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- 1. Malcolm X
2. Summary
1Introduction
2Childhood
- Youth
- Delinquency
- Education in jail
- The end of hisincarcerationafterconverting to Islam
3Malcolm X and Nation of Islam
- Responsibility
- Privacy
- Conversion of Cassius Clay
- Meeting with Fidel Castro
- Pressures and separation
- Assassination
3. Introduction
Malcolm Little alias Malcolm X, alsoknown as El-Hajj Malik
El-Shabazz ( in arab) is an African-American preacher, speaker and
activist for humanrights. To hisadmirers, heis a courageous
defender of humanAfricanAmericanswhoindicted the U.S. for his
crimes against the black community. However, hisdetractors accuse
him of preachingracism, the black supremacist and violence
4. 2Childhood
5. Youth
Malcolm Little was the son of Earl Little and Louise Little. He
lived a short time in 1909, Pinkney Street in North Omaha
neighborhood. Malcolm's father is a Baptist preacher outspoken
supporter of Marcus Garvey and carpenter. This then calls for the
return of Afro-American in Africa (Liberia), refusing to integrate
into American society, which has largely characterized the
political views of Malcolm on the subject. Earl Little was a member
of the World Association of improving the status of blacks
(Universal Negro Improvement Association, UNIA). Malcolm, in his
Autobiography of Malcolm X As Told to Alex Haley, described his
father as an imposing black man blind (but wearing a glass eye).
Four of his uncles were killed by whites, including a
lynched.
Louise Norton was born in Grenada in the Caribbean, a father of
Scottish origin, and which, according to Malcolm, was more like a
white woman. She married Earl Little, among others, because he had
very dark complexion. She hated her pale complexion, her white
blood, and wanted a lot more black children. His grandfather was a
white man whom Malcolm knew nothing except what he described as
"the shame of my mother. " It was from him that Malcolm held his
light complexion. He thought at first, being mixed was a chance, a
"status symbol". Later, he said he "hated every drop of blood
rapist" in him. Being that children who had the complexion clearer,
he thought that his father favored him, but his mother was all the
harder with him for the same reason. One of its nicknames, "Red, "
it came from the freckles of her hair. At birth, he was described
as having "... ash-blonde hair dyed with cinnamon, and at four
years of hair" blond-red. "Her hair charged down with time, but
resembled those of her paternal grandmother, "red under the summer
sun. "
Depending his autobiography, his mother had been threatened by
members of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) while she was pregnant with him
in December 1924. She recalled that the family had been ordered to
leave Omaha because of his father's links with the UNIA, which,
according to members of the KKK, "looking for trouble.
Shortly after the birth of Malcolm, in 1926 the family moved to
Milwaukee (Wisconsin), then shortly after moved to Lansing,
Michigan. In 1931, his father is found dead, a streetcar that ran
him over. Malcolm stated that the cause of death had at the time
was questioned by the black community. He refused himself later,
saying that his family had often been the target of Black Legion, a
group affiliated with white supremacist KKK, his father accused of
having set fire to their house in 1929. The state of Michigan then
had 70,000 members of the KKK, which is five times more than the
Mississippi at the same time.
6. Delinquency
After leaving Boston, Malcolm saw some time in Michigan. In 1943 he
moved to New York where he worked briefly again to the New Haven
Railroad. There is even a work Shoeshine Lindy Hop Nightclub. In
his autobiography he claims to have polished shoes of Duke
Ellington and other famous black musicians. Shortly after, in
Harlem, where it is then called "Detroit Red", he takes part in
activities of drug dealing, gambling, racketeering and burglary.
Between 1943 and 1946, Malcolm trip between Boston and New York on
three occasions. He was arrested in Detroit in 1946 for burglary
and was jailed in Michigan.
When during the Second World War is examined Malcolm for enlistment
in the army, reforming the medical officers on the ground "4-F"
("mentally unfit for military service"). He explained in his
autobiography that he had a role to be reformed, and military
support to the physician that he was eager to organize with other
black soldiers and get their hands on a weapon to "kill some
crackers, that is to say Caucasian. In his dossier compiled by the
FBI appears a letter in which he refers to as a communist and where
he explains some reasons for his desire to be reformed: "I've
always been a Communist. I tried to enlist in the Japanese army
during the last war, now they accept me nor ever enlist in the U.S.
