dton Njger d'd vorsc on th. llPIthrn Salel Deisbbo.s slc} as Burkjna 1160

2n{l Ma1i. whft birrhratG arc los e.Nlost olNigerk c'tjzcns do 'itjrclt basi.

aderitis like cl€an drjnkn,g \€ter, andsDtrd from eterbome ilhEses och as diiarrba, fesit6 aDd vrious stomach ail-meDts. In thc smalt setdement ofThldar-bolka, a gathding ofa f6v mud hlLs intiennkle ol a rast ul<y plain nled vith thcffNs of goats Dd (]me.ls, a herldnded Amadour rsendy spcnt lour houshalling muddy lvaitr out oI a 23-meterd€p homemadewell to {aed his sm.ll herdotfiE lNs drd 1o goats-'lhe bnckisb mter ws all that rcDainel ofldt y6's wter-shed. Tbe cl@-1fater tat'le lay mother r20mete6 below t}ld sdfae too far to djg,Dd thc nqrest deep ve.ll is 20 kjlom€tersawy, t@ far {or Amadou to tnw€l safely

'ith his Dinals. Alter f€dins his co6s he

brought the buckei to his lips od drdnkdeeply of the bom nud. "lhase popledont have zl@ss to den one gla.<s of cltuwterl says Ariee Krtley, a Yale Mhervho sp€nt y6s in Niger working to impDve mter condjtions- 'They don't Ioovthat they ne€d to boil the mud thcy driDk"

Without \rater, the ldals (ut build in-tastructuft that would bdng €du@tion,health caE or emplo]tnal lifty p€rc€ntofNiger's popdation h4 no access to ba'sic he.lth @re, aeoding to n 2006 study.Kirdcy onductcd an impmused survey of

thc mosi inaccsible a@s. lhe gov@rnent woukl altu like to s€ indrNtrial's.alefimrins, modcm machnrery and larsessrlenng'Jn pl()jqrs replacc sm.ll'sjle rgncultre, whirl' no[i6 somc cxprts- tlttscnrmeflt ofiici.ls "l'eliere thc mdien,iz:tionof tire agf,.ulturrl setor is tbe pdlwy ortof porerq'," sa]s Ccd l lerse, diMtor of thcdrylands Plognm nt {re Irternational Insti'tute li'r !:nvironmerit rd Dr]opment."Th€re's l* edphsis on ho' do yo! he.lp

t]r small famer that Npressts 80 perccntof thc popul3tionl AnJ w,li jdst ovcr rdcLl" of drmu.rl unJer,ts bclt Nig(r is

stDgglnlg to stly ]rolitiol]y sliblc. Even archnra iflesred $5 bi ioD in JuDe in dt oil

'ffi ranks 86 in the €lreen index,near the top among African nations

B./ A NDRTIW IIHRENKRANZ

I1SI AI'RICA IS ONE OF

rhe lcast grecn regions inilrc rvoild, but the nadonot Ghda lE distingoished itself mong ils

dploration dd prosprdiDgdcal, Tbu.Eg rebels in the nonhtbstcncd to atta&, bnefly kidnappins four &encb nationalseorking on urannm mini'g toprotest tbe go1€r mentk reftsalto negotiate witi UEm.

'r'heret not rhddr relid onthe hon?rn. By 2050, the pop!-lation is expeted io have quadruplcd again,ro 55 millioD. Bdole dlaq "you could verys@n have a tippingpoint in whjch yoD harejut t@ ndy p@plc, too mucb livest@a-eF the Unitcd NationS lgeldd. "Thmyou win sddsly see cbild norialiiy gofron nomally uacceptable ldels to e(eptionally horriGc lel€lsl As global \'aniDgthreateos lood supplis thrcughout thevorld, noeiere is the hDgu disis edgiFgcl6ertocatastropheihminNiger. I

neishlDrs, adrieqng a rdk of 86 or Yalcud C{lumbiak Envircnncntal Perfo'-ndce lndd. In sub-Sahaw AfiiG, onlyc.tnn

'nd ihc island nation oaMauntids

mk highq rnd Ghana is bieger ddpoorer than @ch ofthern.

Mdy lactom contibute toGhDa's $ccess. Situat€d on theGtrif of Guins, the couty isendowed with anple minGll,whic.h cnatles its ag|arid €con-ony to enjoy nearly tsic ttreps cpitt output of its WestAfti(n neighbors- Jrst s irn-

portant, chana has been relativeFypeacefried stable since its hdopendence in 1957

md has avoided nuch of t}le @rroptionthat plagues AficL As a result- its instrtu_tions hcve bcm anstile to tegulating de

v€lopmen! 'fhe omtry noB requiFsenvirondrental-impact revie{s for aI de-t€lopment proj6ts. Its ENironmenttI'roteo-tion Agency, opsed in 1974 coordi-nares dforcenent vith the Fot6try Re_

sear.h Institute. The ]\kosombo Dam prc-lides 80 pdmt of$e coutds electicityA Eent oil fitrd, how€ver, rill gire'risitorsto the United Nations climat€-chdgeLd1G, to be hdd in GhalB in August, plenty

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RAINFALL IS DOWN 25 PERCENT SiNCE THE 19605,AND NIGER IS LOSING ARABLE LAND TO DESERT FAST,

tLEAt* Ghand scts ddetf|n bbo da,ts

A LACK OF CORRUPTION, h..r q! , Nimntu\.r r,r '\' r.'r n.,'. SPELLS SUCCESSsinlt snrru t lrnr6 lLlvr

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SavcthePlanet

JUST BECAUSE WE ALL SIN.AGAINST THE

ENVIRONMENT DOESN'T MEAN WE

SI.IOULD BELIEVE EVERY "GREEN]' IDEA

,ByJESSE ELLISON

O GF,T A SDNSI] O!' HO'T WELL'INTENTIONED

peopl, , an lolt rh( ir tlernnrs ljr thc 'er ol grcen

tEssoNs

h}?e, colsider the cise of Fiji Wat€r. W'ith its bot

. tles featuring images of pristine topical flowers'

tie F'iji company shrted to w-orry when critics began ba.shing

the envircnnental impact ofwate. botdes; which i!'ill pile up

in lanrlfills for thousands ofyears. It got morcwoi'i&*len it

beiame fashionable for consnmeN io'crlcr ate &e carborr

looTrinl oi rh, P'odufls Ll cv buy dre xmounr of grennolbe

gas emitted in msnufacturing anA'disiiibution. The bouled-

'vater business has absurdly big feet' udik€rap:vr'ater''bottled

water doesnl low fteely to the p'eoplevlordriok iti butimust

le carr;e,f by go-girzzling t ucksanda]ades in;otdes rnade

of plastic (which is made f om petloldim) So latclast vear

Fiji prsid€nr Rob Six dcci.l('i ro meer rne warer backtash-

hea.l-on with a plan to reduce tle ose ofpackaging, s)r'itch to

more c{Iiciently rerydable plastics and compensate for other

mrbon sins by buying o$sets thll $ould reduce etnissions

elsewherc- His goal iwas io make Fiji not only tr€ndily "c'arbon

neutnl'bul carlron neg?rivc. \ever mind ihat most exPera

say that tle whole premise of carbon ofllets is based ondubij

ous mrii (how to measure a carbon fooQrintl) and morals

canE GaEJJ/x Ind4tr;6 are rdmbl;"x ftr b.o'fr;dAv bragi'yight'

93

L

lraying utl'ers \o yo'r ur' itrlllott)l Corl

s;,mins r l,^ttlc nlFriilvate' will nt lu.ll)rcddce the dnount of carbon bcins re

leas€d iito the.tmosphcre. d,e comPanitoarkdi,iA now clanns

cu,ll;!tr thc r,'vircnmtnt ts .t I his'

to.i. hiqh, seNmting a fl@d of makGhiJi

tus- false clr;ls and doome.L schem6 toachicve rcdemption NlDy ol tir6c !]6nid6surcrndnly1;o @crh)])e, and con-

1,in then the kemel of a sche.rc dnico d work verl wel. Il] thc folloving chap

ttr, we l@k at how hne has oversold sa ofthe hottst gre€n idcas. aDd how re.-e. @sah€-.'e the vorkablc bils- That Pr@as is al

rqdy mdo*y for biofuels, vhich were

onsinJry mbdced will, lvil,l cnthtbiarnd ii its loms t'h,o'su!nJs sun.urt mu\rbesood,rishtt)bDtisno facingablcHasl)thai btulaily distingxishes elicient soltes{cclhLlose) 6on the ine{ncidt (@m). t hai

sane sdity .h@k ne€ds to tE aPplied toocqthrg lmm €rL$,' Ddrktts 0\l'icl'work onl ,n thc |ght toDditionsr h' tl,chse for hybrid qr (orJy harthe tuodels

omtuce ral tucl-ecr,nomy sains) urd the'""pt*;," of g.. rndkcting lu,,e studlfind( wcrrh'n I rEm,tollhr Ll]imstob(lcgitilnate). All de* cass ,nler ,trportantlessors on how pople dd govcmrent-ssbould nove foNdd or gen isR s.

'll,e ,mportanl qoest on is lt'w Lr|ddre other sre{' Lltums) lR.rore 8o,n8lF}turtber, let's agree that bDyDg rrolc F ilv^ier w.nld Dot solve dre worldt climateproblen.) lf;t vere irsly as er\y 5s mdycompaDis claim to eme our carbot f@t_p;nts. why is everybody in a ti?zy aboxtclimate chmge? The inswer t, ot course,t-lEt itt not ihat easy. The similarity beiw€D sals oacarbon offsets ed rnediflalcbuc}l indulgences is stikjng, not l4stb@aur€ tberet about c4ual pr(X)f that thc

MarketiDg deparhnents dont have arnonopoly on nonsolutions. Gr@n eneigygm Amory Ioins has b@r a$ertiDg allhis liae that it costs less to be greo than nolto be. Althorgh lrvitr's ri@s are mw"paiqfinly respe.rable," 6 he puts it, .ompanies that have tiied to put tbem intopmcrie have found it tough gong. Mmyprcblms also dise fron that bme of envi-romentalists md economists, the tN ofunintend€d @ns€quencrs. Biofrels,'+ichhave driven up the pri@ of food rjthouldoiDg rnDch to slice disions, is a classic6e in point. Carbon tnding, the backboDe of most plds to rslure worldwjdeenissioB, als sDjfss fron this ploblem.A rent WWr. repoit lound that the EU's

China !s saving pandas - 0r is it an eco

scam? More at itrdjle$S elccm

enrissions trjdirg schemc codld rsnli jII atDdcial \indfJl for E!rcp&n Pove'ronpanis- I hc slsl{rn, ]'h;ch giv6 grq,n'lrotse gas €mi$;on credits iway fr@ olcharge, codd lcad to a {iJ4 billion gain forGem,anys coal rcl;ant pomt generatore'Many elterLs qu.stion the cxtent to whiciit *ill lorer.dboD cn;ssions ove.all-

'l he prolifention of g@n ndketih)pe rnay be a srnpbm of dle sher mD!pldiv of st€rhg thc global ctonomy to afirturc in which per c.pita dbon ernissionsde 80 perent lottr than they de nov nrdselopd (nuntria, . widely discussed tarrct. Hw mdd' \qll sdch.uLs cost?Niciulaqitm, tome rchieionomist for thr worldBdk od an adviser to the Brilrsh gorem_meDt, has put the cosl ofmaking dmstic cltsin emisions at r p€tunt of GDP H€ mivcsat this figue by LssuniDg d€re! a 50 Pc.-.ent prcbabiliq lhat glob.'l lempmtureswill rise by 5 deglle, Celsis id the ndt €n-hry, lsdins to md3Ne and os& dnru]}tions. "Thc basic wy of Iookng at it is,wo0ld yuu F! rourd I prr tolGDP l'lbnnsdoM dut trobibility frcm rLotrnJ 5r'permt to 3 or 4?" hc s^F.

'Ihe queston of what it will @st to re

du@ d.bon nr thc atmospberc is dln.dtbeduse the dwer depods on now bad weerTe.t thc ctd$ oqglobal @'.iDg to be.

Some e@Don,ists asSme tlEt global Em;Dg vill be l* disnptive tho Stem d6,efectiveli nisins the c(xt oftaking actioDnow to 3 to 5 pe.enr of GDP. Another un-looM js vhat te.tnologies trught disc tonukea6bon n@ tutDre more palatablc.

Eadr +ep oD the path torud a €IlFnaree tutE wil biing more reatisrn to the issue. As gorcmments dd cnmpdi6 getmore experieDce with how to s.ing efiicicn_cie fton t}e ecommy md how to r€aulategrfl marketing chirns. tle l^Irld wectdtrJc1fr of tbe gEn businN wil setiJe

d('m to something a bit more reli.ble EvarD@, some gr14 claims ft legitina&, ofmuse. qtdd (s like Tolota! ftios mdI londa's Civic Hybdd get dmonsd-abty better gs nilege than ihei! non]rybrid eN-t€rparts. Insuladlng bom€ is a surefire myof wios eneryy. Slond-gderation biutu-els such as jatropha hold the prcmisc ofnaking a re2l dmt on tanpiP emisions.Facrories, c2rb dd indusltis oDld vo*nore e$ciendy thm t}ley do nM, to theb€ndit of the eFirctnenL B€tween nowand the\ nDy uneatstic ides eil hat€ tobe smpp€d- What folom is e atiempt tosepanb $e grbage fom the idess thatsho d be Mrcl€4 pernaps in new forms.

REEN MARXXTING COMES INwrs, 'r'he Iast big one h the Unit'ed Statcs hit in 1992, vhen "recy'

chu" md "biodegndabld" first b@debu@ords and the U.S. fe(lenl TladeConnission issned its first geen gDide,clei&ins horv tems like 'recyclable"could bi used Ihat wave faded as t}lenri.e of oil {all i. the late r99os. 'Noviherck a nc'" *a'ei says Jamds A. Kohn,,ihe dirmtor oft'he enforcement division atthc @nsumer trotectio. .d of the U S

I,hdcral ltade Conmission- "ltt really

It $rrc is. Koht sa-vs he kncw lhetsDnMi wa1 coting when he saw ads forthe fi.st "carbon-neut'al Super Borvl,"'tarlEo neltral NASCAR race" and''NBC'S Gren Week." Nw claims de visi-ble in the aisles of dy supemarket orhardlvarc store. The llood ofpromotioDsprompted tl,e FIC to bump uP its scicd'uled review of cDviroroend-mdketjngclaims to last Apnl, a y6 e?ilier tbdpldned. Th? Euiopean Cnmmission recendy toushened voluntary guidelines onecohbcunq, and now xudits green claimsThF IIs nrlc< ,re -not volunLarv. ddcould l@d to prosecltions, *ys kot'-"We try to g€t the wrst otrendes andDakcthem an dmple."

There sho dnt be much touble fiDd'ine candidatB, Scot Case, vi@ prBidcnt of'llrrachoice m envimnnmtal-mtchdoggroup in Ottam, Gnada, saF that whilefew bmds tNd to tie themselees to ?ob-at issusi now it seens "weryoDe is nak-ing $s daims," often "using these terms

$+s

Watch Thoselabels

billion

The estimatedmonlhly spendintlon gmen con_sumer productsand services byttt, ,sNDiEw B;sr, lttNY

Flm GurERl,J,lsoN CrlloxDoRF, rs-'wENTwoRTlr @d cHxrs-roPHDRwERis U.S. and U.X- consumers in 2000'

Thafs equal to $500 billionperyear.@

s4

Il,

t

I

i

'noNirs lhat tiey haveD't be€. dcfnred"$t r€a! -letrachoicc se^l rcsearchem

rnio ;g box stores in Nonh America toevaluire tic grccn clairs of 1,018 co!.!mer producis, ddlbnnd that l,0U werc

llegjtidate, indudnrg beaDtv P.odlclsthat urom6rd d "totf,llv urAanr dpen_.nLt'blt rDcluLLed "7cro evtdcnLe lhJr t}enodnct .oniainei dy olSuic ingredi'Jrts: says Case. ('Itr.choice woD't nlen

nfy the rctlilers for far of lilJel-) "We saw

absolutely- .jdiNhus clains." case savs.

'Ard vague, t@ $ftat lle bcck does

eafth'fijcndll mern?"

I

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iimotile industns. widr bott-lcd vate.close behind. CnnsDD.r electronics dldroewable oe.gy d€ fanng betic.

Sofaritsce,ns tiat fcw g.en consuinern'u'lucts 1,e r0tly dcsigriateJ lhe onlY

ihin' lhat l!rachoicr r^nsidcre,l leglti-nate came froD a bmnd of PaPer iotcls,\vlrich ndde indepe.dcntly cerrificdcl.ims and specified ho$ nuch ofahe toialcont nt riB recYcled.

aEij$Utg vJhtchdos aeencies shouldhave the power to Prosecute falseclaims: clearer definitions rcquired-

'Beryqqflrq1fo Flyb!.ltHERE AXI' FE$T s\ANBOIS OF TBRso.al grecn virtDe more PoPulrrhan rnc hvbnd cu. And some like

dsienrLr^,'. s 'run,i 2rru7 h)bLiJ. Chc'f:2oot Srlv.mrlu d,d $e :oo7 CNlC Sicmlrybrid pich,p de examPl6, sayr DaudFrierlmu. re*dh dired)r for the Unionol Corccmed Scientists' Clcan Vehicles

Pn,gtu '. I l/.n tl,€re.'r- musrle hybnils,"whr.Jr us. rhr I'atttry to ho'st tl'e t.ofr r ola bis cnsire tuther than to itroease tuel

econ;my lle Lms liie md hybrid Honda Ac@r.Ls fal iDto ilis r:ategory savs

FricakDan. Cha cs Thtrito, spokasp€mon

lor thc Allidcc ofAutomobile Meufaclrn_cE. s.y\ U,at rn thr pasr, bbnd ostomere*w lielell-root1* only ont olmany tmporbnt,rcto6, nnd ruiomJkers Mre simpV m*ting $osc vred de mds in thepst i]rce months, he sals, a "very d.nmatlcshift" in consmer delnmd is prcducing amuch d@tr locs on tuel economy.

