MAN AND ENERGY A case for Sustainable Living through Renewable and Green Energy Ali Keyhani...

MAN AND ENERGYA case for Sustainable Living through

Renewable and Green Energy

Ali KeyhaniProfessor of Electrical and Computer Engineering

The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, [email protected]

04/18/23 [email protected]

ABSTRACT• Energy technologies have a central role in social and

economic developments at all scales.

• Energy is closely linked environmental pollution, degradation to economic development and quality of living.

• We are dependent on nonrenewable fossil fuels that have been and will continue to be major cause of pollution and climatic change.

• Petroleum supplies are dwindling.

• Thus finding sustainable alternatives is an urgent concern.04/18/23 2

….ABSTRACT

Challenges• To develop technology for integration, control

of renewable energy sources, control of energy consumption and load management.

• To empower energy user for a sustainable living.

• Developing Distributed Generation system where energy user is also an energy producer.

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…ABSTRACT

• In this talk, an overview of humankind energy use is presented.

• Then the talk, focuses on some of the challenges and efforts needed to harness renewable energy.

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04/18/23 [email protected] 5

In part I, the use of energy by man, environment and sustainable living were presented.

The use energy in present time was discussed.

Based on British Petroleum (www. bp.com), there is only ten more years of petroleum reserve remain in US , if the current rate of utilization continues.

British Petroleum data shows that the Middle East oil would last only another one hundred years at the current worldwide rate of consumption.

British Petroleum data shows that the world can continue to use petroleum at current rate for only another forty years.

Challenge of future is to replace petroleum with renewable energy sources.


In part III, the control of Renewable Energy Sources will be presented.

Uncertain open-loop model of Three-Phase Four-Wire Inverter

Three-Phase Four-Wire Inverter Control

Steady State and Transient response

The robust stability analysis results: System performance vs. stability robustness under selected gains.

Power Flow Control of A Single DG Unit in Grid Connected Mode

Single Unit Control- Island Mode of Operation

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• The current limiter

– Imax is determined by the inverter.

[email protected]

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Three-Phase Four-Wire Inverter Control • Space vector PWM

[email protected]

04/18/23 9

Three-Phase Four-Wire Inverter Control (22)• Standard space vector PWM – for 3-wire

– Two dimensional modulation– Equal duration of vectors 7 (000) and 8 (111)– No 0-sequence control capability– High dc bus voltage utilization -

• Modified space vector PWM – for 4-wire– Three dimensional modulation– Unequal duration of vectors 7 (000) and 8 (111)– With 0-axis control capability– Trade-off: less dc bus voltage utilization -– Priority adjustment capability between αβ and 0 axes

dcref VV3

3max,

dcref VV2

1max,

[email protected]

04/18/23 10

Three-Phase Four-Wire Inverter Control • Modified SVPWM

t

t

t

van

vbn

vcn

0.5vdc

-0.5vdc

0

0.5vdc

-0.5vdc

0

0.5vdc

-0.5vdc

0

Vector 8(0 0 0)

Vector 1(1 0 0)

Vector 2(1 1 0)

Vector 7(1 1 1)

Vector 2(1 1 0)

Vector 1(1 0 0)

Vector 8(0 0 0)

T0/2 T1 T2 T0/2

Tpwm

t

t

t

van

vbn

vcn

0.5vdc

-0.5vdc

0

0.5vdc

-0.5vdc

0

0.5vdc

-0.5vdc

0

Vector 8(0 0 0)

Vector 1(1 0 0)

Vector 2(1 1 0)

Vector 7(1 1 1)

Vector 2(1 1 0)

Vector 1(1 0 0)

Vector 8(0 0 0)

T8 T1 T2 T7

Tpwm

Conventional [email protected]

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– Calculation of the vector intervals

dc

ref

V

Va

3222

vvVref 2pwm

z

TT

aTT z

ref

3sin

3sin

1

v

vref arctan

aTT zref

3sin

sin2

210 TTTT z z

dc

TV

vT

21

0

[email protected]

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• Frequency domain analysis

[email protected]

04/18/23 13

Three-Phase Four-Wire Inverter Control • Simulation results

– Steady state: Voltage reference 120V(RMS)

[email protected]

04/18/23 14

Three-Phase Four-Wire Inverter Control– Steady state: Voltage reference 120V(RMS)

100% resistive load 100% inductive load, pf = [email protected]

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Three-Phase Four-Wire Inverter Control – Steady state: Voltage reference 120V(RMS)

Unbalanced, phase A Unbalanced, phase A and [email protected]

04/18/23 16

Three-Phase Four-Wire Inverter Control – Steady state: Voltage reference 120V(RMS)

Nonlinear [email protected]

04/18/23 17

Three-Phase Four-Wire Inverter Control – Transients:

Load drops: 100% - 0Load rises: 0 – 100%[email protected]

04/18/23 18

• Experiments


[email protected]

04/18/23 19

• Experiments


[email protected]

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• Reference frame and PWM scheme issues:– ABC+sine PWM– Stationary α-β +Modified Space Vector PWM– Comparison under limited dc bus voltage


[email protected]

04/18/23 21

Three-Phase Four-Wire Inverter Control • The robust stability issue

– Parametric uncertainty– Load disturbances– Stability Robustness

• μ-analysis– Structured singular value

– Robust stability achieved iff

[email protected]

04/18/23 22


• Uncertain open-loop model– Equivalent circuit model– Perturbed parameters

[email protected]

04/18/23 23

Three-Phase Four-Wire Inverter Control • Uncertain open-loop model

– Linear Fractional Transformation

[email protected]

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– Linear Fractional Transformation

[email protected]

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[email protected]

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[email protected]

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[email protected]

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Three-Phase Four-Wire Inverter Control • Uncertain closed-loop model

[email protected]

04/18/23 29

• The robust stability analysis results– System performance vs. stability robustness under

selected gains.


[email protected]

04/18/23 30

Power Flow Control of A Single DG Unit in Grid Connected Mode

[email protected]

04/18/23 31

Grid-Connected Inverter Control • For distributed generation (DG)• Control issues

– Island mode: voltage control– Grid-connected mode: power control

• Low steady state error for P and Q• Fast transient response• Low coupling between P and Q• Line current conditioning under nonlinear local load

[email protected]

• With or without utility interfacing

– Power supplies for critical loads– Automotive

• Zero-emission vehicles

• Unlimited business opportunities


Distributed generation

Control of Fuel Cell Generating Source


FC Energy Conversion System Development Issues

• System configuration and auxiliary source

Fuel Cell

DC/DCconverter

DC/DCconverter

DC/ACinverter

Controller

Measurement/control

Load

Battery

DC Bus


Low Voltage Distributed Generation Systems


FC Energy Conversion System Development Issues

• DC/AC conversion– 3-ph or single phase– Voltage regulation (steady state)– THD– Transient response– Overload protection– Robustness to various disturbances


Three-phase IGBT PWM Inverter

• Research focus : Digital Control of the PWM Inverters for On-Line DG/UPS

Linv

C inv C inv

Delta-W ye Transform er

LOAD

U

V

W

x

z

n

y

aIinv

bIinv

cIinv

aIload

bIload

cIload

Cgrass

úúú

û

ù

êêê

ë

é

ca

bc

ab

Vinv

Vinv

Vinv

úúú

û

ù

êêê

ë

é

cn

bn

an

Vload

Vload

Vload

úúú

û

ù

êêê

ë

é

ca

bc

ab

Vpwm

Vpwm

Vpwm

Vdc

gating signals DSP system voltages and currentsm easurem ent


Parallel DG Systems

• Paralleling for system expansion and redundancy

RECTIFIER INVERTER

BATTERY

BYPASS STATICSWITCH

BYPASS SOURCE

UTILITY INPUT

LOADOUTPUT

RECTIFIER INVERTER

BATTERY

BYPASS STATICSWITCH

UPS1

UPS2


Issues in paralleling DG• To be avoided

– Unequal loading– Circulating currents

• Due to the presence of:– Component mismatches– Measurement Errors– Mismatch wiring impedances

• Undesirable:– Increased system losses– Decreased total capacity (need to de-rate the units)


• Single Unit PWM Inverter Control

Propose a novel control using Perfect Robust Servomechanism Problem (Perfect RSP) Voltage Controller and DiscreteSliding Mode Current Controller to achieve:

– good voltage regulation – good THD– good transient response – and fast current limiting


• Parallel PWM Inverters ControlDevelop load sharing technique that improves prior works in:

The proposed technique shall attempt to eliminate, if not reduce the absolute dependency on inter-communication between units to guarantee proper load sharing.

The technique shall not be sensitive to the following: component mismatches, measurement error, or unbalanced load or wire impedances.

The proposed technique shall attempt to establish the sharing of harmonic components of the currents, without significantly degrading the performance of the outputs voltages.