Army. Everyone has always said ... Malcolm is crazy so it's not
hard to convince people that I am. Now the Japanese army had never
been a communist.
In early 1946 he returned to Boston. He was arrested Jan. 12 for
trying to steal a watch again nearly a thousand dollars he had left
in a jewelry store for repair. Two days later, he was also
prosecuted for carrying a weapon. On 16 January, he must face
charges of theft and characterized forced entry. He was sentenced
to ten years in prison (he did make that seven) in the
Massachusetts state prison in Charleston, where he arrives February
27. Sexual relations with white women (there were two in his band,
including his mistress) were nearly claimed him more convictions
for rape, but they refuse to acknowledge, despite the incentives of
the court. In addition, Malcolm was addicted to cocaine, which he
had begun to eat when he was in the underworld.
7. Education in jail
In prison, Malcolm earned the nickname "Satan" because of his
unquenchable hatred for the Bible, God and religion in general [.
He began to read the books of the prison library. He soon developed
a voracious appetite for reading, and astigmatism.
In several letters from prison, but later, Malcolm emphasize the
importance of his education as an autodidact. Thus, in a letter
dated February 15, 1950, he wrote to a certain Raymond: "My
confinement is of a different nature, I finished my fourth year of
a prison sentence of 8 to 10 years ... but those four years in
prison proved to be the most rewarding of my 38 years on this earth
and I feel that "this gift of Time"was a gift that Allah gave me,
the way he rescued me from certain destruction to which I went
along.
He also attributes the sentence: "Without education, we are not
going anywhere in this world" or "Education is the passport to the
future, for tomorrow belongs to those who prepare for it today.
"
8. The end of hisincarcerationafterconverting to Islam
Until the end of his incarceration, Malcolm regularly corresponds
with Elijah Poole, said Elijah Muhammad, leader of the Nation.
"According to his autobiography, Malcolm began to be renowned among
the prisoners, while it remains under the close supervision of the
authorities who recognize him as a potential source of unrest. We
do not give him the opportunity to be released after five years for
good behavior because the authorities thought it was too dangerous
to release in advance.
In February 1948, thanks to the efforts of his sister, Malcolm was
transferred to a prison experimental Norfolk (Massachusetts), and a
library that has provided much more than the state prison in
Charleston. Malcolm later reflected on the time spent in prison:
"Months passed, and it seemed not even be imprisoned. In fact,
until then, I've never been so free in my life. "On August 7, 1952,
Malcolm was finally released at his word.
9. 3Malcolm X and Nation of Islam
10. Shortly after his release, Malcolm Little met Elijah Muhammad
in Chicago, which marked its complete integration with Nation of
Islam.Fairly quickly, he changed his surname to "X". Malcolm
explained that the name represented the rejection of his "slave
name"in the absence of his real name of African origin. Slavery in
America before 1863, the master imposes his slaves to take his name
to the "mark" like his things, hence the rejection. The "X" is also
both the mark applied to the arm of some slaves and the unknown
mathematical symbolizing the unknown original name. This vision has
led many members of Nation of Islam to change their name to "X" as
his future wife, Betty X, or taking names
On 17 February 1953, the FBI opened a file on the basis of the
letter in which he said Communist (see above) in 1950, is in the
midst of Red Scare or Reds Under The Bed (fear of communism to mark
the 1950s America, and summarized by the passions of McCarthyism
and the trial of the Rosenbergs).According to the Church Committee,
the FBI was then used to monitor, prevent and repress radicals like
Malcolm. Included in his case the two letters in which Malcolm used
the alias "Malachi Shabazz". In Message to the Blackman in America,
Elijah Muhammad says that the name "Shabazz" was the offspring of
an "Asian Black nation". The suspicion of communism has proved
unfounded, Malcolm X is then monitored for membership in a black
nationalist cult.
In May 1953, the FBI concludes that Malcolm X was an "asocial
personality with paranoid trends (pre-psychotic paranoid
schizophrenia) " and that he actually tried to treat his mental
disorder. This is supported specifically by the letter intercepted
by the FBI, dated June 29, 1950 (see above).
11. Flag of Nation of Islam. The letters mean Justice, Freedom ,
Equality, Islam.