Consider HoDd!. last year it ditched iishyl,n,ls. Spokcspe6on Chris '

Most claids vere not Alse so much .smisleadins. Sone g?$ase bags' fot inrhnce, rre promoted 6 'compostable'impliing thai you crn throw tliem into the

comlJost bin and by sPiing rhey']l bc lir.til_izci llasric bags, of outse. t.kc thou-san.k oI1€aA to break {lowr, ul6s t}evaresentto an institutional composting fa

cilitl thlt snrs vaste with hlgc tradors todeatc hat an.] sPdd decomPositionIlost(D$n,ers dont do rhat-'I heylbrcNthe lags away, tnnrkirg they wiU ntag'cally

dcmate.ialize 'nto

dirrDn ti.i' ontMmy beaoty products mrrketed as "or'

xa.rc ,'r 'n.t,'tu1- r.tuJIy LonLrin ln$illircl". IYo., prtloLorm ic the prorluLtofde.ayed plJnL\ inll r ,L,iils L,ul tjrJt\ n!r*hn . '^h'n.,b 1,"!( in rfi, J $h.n tJ cvpay n prcmium for orgxdic. ,And because

DetJochcni.als are nixcd wit]l so maDv'nonorganic chemicrls, it's eve. a stretch tocall then "natDmi-" In April Dr Brornerb,aline ofbearty producrs, filed a la suitiDcalifomia Supcrior court againsl 13 PG_sonal-care brands, lncluting Aldon, JlsoD, Kiss My Face and llst€e Lauder, i)rJeceptirr Jd iak. advertising A,nongihc;Lims we.e tl,al KrEr Mv FaLes Ob-sssively Orpitnic" cl%nsrs containedolefin slfonate, a petr@hemical, md tharAvllon "Olganics" contain rhe pcEochdical Amdiopropyl Betaine. Thc defendantssay tbat the se ofp.ocNed oil de;mtivsdo6 rot undermiie thcir "rll naturil" la-bcls, and call tor a clcarer legal dcfinirionofwhat constituts 'tco- friendly." A'othertm is also trying to lend credibility to theiDdustry by creating a "Greentarhing bd6" lveb site, there con$men cm mte

$ed ad €mptgN for accurdcy oarhealajms. The site, established by usiin, Tt-{as-bd€d environm€ntal-mdk€ting fim EnvnoMedia, h mltaborationwith the Univ€rsity bf Oregon, ajms iohelp con$ne$ und6tdd autheDiic mdinaurheniic green adeertising, dd sinccluunchn€ in lanuaJy, some lr3 aals lrcms; coDtries have been posted dd reviNed. Among the Web site's most cgFgous 'srenivasheB": the energy md au-

f

t kaushto says thc vebic]e tned to balDcetucl econony and lErfolrnuG in a mYLhdt Dr.ved !nfrruld. Ii( sa)s H.ndo hacl.1med fr.m rl,r floo anJ rs nuw f@\insl,vbnd do.l.ls s"leh on iueldfioenc.v' rhc n,,intsefiiircn, v. Pcnnevison lxsfouth irj"s n scvo yiars, and turns ;nthc c^rs every tlvo ye&s before the td;ailit rurs out. InedDaa drives a HondaCiric HX- rvhich hc .onsnlers simPlcrtechnolosr lhat gct's almost &s goo(l

nrilas- Js tnc hybnd. n.r a muth luwer+r.rrpr .i,,. "ln *r. nrd tcm. iti ties,mpl.r r.rl'nolo$ rhltgcts us firther," le.."4 " tl, rrk rh. ,'\tensk to dl of th 6.'

lm eovernments need to tliinkabout what kind ofhybrids they arebuying for their own fleets, or pmmot-ing through tax and other incenlives'

th; lbyoia Piiis (more thd a million s{tdworldwide, g€tting 46 Diles to thc gzXoD)

de the.sl deal. Butjust b@use a vehicle;s a hbnd dosn't nean itt green' lbrryPcnney sals his PiDs gcts a 50 pdrcnt efllcieDcy boosl liom hybdd technolos'/, vhilesome copycar.s get or y lo Prcent. 'l go in_

to car dealerships and they by to led ne alinc of ctp;' sqts Penney, the tecbnologynrr,gtr ror admnLrdrehi.le. tu,dtuels aL

th" U.S. Nctiunal Re netrrble Enersv Lrbonrory- ln lacr, half of dll hybrid vehicls.unently on the Ddket are Do more ftel'etrcient tlian iliei. Donhybnd vefions, ac_

cordins to thc Union ofconcemed Scidlists. T"he othfl I'alf arc phonjs.'FtollowI'ybhds'livr ncrths tbe hybnd red,nology a battcry that boosts the combustionengiDe-nor t}le e.ficiency to qardrt the

2,296Growth rate ofglobal hJbrid-carsalessince 2000.h the U,S., theworld's targdstperCent

hybrid market, sales are forecastto rise 286 percent thmugh 2012.

HowtoEatGreenRGAN]C FOOD LoI'ERS ?REFER

Iocatly sroM vegetables in Frt be-

cause tnev aslme local is greeneilocal tomatos lnvel feeter "foodin d oil-tueled vehicle to gtt &om

field to tabk, nsht? lt sounds lod€"l, but itdo€st't hold filtered water "Food Inils are

35

smly

LNEWSWEn* I JUTYTJULt I,1,2003

a grcal indicalor of locahess," but rot ofendronment l impact, says Rjch Pjrog,

Lssocjatc di'ector of lhe liopold Ccntcr

for Sustaimble AS5iculture at loea Stalc

A big shae of Iood exPo.Ls are lnritsand regctxbls shipped bebeecn the

nonhern and soulhem he'nisPhers totakc adqntage of altcmating wiDt€rs Auisrc{ing i}en locally might tlke nore cn_

ersy -to hot, lighi and ifigate vinierE€enhouses-tiran to shjp the food "YoD

cd'ijust look at the tr2nspoiarion piece,"

sals Gail Feenst.r, a lbod analyst at lhe

Unive.sity oI Californja, Davis. "lt's one

Di€c ofdE vhole ptzzle. It nisht be a bigpiecc, bnt more likely itt a small pjet' ofthe food chaiDt entironnental impaclsl

The method of tmpon matters .rmuch :'s $e distmce froD fitm to iark.Sea-liciglrt emissions ar€ 16 thaD half.hose of arlieight, tnins arc clcoet thantncks, dd a bactor tmilc! is a Sree. nachne comparol with m old pjcllp. II youlilc ast of [ltDnbDs, Ohio, itk actxr]ly

reener to dink French lloldead tlunuinc from california. whid, is bucled overthe Rdkies, says oDc sru.ly- How food isgroM @d i,rreted is ajso key: Ncw Yorkstati appl$, fbr instance, {s bc less

q&*66

CarbonQmfirsionr_r-t H. nr77rF:sr oE ^l,L GrdiEN' I .r.". ,. -.r'"" "r.era Th. rlc-l is

I rr'", 1"" ""' p.ry someore io (umper,sate Ior your ompolluting wals. ({n'I'a ns lJ.e Tlrm?ass ind Climates.rt +llcustoners certifietG for prcj@ts that willsupposedly shrink their cdbon foolpnDian nldividud rcrcion of the widely toutedcarbon markel ly-some estimatae. t]le p€r-solal olket ddklMs worlh $10 nillionin 2oo7 and is gro;ng fast. Th.t nray .otbc a good thing.

It's er_lreftely dificDlt to a.rudtely cal-d,l'fc eiher the rmonnt of carbon to$cdor by ih€ q?ical household oi aiiinefljght, or thc mount of cabon absorl*dby otrsct prcjectr like plddng 1]€es, fdndins green .esea.ch and the lik . Itb alsovery hdd to figDre oDt where the DoDeyspent on ofliets r€aly goes. 'Ot a ftnda-me4lal ]Ad, ofscts arc frauduient because it's impossible to quDtify how nDchof an oFset any project genentes: sqtsKevin Smith, a Hwcher at CdboD lladeWat.]r. "Yotr end up having to spe@late on

'-take the caae ofairlins, which have ie-c'ently ju;rEd on the ofiset bandwagoD.Airlines like Delta now ofi'era flat mte oflset $5 for domstic flishts, $r1 for inter-national flights, Others, ljke ContineDtal,otrer options: oD a New York-LDdonflight, you {n buy e olfset for $r2.4r (reforstation projects), $32,51 (rcneffibleendgy), $36.20 ("gold srandad" renew-able de4y and enersy eficiency) or$23.38 (a combinadoD of all three). Thattirree rildly direrent pnc€ points udpack ges och spposedly prodDces titesame total redDctioD in carbon misionsspealG to the lack ofagreement on whatde6ns m otrset. Bnd MDllis, prsidentof Susiainablc Tlarel, tbe mmpany that

prorides the {)lkets to ContirreDlal, salsthat whilcthe package do hxle the smi.csr;matcd impacl the hgher-Pi.ed o!tjons havc a pote.tirl "'DDltiplie. efectbaDsc thq pmnote longlctD slstai*.blc de'clopDc't.'A metJic ton is a metric ton," hc says. "But how it\ geDclrilcdhas ditrdcnt bcnents. wele tryins to gi*custoirers the option."

Thc commo! hlla.y lbr offseis is thatthey lead diicctly to activi[s i]rat conpen'ete Ior the carllD released by thc activjtyln qustion. In thc d$e oldre plme l]ighl,that is tne only for the &eapest option: reforestation, the planting oftft6, v}ich absorb orboD. Bxt figuring ou. how muchi.volvers a sens oI speulative as$np-tions about tlE eneqy @st of plantingthe nee, the tutn.e grcwth ofrhe tm ddso oD. "lt's very unprcductive to leavc Pco-ple with $e nnpression that se colld pos

sitrly tlant odr way out of dre problem,salsjoe Ronn,, d cr?crt who bas t.stifiedbefore the U.s. Corgr6s on calboD ofliets.

Thepncieroptjons 6orn fi rmsl;kesusLanrable Tnvel ;nvohr paying othr linnst , undertale somc adnily d@clolrnq a

winddil or sold poel, lor instece dratone day may l..d to rtubon emissions !cductjons- lhe .ustomer bqts m offset,and jn retum gets .n abstract ard o{icnunprolable plonisc b redu.c ct,issiots.Auden SchcDdl€r larned aboul what hccalls this "wild wst" m kel thc hanlway. As the id housc 'torpontc sustainabilitr" advocate for the AspeD Sk;ing co ,

€oLieDdb' *F those jnpotcd liom Nov'Ze.land, *l,ere groting corditions -pmduce grtater yields vjth less energy-

The meat cquation is also emplicated.Somc stud;es show ilnt cattle fed on gE-ss

at local orranic farms cmjt 40 percett le$

.t3.opercent

2012. ln 2007 alone, the value of thismarket rose by l0.g percent,

mcthdc (a potent gmnhouse gd) odconsume 85 p€r.ert Iss enagy than cowmised on concdtEted fe€d at indusldalnnches.l hen it @n€s time for slaughter,howev€r tle orgeic fams nu-st oftenship cows to and fton ce ]aliz€d slaughtdhosB belore distibutjng the m@t toretail ma*ets. By the tine tocal beefreaches tbe plate, itt ncked up more mjlstnaD industrial beef Regional fe)d-tnn{rcd systems de eight to 17 tinesmorc eficient thm loc.l ones, says theliopold Center- So 1o@l tomatoes may totbe as gr1n as they app€i

ffi stares neet to encourageeffideDcy market by market, ralherthan assuming local is better,

ss

Predicted grov!'thraieofthe globalmarket for orFlm-ic and local foodand drinkthrough

$selmillion

value in dollars ofthe global marletfor voluntarycarbon otlsets in2007. T]}at repre-

sents a 241 percenLincrease fromits S97 million value the vear before'

in Colondo, he p€jsnaddl lis mployer tosp€nd $42,ooo dnDrll, on RenelqblcEDersv Cr€dits, or RECr, but changed hismind last y€"r rhen closer study ieve.ldthat the cheD REG be had bought prcba_

bly wer€nt h;ving nuch impact. "ltvasn tmy finest hou: schendler sa]6. -Thcre degood od bad REcr atd the public has noclue, rlou'rc a busiD6s, n+ly would Youbuy the sood onesiwhy spend $lTowbenrou rculd spend $2 dd e€t ihe same IRDneasel_ Jn d w€s ated industJy. the

6bon cowboy is kiDg.

ruKimunu there is an agreedmethod for delining ard calculatlngofbets, goverhmentsShould considerlimiting, not promotiDg, lheir spread.

NEWSWEEK L JULY ZJULY 14, 2oo8

A NlarketforGrhn

! comtary! takjlg doncy f.om theCDMLo close doM a pllutiDg fa.tory and us

nrs it to btrjld doiicr one. Grjurat Fltro-

rochemicals, d Indian comPaDy, nadee27 nillioD in tle last tnrce months o1'

2006 (triple ils tor'Ll Lomlany (.ming{,,vcrth€lrrrbdbrclin lalH., nJrtlrum thrsale ofcarbon crcditsio EDrope. The bRxt,' trofits,e{p€nssoy I L.l) l,elpe.l i, hn,lr15 consl.ucbon ul r ns Pldt tu make'reilon and caustic soda. which are ldlt|oll',Ld'G. {GttuBt riluorcLhem .ak,onl'lnl be roJtrd lbr Lommcntl lnshon, oveFight js p@r. "Thsct a lot for!s to learn," says Dan Esty, m etvironmcnrrl.la\v profes.ar ii Yje Unneisiq'M.+ nor,hlv $E leLd to l,ate ,L n,Jrk€t

th"t t,s "'u"i'

grelter auditing u,.l the

ceriiJicadon io really make ste thal mon

ey iswell speni andprciccts eautheDiicand rerifed."

The U.S. market, being volutaq! has

hecn ,cllng its drbon .red,ts lirr tno

che'ply lor $l tu $s pt, lon rumldetlvitb De CDM, wherc credits trade lor l0times more.'fhe d;cr cpdcy is dDe to lax

st nddds ih:It donl,rtnply widl irtcmational ascenreDts. ltli4ts Guch 6 db.estatioD) that are coNidered l.gitimateoffscis or tlle CCX are not reognized inEutuDe; wth n'^re crcd,rs inil,L,le andrr-* ;l i demtu'd fd, tl,em. thev re scll;nscheap. Still, tne uS. Clngr€ss ;n NoErnber dnDoDD.al thal it 1's going to beomccrrbon qeufdl by buying enough ofsctson tie C(X to Degare t}je imPact the

r6ushly 3o,ooo nebic tots of arbone$itteJ drnuJly I'y iLs duqutten.oalbl,mins power phnt {t $2 'r7 I'er ton

Cr.srgss spert Dorlt $9o,ooo on ofl:€t-s

that rcluded plmting Deq', urdergroundsroruee ofro6on ,lIoxirl., Dd wind aDd

sulrrDowcr-B rsbscqDdtrudrtfoundtnat; number nfthc prolc.fs w.uld hNthappencd .€gadls ofwbethei thc offsets

had b@n pMhded or not. For mnP]e,tamers iD North Dako&! who were paid

io til dleir lud in a way that baps crboDud€rgromd, told .lv,shingtot Posr re-porle. t})at they would have sorked ihismv er en .ntiout ofse rs.

i r -' ' l.l i2ke 116 ro hamms out s ef

f€tia€ crbon-tnding scheme' "fwe'rc geins to be s*iot's, ive haE to put tbat rurketiDtoaffil rwulrtory sructN. sitb manda

nd misions @luctionsl sl$ &tY. TheloiDtary ntuket in the Unitql Stats, forinstmc,'does not ha'e any degre ofEgu-lations, artd d a ruult it's more or ls ju.+

pmcticing for thc r€.1 d@l to cone "

, carbon trading couH wortqbd.only if participation is mandatoryald reg[latory ovet'sight is strict.

Gasoline Substinrte

^ r ! F.R^L S-fLrIriES ^ND

SrlKlN G IOOn

\prics hrvc ,l.hu*ed tl,. €l,cf rhrt\ J.thJxol. m.Jr h'm lcmcntrractu!s,is . grrn subditure for saul,ne Ethrnoll€ll trom ArJcc bE ausc ir ielJs at mostonly a lhnd more enelgl than ir takqs tonmdule- Thc 5e&Lh is now on for nore.m,,- ' '.'tnna "ou..""

ol biotuels |keiatropha and sl]gd me. one Promjsing.,bdi.latc is cellulose- a sdbsto@ foNd iD

About 20 fims in the United Stat6 are

trriLA to d(ri\e edDnll frcD vlste croPs.

Ii 'e

DcDarinre, ' t of tsnersy ns edmuked

$385 nillion over four yes for six priEtellrns. one of t!em, IllueFirc Dthdol, is

bujldins i pilot plant in (]3lifomia alons'side 3 lddfiI, which supplis celtulose.

