MALAYSIAN TECHNICAL MALAYSIAN TECHNICAL COOPERATION PROGRAMME (MTCP)COOPERATION PROGRAMME (MTCP)

SUDAN COUNTRY REPORTSUDAN COUNTRY REPORTON STATUS OF FISHERIESON STATUS OF FISHERIES

PRESENTED BY:PRESENTED BY:

IGBAL SID AHMED ELHASSANIGBAL SID AHMED ELHASSAN

FISHERIES DEPARTMENTFISHERIES DEPARTMENT

UNVERSITY OF JUBAUNVERSITY OF JUBA

Introduction:

Fisheries Resources of the Fisheries Resources of the SudanSudan

Are consisted of marine fisheries and freshwater fisheries Are consisted of marine fisheries and freshwater fisheries The ministry of animal wealth is in charge of animal production and The ministry of animal wealth is in charge of animal production and

fisheries. fisheries. Fisheries administration is responsible for management of marine and Fisheries administration is responsible for management of marine and

fresh water fisheries. fresh water fisheries. Fisheries research is divided into three units, fish culture, freshwater Fisheries research is divided into three units, fish culture, freshwater

and marine.and marine. Fisheries research is under the federal ministry of Science and Fisheries research is under the federal ministry of Science and

Technology.Technology. Fisheries research is also carried out by universities.Fisheries research is also carried out by universities. The Natural fisheries recourses are divided into:The Natural fisheries recourses are divided into: Inland fisheries (the Nile and its tributaries).Inland fisheries (the Nile and its tributaries). Marine fisheries( Red Sea)Marine fisheries( Red Sea)

Freshwater Fisheries of the Sudan

Over 95% of the catch is from fisheries Over 95% of the catch is from fisheries on the Nile and its tributaries and on the Nile and its tributaries and associated swamp lands.associated swamp lands.

Three quarters of the estimated Three quarters of the estimated potential yield of fish is from sudd potential yield of fish is from sudd region.region.

Five impoundments were constructed Five impoundments were constructed across the Nile at different dates.across the Nile at different dates.

The total potential yield of them is The total potential yield of them is around 100.000 ton of fish.around 100.000 ton of fish.

Fisheries of the White Nile

The White Nile is the one of the two main tributaries of the Nile.

It originates in Lake Victoria 400 km South of the Equator in Uganda.

The area of the flood plain is between 10000 to 92000 km at low water and peak flood levels.

Jabel Awlia Dam was constructed in 1937 at Jebel Aulia town 80 km south of KH.

It stretches 629 km to the town of Renk..

The estimated potential is 1500 tons/year

Varity of gears are used.

Number of fishermen is 1775 using 1200 canoes (1992).

Expected potential production was 1000 tons.

A sign of overexplotation is reported.

FISHERIES OF BLUE NILEFISHERIES OF BLUE NILE

It originates in the Lake Tana in Ethiopian plateau It originates in the Lake Tana in Ethiopian plateau then it joins the White Nile at Khartoum.then it joins the White Nile at Khartoum.

Sennar Dam was constructed in 1929.Sennar Dam was constructed in 1929. The total area is 160 km,the mean depth is 6.5.The total area is 160 km,the mean depth is 6.5. The potential sustainable yield of sennar is 1100 The potential sustainable yield of sennar is 1100

ton /year.ton /year.

FISHERIES OF LAKE NUBIA

FISHERIES OF LAKE NUBIAFISHERIES OF LAKE NUBIA

It is the Sudanese territorial water of the It is the Sudanese territorial water of the impoundment behind the Aswan High Dam (1964).impoundment behind the Aswan High Dam (1964).

The total lake is 488 km,140km lies within the The total lake is 488 km,140km lies within the Sudan.Sudan.

The exploitation has been used on the integrated The exploitation has been used on the integrated commercial fishing.commercial fishing.