12. Responsibility
Later that year, Malcolm left home of her half-sister Ella went to
live with Elijah Muhammad in Chicago. It quickly became the
preacher of the eleventh Nation of Islam temple. In 1954, Malcolm
was selected to lead the No. 7 Temple of the Nation of Islam on
Lenox Avenue in Harlem, NY (jointly called "Malcolm X Boulevard" in
1987). It multiplies the number of believers in a short time.
Malcolm X emits a high energy and is able to work from one day to
another with only four hours of sleep or less. He reads a lot, and
when adhering to a cause, he devoted himself entirely.It is a
convincing speaker, and he became known nationally after a local
television show devoted to Nation of Islam, The Hate That Hate
Produced, released in 1959 show where he is interviewed. The
organization was previously little known. Following the broadcast,
media interest in the organization and Malcolm X grew considerably.
The press, radio and television in the United States and around the
world looking statements regularly and transcribe the
highlights.
In the interval between his conversion to the cause of the Nation
of Islam in 1952 and its separation from the organization in 1964,
he married the full teachings of Elijah Muhammad, including the
fact of referring to whites as to "devils" Created by a misguided
breeding program by a scientist black Yacoub. X predicted the
inevitable and imminent return of blacks to what he sees as their
natural place, namely at the top of the social hierarchy and social
order.Malcolm knows that his fame became a cause of considerable
jealousy Nation of Islam, and tries not to feed it during his
public appearances. But it soon appears, however, as the second
most influential leader of the Nation of Islam after Elijah
Muhammad himself. He opened additional temples, including one in
Philadelphia. It is often given an important role in the growth of
the organization, membership increased from 500 in 1952 to 30,000
in 1963.
13. Privacy
January 14, 1958, Malcolm married Betty X (born Sanders) in
Lansing, Michigan. They had six daughters, all of which bear the
name of Shabazz. Their names are (these are mostly names from
Arabic, sometimes confused with names "Muslims"): Attallah (born
November 16, 1958), Qubilah (born December 25, 1960, Ilyasah (born
July 22, 1962) , GamilahLumumbah (born December 4, 1964) and twins
Malaak and Malikah (born September 30, 1965, seven months after the
death of MalcolmMalcolm Bruce Perry - The Life of a Man Who Changed
Black America says that Malcolm X was bisexual., and allegedly had
priced at the age of 20 years with men. He later witnessed a true
emotional relationship with a friend the same sex. No other
biographers except Bruce Perry does not mention these facts.
14. Conversion of Cassius Clay
Malcolm X plays an important role in the conversion of the boxer
Cassius Clay, who officially joined the Nation of Islam in 1964 and
changed its name to Cassius X, in honor of Malcolm. This conversion
occurs at a time when Malcolm X was not on good terms with his
organization. Clay then take the name of Muhammad Ali, and
criticize X for his break with Elijah Muhammad, before following
his example and turn to rally Sunni Islam.
15. Meeting with Fidel Castro
In September 1960, Fidel Castro visits the United States in order
to address the UN General Assembly.During his stay in New York, the
lead Cuban receives a warm welcome from the authorities of the
United States. The delegation was forced to move from the
Shelbourne Hotel at Hotel Theresa in Harlem since Fidel Castro
complained of being asked to pay in advance.Malcolm X met Fidel
Castro as head of a member of the welcoming committee that was set
up in Harlem several weeks earlier. The purpose of this group,
which includes a significant number of blacks, is to meet with
heads of state, particularly those from Africa, who will address
the UN General Assembly. Three African countries become members of
the UN at that session.
16. Pressures and separation1/6
From the early 1960s, several controversies go away progressively
Malcolm X Elijah Muhammad.First sex cases: when the rumors for some
time about the many adulteries committed by Elijah Muhammad with
young secretaries of the movement. WarithDeen Muhammad, the son of
Elijah Muhammad, and a close friend of X, will inform "in 1963,
that his father had put six of his cabinet secretaries. " Adultery
is against the teachings of Nation of Islam. Having rejected this
information, Malcolm X would eventually get confirmation in 1963.
Elijah Muhammad himself would eventually indicate that, the envoy
of God on earth, he was not subject to the same rules as ordinary
people, and explaining that this activity was to follow the
tradition of biblical prophets . Malcolm X noted that he was not
satisfied with the explanation, but his faith in Elijah Muhammad
did not waver. He indicated that he was sorry to see other
preachers make personal use of the funds of the Nation of
Islam.