I

O'T'H CANDIDA'|ES FOR U.S. IRESI'dent have corne out in favor o{ a cat_

bon-tmdjng scheme to Prorde r{ice na.ket iD.enlivc to ftduce the P'oduction olgcenhoDse gases Utde. these''caD rnd tnde arnnsemcnis, govem

nerrs imposelinits on the2mount of.arbon ttrat fa.torics or companies are al'loaed to em;t, and require those who wantto dcced thc linit to buy ctbon credit-s:'

Since 2005, developed conntdes like Atrs

tali. and CaDada havc hrd randatoryndkets nr llace, and the Eurcpean Union'has becD tndnlg crrbon crcditssin.e 2oo2under it-r \oluttary Pilot Pmgran Sincthe U.iied States lrasn't ntfied ihc Kyoto

ti

I

i

Ii_

{_

tL

rt.

{

I $64billion

re]EMTPmlected a;nual

1 n A crNth rate or

I Z.-1 ine 4olal nioruetsmarket throuahpercent 2017. production of

ethanol. th; badingbiofuel, could hit27 billion gallons per year by 2014-

growth was the tu's carbon exchangeNhich doubled in valueto $S0billion'

a-ftem€nt, carbon ;s t'aded instead on theChicago climate Dxchese [CCX), or-rently the worldt only voluitary carbon-

[videD€ that 4€n liuropek hig]rly rcg-ulated scnene is vorking is veak at bst.One idea b€hiDd the Uiited Nations' CleDDoelopmmt Nlechanisn (CDM), $eplgg1m tleIU rd oth€rsthat hde ntide-d Klobo defolowing. is thatindusrislion countiis likc Fmce dd Britain wilpay tbeir couierparts in lndia ed Chinato enit less carbon, fnancing technologiestlDt a1low then to build nore-eflicienrfactories. Thc problem is ihat cven &oseddeloping couDbis that ha'e ntified Ky-oto dent expqted to redu.c th€ir emis-sioDs.s ch meaDs there's nothing to srop

Value in dollars ofthe globalcarbonmarketin2007.Tbe key ddver ofcarboutrading s

rims like BP GM ^nd

Dr"ont aft lnalinsexplomtory investrDenls. Verenium. dr in-deDodcnt fim. last month oPened a

small plrntthat us bagzsse- . b}?rcduct

C€-llulose is spetialy rppeiling be'cause it is d€rived from wrsie, but its un'lltr sactly what bpe of ffite wil workl,at on r commmiJ s.le.As a rsult in

v6to$ de eutious "A lot ofmonoy is sit- 'tinc on rhe sidelins,' savs Utrivssity olllli;ois Geanher Dr. Chris Somwi e.

"Ihe potmtial is big enongh to see d€€p

ffi Finding a world-beating newbiofuGl ouictlv will take lots of on€yand lhe nerve to lose some of iL

$

L Suson H. Greenberg '

I'm So Tired of Being Green'LLADMIT IT: I AM I-APSED RECYCLER. \VIIEN CONFRONTF]D RXCENTLY WITH AN EMP1Y

i ar of Deanut b utter, rether than sodr it in hot water to remove every last smear belbre placing it1n the-recacling bin. t simply tossecl thejar in the trash can (and quickly covered it with greasy

paper towels to avert the wrath ofmy eco fanatic husband) In my mind, I made a quick-and

I

highiy -unscientific

calculation: saving the planet from one little plasticjar wasn't wortl my time or

the hot water necessary to clean it.I may bee'rong about that. But the fact is, I don't ktov what to

belicve d\nore I'm sic.k ofdervone lrod Al Gore to the guv who

mo's my smss telling m€ to "go gr@n." I'n tred olsiftins throughtlle "ec. Mfe".laims ofproducts as diverse s .ledsers, (:{s and

c@kics: recycled, recyclable, reusable, organic, all naiural. envi

ronmcntn\ ft iendly, environnentrliy preferable, environnentdIr safc, biodesr{lable, compostable, ozone_ftend ly, zcro_orbon,carbon nentral ... the list js linited only by tJre ituaginations oJ

Lh. md, \ptincBFnru. tu sl,c d.vdoPrlir' !,1etue droqints;n

]ieles itt only a ftatler oftiDe be{brc instatce con,panter rdogniE jt 6 a ircatable t)syctrological ailmmt. "I comPare it to PISD, Doe-rmumxtir stre5. drsonie, l. .h( say5. " Yeds xgo. $ere\trn r

i l.ibel ror n. l he,. i n r a dksno'u" lab, l l now l lortsr*n f"dgu'or eco-aNiety. At some poidt ther€ pobably will be."

wc can only hope to live so loDg. The gowjng seBse otsreenfatisue stems iD part arom ll,e feeling that no matter ulatv€ do, itrvili nerer be enough. t ow. aToyota Canry hybr;d, ha\e repiaced

rcushly a 6ird ofour light bDlbs with compact fluorescent onsthoush 1 should confess I''e

chanssl a few b@t to tDcandscent bccause the tirne delay ddcold light.lrove me c€zy-ddrecyc.le fairly rclisj ously, haJd'to-denn alntajncrs notwitlNtdding.YetjudginsftomthedaityDe s,

t|e earih's predicmett grostsonly norc dire EtbioPid rDnerrhile Gebreela.sie bd pulled outofthe olynpjc m.rathon be.aseolBejjins'stCLt. pollubon TheILS F:ryironmelt l ftot€.donAscncyr*ently foud tha.345 of7oo Amdi@n counties monitoredhad air qualig considered unsafe1o breathe. "The discusion aboutc}lalogi ngou r light bulbs. aboutw.shins ou r laN(l ry on arowcrsetting, al! seen to be very PettY

many vaFe, dubioDs or breathicsslt hri'cd assertions thrt sonetirrs it: csjerjusttothosthesticly pslut.})utier jar away.''Confrrsion crmres in!dr shock,"says Suzande Shclton, CEO ofihc Sbelton Group, a U.S. mlrketing trm that moaitors Amerie s

envjronndtal pdsc.'^ndwheD.onstmers m confDsed, thcyjnst

I an not alone in my gteenfatiguc. The Shelton Cruup's latststudy, En€rgy Pulse 2oo7, rd&ilcdthat betveen 2006 and 2007,nmocN' enthusism for cncrgy-efii.i€nt producrs dd scnicer fellamss the boald. ADons its fiDdings: the ntrmber ofgre-en or eDer-gy-edicienr adivities consunerssa;dtheypairiciparedir! such s rccycling or riding a bike tordxk instead ofdrivhg-dropped liorn an avengo of3.63 in

apDroachs ro $har,s heinadsmibql usa glsr tl;marc easdo'pie,- sars lme Parron, eofouderotUre Mdiltsro club. s hich

is com mtt e.d to prer enti ng rolosical dl(asra wi $oul linjtj ng

hurnan potential. "Cheg;g a [glt bulb isnttheffiy fornEd."So what;sl DNironment cPerts sean to agree thai &e

best wy tojolt.onsumers out oftheir green daz€ is to instigaterelorns fiorn the top donn, tjke putting a pnc€ on @rbon 5nd

iDcluding ailtine missions in CO, redlctioD t rgets. "ftlerewere strorger inFdtn,chr.€l chdgs, tben you vould have a

cl€{r lead {ion the political dd mnomic l€ade6hip ofour s@i-

erv. and you q on t hrve thal kind ol fatisue,_ saFlim Bastdmtive drrenot of rhe U. K: climate Ouu each and tDlormrionNet'ork. "Itt individuals who get demoralized. ThG has to be

collective action." It taks a tilage to re(,fcle a perNt-butterjd.wi.t AN^ F.I.EN^ A7PURU. dd C Rl$oPtrRWEmH

2006 io 3,o lst y.ar. tr\rthlnoE, the nunber of GPondentswho .onsided energy etrciencT "important/dliemely itnportdt" in doiding wbethq to buy a prcduct fe.ll ftom 72 to 67 per_

ceDt. "We e relly s@ing a backlsh to the whole green thing,"sals Shelton. "r /eve tes-ted envirommtal mas.saging for some

clierls lately, ddve get a lot ofeye rols od deep sighs. We hearthings like'I m s tu€d ofthe green l.be.l being slapped on dery-thing,"I'n e tired olbeing gdlted iDto b€itg gen'."

A nw 6dd, @o-psycbology, h4 even ariseD to help p@plecope with their motlnting "e@-udieq/ worisnotjustabontd)e planetb health but also about theit oM enviromqntal ;nade-quacies. Mefissa Pickett, a se]f-proclaioed oo-psTchologist adpsident ofthe Sornwais Center for Conscios Evolution, be-

ONE RECENT POLL SHOWED THAT AMERICAN CONSUMERS ARE INCREASINGLY

UNLIKETYTO SPEND MONEY ON ENERGY-EFFICIENT GOODS AND SERVICES.

ItrOUI{tAlNS OrT[OUEU: ro 6 /eqclingftd]l! naht a bfi?

98'

Ey ffirtry ffiTemswreo ffimm.trfu $s ffiff..

:;j

E

l]rt necned 290lal14 exploded t}lroughno.rheateb ILst.Jia lt ertainly lek€dd,at way last yei as cudaitr offire dd dlsttumed the ski€s of lndondia oftrtge,

rrm-FrrnoLlslv dubbecl Ca6 br enqronmenta|<t Jrmes trklod

inank to drcught-tueled bl.zes*eeping the isldd natior It @r-tainly looks that wy s se.tions ofice the si@ ofsmall ouhtries olvefrom the disintegnting Arctic odnnhictic. And ir crtainly loolsrhat way a the soddeb @kageof New Od€ns @nbrues to dolil,er, while tne waters of the Adarhcgather themselves for a new huri-ane seaon just tve fuodlls ,e)rDis.rters have alwys been withos a.d $rely alM/s will be. Butwhen they hn this hard dd comethis fast-when the emcrgency be6mes @mmonplace sometiinghas gone gievo8ly \mng. Thatsooetling F globat waming.

The image of Eartb s o.gan

has probablr been oveNorked,butthat s not to say thc pidet @!itbchave like , liviDg [,n{, sndtb6e days, it's a iiving thing fighring a fever Fbm heat Mve tosto!ru to floqls to fires to ma$fueglacial melts, the global cltmatasems to be cnshins around usSctcDtists have beD elliDg Lhisshot for deGdes lhis is pr€iselywhat they have been wmingwodd happ€D tf we continuedpumping greennouse gls intothe

'tmoQhere, tEppjng the heat

tng global tenpeEblrdEnvironmentalists and law-

makers speni yqB shoutjbgat onemother about whether lhe grinfor@ts were true, but in tbe partfive yeds or so, the sertous debateha quietly eDded. Clobal wlming, even mct skephcs hare con-clude4 is the @l deal, and huDanactivrty h6 been Gds]ng it fthereMs dy cnBolation, it srs rhatiheglacial pace ofnab€ rcutd give usd@ds or eveD bentuns b so.r

that fiows in ftom the sM ed dn- -

would takL decades ro play out. SDddertvand unexpeciedly, Lhe cris's is upon us.

It ce.tainly l@ked rhat liay last r€ek 6ihe nnnosphelic lbfib that rE qvcloneLa.r' a Category 5 sronn eidr wtrd bnrsrs

But glaciers, jt hr.ni oua, can move wrhsrprising speed, and so on nahle. W}arfew people r*koned oD w:!s that global climate systems are booby trapped vith iil>pfirg poinB aod feedback leps, thBhddspast vhich the slow fieep of environme. -Lal decay givas way to sdden aDd self-perpehrating collapse. t\rmp enoud Co,into the sky, and that last pan per million olS.eenhous Sas behaves Lke the 100ti d%reeCelstDs dMt ttd a por of hor rvare. into a

O ONE CAN SAY EXACTW 19HAT ITlooks like vben a planet takes i ,but it probably l@t! a lot likeEarth. Neve. mind wh.t you'vehenrd .boDt global warming as aslow-hotion ehergency thar

plure of billowtng stam. Melrenough Cr@nlan.t ie, ed your€.h the poinr at wiic} rDu renot simply dtppinB melr'arer.nrb &e sea blt ddmpDg *boleglacieF By ore re.eDt nefu,se!€nl Gmrldd ice shets h,wdoubled rheir €te of slide, edjust lan week thejoumat scn@published a stDdy su&le$insliEt by the e.d of tie century&c world .ould be locked in toaneventualnsc in€a lewLof ahuch a 6 m- Nature' il seem,hds fiuly got a bell,{xl oI us.

Things are happeniDs a lottuster tha. anyone pEdicted," eys B'Cbareids, chjd seiotist for the.dv@qgroup Enviro.menbal Defe6e and a formerp.ofesr of ah;s?henc chemistry- rheiat 12 mondB havc b€en alming: AddsRurh Curry of rtrc Woods Hole O€aDogEphic Itrsrirution in MlFchBens Th€r,pple thrcugh the scientinc .omniuniry is

' And its not j&st sciefisrs whoare taking notice. Even s nature $osses ite iipping points, tl,e prLlic seDs to hrverac]led its oM lror ycarr popular skepdcism aboul climatologrct sierce stood

'nthe vay of ad.lrcssing the prblen! bur rbe@ysayers many ofvhom wre on the !ay-roll of enersy .ompanies have becor,c anincr%ingly marginalized bre€.I Ir a newTrM4,{Bc Newvstdford Unjve6ity po ,457. ofreslDDdentsag@ thst global mming probalrly is baplEning Momvei mostres?ondenG ey they y@t some acnon bk'en. Oftbose polled, 879, belieE the sovemmot sho ld eiihePen@ungeor. requirelowering ol power pl.nr emlssiors, and857, rhmk smerhing shorrld be done to get@6 Q re less gasoline Ern EEngelic.lChistiais, one one of ihe most reliable,.-:@lulrs in L\e colsen?tiw b6se, are de :

mnding actio4 most notrbly in rebdary,utFn 86 Christie leaders forised theEEngeliol cliftate Initirtive, demdingthat Congre$ resulate sr*nhoNe gas.

A collectioD of new global-v:min8books is hitiing the shehes in response tothat awakening interesl fotlNed closelyby Tv and tleatncd ddcuDerbnes: I'benrost notable of them ts .{n InMDe ientArutri, due oui in May, a profile of fomervie P.esident ,41 Gore aDd his climatechanae mrk, lvhich is geneEting a iot ofprerelmse buzz ove' an unlilev topic and2n eqoally unlikely std. For all its iack ofHollravood fl6h, the.film compeDsates byconvqang both the hard eence of globalwaming and Corei p3rticular I)rsion

Such public stirings re at ldr gethngthe lttentDn of politicis and Ldrnetsl€ade6 who trhy not dm's rdpond to

s.'en.e btrt havc akecn nose Iorwhere votes and p.ofils lie U.S.state and lo.?l lawnaken haaenarted taking adjon lo curLrem'ssions, dd major @rporationi are doing the eme W.lMirt 16 begun istallirg windturbiir6 o. its stores to genetulccldtricity ird is talking abortputttrg solar reflectors over iisparking lols. HSRC, the woddss.cond la.gesi bank, hd pledsedto neutnlize il5 @rbon ortputbyinvcstingin wind fams ad othe.g.en pniects Even Pcsident

Bdsh, hardly a favorite of geens, mw ackDwl.dgcs clnnaie cldnge and boasts ofthesteps hc is tahrg b tighi it Mo$ of tlro5€siepl lowevc., inrolvc Bach a.d voluntarv .srissions .$dlrols, not eFctly dre lalB$ih le& rientisLs are olling for

k it ioo late lo r.ve6e tbe chdrgesglob11 wa.nnrg has Mought? ]t'ati still .otclar Ileduc'ng oxr enisions output year torea. ishard enouglr Geuing ir low enoughso drar U,c alnosphere ar |c.l is, Dulhgencr.ijo.al.ormitment "Eosyslcrns aruusDallr able lo,nairtair thenrselvesl $)s'|c.ry Chapin, a hiologisr isd trofe$or ol

eeloSy at the UDivedity ot Alaska [anbdrLs "Aut eventuallt rl,ey gcr flBhed totle Iimit of toleaDcel'

c02 AND !Hi PO'"E5i5 A TIN'Y COM 11]NENf OF OUa.boD dionde belpe.l wam liarth ro comfortlevclsweareall ucd b. Bu oo n,.r, dfit do6 d awf,n loi of damage Tlre Eas .ctrgents just a few hxnd..d pans per miltun(p p n.) in dre ovenl air blanket, but they rcp@erfJ palts bemuse tneij' alow suntightto stJean in but prevent much of rlE harIiom iadiahng back olt Dunng dr last ieage, the atmosphcrel CO, co.ccntrationw6just 180 p.p.n., puning Ear intoade€pfteez. After dE glaciers retreated lrut be-for. tre daw of rhe modern era, rie br2thad risen k, a .omfodrble 280 p.p.m Injust tl,e pdt ccntury and a hatf. we havepuhed the level to 381 p p m., ard we,'reteeling $,- elfe.is. Of lne 20 hott6L yen.son reo , 19 oeued in the i980s o' lat..Amoding io N^sa sci.ntnLs,2OO5 w6 odeoi liE bottest year in nDre than a cenhrry

Itl at $c Nonh .!d Sorli pole5 rhai

gla.ie.s and 1cc .a!s cnrnlhling io slush. Ou.e the thawlreglB, a number of

glacioloEisr Enc I]tgrotof dr Jet l'ropllno0 Lab.ratory in elsdem, Califom'aand Pannir Kanagadt.am, a rc-sard, a\r5t?,rt profLsor dt the Unj!ersiryof KaLes, analyEd dah ftom Canadje ardtru.olqD steliitG and found that cree.ltud ice is notjustneltingbut doingsomored)& twie s fs! with 220 cu lm dnini.gaMy inio tie s.a lalt yea. alone, comparedwith 90 qr. kD in 1996. A cubickilometerofwater is 257. nore than the entire city ofLos ngeles uscs n, a ye2r

Dhping lhat much vater into thc,rFn is a very darg&ous ding. lcebcr€sdont nbe sa Ieve.ls wher they nrelt becauscthey're floaling, which nreans they havedisplaced aI t]lc wrter they re ever going to.

