Sepoy Mutiny – the revolt of 1857 Prelude of Indian Struggle For Independence
Malaysian Studies Chapter 2 / 3: The Struggle for Independence / Formation of Malaysia (1)
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Transcript of Malaysian Studies Chapter 2 / 3: The Struggle for Independence / Formation of Malaysia (1)
Malaysian Studies
Chapter 2 / 3:The Struggle for Independence /
Formation of Malaysia (1)
Malaysia’s Struggle for Independence
446 year being ruled by othersBut in all those years, we fought back:
Armed Opposition (1511-early 20th century)Spirit of Nationalism / Negotiations
(early 20th century-1957)
Armed Opposition
Reflects the past generations’ readiness to sacrifice themselves to protect their country
from foreign powersFactors - exorbitant taxes, violation of Malay customs and religions of the local population,
oppression
State Leaders
Malacca Sultan Mahmud
Naning Penghulu Dol Said
Selangor Raja Mahadi
PerakSultan Abdullah, Dato’ Maharaja Lela, Tok
Sagor
Negri Sembilan Tengku Antah
Pahang Tok Gajah, Dato’ Bahaman
Terengganu Haji Abd Rahman Limbung
Kelantan Tok Janggut
Sabah Mat Salleh, Antunam
Sarawak Sharif Masahor, Rentap, Banting, Rosli Dhobi
Some of the leaders of the opposition:
Spirit of Nationalism
Nationalism n, 1 a policy of national independence. 2 patriotism, sometimes to an
excessive degree.
Reference: Collins New English Dictionary
Spirit of Nationalism
At the turn of the 20th Century, our struggle for independence received a renewed
approachThis movement is more “peaceful” – no armsSpirit of Nationalism - complete, organized,
united, strong
What Started the Spirit of Nationalism?
Islam Reformist Movement in Middle EastJapan’s Victory against Russia, 1905
Turkish Modernization MovementIndonesia’s Influence
The Bumiputera’s Economic State
The Impact
Emergence of Political Parties – UMNO, MCA, MIC
People voicing out their plight with much force
The British government more aware of the people’s needs
Start of a total & comprehensive independence plan that takes everyone’s
idea into consideration
…Continued from last week
Malayan Union to Federation of Malaya
July 1946 – Malayan Union dissolvedA new plan must be in place to replace
Malayan UnionDato’ Onn Jaafar, Edward Gent and the Malay
Sultans draw up a new constitutionThe Federation of Malaya or Persekutuan
Tanah Melayu (PTM) proposed
Federation of Malaya
The constitution for the Federation of Malaya must be different from Malayan Union
3 key differences are:Protection for the sovereignty and powers of
the Malay SultansMore stringent conditions for citizenship for
non-MalaysSpecial rights for the Malays
Federation of Malaya
Opposition to the proposed constitution came from several parties, including:
All-Malaya Council of Joint Action (AMCJA)Pusat Tenaga Rakyat (PUTERA)
Malayan Democratic Union (MDU)Angkatan Pemuda Insaf (API)
Angkatan Wanita Sedar (AWAS)
Federation of Malaya
AMCJA’s idea of the new constitution includes:Include Singapore in PTM
Self rule through a Central Legislation body with members chosen by the people
Same citizenship rights for all
Federation of Malaya
PUTERA’s idea of the new constitution includes:
The Malay language made the official language
External affairs and defense-joint responsibility between British and PTM
National flag to have Malay national coloursThe word “Malay” to be used for Malayan
citizenship
Federation of Malaya
AMCJA and PUTERA joined forcesProposed its’ own constitution – the “People’s
Constitution”Rejected by the British as it was radical
British preferred UMNO’s ideas as they take UMNO to be “pro-British”
Federation of Malaya
1 February 1948Federation of Malaya established
9 Malay states + Malacca & Penang IslandSingapore not included
Malay Sultans’ right to rule returnedConditions for citizenship more strict
Malay’s special rights recognized
Are We Free Yet?
PTM is only a tool for the British government to rule the country
Reasons?No congruent unity between the different
racesPeople are not experienced to rule their own
country
Negotiations for Independence (I)
The British made a deal:
Without unity, independence will not be granted
Unity
What’s wrong?Past history between races
British’s divide and conquer policy
How to improve on it?Education
Inter-Ethnic Relations CommitteeMember System (Sistem Ahli)
Elections
Test-RunsGeorgetown City Council, December 1951Kuala Lumpur City Council, February 1952Johore Bahru, Seremban, Ipoh & Malacca
Majority of the seats were won by the Alliance Party (UMNO, MCA)
Elections
General Election27 July 1955
Throughout Malaya52 seats contested
7 political parties + independent candidates
Elections
ResultsAlliance – 51
PAS – 1National, PKP, PML, Labour, PPP, independent
– 0
There it is – PROOF OF UNITY!
Negotiations for Independence (II)
February 1956Tunku Abdul Rahman and a team of
representatives went to London to discuss Malaya’s Independence
London Agreement signed
Federation of Malaya
1956The Reid Commission wrote the Constitution
of the Federation of Malaya131 written memorandum proposed after
discussions with all of the people’s representatives
Federation of Malaya
Constitution accepted and approved by Federal Legislative Council on 15 August
1957Came into effect on 27 August 1957
(details of the Constitution will be elaborated later in future lectures)
Proclamation of Independence
31 August 1957Midnight – Union Jack brought down, the
Federation of Malaya flag (now known as Jalur Gemilang) was flown
Dawn – official signing and declaration of Independence took place
Proclamation of Independence
And on that fateful day,Tuanku Abdul Rahman – 1st YDPA
Tunku Abdul Rahman – 1st Prime MinisterFederation Cabinet Ministers
were announced