The second area of disagreement concerns the policy: Malcolm X is
interested in the movement for black civil rights as it develops
from 1955. If the official ideology of the movement is opposed to
black nationalism, and simply claiming a status of "normal
American" for blacks, X believes that there must be a presence of
black nationalists and black Muslims in what is now displayed as
the first great black mass movement in the history of the United
States. Elijah Muhammad, however, is hostile to the end of racial
segregation and support for a movement in which there were many
progressive whites. He feared the dissolution of American blacks in
a set dominated by whites.
17. Pressures and separation2/6
According to the official position of the Nation, Malcolm X
criticized the March on Washington for work and freedom (March on
Washington for Jobs and Freedom) of 28 August 1963, not
understanding why blacks marveled a demonstration "conducted by
whites before a statue of a president died last hundred years and
we do not like him when he was alive. "But the temptation of a
rapprochement with other black organizations seem to have been
strong, and has been a point of difference with Muhammad.
The third dispute concerns religion: Malcolm X became interested in
Islam Sunni official, apparently under the influence of it's own
son Muhammad, WarithDeen Muhammad, who said he had interested in
orthodox Islam in the 1950s in prison. Yet the religion preached by
Elijah Muhammad is very remote. The interest shown by X in respect
of orthodox Islam that can not keep him away from his mentor.
We can finally quote differing ambitions: the aura of X within the
black community in general and the Nation of Islam in particular,
its important media, seem to have worried Elijah Muhammad.In the
spring of 1963, Malcolm started collaborating with Alex Haley to
write his autobiography.
18. Pressures and separation3/6
In November 1963, after the assassination of President Kennedy, all
differences burst into the public after a controversial statement
X. He declares in effect that the violence that Kennedy had not
been able to stop turning against him. He adds, "Chickens coming
home to roost never made me sad. It only made me glad "(" chickens
returning to roost (the barn) will never make me sad, they just
make me happy "- In French," Chickens coming home to roost "has a
meaning close to" he who sows the wind reap the whirlwind "that is
to say," since the American company and its president have opted
for violence, it is not surprising that this one makes the
boomerang effect. "This sentence could be understood as an
endorsement of the assassination. disown this statement Elijah
Muhammad, and prohibits any public statement to X for 90 days, to
which Malcolm X injunction obeyed. But relations between the two
men reach their breaking point. In his autobiography, X even says
that one of his aides said then he would have ordered the
leadership of the Nation of Islam to kill him.Martin Luther King
and Malcolm X, March 26, 1964.
On 8 March 1964, he officially announces he is leaving the Nation
of Islam. On 11 March 1964, he incurs the responsibility of the
rupture on the organization: "The official national headquarters
here in Chicago know that I never left the Nation of Islam on my
own. They are the ones who conspired with Captain Joseph here in
New York to force me to leave the nation. To save the official
national and Captain Joseph disgrace of having to explain ...
ousted from me, I announced in the press that I had left my own. I
did not take the blame on me to protect these national officials,
but to protect the faith you have in your faithful and Nation of
Islam. .