::i?iEii

$$ilSFBi1111

!iii;;ii

But ie on land, like or.erIrnd!, E a different Daner1bu that into o.e.ns L\at

FEEUTGTHTFg[&T. ;.r t.ri !:!': jri:rt: i3 rir.arl' JiEr !p!i|s 1!r tintrbizr t 6rtd,

.i. i^a.-.,'i n:i .ti:cli,r,dtrFin8rii:.- ttr!,. n.ray r.rt.. i!'!i 1n. *a'riti yetic.rt:3

J:iltliiEt fgEIhjs slriking eia.t al@ *e givenitsnme by the S.n peopte oJsouuiem Afii@, siio 6e fia t.ee shoilow b6rhE 6 quive.s forrlE:r aroE_ s.iedisrs have

&!'-FRi35T€D GOOSE Atwenty six bird speci6, includingthisg@se, which breeds in rneArctic, are lisied by lhe wofld

shrink lhe e,e9h.nl s €ngewilhin Africa lrul may also greaJrh.voc with the arimalr lov.ilife. Th€ relaltve abundance.r s.adity of lood rtlecls ltresocial hierarchy of the herd,which in rurn en delcrnrn.uhich animals eel io breeil.

Conseryation Union as

vaminA. Half are seabt.tsI whos€ food supplies arcdimnrished be€ls€ oiclioaie changes. The rcst

researche; hale clo:elytBcked the movements ol iheDlde,ny kr')cwo 3s Ednh s

buledies ariSbt b.

w'l nor . ,tuive the imp..i

if.\lrling seyeal whose coastalhibilnts.re3r risk because ot

. j:i r-f:rrtnil: tGlobnl rvaminc nraght nol oniy

. ,'a: i;

: '!!:::ii i li]!;li: :tnis tiriy resident of ihe

sorthreslear !.S. has ronE:;ked oj: iis living,n jlniFer

!{.dlard:. iut ii Caliiornt. fi isnealti.g :or highei, 6cter

axitn4es:n the Bigh Sierra

ou:e i. onc of revealjdall naEr$als in the r,.giotrihri have nroled lhet ir4rei:ldrl e t. l.ooo m niEre.;i.rl.\,-rllr. .a.f lre 9n.t..et!a,

.i,ti :2rr.t:::t l::,. .

I +P; .j://

./. ,

- j#r a,€ alrsdy rishs (beca,r.vam rvate. expafuLs), and you

deh,gesLorelir*s. By some estjmates the erlire Gftienland ic.

sheet would be .aoueh t{r njseglobal se lcvels 7 n, saeuowusnt laise p,iis oI @ast.rJ flondtand most of aatrdad.sh. The Ant

arctjc lokls erouglt icc 1(r nise serl.vels more thrn 65 n'

FEED6ACt{ LOOFg

hy.r of wate. about 180 h dep rhar circD]!tqi in ed .ut oi ine 4dDlid "Itemovethc re," says woods Holcls C!nr,'anil t}asdter starls trlkng to the atmo$bere rcleasing its helt Thisj3 noa t grDd dii;s:.

A snnilar feedba.k hop is mellinsrEmaII6! !$aXy deliiien ; hnd rar |a.been corlinuoull fcen lor tw y€6 ormore- Thcrels a lot of&irthly real stite rlrtqulifies, and nruch of it hrs been fmanmuch lorge thar two y6s ence ihe e.dol the lart ice age, or at lcast 8,000 yds agoSealed insdc ti.t cryonic time @psulc arelayers ofparlalty demyed organic rnauer,ri..h id carbon. h higb altitude rcgioN olAlaka, Canada and Siben., the so islm,ing dd dmlrposir& relding ges Lbarwill tum into me be ad CO,. Thrf intum, could lad b more Mming dd pcrrnaftost lhaq e)s Bereh scientist Davidl,wencof tne U.5- NariondCeDrerfor,\rn,oslheric Rdmr.h (N(tr{o i. Boulder. Colo6do. Ard f,ow much carbon is seked av.yin Ar trr snrls2 L, MencF furs drc tiF rF rr200 aia.rt,nr ro 80u gl!,Lrnns Th. tLtal hurnan erbon outpll isonlyT a1g,?rons a teal

Mmr.r oe$.in bc. Fr6don6lty.mupr.ontincr,rs wtlLjn a hoaer dobe. o.prncurenls

'r,nninl berween mm and olrrregio'la s.rve asinaruml themoregutatoB..drsirib[hrg hdt fmm ihe equtor towalddrepola l he GrllJsh.eanr anling warn{tup l.om the trod6, js what keps Eump!clirFte rcl,hvebi mild. wienewr Europe iscut off 6nm tie CdfSheampl,rn'nrL Ar lhF,.nd.t rhe tast ici ag. $ewafur .uFent w,s t.mlEnrily blocked, andtenr!.htlres in Elrqx, lellas nuch .s 5"C,locking the.ontireni in glaciere.

n/hal usualv kceps the culf Shcanrtunning is lhat iyarh Mter is light€r ihan

It is thc nalional fl.wer ofsonth Arrjca,jnst one anong

members ofrhe hrgc tamily' of llow.riag phnLs named

aiter Proteus, a Greek dod ca-pable ot ch.oging his shape

/n \ at d'rr. s.,enliqrs tear rnati 'J nk'e rr'an a rh'rr nr rr

P.otenceae species could

:?M:Srlf?tF

and drougnt w€ake.ed rees thatact as perfeci hosrs for this

Ihe ridbe. piDe dwertmislletoe is prolifs.!

v lrc.abie t al, kindsof r|i.gs

n.ny.l the harlequins nniwnal Lttreateif, a grc.i m3ryoth:r amohibian specie: i3 adt:ease caused bt $e f(n8usBaLacltelrytt un dendft Dat i4 i :arininte.hange seems to b::nriing tpg'. nr4ri v!niiEr::rr.:

v) infection b! tha i0ii.i'i

!cae.lists e35eti::r: :

ft^i ir we ira 4r:i, lrlI $e e:ntslaz.i.:

lrti 2.'rl e.lj2!::. i:'ari:mal: nri<ii r-riiil

i-te iis! a1',r-"'!i 1'irn3 ;ltri! t.:Jrr: €: ::::'_

'--rE ih.r. _ rriliij. ij;: ,i?.,ritlirtn- .Qit i:::ij;L: :i

:: i::.n):ata ly t.= i lzt: i:.-l: tirlri ii:ii}:t .:at;:.::. . 'l ..

, ..- E.z1i'zrt 4--ei.:

.Eces F ri_17.amphibirns rJ* rreen !E ' \I'.pnine, swimmineJfuiI r \..craudin€ about the praaet ,.1

:

ro.35o njllion years. autth.tr Irurue islardtasured. A elotar I jasse;smentof lr'esrnle of tn'i I

enlire cla5s of verreb.arcr r.Lrnd :il 'rh3r trearly o.erbd ofthe5,743 knoM speies are tnserious trouble- Climaie change 'may well be the cllprit an mosrc66, enh€r dtectly o. indirect

ly. Ihe home habitat ol rhegokGn road (at nghr,. bo!!rom)in Costa ni€ nred np themountain qtil'trohe" dieppearerl ent.eriL Mde than rvo

thirds of tlie ll0species cfcolonul harlealin ldgs

'! centr.J

and South A'Bi€- lwo shbpnab@e, have €lso {nsarrearei|, ,:

Scicntisls believe rlrt whar r(irr:,:

,, -i orn or rttt1i i:; r,t."a ,.p.ov., nd,m, ,-',n^, ,... ".lHi:;. tl,"por-ib,,sh' shir-cu,L' hnnL..,.irl;r,'r.rs^ U-,clatiol.hrp o' 8."+ 1n,' U.;i I .':

:: "',,

pori,i."E.orn^.-tiv.rl,Jr,0e,ord,.rl1r": sr',1'sli rhJr ' "ril - ir e,nulv., ,n,--br1

I lil::," "'o'"" I'loaamL.ho.L n ,fvw l ,li/. I ;" ": | -arn ertn do-. I Ar rh-opl,o,i..,b.o,l! ::i; In {ro%,tri-enargyir

'Ficr\.. th-r n..

I l:"1j.,F'g),r,,Lxn, rh, Mmfl,rE- k.hUI l !; ":,. \ul, uri 4, t, m,t*or,,- h., m"t,...,,..lI l:"aj AF's),r,,Lxn, rh, Mmn,rE- k.huI l !; ":,. \ul, uri 4, t, m,t*or r- h., m"t,...,,..l-5 3i: i er lsipr rJu' rl,c

',,dr tt'dt nr€Lrded rr

i " :: il lh 'r N wl .'r s.i, ,,ti\ll i ' .".b !i,] l;rt"..,",r r\ i,turyooe.\D-.o.r. . i,1,.;rrI: oJ m|lrh.I^tjc ()!c d,

'ouili::;"1*,"" ',';* ffi

Itlis,ir i. aiisoiti.J ofir'"Ediated baci out as IbaLasei rirecrrbbh dbrid. hp thar hearand kep it froh teaking iiiio soaeInars what kedr's us waflii al oighr.

Bur as humans pour cver i;rceasangamou.G of ercanhouse gas6 inro theatmospherc, nrore ofthe sun s h.at setstratrped,.nd tlie p,anetgers a tuver

!{ow flotTrfil! lt Get?

.t/

s7.97.Fs5.79'l I lra.atcrrr3.77'cr L,,- -'

I'| , t'l'tzt-;*.r. ,t6'cr

el.lwrte-! so it lloars oD rhe ar. ta..,As it r€ch6 ltluoDe and F*" leas*'iis r'ea1 rtre ome"t grcm

''''d.Beriiia sir16, flowirs back to' d'e.outh and.rossing under lh.' norlbbound culfsrream unil n' reaehes re.aropics a.d stads

to wm agajn. l}le cyde worksplendidly, provided $e waterremains salty enolgh_ 8ut ii irbccbmes dilured by fr€\hwter,

6F 'f

the salt concentntion drops,and tbc warer gets lighler,

idljng on top .ndsLdln,g the curen r. tsr

Decenber researcbers assoc'at.d. with B.ilatn: National O@.o8nphy

Ccntcr 'pporred

thtrt one @r',truoeltot UE \sten rlut dnFs

'h; c,,rr

Strcam h6.slovcd about 307,.in.e1957. lt .i U,e indca*d rel@ ofA.ctic

and Greenlaad mcltMt.. that app.astL) be e6t,g th€ problcn,

'Dhoductr,g a

6tsh ot lre Mter thati ovcMhelmtrs:. the nah,Fi cId.. ln a elobal wrmrns',world, jt s,,nlikely rlrat any amour ofcooljng, thiit n$lbd frotu dis would be $fli- cie.t to suppo.t gl,ciers, btri ir ould makedrn,'19 a*'{i ly ln.onfotable

T}r l,ig rvotry is tbat the viole clihateof Eutope wil .hangej' says

^.Lirn Lu.k

. Da.r:senior l.{lurer in geogaphy ar tilcUniversity oI Wales, Sw.r* We in rhelJ,K *t rtr the same llhtude r Al:ska_ Thc.a$n wc cD live- iere ia rh. cl f sr]em '

1.'

_ trg -th_e oc@!s ard the ice .at!! iti having a.

eleiirnore immedialc eff.ct oo la.d. Itople,animals and plants Udrg nr dry nountrino,,s regrons lilc thr wstem US nule itthroug6 q'mmer rloJ,LL to eoqrrck thaicollecrsoqI€kall lvint .andslddlymelts,off in warm moBths. tately the arly aFi!.al 'ofspring aDd ihe unuMlly bliste.t,g summen havc our-"d $e snowplck to melt too.nly, so drat by lhe iime it's n€ded, it!largely gone. Climrlologis! Philtp lUore olllt UDiversi.y oi Wa5hington ha @mpa..ddeades of eo\"ack leve! in WashingtoD,

':Olegdh tnd Califolita dd found that rhey

- !re.4 llndion of $'hat thev werc iD the l94os,and :bme sdoN?ack havc vanished entn el.\l

,,. Clobal l^Iming is tipping otlEr rcgioDsof the:lvorld into drouglt in diffaent i2tr.Hrgher rehperahires bale moisbrrc olt oi

' sonf;iercailsingdryregionsthatlneattii"

'na$6 to crcss thelrrte rnto tull blorn oisis. Mdn@hde. ElNino evFnts Cr. wi,nr' pooling of tlrcific $zte6 tlnt peri&lj..l-ll

: drtes wDrldwjde climate paltems and hastreen q.mRing nrore fuqu.ntiy in gloat!warnnrgyea!s-hutier inhjbiipiecipii)iion

rtMr-a3( $:w\ i.r.\Bio4D tr.,lri:r?st1y poL:

$EEII{S THE PROBE"EM, zu(}T TffE $OI.UT{SNUITORE PEOPI!iHi,vl. h

eGc. ot by barh eauat'P

HtrmansE'4IEiaFE3r%N&re EEB& le%sdhEglteFe'EG4s%

Do FU lh,,k n,5t 1.,'pDl,sls 3J.e.w,1^ o4e .,orher about g,ob,,||znnint, or do wn think dDre i 3lot ot dis.Erercn. on t.l''s t:sue?

#m@3s%:. '..,.'. '. :. ..6a%

;:nH:€ffi

w*.'','-^3

^e,*Ler@t-.^

cu, d rndFilGHWqF 'i""

' HJ,d\ anJ4hrc :11 rf

I to dc.t \|^h etabat wa'nljnE?

@ffig*gGs%els%rs doiig rhe ,itln nmoun now&Iffij! 2s%

lncrcaseta.s on etecrricity so pcopte use less orn

ln.re.se tax.s on gaetinc so pcoDte use tess orir' l ...:::. 3r%

iI

f{

ft;

t

L

L

t

L

f't.

in dJy areas of AJ.jc-r and Lad Asia. Ac.ddrng t, r rec.nt stuJy hy NH the Der-Fnt se ol !ii1h\ su.fi.csuff."nr,sdroupl,rndino,cthd, doublcd since the 1970s.

.LORX AIIE FAVIJA

and l,ur d. rnd troih rre tak.s i b.d hrrWl4Ii,es in such r€qions as rnion-:i1 rh"w6tem U.s. and €r€n inhnd lra5ka;ve)een incming 6 rimberlads dd foresr

fioors srow no.e peched. .rhe btazes cre

ate a fedback loop of thcir om, pourinsmore 6bon into the atnosohere and educing tl€ ntrhber of tres. whici inhateCO, and rcl6e oirgeh.

'I hose fo,erts t_hat don r su@umb ro 6Ed,e rn otl,er. \lower ay\ Cor,nre Mil]lr. apileKoiosirt tor rhe U S. Io.ed seM.pshtdjes rbe history of vesetation jo the Sierl, a fJevade Ove. tle p:6i 100 years. she hasfounal. the fo.ests haw shifaecl rheir n€elines€s much as l0O E trpstope, r.yitrs to es-cape lhe hear aDd drosebt of the towlandrS,uci 5lowjr otion pqcu. hon n,av \eenr trker stDsibl. lrFi€gy, but v.hen vutrre." ,mouDrarn,yo,, c& go onty so taiteto,evourdn oDt of r@m _Sohetrnrs

we sav rhpi.€s are going ro heaven b@!se tlE/rc\rlking off the mounrrintops," Uinar sars.