The expected yield was 5000 tons.The expected yield was 5000 tons. The current output is 2000 ton.The current output is 2000 ton.

FISHERIES OF KASHM ELGIRBAFISHERIES OF KASHM ELGIRBA

The dam was constructed across the river The dam was constructed across the river Atbara.Atbara.

Support a seasonal fishery from October to Support a seasonal fishery from October to July.\The total annual landings are 400 tons.July.\The total annual landings are 400 tons.

UTILIZATION OF ILAND CATCHUTILIZATION OF ILAND CATCH

The majority is sent to the consuming area The majority is sent to the consuming area and are consumed fresh.and are consumed fresh.

The balance is sun-dried or salted (to The balance is sun-dried or salted (to agricultural schemes.)agricultural schemes.)

About fifth of the entire catch is thought to About fifth of the entire catch is thought to be lost.be lost.

MARKTING OF MARINE FISHMARKTING OF MARINE FISH

Lack of facilities for marketing is a serious Lack of facilities for marketing is a serious problem for fishermen.problem for fishermen.

Fish traders monopolize the marketing of Fish traders monopolize the marketing of the fish. Fishermen receive marginal the fish. Fishermen receive marginal profit ,even not being in debt.profit ,even not being in debt.

MARINE FISHERIES OF THE SUDAN

MARINE FISHERIESMARINE FISHERIES

The Sudanese Red Sea coast is extend for 750 km The Sudanese Red Sea coast is extend for 750 km including empyment.including empyment.

The major features include coastal lagoons, fringing reefs The major features include coastal lagoons, fringing reefs and barrier reefs.and barrier reefs.

Small commercial fishing has been conducted for certain Small commercial fishing has been conducted for certain species since 1990s.species since 1990s.

The marine fisheries are artisnal,multispecies fisheries. The marine fisheries are artisnal,multispecies fisheries. About 1170 fulltime fishermen. About 455 bouts,122 sailing About 1170 fulltime fishermen. About 455 bouts,122 sailing

boats,181 mechanized with outboard engines and 132 with boats,181 mechanized with outboard engines and 132 with inboard.inboard.

There are some of 700 km of trawlable grounds along the There are some of 700 km of trawlable grounds along the southern coast.southern coast.

COMMERCIAL BONY FISHESCOMMERCIAL BONY FISHES

About 65 species are considered of economic importance.About 65 species are considered of economic importance. Nine taxa account for 60-70% of the catch of the artisanl Nine taxa account for 60-70% of the catch of the artisanl

fisheries . These are Epinephelus Spp. Lutjanus bohar, fisheries . These are Epinephelus Spp. Lutjanus bohar, Gibbus, Lethrinus sp. Carangidai,Plectropomus Gibbus, Lethrinus sp. Carangidai,Plectropomus maculatus,Aprion sp.Naso unicornis, Valamugil sehli.maculatus,Aprion sp.Naso unicornis, Valamugil sehli.

Other account for 30-40%. These are Scomberomorous Other account for 30-40%. These are Scomberomorous (two species),Euthynnus affinis,Chorinemus (two species),Euthynnus affinis,Chorinemus lysan,Rhabdosargus sarba, Pomadasys opercularis, lysan,Rhabdosargus sarba, Pomadasys opercularis, Crenidens crenidens,Spyrena sp. Crenidens crenidens,Spyrena sp.

Bottom trawling in shallow depth yield a high percentage Bottom trawling in shallow depth yield a high percentage of lizard fish and golden-thread fish.of lizard fish and golden-thread fish.

No stock assessment have been done to assess this No stock assessment have been done to assess this resource.resource.

ORNAMINTAL FISHESORNAMINTAL FISHES

The Red Sea is considered one of the three The Red Sea is considered one of the three areas in the world that is known of being rich areas in the world that is known of being rich of this resource.of this resource.

No detailed scientific information about the No detailed scientific information about the resources.resources.