19. Pressures and separation4/6
On 12 March, he announced the founding of his own religious
organization, "The Muslim Mosque Inc.. . Shortly after, he
converted to orthodox Sunni Islam. On April 13, 1964, Malcolm X
from the International Airport John F. Kennedy to make the
pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj) which comes under the Muslim name Malik
El-Shabazz. His wife and daughters then take the surname of
Shabazz.He condemns the racism anti-white Nation of Islam. He
writes about his pilgrimage: "There were tens of thousands of
pilgrims from around the world. They were of all colors, blond with
blue eyes to black-skinned Africans. But we were all participants
of the same ritual, showing a spirit of unity and brotherhood that
my experiences in America had led me to believe could never exist
between whites and non-whites. America needs to understand Islam,
because it is the only religion that erases from its society the
race problem. "
20. Pressures and separation5/6
But Malcolm X remains faithful to action tour disproportionately to
black people. He also refused to condemn the violence of the
oppressed, and has pretty harsh words for the proponents of
nonviolence, which he accuses of encouraging the submission. This
is the case in his famous speech of May 3, 1964, shortly after his
return from Mecca, The Ballot or the Bullet, which he threatens to
use violence. However, it will be worn only as self defense and
response to violence (that of the White Citizen Councils and the Ku
Klux Klan in particular), an injustice that neither the police nor
the government want to solve and often create [ref. necessary]. It
treats some white politicians of the term anti-white crackers. In
the same speech, he declared:
"If the white man does not want us to be against him, he continues
to oppress us, exploit us and degrade us. That we (blacks) are
Christians or Muslims or nationalists or agnostics or atheists, we
must first learn to forget our differences. [...] We will be forced
to use the vote or the ball. [...] I do not even consider myself as
an American. I am not an American. I am one of twenty-two million
black people who are victims of Americanism [...] There will be
Molotov cocktails this month, hand grenades next month, month and
something else Next. [...] This is freedom, or it will be death. It
is freedom or liberty for all people "
21. Pressures and separation6/6
In November 1963, after the assassination of President Kennedy, all
differences burst into the public after a controversial statement
X. He declares in effect that the violence that Kennedy could not
stop himself.For him, the priority is not to unite whites and
blacks, he must first black union is complete, and then he will
fight for the common Black-White [ref. necessary].Shortly after his
return from Mecca, Malcolm X founded the "Organization for
Afro-American Unity, a non-religious political group. It affirms
its determination to carry both a religious struggle for Islam and
a political struggle for blacks, both operating independently.If
Malcolm X broke with the Nation of Islam on a religious level, it
remains relatively faithful to the socio-economic ideas of the
black nationalist organization - with particular emphasis on the
importance of the existence of black enterprises and independent
white s self-organization of the community.
22. Assassination
The tension between Malik El-Shabazz and Nation of Islam continues
to grow then. On 14 February 1965, his house is the subject of a
bomb.Two months before his assassination, Louis Farrakhan wrote
"such a man deserves to die. "On 21 February 1965, Malcolm X
delivers a speech in Harlem, New York, before an audience of four
hundred people, including his wife and children. The speech barely
begun when a fight broke out in the crowd, a man accuses another of
having his hands in his pockets. Malcolm X, the microphone, called
for calm when a member of the Black Muslims advances toward him
with a sawed-off shotgun, hit in the stomach, Malcolm X falls back,
while two others pull him over sixteen times with revolvers.
Malcolm X was taken to the nearest hospital, but police prevented
her hospitalization. Time to move to a second hospital is fatal.
The identity of the sponsor remains unknown, although suspicions
focus on Nation of Islam infiltrated by several FBI agents when
they learned of a proposed assassination of Malcolm X.
Three members of Nation of Islam are found guilty in 1966: Norman
3X Butler, Thomas 15X Johnson and TalmadgeHayer. The organization
itself deny any involvement in the assassination. "Betty Shabazz
[Malcolm X's wife], who died in 1997, publicly accused Farrakhan of
a role in the murder. " He has admitted in early 2007: "I have been
complicit in words, while denying any direct involvement in the
organization. In 1994, QubilahShabazz, a daughter of Malcolm X, was
arrested and charged for paying a hitman to kill Farrakhan in
charge, a charge dropped in 1995. It was also envisaged that the
FBI was aware of the project has covered the assassination and even
helped. This hypothesis has been taken by the NOI. In dying, his
ideas do not disappear with him. They were taken by groups (Black
Panthers), populations (Soweto), countries (Burkina Faso, Thomas
Sankara) more concerned with equity and social justice. More than a
civil rights leader, Malcolm was a defender of human rights, those
we must defend "by all means necessary ". It was a revolutionary
who was part as Ernesto "Che" Guevara (whom he met, observed and
described as "the greatest revolutionary who is"), in the struggle
against an imperialist system (see speech: "Show me the capitalist,
I'll show you the vulture "). By his wit and his oratory skills but
also by civic action (campaign for the inclusion of Afro-Americans
in the electoral rolls), he helped greatly to improve the condition
of "Blacks in America. " Aware of the image that his critics wanted
him to leave, he predicted in his autobiography: "After my death,
they will make me a racist, someone who inspires fear angry ... I'm
not racist. I not believe in any form of segregation. The concept
of racism is foreign to me. I do not appreciate all these words in
"ism (e) " "
23. End
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