Acioss Nolth Americ, eming retatect

.hangs de mowina doM otier flora rmMJ%nll] hrFlL6 L UF Wst uc Llunsba.h omc pn.kly ,,ar crh hd@ lon $e;sjgrDh,rcgeer, d,lJrF,nst.Jd a sjctriv DntqrrnF beptls,n qe+pn, Gnad, Jnitrrr; r, sarc chNj,g rhpir wry rl,F,uetr tLnt of !It,lronc ot ads ,+ loral. tl,rnk to;-".qnte.s abe beetles hay ewn b@ch theonce inshourtable R@k",, lvtounrain .liv,de opcMg up a pa th in ro it

",ict ti^t"r-

rns land5 of the Amenc,n smdhpdwiih labjt rs darh'ne, aamals that live

the.e are sueumbing roo. [nvirormenr,Igmups o n hck offscores o f (l)tries thai hdvebeenderemrn€d ro he ir fl;k 6 a ennr orSlohd wmitrg tst year, BearcheB incosta Rica anounced thar two-ttiRts of ll0rltrics dfo Jortul ha, teq',in f.oss l6vc v.nEhpd in the pan 30 ycrrs. $rh the ever vof each qori cle-oftto oeinE in lockre;qth dre r!enry o[rhdt rca.! \:nn,n,

to f'kkr, satmol -ooputatrons

.ire "tdsk 6 meltiog pernaf6sr Dours mud inroivers, buningtbe g.alel the tuh neett forspaMing. s,lail aniDiats su.[ as b,rshv-tailed wood rats, alpine chipnbnkqnd pr-Don mi.e are bejng chased updope byn\,ng lempenrure\ iollonl,,g lie p.{h ofthe hecjng irees. And Mth sea rcc vanish

trp drcMed -lteE wit he no r{tu ice by2O00l sals t2rry Schweiger, prestdent of $eNaiior.l Wildlife Fcderarion. "Somewhcrealong dnt patlr, tbe polr bear drops outt,

'TVHAT AtsdUT: Us?tr FffllJNL pclk,st,lsrTa rHl spL.,F\" -o6,ng alt the probhmr we re n ferin€ ln€derdoion otou lubrr?t r@ and we h"i-vrriPn"ea $,1 loss in r^dbh wvsO"en wte61'rvclmpd bva tuI deriecFa}lrenhe,tenrelgTq rnd *^".-;, ,.like r@ket lirel for ry"l,oo,s and huricanes.T@ strd,es ist yerJr,und that in U,e psl35 yea6 thp numher uf Catesory 4 rd .i)

huricaD6 worldqde IB doubted whitethc wiDd speed and duration of a hudenes has jumped 507,. Since atmosphericheat js not ch@sl: alDtt rhe water it wanns,tropi@l storris .ould sra.r ruming up insonredecniedly noht opicll places. Thoeia shool ol thoxglt dht sa e.face temperaiuresare $arning!itoward Canada, saysCreA Hollandr senior s.ientist lnr Ncan inBouldei If so, youi€-hkely to get tropica-l i

o/clones there, brt we honsrly don ! knowl

ing, polar beaF-prcdigio!s srtmmers btrtnottne\haustibleones arcsrr.rirytohrul

!irlea :r? i, . .i! itcso ]"rucH ENwAoNMtNr,r co n?sr lr-{p-peningin so nranyplacesat once I.sai lasta\lakene.l huch oi rhe \,o.td, pznjcuiart,

"a

t{.

t.

.1.. l1J nJri,n\t-h"r hav"r'rfi, ll,rXv, o I B.rl-lprrhrn.-tfh".tonAtouEJ.rd|nn,!F/ onds (fu.on dJ r'ncclto | o'"m. iJ n8t'l Iur rrrhebet'l.croxI,.o'd rn l- $'F . blr an aft od aI rh" rD,p | .ai,l fo, mo'r I'\n"t"F ts

'na, Lh, J d ff

l l'. U s. hos"r", s'ri, h L hon- 'n le . L r.'Jtv e ogtuzi"s rl, siobai \em,,,q pobrr.r \o''.J r-- d'i pop,Jruo,' l{,r 'od,"" r, T. dr.r.\ rd\ur' In

"^.d.r wh"t]ra d-y.2,?, olCO. Fn',sion . rn,,'Jirs i,'l'.,nlLpnl J MU ha\" rlF tuurL-,o,"vcr\" rr. b,.,.d.\1rn/ pnqr unm, n rJi\L ,r' cbnn rh" SrBl' i,ng,v.rl.r,Frndlo,-'Lov"rnmrnsdn.fi .ntAJ,dnrhiri,,n h.|-l6( fr uF Lh r.r. a,. l I thp void Th. m,.,,^ot mo,' rld z00,.ibarldl-ll,rrm,vl,r-L?Fnpamllr',.'r\ur l hJve gr., Ll U,, lr- \.4ayor, rlirndtFJ, nrJbl, lh,r U'- wrril" H^u'" F' q,o, l l1o'"i!on AF. "m. r'. plplsbs "monr,,.ncl '".,{d hu ih" -hrd.nm nr or Iorh4d'q'g\ $' $a {ll meFl UF t)o uXvo,o 'n tl " h6id^n'\ LrJlq ,rr t.'rt | -rl o, ., ,l .cir,r a*nhousF-gtu " risron\pl.d;, r, ..{,,rolrJ LunLUi,Jrr. r\-rpl.,\ lr, ja. iuar, t /'0 .c\pk bv r0t?. NinFa on .r FmF.,o,, \DlJJrus l"r, b-,. JF \,"m .,ar6ha./-rdbt, herJ $- B.gl.,nJtIn.!r ceo.8, wBu.li'p..r.rrh-t,{.. r,od ]':recnl,tu\.cr5tnrrdbr.rorti"pud..olro An,cnc'i vil JJLL. ion J d h, I nt , ot I i,u.lor",'"

" 6p Jnd haJc prcflJn, LrJ'.u.h.,,r'T'riv, tu,l.oLr," r ,sr,\Eji. l .,outd *r.Al,n& on rnJ6rridl .,,,1 ,.n.h.'\' \,rt^l,.follow.Jbv,^'l,n,h.nv". | ..nd.X.u ompan,4 th1, or.rp. dnm rn

ra-d,g- urcur,din8Jrhr, "r"lorl" r I ,-tt poU-LoD n..t, . ro ti6. tl,ar unde,.,-.'1, v q l,p,' lraa opdl.., lin ll,tuF',. l"-dom, Ur".rm' -ri.,n, nmr,uvi r',sedd.,aro' olll'e La lddd Lrrjlul, In. spi, F.regvd'argot .ulh,,.Ioudc,Dd",6,,Lol..u.I,\ anLl a longt,n, h,,ln 1 lnr" .adrFJ,r.Ja,iJ,.',n {ndCattotuipsd,I'a,.8e rp -..r"h rcmplaur"d 0'a' h. hr,l u," nJhor,i rouet,. I rurnmobrtF pmsrorlu..,,hr'ruq'1vwh,,e ou.Fdp ui,r,.-1 I r.,Lt",r,,mm1hF .pd o ,u, I n" alobJ am. ':.lrn I th..-,,e,{t.oll Ln* ut b,nrs rhrrlr \J. , rn.. rd. . F ,rr "d ,o .\o,t. | ,r-mo,t\nr. u,.r I.Fop. lmr ro -,1 rd

d'^pr6uT.'o'LLb l'Fplhrr' wll , | .r"rtU!:. r..,-,n,n r,14: nJ- tr,dto,n,-r'hprol l'lMr'T1,Fvn @',rr,,1" | tuJpr t,-,d"nr'. nq..nnpnht D.r.,s"n. lnFi.pn,- (r0Jtsrn rqr.l,r...'m, l(n.pnJn.tothq LrL, \. :nJr qc -lrodtJrr.:,r'/ .nnrcr'.r', r'l'l gtuLt .h1 - ^h,Jr"n,h.blvn,,,nr.h.trt.'o.tar.ionFr-nt

COt rencenlndois fod climb-ing lo 450 p.p.tu.lor 70 pp.m.hiEhei 0i.D ;lr&e tl)ey.re now)from dice,.howeycr. we should

' be able to stxbdize rher and stdtto dial tli.m back dom.

Thnl gnd shodd be .ttan,abli. Ctibn,e gl(jb:'l wamdrgma/ be an ordcr of magnitudehddcr Uun, vy, emdioti.Asmallpox o. putting . nan ontbe m@n IJut is i monl not toby? We did not $ much fta..htoward the cnvtonment.l precip'cc 6 dnnkenly reel tlerc,snapping at lhe scientificscolds who rold us.we had a problem ,

rThe scolds, hdwever, knew whai theywe€ talkingabouti In a solar s'stem ctulvded qih iister worlds that e'ther energedsbllborn like MercDF,' ind venus or died ininfancy like Mari, welre finally coming toap0reciate il,e ldril blade na.gins withi.which life can thrile. Fo. nore thln a century were been monke}1ng with lhosemargins.:lti long past tioe we set lhenught ,w,tt rcponnte by Davin Bis,Jk nn

.tun]je. DortMlN.w Y.de Dai cnylL6 Aneete.,'G,eC Fuh.n/A|atu, AldB eutin/t nton, aibllcdylDew*

'hd Eft R6bnlwa.hkebD

sinply to wait out this Idtuinishation &d hop€ forsometiing belter ii 2009.

'Ihe Republian dominatei CoDgrs has notbeen huch nore en@Dng-

'ng. Senatos John M.Cain

2nd J@ L'ebeman havetvi.e been unable to getthrouEh ihe Scnate evenmild meau.s to limitcrboD. SenaLo.s PeteDomenici and Jetr Binga-man, both oi New Mdi@and both mnking menbedof the chamberi E.ergyCommitt@, have nadeglotral $:rming a highp.ofile matier A whjte paper issued in !-eb^'ary willbe the subject ol an n,vesti-gatory SeDate confe€nGnext weeL A House delega

irl-tion sently lrxveled: rtoAntdcticq ABt,lia a.d

I

I

!

Ne\r Zealand to visitresearcheF sttrdying cll

, mate change. "Ol the lO ofus, obly titee we.e beitev-els: sa}f' nepr€sentaiive

It,

T'S A FAIR BEI''I'I'AT ELOBAI, WARMTNC IS COTNC 'I'O LEAD TO A RTSE IN HUMAN

sickncss and death. But whal form they \rill take is difficult to say- we can beprclty sure that as avemge ternperatures climb, ihere will be more frequentand longer heai waves o[ lhe sort.that contributcd to the death of at leasi90,000 ]luropeans in August 2003- Other lredictions are more tenuous. l'brexample, rising temperatures could if ramfall and other cc'ndilions are

right result in larger mosquito populations at highcr elevatioN in the tropics,which could in rurn contribute to the spread ofmalaria, den8'ue and other insecl_bornc infections- tr Early indicatrons are nol encouraging. The \r'r'orkl FlealthOreianization (wHo) believes t\ai eveD the moclest increa-scs iri average tempera

ture that have occured sirlce the 1970s have begun to take a toll. Climate changcis responsiblc for at least 150,000 exira deaths a year a figure that will double by24130, accoftiing to wHo's conservative estimate. .e As.with so marry public-healthissLres, a disproportioDate parl ofthe buden rppears to be Falling on the poorest of

Photrsruph lor TIME by,iamis Naahluey-Vll

n,.joriry otw,terbo.nc dise.seottbraaks.'n rlie U.S. over d,eprs!60 ycaB, says Dr Josailh

' Pab..of.the Univc6ity of Wis

DEArlr BY MOSQUTTO l.-_"; "M.r..,. iils d.r" u,a" i ;;t;; I obe!+t.'te. patrerns atspe'pr. .ach y r"i sc.t n; nke lplaiu:a;olej;.humaD healthM.r..,. iils d.re trran l nri[ion I Ucer+wate. patrerns alsp"op* tu.h' ?'. sr.' nel nl". ] pl," a ;oJ, in numa,, hk'rh,t".€rFbp,,,Ed.rdrop'ot..r 1 M"rcpdeq ftwuJl anJ hpr Nt.rn:nit:,.,. ov-' \Lb-s'hMhat,ia

I tFaR,6 al r1... I,nrv.r$tu or

I M:,.hrsan bd.. DPa,, pu,,,rl ger\ s rc" H,Ehprlprl ol I dp, noF Lbr,' 1 c.ntuDs

o'Lo" J'o,i,l" l""or rh" Ciowd ol I wo,rh oi daa o,' .hotem olr,. s\FpJ Ind Lri -r pollen pro,lu, | 1,,-rks rn 8i .st" t. \h ,nd r).nL,,s or^, od,-' nlJnts. rrcording ro I rheD ro dph,t.J r"mpeEru, .

Dr.Paul Et(-,na' llimrd's, "l lrppodsof . u,r,F@rer\o,rp ro, Henld, Jnd lh" Ciobal Fn Ith. Pa"iti" O,""n true. Bai BlaJ"\h I.nr4ronn"nL la rddrl,on. ngw.Fd | .nywher" n "r $F Fltcrfic. but $. re.1,u,,r our mop pollpF as COr )c\ | \s'.hprs.aru\,nB th- t.mpporu,e dlrJ as.l,u,,r our mop pollpF asbO,)c. | \s'.hqraru,,nyrh-r.mp"orurearrras I.1...i.. S.ientkl5 hrv- Lpd l@l I an,ndreto.r or r ldEe, w".d,e, pJtt"m '.prl,\inr thmaanJrllprgyarra"L I ,.Ied rhF FlNi,,o/so,,$em O. L;,on,orlo,n',ed.\inh.ld\lndemisnos I nNsu wlEI th"' h,'e lound is rhat tbp .

::nl';Hl;l;.:1,::';:':t"ff I ;:-:?"::,:" ;li:*t: "'.1'l:'"1'";;:trold" dL,a-h ri"m+ i'e" r" .t's"l I t"nrntuie b;'r orl' ,n v"J. ot hrgh"rt. r,cl. . trl,r 'h 'l"li\F, $"m norc I U, 'n ni,mrl rFmp.€ ur. ^, rhe oFaniciliciently deep into tl]eluner. Add .1 surfacc. More llarmiDg: s rlf rNso pat-a plc.tiful helpilg oi duat storns tem bas bccoine norc pronou.ed sn,ce(from, for instance, tle desertitca ] the r970s, t}c associatn; wtn chotera hajrr.n or NlonCol'. or nrrrhrmAh!ar lt'..une-wr,,ro,3-r.and J i,\c rn d,n',glt Jrj!et, bru\h I

fies tu, l\uuh,vF3mrd"'o o.,JF' I rt{s..:.; Tl- ,'.h lprp I nor ,tl bdd,p 1rp lor i,,.,' a:,ris," r,F.or I l i,.lr. {.. p\'mpl.,,.,,,or l "rL,lF ro,,,-diskes! worldwide . I vive houer rempa rh,e in the southwesr

ern U.S- ADd slobaliwarmins iJ udikely tor'1,. :. Esrdenr\ of rh. L.s. uull I hsve n,u.h ot M rHe.i on malafla s lonS,od"r .lonr l,aLp ro bp remind.J | $ fu rocs on lodtdd ar.1\ (b.uLseth.t water can be a ktller. You can I those regioB alre.dy have so maDy mos-Nually evacuate p@ple ahead ofa I quitoes). l}at pictri.e may c}anKe, bow-

ri:l*ri:".{::i:: iffitt I il*;t#::il1}#"';xl,*::.; IMalar; ha! seen a dmnatic upswing sjDce:thd lg7o3.in liislilad cinei'like Nairobi

he lo.and dr rFJ level.- eyr Dr. | (abnut 1.6s0 n; aLove s"a l,\el). How.,ndv PrrkF.olthFJ^hns llopluns I du.h ol Lhr can b" ried to lempFmiureS.hool oi Publr Healt} in Edlt'. I indes.t d uppo:ed to popubbon mo@moe. MiL Thrl mqDs thal whAe I menl lap6s 'n mosqurro onbol or rhF

rc@U.Upr'dfuno5'J'n\}rc'l'tl@Us|spl@ool@BFs6tolpadn4}Aasoarnho\pit'Jsrdlvatpriraun"nr I mrrter of,l,bari 8ur bpou." Fd.h ypJr l

dre poor That doesntmen, iorever that I plants.Aswehavesc.uinNryO.leans,$e I there are at let 30o miltion 6es ac-I'e .ompnnrNplv w"1lby $ho a', uunr I hpdld, .RFcLs ol lo,ins tho.- ,Jc'h,iFs per I o,"ting tor n or rhl,' I miltion deirhs.'ur mo,.thrnrlpr sharcofs,,pnl'oL. l,,s,tonsdJr",rheMr"rhs,.""d-d lpvpnsm" uprrkindir-,prp,do,,pr.,sr5emissioB will ercape h&m.- .. I _,AnorlEi predjcred consequence of I ity of malana muld be devastahng.

