This is a delightfully accessible and refreshingly practical
Making the Case for Sticky Community Design...2017/03/15 · Making the Case for Sticky Community...
Transcript of Making the Case for Sticky Community Design...2017/03/15 · Making the Case for Sticky Community...
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Making the Case for Sticky
Community Design
_
Active Communities Action Institute
Bozeman, MT
March 2015A delightfully wet ride in
Great Falls.
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The common challenges:
• Isn’t health a result of personal
decisions & habits?
• If we build it, will they come?
(People are basically lazy . . .)
• Shouldn’t the free market
dictate how we build our cities
& towns?
• So, what is your prescription
for healthy design (& how do
we get there)?
Walking home
from school.
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Youthful
recollections
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0
10
20
30
40
50
1969 2001
% o
f stu
den
ts a
ge
5-1
8
Car
Bus
W/B
Changes in Walking & Cycling to School,
1969 to 2001Ham et.al., Jour. of Physical Activity & Health, 2008, 5, 205-215
W/B = Walk/Bike
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CDC, National Center for Health Statistics. National Health Examination
Surveys (NHANES) II (ages 6–11) and III (ages 12–17), and NHANES I, II
and III, and 1999–2006.
www.rwjf.org/files/publications/annual/2008/year-in-review/
Trends in
Childhood
Obesity &
Overweight
30-Nov-2009
freerangekids.org
The real
risk kids
face . . .
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Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP; New.Eng.J.Med., Feb. 7, 2002)
Compared three
treatments for
nationwide cohort
(3,000+) at risk for
Type II diabetes
(elevated fasting
glucose).
Control:
counseling
+ placebo
Drug:
counseling +
Metformin
Lifestyle:
nutrition +
150 min. PA
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Diabetes Risk Reduction(Diabetes Prevention Program; NEJM, Feb. 2002)
0.31
0.58
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Metformin Lifestyle
Relative to Control Group (standard intervention)
% R
ed
uc
tio
n o
f R
isk Risk Reduction
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The Rant:
Change our thinking. It’s not
just an obesity epidemic. It’s
twin epidemics of physical
inactivity and poor nutrition.*
* Two of the three biggest drivers of
skyrocketing healthcare costs.
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The bad news in just three numbers:
30 minutes of daily physical activity
recommended (60 min for youth).
% of American adults actually meet
these recommendation (thru LTPA).
,000 Estimated annual deaths in
America due to physical inactivity &
poor nutrition. (2nd only to tobacco.)
20
365
<
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Surgeon General’s Report 1996
Physical Activity Guidelines 2008
• 150 minutes/week of moderate physical activity; more is better.
• Any activity is better than none.
• Can be broken up.
• 300 min/week for children.
• Reduced risk for CVD, diabetes, osteoporosis, obesity, dementia in old age, clinical depression, a growing list of cancers . . .
This counts!
(Billings)
www.health.gov/paguidelines
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Leisure Time Physical Activity in the US(MMWR: 50(09), 166-9; 54(39), 991-4)
10
20
30
40
50
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
% o
f U
S P
op
ula
tio
n
Inactive Sufficiently Active
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But in the end . . .
It’s a matter of personal
choice, isn’t it?
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Exercise ParticipationEffect of Short Bouts, Home Treadmills
(Jakicic et.al., J. Amer. Med. Assoc., 282, 16)
60
120
180
240
0 6 12 18
months
Exerc
ise (
min
/week)
LB
SB
SBT
?
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60
120
180
240
0 6 12 18
months
Exerc
ise (
min
/week)
LB
SB
SBT
Exercise ParticipationEffect of Short Bouts, Home Treadmills
(Jakicic et.al., J. Amer. Med. Assoc., 282, 16)
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A realization:
Simply teaching people to
“exercise” is not enough. We
need to support increases in
routine, daily physical
activity for everyone.
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Public Policy - laws, ordinances,
permitting practices & procedures
Community - networks, facilities
Institutional - school, work,
health care & service providers
Interpersonal - family,
friends, colleagues
Individual
motivation, skills
Social Ecology
Model
Sallis & Owen,
Physical
Activity &
Behavioral
Medicine.
Determinants
of behavior
change
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Public Policy - laws, ordinances,
permitting practices & procedures
Community - networks, facilities
Institutional - school, work,
health care & service providers
Interpersonal - family,
friends, colleagues
Individual
motivation, skillsGreater
Impact
Easier to
Implement
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Socio-ecological successes?
Water-borne disease
Tobacco
use
Recycling
Seatbelts,
child safety
restraints
Haiti
www.markfenton.comThanks to Prof. Ross Brownson, Wash. Univ., St. Louis
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Necessary and
important,
but not enough. >
< We must build
communities
where people are
intrinsically
more active.
Helena
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The “healthy” trip decision hierarchy*:
Walk
Bike
Transit
Drive
*Nearly 25% of all
trips are one mile
or less; roughly
40% are two
miles or less!(Nat’l Household
Transportation Survey)
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If we build it, will
they come?
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1. Varied destinations within
walk, bike, & transit distance.
2. Connecting facilities: trails,
sidewalks, bike lanes, transit.