SHARK FISHERY OF SUDAN

Shark fisheryShark fishery

Yemeni boats have intensely poached sharks from Yemeni boats have intensely poached sharks from Sudanese waters since early times. Sudanese waters since early times.

Small scale organized fishery was first operated Small scale organized fishery was first operated during 1990s.during 1990s.

In 1998 shark fishing was banned by a local order In 1998 shark fishing was banned by a local order as a precautionary action.as a precautionary action.

Shark fishing is still practiced illegally and Shark fishing is still practiced illegally and intensively by the Yamane boats and by some intensively by the Yamane boats and by some local fishermen.local fishermen.

ECONOMIC OF SHARK FISHERYECONOMIC OF SHARK FISHERY

In Sudan, it is a seasonal source of income In Sudan, it is a seasonal source of income for very few fishermen.for very few fishermen.

The main beneficiaries are the middlemen, The main beneficiaries are the middlemen, agents and fish traders (smuggling to South agents and fish traders (smuggling to South Eastern countries).Eastern countries).

A conflict of interest between shark A conflict of interest between shark fishermen and diving tourism operators.fishermen and diving tourism operators.

PRAWN FISHERYPRAWN FISHERY Six species of prawn.Six species of prawn. The species are distributed in two main areas.The species are distributed in two main areas. * The inlet areas* The inlet areas * The trawling grounds from Tokar Delta and Gulf of Agig areas.* The trawling grounds from Tokar Delta and Gulf of Agig areas. In 1978-97 ODA conducted a major prawn survey in the Sudanese coastline.In 1978-97 ODA conducted a major prawn survey in the Sudanese coastline. From 1991 -2000 many prawn trawlers survey the area for commercial From 1991 -2000 many prawn trawlers survey the area for commercial

investment. The result was the prawn catch is not economically viable.investment. The result was the prawn catch is not economically viable. Only Egyptian trawls remain in the area till nowOnly Egyptian trawls remain in the area till now About 35 local fishermen using cast net fish for prawn in inlets along the About 35 local fishermen using cast net fish for prawn in inlets along the

Sudanese coast.Sudanese coast.

PRAWN CULTURE.PRAWN CULTURE. Three prawn farms owned by private sector and run by foreign experts was Three prawn farms owned by private sector and run by foreign experts was

constructed at the coast. Production have started since 2003.constructed at the coast. Production have started since 2003.

MOTHER OF PEARL OYSTER MOTHER OF PEARL OYSTER FISHERYFISHERY

Dungonab Bay and Mohammed Gool are the traditional areas for the Dungonab Bay and Mohammed Gool are the traditional areas for the mother –of-pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera.mother –of-pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera.

It have been cultivated in Dungonab Bay since 1904. The annual It have been cultivated in Dungonab Bay since 1904. The annual production exceeded 400 tons. production exceeded 400 tons.

In 1923 commercial cultivation stopped due to a fall in price.In 1923 commercial cultivation stopped due to a fall in price. By 1969 there were 65 families farms producing 100 ton annually.By 1969 there were 65 families farms producing 100 ton annually. A sudden mass mortality occurred in 1969. A sudden mass mortality occurred in 1969. In 1971 a peak production of 118 metric tons was reached but, the In 1971 a peak production of 118 metric tons was reached but, the

average annual landing of wild oyster declined to 25 m.average annual landing of wild oyster declined to 25 m. Between 1996 -1989, the annual export rate was 37 metric tons.. In Between 1996 -1989, the annual export rate was 37 metric tons.. In

1990-1992 production reached 40 metric tons.1990-1992 production reached 40 metric tons. Local villagers were entrusted with operating 36 farms in Dungonab Local villagers were entrusted with operating 36 farms in Dungonab

and 15 farms in Mohammed Gool.and 15 farms in Mohammed Gool. Another mass mortality occurred in December 2001.Another mass mortality occurred in December 2001.