The proposed technique shall attempt to avoid the existence of a single point failure in the paralleled units configuration, such as a master/slave actions and common synchronization signals


Linv

Cinv Cinv

5 KVA - 60 Hz240V Delta/ 208 Wye

Transformer

LOAD

U

V

W

x

z

n

y

aIinv

bIinv

cIinv

aIload

bIload

cIload

Cgrass

úúú

û

ù

êêê

ë

é

ca

bc

ab

Vinv

Vinv

Vinv

úúú

û

ù

êêê

ë

é

cn

bn

an

Vload

Vload

Vload

úúú

û

ù

êêê

ë

é

ca

bc

ab

Vpwm

Vpwm

Vpwm

uF1100

PWM controlsignals

INVERTERF240

DSP system

voltages and currentsmeasurement

SignalConditioning

Circuit

GATE DRIVERSKHI- 22

SKM 50 GB 123 D

SEMIKRON IGBT POWER CONVERTER SYSTEM

240 VUTILITYSOURCE

mH0.2

Vdc

úúú

û

ù

êêê

ë

é

ca

bc

ab

Vbyp

Vbyp

Vbyp

Linv

Cinv Cinv

5 KVA - 60 Hz240V Delta/ 208 Wye

Transformer

U

V

W

x

z

n

y

aIinv

bIinv

cIinv

aIload

bIload

cIload

Cgrass

úúú

û

ù

êêê

ë

é

ca

bc

ab

Vinv

Vinv

Vinv

úúú

û

ù

êêê

ë

é

cn

bn

an

Vload

Vload

Vload

úúú

û

ù

êêê

ë

é

ca

bc

ab

Vpwm

Vpwm

Vpwm

uF1100

PWM controlsignals

INVERTERF240

DSP system

voltages and currentsmeasurement

SignalConditioning

Circuit

GATE DRIVERSKHI- 22

SKM 50 GB 123 D

SEMIKRON IGBT POWER CONVERTER SYSTEM

mH0.2

Vdc

úúú

û

ù

êêê

ë

é

ca

bc

ab

Vbyp

Vbyp

Vbyp

RS232Communication

THREEPHASE

RECTIFIERSYSTEM

THREEPHASE

RECTIFIERSYSTEM

2 x 5 kVA Experimental Setup

Analysis, design, & development through simulations and experimental works


Single Unit Control


Literature Reviews: Control of Single PWM Inverters

Techniques for achieving low THD

• Earlier techniques were PWM generation based– Carrier modulated PWM techniques– Preprogrammed optimized PWM

AverageRMS

Voltage Regulation

PWM pulsesgeneration

PWMInverter

Modulationindex Optimized PWM

patterns

Slow responses to load transients04/18/23 [email protected]

• Real time Pulse-by-pulse digital Control:– Decoupled PI Control– Deadbeat control– Sliding Mode Control

Literature Reviews: Control of Single PWM Inverters Techniques for achieving low THD

Good transient response, but high THD on non-linear loads


Proposed Single Unit Control• Perfect Robust Servo Mechanism Voltage Controller and Discrete

Sliding Mode Current Controller

Robust ServoMechanismController

LimiterDiscrete Sliding Mode

Controller

( )krefV qd

r

+-

+

-

( )kloadV qd

r

Vqder

*qdcmdI

rqdcmdI

r

Iqder

( )kinvI qd

r

Line-to-LineVoltageSpaceVectorPWM

( )kpwmV qd

r

PWM timing

states states


Development of Single Unit Control

• State space model of the plant in DQ Stationary Reference Frame

003

1

3

1qdqd

invqd

inv

qdsndITri

CinvI

Cdt

invVd rrr

qdinv

qdinv

qdinvV

LpwmV

Ldt

invId rrr

11

000 11

qdload

qdload

qdloadI

CsndI

Cdt

loadVd rrr

000 11

qdtran

qdqdtran

qdtran

tranqd loadVL

invVTrvL

sndIL

R

dt

sndId

rr

Zero Components are uncontrollable, not considered for control design

( )dq VinvVinvtr 321 ++

-

qVinv( )dq IsndIsndtr 323

qIsnd

Ltrans Rtrans

Cgrass

+

-

qVload qIloadCinv

Linv

qIinv

qVpwm

( )dq VinvVinvtr 321++

-

dVinv

( )dq IsndIsndtr 323

dIsnd

Ltrans Rtrans

Cgrass

+

-

dVload dIloadCinv

Linv

dIinv

dVpwm

0Isnd

Ltrans Rtrans

Cgrass

+

-

0Vload 0Iload

+

-

+

-


Design Steps:• Obtain the discrete plant model• Design Sliding Mode Current Controller• Include dynamics of the Sliding Mode Current

controller as the ‘plant’ for the Voltage Controller

• Design the Perfect RSP Control:– Include necessary harmonics to be eliminated– Compute the gains by minimizing PI

Development of Single Unit Control


Perfect RSP Voltage Controller

( )krefV qd

r

+

( )kloadV qd

r

Vqder

2221

21

´

Is

r

w

Discrete implementation of


...