A Iook at three key ractoG affected by ] slobai *".--g i" l'""'i". ao*pou's,A lookr|hrr.l atrc'06"fle.r^Llr.v ]stobrl ra,m,nd r. h-avia ,ti,*p.,^ | The,,,.karhinEahourr rioiep,r,dn-wat,,rgottpr'"l,rnrollh,ng lo.om.. I lsJinE lo muF floods lh" imn.dLre I rions is u,i,6u dnl noinr toalyolrbrF.k

I I'a-,J r dro\qinE.b,,rln-t'rseiisFir'oranyindivjJur'lidFarr,andav-'1hr.,.., \t",- , FJ r,, rh., 1.".1ur r,lus.Ft I wa,q q,,"liryt To rJl" 1u,r .,ni ef[fle. | -,.ot t--." ot ai."r. "lHnBc

" I,,r$p. nd , 'fl,-I-Ullu, un Ahaun"rc-1,,m-,,. ho,p rhrn ZOO U.5. .,r,e\ mu\l or rhcm I koow rndt soo,l p blic hprlrh;li6 u,, A ?

ili-:rll"l,,"-.- li, ,l tllly. 9ll :ll 'h:' I :ldii rcTmu:r'ic in. rhe Norrhcsr. I rons risr orfd ror.-$"_avaihbrrtvorrro.. irhin3.Lein"e,t',dl ,h,nErFn,pFraru'-Lv lNorrh"p.r .,od cr"ar.L,t.s area t",. lr",i,na nurF.. "fr.crivF rr,.drirrp ;- \.ll In.r-i.p, rl. "no nt o' s'o'"a | "-'"r - .r"m. rhar rsut,rt! o,.ltrow n,ro I -. ,.r", prc,rer s,,i€ron .,,,a rt,,i i ,lever ozone. a ndror cunstrtuenr oI $,." I wirpr einrDlics in,ino lr I ^-;- '^r^, ;ir;-" ^. --^^L .rt- ----, ir.ii roD". d ,,,dro . unrr,,u-,.r olrog lwir.,\,l,ptFsduri.ihea4,arn.rom!lc,onroaaroilionsotp-opte,Ji"ae,vIlo T ,',"ru.rl- r"

" inr ed h,rh"r o-o," I mur,g dntu an.t cr@q sarp, . : ypa, dr wh;r ,houkt r,- ll.\-t.,oJ-rrhFr,.f,oml,pJ,rnndtu.," i,,d con! r,res,eq, rinsm*...--:+ffir+*; orev"r,ubt"d,pce. ryirn j' tn.p,iL ihar .,,,os / a"Lory boil,nr rt m,l; "o. ffiffip gtob,l *armrng. ).ou , ,rr jnl-' r. ro vd, n rhoi.-1',i\t,o L'\,',Jbo, .. i r,mtnar"a iap,w;ln rtn. A\.r',,'n F.pp, r I o...,' d lonee' ,,ler s lhe-vr':i',trttn'c.prtp.lrha

gruud sdrn,!,B, Jvu !d! I !expect the deat} toll to be :

rbtr can expecr Dro,e .nd ronser alerts. I hea., mirrati;receded tr," .;:l:j'?. :l\,-. "*" riigr,"r o I

{!

i

d,xt hal.!,,^rbon ixled 10, .a,h)i butrEd(rrfn!iLr is nothing iI ror rda!riv.,

rnd,li.lrrf\rn r hrve r esporderl to EtoL,:,jwirn ns rrtha rrr.k.t brscd tuturi.n tL. t

f r ovnlcri l!Llrtr'.i !vrdr r t..lit ir jcf rrr!e tomend lh{,i wrr! Iric.!.xl.aparrtrtulp,.rd rt sthe nrcch.rnisni ir{in dr.n)c,!Irl.di)o,, tririi*G sr)r*red Lr rtie}itok, l.I.rc.ol r:irnrs iJrdevetop.dorDh res lb.t prin4ro t nrorc (--(1, rlr3I ttr.y ar.ilio$ed under lirnrt5 inpose.iby Krororre

'.,qunrd byrl 3 Drno.rol to .ifiier rtrr

polutnl. L,v b!vrnr.re.lits or thc.i,hfrnu'lrt Tlro\. rlui.ut co.,.nnsi.irir,.1, \ th4, . o . nre u, l,:lu,- , r. .,,,l' \rl, t' .-, rno' . lFi. uD Lber, r!r rr nlttltlF.r,lrtr r rl!touL, rhrr r

gr.crholscqas.s l)1, a orr! othe, rIi.s\.pli.t,n r&,s

$APffiNLX$TTO(}IS FOR S[JTflruG ffiS?

Al6d b nt H.atl U,e rock b,'rtdidril wr'rt llic alhrrlt prod!.tio,r !.rl,l srJ,l)LrioJ, to rdd tu rti.

Arrinl,ore ga!r,, tlLM,,g,,,1o rt,. atnost,hc'. 50. rvorkrit:\,irtj aenrtt IJlr!5lrfirnr, rhe a:arb.rrNdrtrilCo, rh.r groupSorghl ll) 0Lr{) l.rgot,re\t .jlhg.r,rjlii,.,rrrki. t,nlii S,n.p !rtrn15 bie.rhc jrj.r l!n o.klr.,sUtr' q,,, ,,,tdtt.,,rf,,! Ltp'r,., L8olr L | |L\L'rr!.r \r.rtrilrz. ili th.r coj..te .d r. thei,j j grnd rcttinq ot jrl CDs

lLr rFtJr t. I r ,rs Ltdft,Jl" t lo :l'r I \ rlLp .1,orr,[,rr lheDf!1,,, sl,ed In(1,,n 1,tir'1..r ,,or oD\.s.rrl,. n,a.go.! btrt rrll.t5o.arr nr)ne./ftD,', ti. COr lo.tpd ,. th. r, rr" ".r."" rr-3rs r r[lorir str:,,,g nor rrarkct onc

SiBreldury 20{i5, carbo. narkets n. tle Euiop@ Unon have hads-i .t least450'inili6 nekic iols of eoq B@usetheS6h Mminisbaiion droppe{l out ofKFto, the U.S. d()($t padicjpxte jD thisbc,o:ding global tEde. Bua state govem-ments are sr2niDg ro setlp regi.n.l erbonmdkets based on @ps they BlaLlish underthetr oM authonry. b Dftehbe' se.ven

Noriheaslem U.S. stat6, led by New York,agre€d to cut power-plant ehissions na apand tade bcginnnrg jn 2009

For no\y US. fiIm that €t ro tFdeeflissions mEi ioin the Chi@Ao CljmateExchange, a rchDtarybut leg3ly bindingboure whos membe6, accodng tofounder Richard Sandoa acodnt tor 87o ofihe g@nhouse emilnons ftom st honarysoucs ir the U.S. Itwe wec a@untry:;tre sarq 'lw€il Le

'ougbly the siz, ot

BrLlr:n: Menbea of the Ch'cso exchangq indudinA Fbrd Motor Co. hdDDPong have plersed to cut their emjssios 47, by the eD.i ot t}lis yenr lrom rhelevels they areu8ed fron]998 to 2000-Irey have .ledy t ken tes ofmiliions oIinctiic tos of g.eenhoue g66otrt of play,lvhich sounds jmpresivd inibl

'ttLrmped with rhe 5 5 bitlion hetri-rorplme of COz spewed into the atnoslheieby the U-S. qchyear

Manwhil., the oppoitlbiti& to o$si

forlrealing, no motonsr will beobtjged to Ge perd outside Sw.dehIgasolinelas rhe sole opt'on avaitabre_" ' BelrtjappGciare

Cao Sweden do it? Probibt anck !n 1970, befo.e rh; w?y tmllhe ft5t Mtd.lle Easl ener$/ crtsis, SwedCn gol 77ol4 e@nhenis are

ron'm in Dav-B, swjEsland. St e+ris .;ia,:rais a d rncks shoutd use eleadert nave passed rM rh"i worrtaib4 .r ;6tabre ruet bi iolo and we w I'rlh'nkdbl.ro, omppor,t'.'nF . L,p5o rnat la'Fd.- . ds,U a tnCh. t'..r.L

o ir\ .np,Lt I'om rrt. Bv 200J. sen ihdeh ind6ub. pn@uagcd b @hd up r,thp'odu.t,o. r-d r

'\Fn d6n; ric;li. lJi"i ieirc h&r rnen M dEre6p\ ror

drop- I r' Jz. . tdn or Lrt; comuri . rrpr*^rn n,-ertCU,e nzbotut CoJl. to,

.eccrd.ones cou,'*),oril'-ii;ii;dai;:t::t ':A;!i;i'.tr'j1y6;i$.']i"**Jf;i".resources ^We h.ve access to ta€e . : r gai mbde rrcm gdlbaee and orher org-.i.adounts of hydroiorer," addiftasahlin, .- ;asteftn hoosehotdsandrcarbyfams"laqeamd.tsolbiomNn4dg.iidc'9n:.-.|i!iajiofprociMbatdats.b;ditio.sloriic.eaed@otumdpo{br.:l'.1-290o,..!vhelrgjtydfticiatsdciderrthey

BLi rhatl nor the onry re€6 !rye.len riro!,qeer 20% or:nunicipar vendewJ, r.r-d rhn

^oiu \ spfondgrnF\r runn,ng o^ ,e4lstblp tu-t or, )ulo. B/

tulio. ,iu . b-r.,'r N' /patdndr i' ; ibor. rr,"v n"o d"ch"a r,c, w. .,.,_'tud! | \urn - |}i\ vrc' . Wor,d t.or.omc uoDed od la€.teth.I 5Cr, o jh-,rD ,Io1'm rn Dava sMnstJnd. Swe.lF,n2 eA. v.ns dr,d uuci! shouu us.a c

-And Coldplafdid more than erough tooffset its l,st album, Xd-X by protecrirgforests in Mdio ad DcMdoL intemervehhrres vith names like TenaFis.myclimte ed DdveNeuh-J enablecolruuteB rnd .J tErele6 to olsulaielhei. emisioN ed neutraliz the danageSome e!€n nim to nh a profit

Hw do oflEts vork? Tdle the nonprcfit CaJbonfurd.org. It selis abelutionfor penonal od commercial emisions at aot hte of$5.5o per U-S, ton ot COr- (A fitlr€ar ofcarbon neuhaltation r'?ic,lty c6rs$99.) carbonnDd illow buye6 ro choosewhere then moDey vinds up-inaltemabve enew foresr conseMtion orene.S, efrciency. cGfoDDder trric cadsonels Carbonturd h6 ollset aboul 36,000metric tons oI CO2 $ far- Thar! not much.But iti ultimate aim, he srs, is to channetwhat suppo.t it gets inbo driving doM tiE.ost ofclear ererg/ aDd in@aeaweness of climate change "Ihere is aneduetional !2lue in thse tl'jngs: $},5 JudiCrftnulld of tle Pew Cetrter on clobalClimte Chege. "Peple realize thar whatihey do en tul€ a difrere'cel so,apparentlt do rDck stars. - By tt1tuh KtE

frjel and cO2 siss;ons to irdr.e €r .

tMeB to t€de ic ihen g6 gt;;; i6rlrybri.ls, 6..ian!ie, and ta :iaiatic.sior hone ordeB \io sritch irqr oilteatng to rerewabl. energy- lnde-idherea: oiiers :$r!liin ahtut bign:ri es o. innrDg+rerts s rhen ng.G,noqsredes s:e :n.mlfacethsi4eaot telping e"e !i€ riane:_

Iar€, i.re\2otre SweCen-s narjoo,w;(le ru.-h to.o.ve't.a6 trff gastine tca€ir like .inan4l .nd bicee tejl:Btedtch .lznt y6ie. siatic tnaa sel altsistive aJ.ls ae sringtrg up att .rs th.cqnlrli, and illly i3"n .t ne{ rutG sctC

'c Feaniaiy, tn'- hosi :e.cni m.iti for

borg s assistaot dteclor of envnorment.Similar prcgrdms aG md€! !€y acr.*

:te c.!n'J]I h lhe nollrenr iDlri ol -+rpui.a u/ind tam .pe&d j6! rast so.thlhanris to lt.al Eidenrs who began IrbL.!irrg lof ctticials fire yeas agcj tt shoulc$Fply 4 ctA6!!a!elecldct!/. The okicniv:rsif=r a{ LMrl gec 3o"l ct i:3he.i ii.nr : g.othemal plani. ru.-l Fir€s,ir rh: 3Dulhwesr.jGi openei a $larpo,ie.rJ health .ster Srde oi the:e 3n:.@li eri'.li. 10 be sxe, but llrer =ne.i;ie €rid embrae a pi..ri.r t JJ:ara5.ti ::nb rr, Lhere s FJ ea!r: :: r:.: ix.4r.2. -.8 Eiaha.l ,, ,28 ..;.:'.It tu|t.a rjt a)tta t"$itt"_!.it:th.:,:

14 ''L n^o L, cr'l -rL I \n4v\rn p".,id P'l vf .."l\::. o--vl ''t.cl L. ^.''ir'. .dl . "lo"r ..-r.,"l .b' /'.'-:-l6v/ronrt So ror Nicker! anrr his co stituents. canrivar ic€ s.lhtlres and+y'rt'clnr:1e .hange is abolr thc Cascade Morntatrs, dn ice solrball lqrnrne.lswhen: the .iiy g-dl5 ita waler 3nd hydropower.n.l where in r...ftyars beaause ottic $Ewp.ck has shtunk by ll.riov.rihe plst 50ye.6. irsinc lenrperailj, ir usirieia. a5ovt tb. crb.l of Pu|el Soun,, s watmerwater3.on . blo'nas tt..l po$er plantwild snlrmn runs. usaboii hotrcr sumne6:cooking up n'both hear atul erkrr';iiy.

'nore s'irog llis abour a ;ise io sla re@l that ioulil trpod l(id';r MH-. is harnbssrne

€ .' - oo' . l\n . ,. , . .'t1 erob, r .'1Jbc.rly. tie ..y.. "wen€d to aar- tslil\drinio nfi. ge .rirt.r.

i

TIIFGREENING

OF,WAI.MART

,s 1l around ih€ $\o,lLl. sl,ooDers {lNkAB b wrl Nlrn rol,v ev.'"ti'""n.*ffi,o.ks ro mii h"d'-In M.Kn;rP HT"\.E, rh"y "o,ne fo, rnotner re{onkrseethewind trbine Rising 120 ft.xl{ve the greund, itt lhe tallesistrucrurcin toM and !,ppln,! 57" of the storei elec-triciry lts not the.Dly thing that mrkeslhis wal MrnJ$€engiani There arephotovoltaic shinlles on lhe rool exteriorrmlls @zted with heirt .elle.tive paint anda bigh te-ah system lhrl autodatically dimsor raises lhe lighlr deplodirg on whetherjt's sun ny or ov...6i. Bre l Allen, vlDnanrges ihe exp..iftrent.l store, says.ustonc6 rell lln,, all the ti e that theid.ovcotrt ofthaiL wlyto shopat thjs wal'Manl'Wrich nrakeslyou wonder: If folks,l,j.F frllhF' h,r thtsyh vpk',Jr.atd'.yLr n,nrc\t,.' :A'l,i,r,r thc,r Ji.tapsa.d suvs?AnJisrn rl,xt ollscttirg thcstorct cnerg/saLm6?

The laws of !Diritended conse.tuc.cescan be.ruel for cornpan ics kying to dothc right tli.g.TlLell.\a oi econoni.ssnggest that Wal N1:inisso bigvith5,200storeswo.l{ivlnl., at iti!flu€nces,-verylhiig iio; th€ilrice oflunber to

II

1j

{t

i

li

l, ..ir. r.- ,r n n,,ar,-",. -.,-,",- i Andrlhr.i" ,r'" r'ffi". ll ill:;i1ll:;J "j llil':,:rT:1".' 11i,"\l;."r"1,,'rc I 1.1^.i:il:.i:" ;ffi"1::;lr::tv.j1",;-j'];; ::::"':;'j:[:ilh|,:t,jii;: I,lnl;;1t,ffiffi;il;;1illill;T:l;li;::: .,Tl"i,l,"J;li|rSl,i,".l;,1'- | ;;;d,-;; '' "r,:^,fffl"l,'l'i i

'pr p,ocn.o o' rTtr otal i r'ci 'a ^onv.nr'onlt r'urb -rhe

'de,, 'c ro .o'v^ " I

ni6iniL^."h\oro\o.'prndrrd,gptro'ra, Btobatwdm.'Co,'eLh),dtirr.,"...'y' i m1 +n'rl/'l-l . I' ' ':l!"',Lr'p',no

\-/d,-mi ,-', cle"&dnd.an.n.rtu I olotqJr'i"Drod - |.u. rl-n".1 i q;pn"club,whrhrd.rd""l. a ..r I ' r\ FPallor I.. r!. L,,L Bo,,r:p.iJ ..,4 (,ri..-q-brp. I rha'd,p,,rh.,l I _i4..,-:.,r,.tr1',n.aro.d.nrnBtoh- a, rhtuBhndru,.,.^,pi...r,rn,r.,y i |,lle,twilh,,,, trn, rl I

\v.nr:i',! ir.ltnnins in 1s33. ras ake.cy rhe ms* or rigriing 6to5-.,r ,yaiig, i tittt" "t "ng"

, " 71mf@, $irl,rbrd, cn.. | . bn i..r, . I i . .. t ,1ii ,,orluLl,

^;::::..::'#:il.l#:'.-;;;".. li;-l1lliltjj,llllli,llj..;;::,..1f'1 - lr,-"s:"]vd-"+*""eess1,',rri,:.: :f, .r'i-.r c.rit'!.iioi .i a 5:ro r,!L,

".,.,, "..i.i.i," ".,j,,,,.::. " ieri'-boilvj-ve'r.5q0h€esor50barelsot

I

::,ii, r,:. f.*e.cranL ,ri,ii.r; io on\4, g**!.-*!"."-h} r,r,* "',-".a::, i o,l r r,the end ol t[e:.lav you have made a

..r,irlrD ii:nie3 inanks !n pa': iq 3n y.a€, ral.her'ne Joh. Lo Lten eqc s luge ditr!'x€a.el ii:ri.i:;i!1' ;teer rruiiding pog.ni: lrrai r?oI,rd ;equire srashi.tg r:nrbsi.r:j ny I :

'.qn \lanrs\lhliMxd to do i(5 part too.

r:i.r:r .,:ir8! .Jnc,ercy au.jir3 ro ari a::l,oao r.n< h.eer-trj;e^.rtairig H. hs piomised to.urgreenhoL6e gas:i",:rir rlrri!\vriries:.5. J3iaiiis -ir.! !.'f;1n_j,rua..,-!uirt.-.;i i,r!- i n n, i..,"n. ; r.i,'.rn,; *r6*s 2O9" oler rhe, ,..,..',, " ,' d-..,-..' I ,,",,,*.r"n^,.y,ir_rqFdro.on"n,(+

:.r ::r'i. ;,:;tilgnl F io,+i,r.cn1e l!-rs::r: i:r nj6?ay iolis a{l rn./c:r5,:.t rz3i^q 1,._.,..;"..j",r".",-".*l^rno"-^,"i!t. ri i !r::.'ate.ilryihe lr.k.i 4:ihtri:

tlut slo$ Wal M.n they re {xrtting airrnnhdoi. even thtse in ChiM will getprefercnii.l keahre.t in the spply chainrv.l Man e)s itt Mrking with @Nrmer-product manllfaatuas to trim tleirpackaging dd !{iI ward tice that do Fwilh prime reii:estiieon tneshehe. Scoft -h6 pledged to enlistwal Marr's amy oflobbyists !o puah for pcenvnontnenblpolicy changes in Washington, indlding incentives for utilitia to cut tleennoe g6e.