SEA CUCUMBER FISHERYSEA CUCUMBER FISHERY

The former ODA project introduce the exploitation The former ODA project introduce the exploitation of sea cucumber (beche de mer) along the of sea cucumber (beche de mer) along the Sudanese coast.Sudanese coast.

There are six species of sea cucumber in the There are six species of sea cucumber in the Sudanese coast. Production mainly based on two Sudanese coast. Production mainly based on two species (Holothurians sp and Actinopyga sp.species (Holothurians sp and Actinopyga sp.

In 1981,15 mt of dried sea cucumber were In 1981,15 mt of dried sea cucumber were exported, therefore production ceased due to the exported, therefore production ceased due to the low prices on exportlow prices on export

In 199o the exploitation resumed again. In 199o the exploitation resumed again.

Trochus dentatus FisheryTrochus dentatus Fishery

The fishing areas of Trochus dentatus are The fishing areas of Trochus dentatus are Suakin,Mohammed Gool and Dungonab Suakin,Mohammed Gool and Dungonab BayBay

The fishing season is from July to The fishing season is from July to September.September.

Annual export rates during 1991-1995 Annual export rates during 1991-1995 varied between 306 and 535 metric ton.varied between 306 and 535 metric ton.

In 2002 was 367 metric tons.In 2002 was 367 metric tons.

LOBSTER FISHERYLOBSTER FISHERY

About only ten fishermen fish for lobster About only ten fishermen fish for lobster manily Panulirus longipes and Panulirus manily Panulirus longipes and Panulirus ornatus.ornatus.

Very primitive methods are used for Very primitive methods are used for collection of lobster at night.collection of lobster at night.

MARKTING OF MARINE FISHMARKTING OF MARINE FISH

Lack of facilities for marketing is a serious Lack of facilities for marketing is a serious problem for fishermen.problem for fishermen.

Fish traders monopolize the marketing of Fish traders monopolize the marketing of the fish. Fishermen receive marginal the fish. Fishermen receive marginal profit ,even not being in debt.profit ,even not being in debt.

SUDANESE FISHERY ORDIANCESSUDANESE FISHERY ORDIANCES

It dates back to 1937 and were amended in It dates back to 1937 and were amended in 1975 and 1978. Anther amending draft waits 1975 and 1978. Anther amending draft waits revision and approval.revision and approval.

They prohibited over fishing, collection of They prohibited over fishing, collection of corals, shells and aquarium fish and corals, shells and aquarium fish and dumping of any refuse including oil, into sea.dumping of any refuse including oil, into sea.

ManagementManagement

Traditional management practiced by Traditional management practiced by fishermen.fishermen.

Closing season (for trawling)Closing season (for trawling) Marine protected areas.Marine protected areas.

STATUS OF THE FISHERIESSTATUS OF THE FISHERIES The statistical coverage of the Sudanese fishing activities is far from The statistical coverage of the Sudanese fishing activities is far from

comprehensive.comprehensive. Several problems of Transport, inadequate means of Several problems of Transport, inadequate means of

marketing ,shortage of trained personnel, the supply of ice, spare parts marketing ,shortage of trained personnel, the supply of ice, spare parts and fishing gears for fishermen,scacity of scientific data, lack of and fishing gears for fishermen,scacity of scientific data, lack of consistent catch-effort data, lack of information on the stock., decline consistent catch-effort data, lack of information on the stock., decline in financial support for management and for carrying out in financial support for management and for carrying out research,scacity of means for surveillance and conflict of authorities for research,scacity of means for surveillance and conflict of authorities for enforcing laws all are a serious constrain for development of the enforcing laws all are a serious constrain for development of the Sudanese fisheries.Sudanese fisheries.

*Fisheries presently make only a marginal contribution to the *Fisheries presently make only a marginal contribution to the Sudanese economySudanese economy

TERIMA KASIHTERIMA KASIHTERIMA KASIH MALAYSIATERIMA KASIH MALAYSIA