states

states

states

ServoCompensator

Gains

1K

Stabilizing compensatorgains

2K( )( )( )( )( )ú

úúúúúú

û

ù

êêêêêêê

ë

é

1kpwmV

kloadI

kloadV

kinvI

kinvV

qd

qd

qd

qd

qd

r

r

r

r

r

*qdcmdI

rCurrent limit

Equation (4.17)qdcmdI

r

( ) max* IkcmdI qd >

r

0

2222

21

´

Is

r

w

22221

´

Is n

r

w

2hr

nhr

1hr


Steady State PerformanceResistive Balanced Load 0.8 lagging balanced load

0.9 leading balanced load Resistive single-phase load


Steady State PerformanceNon-linear load

In all cases powers are shared within less than 1%


Transient Performance

Balanced resistive Balanced 0.8 lagging Unbalanced resistive04/18/23 [email protected]

Transient Performance


Synchronization to bypass and Free-Running Mode

Phase Error Frequency

DQ Real and Reactive PowersCurrents


Related Refrences• [1] Keyhani. A., M.N. Marwali, L.E. Higuera, G. Athalye, G. Baumgartner, "An integrated virtual learning system for the

development of motor drive systems," IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Volume 17, No. 1, Feb. 2002, pp. 1-6

• [2] Keyhani. A., A.B. Proca, "A virtual test bed for instruction and design of permanent magnet machines," IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Volume 14, No. 3, Aug. 1999, pp. 795-801

• • [3].Jung. J. O and A Keyhani, "Control of a Fuel Cell Based Z-Source Converter", IEEE Transaction on Energy Conversion,

volume 22, issue 2, June 2007 Page(s):467 - 476 • • [4]. Marwali, Mohammad N., Jin-Woo Jung and Ali Keyhani, "Stability Analysis of Load Sharing Control for Distributed

Generation Systems", IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 22, No.3, September 2007, pp. 737-745]• • [5] Marwari. Mohammad N., Min Dai, and Ali Keyhani, "Robust Stability Analysis of Voltage and Current Control for

Distributed Generation Systems," IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Volume 21, No. 2, June 2006, pp. 516-526.]• • [6]. Dai. Min, M.N. Marwali, Jin-Woo Jung, A. Keyhani, "Power Flow Control of a Single Distributed Generation Unit",

IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 23, Issue 1,Jan. 2008. pp. 343 - 352 • • [7] Dai. Min, M.N Marwali, Jin-Woo Jung, A. Keyhani, "A Three-Phase Four-Wire Inverter Control Technique for a Single

Distributed Generation Unit in Island Mode", IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 23, Issue 1, Jan. 2008, pp. 322 - 331

• [8] Dai. Min, Mohammad N. Marwali, Jin-Woo Jung, and Ali Keyhani, "Power Flow Control of a Single Distributed Generation Unit with Nonlinear Local Load," IEEE Power Engineering Society 2004 Power Systems Conference & Exposition, October 10-13, 2004, New York city, NY

• .


Related Papers• [9] Dai. Min, Ali Keyhani, Jin-Woo Jung, and A.B. Proca, "A Low Cost Fuel Cell Drive System for Electrical

Vehicles," Proceedings of the 2003 Global Powertrain Congress Conference and Exposition, vol. 26, Sept. 2003, USA, pp. 22-26

• • [10].Dai. Min, Mohammad N. Marwali, Jin-Woo Jung, Ali Keyhani, "A PWM Rectifier Control Technique

for Three-Phase Double Conversion UPS under Unbalanced Load," IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, APEC'05, Vol. 1, pp.548-552, March 2005, Austin, TX

• • [12] Jung. Jin-Woo. Min Dai, and Ali Keyhani, "Modeling and Control of a Fuel Cell Based Z-Source

Converter," IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, APEC'05, Vol. 2, pp. 1112-1118, March 6-10, 2005, Austin, TX

• • [13].Keyhani. A, M. Dai, and J. W. Jung, "Parallel Operation of Power Converters for Applications to

Distributed Energy Systems," 2nd IASTED (The International Association of Science and Technology for Development) International Conference on Power and Energy Systems, Greece, June 25-28, 2002

• • [14] Jung. Jin-Woo and Ali Keyhani, "Control of a Fuel Cell Based Z-Source Converter", IEEE Transaction

on Energy • Conversion, volume 22, issue 2, June 2007 Page(s):467 - 476


Related Papers• M. N. Marwali and A. Keyhani, "Control of Distributed Generation Systems Part I: Voltage

and Current Control," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Volume 19, No. 6, November 2004, pp. 1541-1550[Abstract] [PDF Full-Text (738KB)]

• M. N. Marwali, J. W. Jung, and A. Keyhani, "Control of Distributed Generation Systems Part II: Load Sharing," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Volume 19, No. 6, November 2004, pp. 1551-1561 [Abstract] [PDF Full-Text(873KB)]

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• Thank you for coming


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MAN AND ENERGY A case for Sustainable Living through Renewable and Green Energy Ali Keyhani...

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