Crnics night ca1l it a "green%h;'abid to degeci atiention fiom Wa]-Meticonhoversixi lalor and health insurancpncti.es. But itt notjNt window drcssin&because W.l M&t sees prcfit in goinggreen "We d not being altruistjC say;S@tt " Ihis is a bsiness philGopht not as@,nl philosophyl' Some iop enviroDrrenlalists seeh @nvinced hei seriou, nrcludingAndry lrviN, head of ihe Rocly Mountainlnstihrtc, vho is a paid adviser. "We don tgo wherc we don t think there! a genuineinlerest in changd sys L.virs.

Tieret no questio. that @nng ene€ycosts are tueling WaI Mrni; c!ffervahondrive. tte .onpdy now iGiits tbal hxckers shut ofi tlrcir engincs when stopping f(ra break, yrelding estjmated saqrgs of$25 mniion a y&r, BydoublinglbegaDileagc of thc neet dlrorgh better ae.ody-Damics and lower-frictio. tires, Wal Macip€cls to pocket $310 hillior ayed. Oneof the biggest itetN on its energy bill i!lighting. ldtead of going wiih the cheapstbulbs, the @mpany is exiqin'enling with.osdie. r.ED sLrips for reliigeEtion xdts

..:that last longer dd use 16s eners/-TmTfalso waDts to sell.more orsani€lly stuwn

- fgad dd cotioo clotling, partly becaue_ :..itigoodfortl,eplanet patly b@use he

L€lievele can get pries cion, and boostsales to lo*income customers.

Like Bill Gates, who st ned his cbar-itable foudation shordy aier Microsofttdbtrun rial, Sotl happes bo be brmish-ing Wal-Mari:t image at a iime wlEn hjscompdy's reputation js ude. siege- Heachrowledg6 that he launched drc plant[rtly to shield wal-Mart ftom bad pressabout its contributjon to global qrming''By doing what we'e doing today youavqid the heaalline dsk that are gotrg toome for people who did not do an)thiDg,'he sa!s.'At some poini businessesMll beneld a.countable {or the actrons theytake.' Meanlvhile, sbould Wal Martsuceed at sh{inkins its environmenral

, footPrint nnd lowering prices for greenproducts, both thepdlet-and ihecomPanyvill pront. Sam Walton \vouldhave li!(ed that. -sy D,.€n rodj, R€,rorredby Srde aafttaeDforvirc, fi'lz lteatftD.netznd add" Pi8,klM.t{jtuef

ASKIilGM BEIA}EII NND REGUIAITOS ni' RUgFA n dpo^pl.omndrv Lh.r ropb 6? lu !.d liv a€npre I

Sl hr[n, ru . d, l-. ,,fo 'o.

i- ou,F a,n,o.phei' .i^n' rpd'q, L'nc.er

4 , . :" l.' d o, o s'6nr6u . 8n1 B'{ v^ou rJ, npnr 'r Lr,L.onp w.n t t'nJ hi' , o'i

'p I I :,n F/q. .\ ,-\p.-

.r!sade.5. rhe CEO of Ci.etey. a ublity wjlh nine coal il€nertruni.e narualol'o Jid h;dui l,v, Ros-.. E 'n A . r..,udrnE 52oo m.

t rt.oo\pn advo,.re orr-BU,atin€ urbon d1d impo{,'8 i rolro fo.Fd a r o.l.rrr-4o i 4 o', /mr "os. hN pu ' on mdqps hli a 'eneedd. p1"4. d4d RoAe s h, r

uiinin iis in.lusi4, v/lrie ofiicialjy apposes airt iedulalory Ciner8 s relian.e.n coal\LaFn'e rhn suJld brLp pow r o n az6o ol r\ rupr r.4n'r . 1 l, 'f!l-

poEF' . rn' a i"clv ro t'- m,'Fd ro 7J\ Hp h ,- Drp,lg",J .n.Siera crub ire.dquaiecixa! io iir While Ho!s;; tsNe'i .educe ci.e.gys co?: that Presidelt Aush hasn:t c.ned tor aru,tliing rmre bmi$ions 57o bclcw 2OOO

st'n,Eenr than vo,untary cuts in i.vestine in p,,iiif iJj."";3:il".fJ,greerhouse gases. in to@srs. Rogc6 b e€ruat ng.oat

Whal is Ro€ers rl'nlr..g? For one gasitication technoloEly tor a plani inthing. he s pe rsally @nied ab@l glol,al lndiana, which 6ull dramatimlty .urlr.rnnrg aid beli:ves thai lhe scicnrifi. carbn enissi.{s ftoft b mirg coal, snltdebat. .b.{t whai causes it has Iong the least expecire and mGt st unaarib€er settred. He lhi.l6 th6r lhe u-s. wilr tossit fuer in tht u.s-be i.{ce.{ to }egllale cilbon asnosl Even i, hc srcceds, Cnergy s e.u.o,ro ixer ia.lusl ria lDrd .iorn lrie s have meoial racord willbe lar trom peri{|. A

dcn+vnhnr tk::rt frve yens, if ipt 91.4 lrition se reme.l rviii tlre :nvrJons.onel r\id as the cEo ofa publicly nental Prdtecrion A8ency ovei.[ege.ltraded conDtry, he lEs toffake viorarions ot th. Crean Ai. Act ieil ap3rt.lecision; lhrt

'ill attet slarehotriers dhe. CiEr$/ bi.keri alvay trom ihe deal.aecr.?! !n the rurrrr. oiiai ila'rls Rv. rlre crignrd sDjt issiowly r,orlanE !i5 !2rjllt e sD?rs nf 50 ye.r:. .nd rt calbn. Js iirroleir the .ounj Aml Cn:e€y sr ppc(;t red, ti€ ;Lei .alcllur .ittho* pl:ni; Rrsr f. ej]ofii io roli bacit pr.vi3ioG .lchatlg6 rarlialjy "W. .. ;e.y. {lepenrierr l!,e Ciean An r\.1rhat Sovern ul;lit:e:.

..:

i,::'

o.csai, says RrAes "anil):f torl ree.rne r. t.ve e2dinEs :rd*.lh th?rassu,<ianr:ir;s olej a IMg Ddrlad..l.tile,i{! ineedj :i,rtai.ty cr tlrp.a;Don €:r:

lcnh i". It1.v.l lisr hrlltl! hyCi'e:g! r :rz'ij ii

^:ae€.,r */itir Duite

;:8,9,.. n,;g\:'s ir rJorjr.i l. rur. c.ii\nie:;.i ! iafre:i :rtii:t;:r ,..j f;..iiir

Bli wilh erob.lwama.g. e.lers v.e!ii{reei *e he.i onh,s c.rrreaelei ir tiLi:

.':eiay ii.isiry eid an wi:h'r4io,!.linci;^:. 't , grea€sl iear i5 thni tei!trrt na2i iviih tr. p.drletr i.ra x4 r.Yl'and qc a.l(e !rm. a.y anil dcn ! r:i..nofe,'r 4ne !, !),8 Fte.-t ec !:t ,2r':i

GLOsAT WAiiafM!!1rl

l-t

.arbon diorni. rh.r.pc\vs ho,n tailpiler iDdsmokcrtackt Blt wlt is thc Drc\i.te, I r ol ED !,ironme.ral I)elense lookirs lor soluiions irr trot)jcxl r.iD iortsrs and KaNrs .omtiet.!s?8ecr6e iorcsts and fictd' |rtts,ee.hous. g,Lscs funr tt€ a!: Sorirl}rf,5?, {ent ro tk.zilro,uge p,otecttun ott}cAm,an basn,and lo t'a! sas to proDde no h! tunniDg. I,t{nving fiekls releascsU(j.- itJarnre$ !],nrr s.(1tj \\ltlort til1j.g,jr6t urder two tonsoi.a,t,of p.r he.t e corktbc i.ne{l every ye?r.

iilirti iir rl for 8r rzilii ns nnd ii,lnsins? [| yiror nenr,l t),.

fense is lobbljng the U.S. Cong.css kl ap!tuve a srajtem rhatqoukl nlr;date rcductiors in ehiss(,ns a;d iltd" rl,. s.rt. ofperDlsiorele.s.specincd,rno!nt,,.tcart,oi Cd,tpenieshavirg uoul)le c!tln,g emisio,rr c. kl bly altowrn.cs fio,n firnstha t liave un uscd fermitr. {)r rhef ror r1d p.ry hnncrs lo siorc .,at-bosa d de\elofnrg nationr ro prc\eNe fo I ests I he nlea coFetuo., a cotrcejtt der.bttrrl b) [,rvi,o.D.nrit D.]Gnsc NherKxpp helpcddrift Urc U.Sl5l9il0 (it--.n,{ir.\ct.ll ret upa rrnd-ing systenr lo coDtrol$lf,,L di.rnle Knipp L,.t,evcs sirnilx.lin.D.ial in.entiles.o!ld sllry :lobal \vi' r,ing Onceyo prti v.lue on ..nFn .edu.rio,ri, he sa!s. vou Drke $iDtrer o!r.f nr novatori Yo! off.r i por oi S;kt:' ,sy cr,r$ nr*""dr

':..:;. RflVARDING G()OD BI]IAUIOR

I

./1

(Optrt !!1 t.fnrl tu tr,1tnn !,

Glean Powerffor ffihina

IIKEJII T^I]OM E\'ENY ^M INI'AT CHIN^s

Tsinghua Univc*itrin thc cdly t!80s, U Zh.ng had his h€riscrrn th9bigh t.ch, high profile elecrro.ics {iekl-rp unr't r}c day he tonbedon an elcctrdriG exam. llnt his u..hancter istic ctain@d shrinbte I..t r.ilo a Iiekl ihat @uld play an even largcr de in Clinat tutu re: e.eigy pr.Fduction "I diink the choi.e wa a very foduoate one in thc end,'eys Li,whostudied thenal engn,ee.ing dd h 2000 became a fo professor' T n'ph.,d' Ll ini . M.l t: "l Ur. ,.mr Lbtv .o,,ng agp ot J".

'' Energy is iDcedibiy nnportrnt for a growing s@iety like Chi.atArt eDer$/ means 6boa, and China:! boonnrg e.onony puts jr on

a |r1tl to be.ome the wodd s No 1 greenhouse gar emittcr 6 @rty as2020. Li knoq6 that China ,,eeds clean ene.gy s lradly as the devet-

:.i

.'pdl world nee.ls Clhina ro .lean p. which js why be joined ihc'J ,oG),u1 8Pclp'nI '.r'gJ

jr-.Fa.l. tu,J I,d j,€'j,,n Cexrd rs.lr

' ecto. when jt opened in July9003. The cenrer's most pronisins

poiect is a ncw technolos/ called potygeneEijon, rry which coal ..tilis.onveted into a clcrne. gaseons li,el rhat can tDth g.rerareeledri.ityan.l bepro.essed iffoa peholeum substjtutc pdy-geneF&nr @uld cui rhc cn6on ernGsions China gencntesL,y b(r.nrg its colious .oal res.dcs and redu.€ fts d.pende,,ce on oil inrporrs- white his ternr conrbues rd rennetllc le.hnolos,-its sriU more er?eDs,ve rhaD diEct Gdconrbustion Liis lol)bying rl,csovenrmert to consrnda$600 hilliotr deDro.shlbon pla.t ind he:s opbifstic he wiltsee itbuilt''China is motivated to dcveto! this rcchnologi Li sls. And rh. rsr ofthe wor ld E hopir r{ it docr - Er sryan watshrtont x6,e

{

, {lgthi i.1iilr:i:ii: ,';ll-no,ti$ i;;:,':L'irlri:;:iil,:t:.:'iit,t,:;;i,ii:l1 lft*ItlF ;ij ll' :r ':i,:'r '::':-, :- .il:.r - : r......i]\::,1 conPJrrc\ r rrrrreftovs

ori--r.dlou,ll . rl ,urI{1. l .nn,.IFI ./m'" led by Lll an.l Nrhin, ro crrforcc ic irklsmenr

Sn nita N& ain a nd Bl,u.e I.lled io blild ti,e world's Tle unlikcly duo nn.redi.tclr ran i.to road

I ffi;,:ff:'ifl:";:t':ril'Jffil"lll':,i:11ff i,:",h.H;:j:::rxi#:::l$:i5,:::lldeath," says Nadin,,13, director olLldias Center sliaws fomcd rt U. h lulofgijn.tions\vithcNcf.r Science aid Finvirotrmcnt Ai. polhtnrn !v:E pnmps. Oil Le.llr.dics ftotrcd olr s.,.nhst! lvho' lT..@ffi r.lv' !!r!'rr

^r. poxunon !v:E pnmps. uu Le.!rr.d'cs

i -W tiIn,io,Lrl]rcpL'hoi AddsLal.li3,tl'crrsenbr elaime.l rlrr (iNc witJ$r as poUuri,,g a!.lie'el Brr' sovernme,,tarln,iDit,rro,: 'fhc ;epital wr5 one ol N,ntr d lalloughr b.cl( Dy Dece,r,!e, 2002, rlr.

StiNiTA it'" n,o.r l,otl,rc.t ,,n "r tt) ^r

d,. crrr of the dry, rdr .li6satb[! r,e.l I.{r Dcuri]an.r 10,000 tui5, t2,000;I{AFAIF{E \'-r''\'rI'' oLr'",rr "- {,p rr8ur,00.,.r.1 'r r\- rr !I E[.liJR[":g_A[. ,,'i ]re Nliil,{r.l,.r'rbLoncl,it,,irndrsthma] Altl,ough an rrtlution in D.ll,i ha5 stal)il,z.d.

Tha,tt4ed lnrl,e'i rl l,llo5 Nlernliledalawsui oforce dre nght fo..ledr air is far honr wotr Some.10{l ro

' r'ou". .ulbn L" D..'r 1r.", l..1 ,,,,.\"'r ro u00,.,1,,"''.,'.'otlor'o,h..rr' .,-i.i1 1

I d-i .., " drk\l',ti ,;.:;,::' . :;;;;,1 ' rtrrrl'r"'nj

': '!rL! csscd nal,,rl g \-.i,) In dal Nanin an.l L{.t(h t chnr b hl. sloq{l slob.lDrEsre r ,ijlu'al Jl ly 19!)S, the 5 upr eDrc Cotrrt nLled lar qelv nr her lla dnir rg. 8u t iher r effor t1 h dlc i t r I i.te{l r€.]ucns

1 ;i,i. :il,:,,. ,.-.11 r.rr.r"', .r r.,r,o-.,, rr . o,/.nnr,..,.J,,, 11,.,r....,,,.,r F,',,,-,.I hJiv r,crrri.- .Lr',lrr',,'nr.r,lFrllurl-(N,ernonolalldicsel Delhi lerpfrog:e(l, Na..in ri\s \)th i grnl| ,lirLe, rhe ?'rl.i ri vp,Fl lu F5 u crL rn{t tle scFppjng of ol.t ..peoplcnoriccd _eJ,,,e, penl/^rri o.,hi

inlG IHE FUIURE

evnng.liel Ch.isiirn lead.rs cnlle.J oCongres.lo reeD,nle carbon diorirle

eieculivc direclo, oi thc Evangelical,Envir.n.rcnlrl NctMrk h 200O

:izikof lheli.tionalAssor]ler'denlGeorgeW: enrBsttns.-_:-:: v,.1n rni,lers l,Ie BiI anl

!nbornchild B!i the A.lii,i.i;sir.tLon.enviro'rnrenlrl polrcr.. str k. h,.n rsrno.a lywronghearled. rnd lF nql.fr.i.Jtosay so. rlp le.llh.2l)1,2 What_Would lclutDr v.? ..4rDdgnaga nstgas glz?Ji.g c.rrs rnd dlonc or lheorgrnr:.r, ol lhe Lv:ngel,.r Clidrttelnrl,alrv. rn February v/lr.-n 85

.. Ballj4a, pRcl ces what $=:=irajidta. {rtaiiit.r a. energy3Faianaloy.l.l'riu!) and h. c.fi. to lris-envdonmcntil bcliets honerllyjthroueh Scriplure.nd conce.-rl-finli!I'vinC.ndthe unborn. Fe;ringthaL .

million! or lives coukl be lost'nglobiil-vrrnnl.g relaled dieaste.!, heleqrn=].tudy rg cnvtronment.lisnr al DrewUnryers tyln New lersey in 199;2nd .

€mc,ged lhrc: years l:ler wrtha Ph.Dro Ih.olosi.rl ethic5. He be.dme

lianbiriiEv!rerlicilt'.preseni n

signilrL.nt pol ti.rl lrrbilrly for lhe BdthAdministralion and itsarlt.s 'tlbtlgrcat-. sls,n thrl lh.'renergypali.ies have pul thc;r on n colIsioncor;ise with a c.,..onn Iuen.v. Pav

audrtior' (o our mcssJge, uall.rE!€ebeaa!.c clim.te chanAe i. nol r lellwing. tiee hrgsrnE iisu. 'lt 5a peop.probienr lt s.boutlovnrg yourneiEhbo': -6y €tc Rbsld

ERYAN WA TSH

-or destroy it ''and'lndi

lUr5k.l;onlor TIME by Y.n Na<imb€rc

tEditjonal energy souce lheY

I€veinabuddte BarbmFi@'more- dt@tor oi the Natural Iiesoures Detefe Council s China

I Clan Ercr$/ Progm, estimates

that Chinal toLJ electiicirY de_

m;Ddwil increisely 2,600 siSn-: watts by 2050, whtch is the

eqtri@lert of adding for]r 300-megawtt Power Plantr evcryweekforthenext4s Y€A lndiaienersy consumPtioa rose 2089,

from l98O to 2001, even f.sbrthan Chtnas, bui n@rlY half thepopulaiion still lacks regular ac

climatc .laDge efforts for y@rr but that irbeginning to change and $me of thepush

's coming from Beting. ror most of

the r€ent Montr€al climate @nferercqthe U.S- resisted @y sdous di$tlsion ot*lMt should be done aJter Kloto €rPi.es;Bur several major dereloping coutiies, in"cluding ChiDa as ? quiet but present forcei

Dcvet@ment Meclianlm, a part of dre

ryoto Protoml that all@s develop€dountries to sponsor geenhouse cuthngprojects i. develophg coutries iD exchange for dbon crcd;ts that@ be Ed'for neeting enisioDs t rgels. TnGe prcjecis dorir requie dy teclDdlogidl lrre2tthroughs, A 2003 study by the co@ltingSrm cRA lnte.dtiodal found ihat if CbinaDd IDdia:inveJrdi firly in telirolos/ ..1'

'@dy in use in lhe U,S- the total @rbonsavioss by 2012 wodd tie @mpmble toshat coutd be achieved if ev6ry countryunder the Kroto Pmtocol actully met itst igets.

But that windN of opportuDity Ls rlosjng rapidty, Every slep foMrd tlEt th&cnurtis iake today ($dr a, {hiBt hove tonEl<e its autGemission regulariot! drict€rtlta rhej u.s:s) ddc beirs.s'?mped byg@;rl' tornorow (ftrremple, Clina @dd

s.pported turrber talk md helped b@l(:dom U.S. opposition. "At ihe momeDl;China seems more intosted in eryaging-on this ise intematioully than the U.S.

does: sars Elliot Diringer, dir@tor of rn-terrrtional stEtegres for tle Pev Cente.on Clobat climate Change.

cess to electlicity a hct tie govmment is

workine to change- 'They ll do vhat thcvcan,bui ovenli emissions are likely to rise

much l,igher than they are nov," saFIonaihan Sinton, China aD.ltst for the IE 1'

Environmeirtalism Devitably rakes 2

Ttats becE Cbina od lDdia in_

creasingly see ctimte'dfuge Policy c aMy to add.ess some of their imm€diateproblems slch 6 enerEy shortages ddlo@l environmental ills-while gettingtheintematioDal emmunity to l€lp foot the'

!rldie's gr*erlli0etse'ga$ cmEssiens eould rise ?S%Sy 2E25

& The ilncrease in China's emissions from 2000 to 2030 will

?"tiS& cEgawaEts bv 2S5fi, iqihieft isthe eq*ivalsaat ef addiilgfsarn 3$''slcrBegawafit power plamts every uueek fon the next-A5

'rear$ @ lndi-a's eneisv con-sumption rose 208% frum 1980 to

200L even faster tha1 China's, ind nearly half the population

stili licks regular access to electricity

ha.,tse.r ro deteloomcnr in chrnr rn,l tn I bill. Thank rb Doorly ruo planLs ed uti- | h:F i40 m ron lm on the road bv 20m)

;;;;i""; ;.."i *'y see! adrcetes I q*r"a p"** g'ias' chui od lodia m I wl"t chi"' -d r"di" 'o v'"d P.''-'l';;;. "il;;'.r'"il;;-; * " k's | ."t'"."tv "n.isv inerncieoL china us lsrendtrroPm"ntiswhatrhewtrdncedspresincnrobhm tha; au and Mterpol-lu I rlu.e ume c m"ch .n'r$/ a5 thp U S I'o IabMdtv arpted P'st Kltto pr'l lhar,F

;;". ii'.i":;;.";;:;;.,a r""iii-,t ' | "-a,,*

li "1

*-..r' ;tp'r' But thar I s'i't "nougt' ro'at* ir *nomierrv 'rcr

th

'he developc'i world. which g* ""t' l -*^ t'. $ a lot or r@m tor ihprcl€. I siileroel'rua'9Ttu1:1N"* 'lig*il. i."i'i **"" "",

u-. sh-outd L.ke I menr- od svinrenerxvby@ftinswsre is I etud @ts re ofi l}F tdbl' for now E-ii'n8

-i.i li ,iJ'*p.?",uri; r.; "i'-"'" I r* "'p"*'* "rr'- "i,"'ia*s **

"."r I Md Nry D"rht seem $dri'e q d'"Y 1l

.i"i"". "o'. "',i.i.;t'"r firsr aod Io'. lpbu ir,lso 'enue depende'c" on ro' lertarges och as low'nna@bon n j^Nw'

mosr.-th. U.S npcd( to Fdure rtsem I ergn en"rgy and .omes @rboo and PoUu lSulthevhFldEr\'lhdrngtonmusltareriF.i""'-: *'. s'"it. r.r.-i". drector of rhe I rair r'.e:emciencv reallv is rbe sw'et I bd 'lr i' Possibl" lo' thde o@tn6 ro

center rir screnc" and Enqrotrmpnt in I loL srs Dan Dudek.3.tuef Nnomrsr ar I acnie* t}" glo*{h $cv d5ei4 Yyiul;;;;;h, :;; ; ';;;;iJ; ;il i;. I d"'i'"*"""r Dprense. Beiiins as,epr. I wking iI" d,^atel e* Drins't 'ft"vmoFl rhar rhe U.s. does t Lt" rt'e t""d on I rt

" gou"--"nt oi* ro ,edue Fder$i in I j*< -;t ao rt on their om It has t" to

cl,matechrnEe: The BBhAdmin'nation. { rensitv rh" mounr of enerevwd rel,tive I t!@EhtheUS:;i;; l;;r"cted a*4".".,i" l"*"." l ro *".i- ot tt'. *no.\- 20% bv 2arc' I Mavbe

^merim can bcsinbv rr rFs a,nlum hd;iecred Kmro oartlv b"cuse I torhesizof th. Nnom\ z,qo by 2AlO. I Mavbe Ameflm can t'cpnDv nlns n

dpveloDroe counr, ip< were-xempr l,om I Mrlingambitiourpled86iseat thal lbt' mot' like the arem8e chuae.ot

"-"",o*irr.. I iswhat five vear plsnsare ro' -but nnding I lnd'" b'foe they stttr buns uKe

I he standotr between the U.S. and the I rhe will and ilre frmds to nale them stick is I nmerics. -r,rn 'aid't " Dt s|gn

"res

nearlv e0ualthe increase from the entire industrializedworld@ #Bainais totaE eleutric!$ demrand will rise arE estiEraated

rtian giants has stymied 'nterBational

I trickin One source oftuDding is the Clan I end todi x'/a'nine

souldsise

48

1

9I INTER{NG 'L]MATE

C}TANGE t\f t-f or

The fillorving i: Pqisne lliniste:'i-=e llsienLoong's :peetfi ai the Ujii ciinrate changeronference in Bali vesie+day

Innovation,CLMATB chanse is aD erormous long temr chlilcnSe conlrontng maJrland

Scientists Jo nol knowhuw cruicklv it qll haPpen,how s;verelt w,U be or JU ofirs conseouences- But thergis are gr6wg -melhng polar rce caes, vanrshrne glr_crers- hottar and lonaer sunr-mers- more intense typhoons

lf we iail lo address clinateLhaDge, ecosystem-s-a.d hu-man soctetres could exnenence maror d6roPtions ovPr,hP n.{r 50 to 1O0 \e36. rndoute DosrblY \ooD;r' Th; Kvoto Proto(ol is a

tirst colle;h!e attemPt bY theworld to deal witb climalechJnPe. lt is an i,nPortJnr5iart,'bur we hJve to bu,ld oDKvoto aDd do morE-

The DteiDboul con',nutu_ry mun work otrt r Pra.trcrlind effeciive rPIroich atlerrh" tir(t.omdtment Deriutlunder Kyoto er?nes in 2012

Let me ptopose thrcc Prin'oples wbi.h l hclicve

'rE cs

cPnr'"1 lor f, Dost ZOt2 lrimP

Coiletiive cfforiFIRST. the f.ameworh mustha;e the comitrnent and ParhciDatroEof rll cuutriries, un-,r"; r r"'r.d Nrtions Frch.work Coovenrion on CliDateChange auspices. The dcveloDed Lountries rre rc<L'ons,_ble for the bulkorofieirt andtnstori@l F@n-houe gas emitc,ons Th6y w l have ro takethe leal in cuttn8.mr$'ons

The deveLopLoA countnes.:sDecullv the emftsine ecnno-i.s of Asia are aiso becomitlsmcior erutter< TheLr FoPdl;l'oi's are equaily, ir notm6re u,lncrable lo clinrrtc

RicI o! poor, alLeountri eswill hfle io Co their Dart tortbe environment. Cotlective-Iv. we share this Problem andirust solve it tosether.

Second-thit-Jtamcwotk5bor d re.osnse rhe qtJl imoo.tance ot economic arowtllovenv is nor J solubon toelobal wamDg The problem6f climate chatee has a longtcad tine, ar do any countcr

. Meanwhile, soverrmentsmust deal with other Prioi_b6. includils alleviating Pov-erw, Esbtin8 die.ses dmal.nutntion, aod improvints t!clives oi thdr people.

All this reouircs economLcrjrowth ind r;sourcs, which;F:n( L Dnhnxcd deDendenceon ercrsy and, in P;.tictlar.

on tossil tuels. This r.ality Mllnoi chanBe ,n tte torseerl len'hIe desDite our h.st el'orL\to su Ureeir.

IJ actjuns to mrhEare.lrmate chaiae de to Prese.veprdwrh thev should not unEeroe slo6atsrhon and th"

'ntedation!i Jivisiun ol la-

ID ihe world econony,some .odnttres sDecrahse inprodMins sooab, ivtule oihertiupolv more services Thos..loins more tnanutacn,rrn8will mturrllv have a lrraerca'bon footDrint. likevise fortransDoriation hubs. whichsupply bunkers for shrlc andtuel for airplan6.

Penatitinr these couqheswould be c6utet!rodu't jvei,.".

' '." the :criuires wouldiLst mowe to other coEtriesless well suited for ihen weworld have taid an economicDrice ulhorit re3prnA 3nY eD;F,nmentilbeneLrs

SinsaPore has a vesled Dteres!.in this .s manul.clur,nB, porr and !irPort \crvice5.P"llrmDo.tantto ourcc.nomv. But;e rre not dlone'Third. lle {ran,eworL dustt.ke

'nto accout differences

h nrtbnal eirdmstancd ddmnsttuls. Countrres.viry r!zc. populJho; iod develoPment Some cre endowe 'lv,tl ablddart clern .nd renewal'le enersy eurcci iucha5 wnd, hvdro or Eeotbennalnower whilc olhe6 hrve noilrPmit ves ro Iosil tuels

Smal states, especiauy de' 'veloDne ones, Iace the mosterci. aoGtra ts. Tl'eY aremore vdreIabte to externalshocks a.d natlfrl disastersThef are often heavily de

"ardent on imported fosil fu-

i:ls md ururot'easilY diversifYtheir encrsv sourcs Evcntu_etear eneiiv rs rnlea\ibie iorlack of safctY distancc

G,ventiis wde ranxe ots'luations, the Post_2012 framew.rk camotiits rll aPPtoacb An €quitr-hle solutioD must lr[e ac.nnnt of diveF. n2ticinal ciF-,-(rances. The smaller rndmore lrllnemble countnes innarriolar uLl need techlicatitislance to Put in Plzce ajfec-tive adaPtation m@sues

Lnergy etficitncv

RASED on tiese broad Ptinc'Dles. let me su8gest a lew el_

lective aPProJches io mlrBate

Frrlt. wd 'l'ould PUrsuerraem:'hc rnd Losl_ellechve*ars to te<iuc. gr.ennouse

eri enis:r"rs Th15 rncludes

THE S TRAI'IS 1-IMES THURSDAY, D ECEMB ER 13 2OO7

explofinB technologY to impror/e.dergy ellrcreocy andcut-irastaA.. lor eirDP'c, bisDP mor; publr tDnsport!_ri6n:instexd of cni 1nd noidJ;ltoohne or ov€rheatDgbuildiEss

Wc should rpply- econonics to pnce cnergy ProPerrydd avoid subsiJisiDs over.onsumorion of foss luels

S;cond. weaccd to Proteltrb€,: world's carbotr sinks.slash.Md-bum Drlctices JnLli:rce.scale bmihe ui oertl:n-rlsretease huc iouuLq ofrrrbon rnro rhe'rtm^sphereWe rDust sL ,n $ese Prd.tr..s

d the loss of forested are6.'Tliisrreo ires the conlmudd

atteDtion ;Dd ;spport.of _.the

nrterDarional comunity asvell as responsible pol;ciesrnn .ffecbve enior.emeDt bvthe coundcs which ot'n thes;

Siiraapore supports theitlea of redlcine enjsaionsfrorD de{orestatioD a forestdesradatjon (Redd) proposed

ihrs while lluinsine dN.up-lrons t. thc Elobal sonomvl

No coutry can vol nteer1o cut its om eoissions if oth-ers do not joio in All couniries musr vork tosether, bu!tbe major econonreq b,ve tosiow leadeBhip, 3s rny vi3-ble solution requircs ib.ir fDll

Political will

DEAr-rNG Mth alobal mrE-us wiil bc a lons fd dilfioilDr?,cess- It v l-need Dolitic.llupport ftor the popidationsot our countDs. ror we rrxI..F. loEh .fiotcas-

ln Eo"roDe. dmrte cbdeeDolicv is ah;ady a major Polib;il n;.ntv In Austtalia- Dub'l- ',.ssrire torced fo;nernnni" minister John Homrdio chafee hrr a^vemcnt'sdind ,frer a sevue de@dc

pa.t, but D'se lre en@wg-urE srms ol DroarySss

sinsaDoie atrd all the

^.u in;nbcrs. w l do ths

Drn- We de IdlY comittedio an ambitious Bali roadm3Dd,rt Mll d.tiver an cftecr'v;post-2012 rcgime.

Founh. climate chanee B adlTamrc problem. Tec6nolu-Fy b cbdistrs, the elobal djmate B dratreils sd oDr un-derstandinq of clmate chMee; atso chaisiDs.

llence, we need not tust aonc-timc, comDlete eolution,but as evolvini, creative re-sponse that will erplorr DewtechnoloBies and adapt tonev suedrlic discoeenes.

This re?onsc mtlst ircludea nalor rnvestmcnt m research on climate change ardenersy tecbnolosies, be it carbon stoEge, solar power, slenu.lear energy or other lowurbol wavs to oowcr our tuhlrc wP ilc. l'trvr to fin,lways to pack gc and .obedsuch tcchnolone\ in.vcrv.t yLIe, whetber 6alr4 norc et-ticrent ensnes or dereuBmd:buildiDs more eco heE&ly ciliq:'Cliinaie ensineeiinBshoiild be explored tully

by llndonsia, dd resronal iiri-tiatives like the He-rrt of Bor-neo project, which covers220,000 sq kd oI forcsts inBrunei, lndonesia dd Malay-sra. We are also workite witblndotresir to lackle tsdandtues aDd develop sustaieblelmd<leanoe pEcbce!.

Third, beyoDil ind'ndua1melsures, I believe ilitne.6sary to set overall targets to realuce emissions Cotrnt.iesnecd to asree to t}lis obiec-tive, Deeotiate a dedi od puth place policies to achieve

This Eill rlise oany com-Dler i\sxer How m,'.h (hnuld;e cut emissios bv? How dowe share the .osd? wtat sthe best way to ctrt quantita-tive cortrols, cafion taxes orcap-md-trade schenes?

Should the measEes bebased on .ountries, or indr$-trv sectoE such as avialiond;d shippins on a worldwidebasir, or individual coDsu-ers? And how can we do all

SDerpore s stroDely coD-m riii r^ rhie r.<F.rh Pff.n

e are invertins considenbleslDs to develop clru tecltrol-oeies such assola. and Mter.We are also Daitner'n! China10 build m eccity iD Timjirto tgtbed md demonstnte ei-uronmentallv s$tainahle andecoDoo€[v'viable aDproac]es for urbaD devcldpmcnt,wuch @n be rblirated in oth-

Next yar, Sin8apore willbe hostiDq a World Citi€r Sum-mit tbat will foc|li on envisn-mental issues itr urban ser

iiftb, we sbould work onadaptatio! stmtegi€s ClitDatechanAe will take place despiteou best efforts. We cm, atbest, slow down tbe build-upof greenholse gases in the al-mosphere over tbe Dext dec'ad€s. but we caonot reverseelob;l wamiDs aod restoreaonditions to the pre-bJusFi

ife mst therefore .itaDtou socielis to sMvins s awdmer world and apply ourinreiiuitv md resolve io lluioisiEs ibe Desalive eifects.Tte sooner we strrl doinPthis. the rnore affordable rln:task wil be.

Ad'"ii;i;s:D;;";i"" :rj'r' ":r'r'r1}thF,'^ral sen tus'sfdnn by

! narilowr ..rr l.ndcd wrh

.t-

U l,uiolc of Lhe t5 n,ost foUuteil;Ucsin theworld u€in Asir OIthes€, 17.tuin alhin, r;xl liv.irrP in In;ii

Asta's m6l pollred ci|l:es

rhi aao,

, ;;;;;;;,