3. Designs are functional &
inviting for pedestrians,
bicyclists, & transit users.
4. Safe & accessible for all
ages, incomes, abilities
Denton TX
www.thecommunityguide.orgCDC Guide to Community Preventive Services
YES! Four elements: Elizabethtown
Harlowton
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In planner language:
• Mix of land uses;
varied destinations.
• Network of bicycle,
pedestrian, & transit
facilities.
• Functional site
designs & details.
• Universal safety &
access.
Roundup
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1. Land use. Live, work, shop, play, learn, pray.
Mixed
use,
multi-
family.
Compact neighborhoods,
. . . shared open space.
Schools, shopping, health care . . .
Civic anchors
in proximity.
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2. Network of facilities:
• Presence of sidewalks, paths, bicycle lanes.
• Shorter blocks, more intersections.
• Access to trail, park, greenway, transit.
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Transit riders are physically active.Besser, Dannenberg, Amer. J. Prev. Med., 29 (4), Nov. 2005.
Just during the daily walk to transit:
• Half of transit riders
walk at least 19 mins.
• 29% get at least 30
mins. of activity.
• Minorities, poor
(income <$15k/yr.),
denser urban dwellers
more likely to get 30+
mins./day.
Appleton WI
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Bicycle
network
options:
Sharrow
Bike lanes
Shoulders
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Bike lane
Protected bike lane
American River Trail
Sacramento, CA
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3. Site
Design:
Which setting is
more inviting for
travel on foot or
by bicycle?
Bemidji
Billings
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3. Site
Design:
Which setting is
more inviting for
travel on foot or
by bicycle?
Bemidji
Lewistown
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Site designResearch &
practice suggest:
• Buildings near the sidewalk, not set back; parking on street or behind.
• Trees, benches, lighting, awnings, “human” scale.
• Details: bike parking, open space, plants, art, materials.
Portland, ORBillings
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Possible incentives:
• Decrease, share parking (include bike racks).
• Build-to lines.
• Mixed-use, multi-story, w/ residential density bonus.
• Expedite permits.
Appleton WI
Neenah WI
You must support elected & appointed officials if you expect them to act!
Donald Shoup,
The High Price of Free Parking
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4. Safety & access. • Engineering can markedly
improve safety.
• Increasing pedestrian and
bike trips decreases overall
accident & fatality rates.
Curb extensions
Median
islands
Roundabout
(Jacobsen P, Injury Prevention, 2003; 9:205-209.)
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Lane re-alignments• 5 or 4 lanes reduced
to 3, “road diets.”
• Reduces collisions &
severity.
• Improves performance
for pedestrians, bikes.
Urbana, IL; before & after.
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E.g. Shelby Main Street - bike lanes?
Parking 9’; Bike Lane 6’; Travel Lane 13’
Total = ~ 56’
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Could 1st Ave. S. go on a diet?
Billings
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E. Avenue A; other four-lane roads.
Hutchinson, KS.
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E. Avenue A, Hutchinson, KS – they did it!
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Diagonal
parking
increases
on-street
capacity,
but . . .
Reverse angle:
• Fewer, less
severe collisions.
• Safer for bikes
& pedestrians.
• Slows traffic.
Des Moines, IA
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Four Elements of Healthy Community Design:
www.activelivingresearch.orgSite design
Safety &
access
Ped, bike,
& transit
network
Mix of
destinations
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Shouldn’t the free market
dictate how we build our
cities & towns?
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*www.ceosforcities.org/work/walkingthewalk
www.walkscore.com
Economics. Walking the Walk:
How Walkability Raises Housing Values in
U.S. Cities (CEOs for Cities report)*
Higher score = $4,000-$34,000 home value
walkscore = 12
walkscore = 72
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On Common GroundNat’l Assoc. of Realtors pub.; Summer 2010
www.realtor.org
The Next Generation of
Home Buyers:
• Taste for urban living.
• Appetite for public
transportation.
• Strong green streak.
• Plus, Americans are
driving less overall!
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Study of street
redesigns in NYC:• Pre- and post-project
measurement of retail
revenue.
• E.g. pedestrian plazas,
bike paths, redesigned
intersections, BRT . . .
• Improvement areas
exceeded borough &
control area averages.
nyc.gov/dot
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Benefits of protected
bike facilities
BikeWalkAlliance.org
GreenLaneProject.org
• Support real estate
values.
• Recruiting & retaining
skilled employees.
• Healthier, more
productive workers.
• Increased retail revenue.
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Smart Growth & Economic Successwww.epa.gov/smartgrowth/economic_success.htm
Dec. 2012
Benefits to developers,
realtors, investors, local
governments:
• Less infrastructure in
compact development.
• Walkability premium.
• Flexibility & choice.
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Smart Growth: The Business Casewww.epa.gov/smartgrowth/economic_success.htm
Nov. 2013
Beneficial to:
• Creative economy,
productivity,
innovation.
• Competitive for hiring
& retaining employees.
• Strong retails sales,
transport choice.
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Walkability.Why we care & why
you should too!
Builder Magazine,
Mar. 2014
• Consumer desire
• Flexibility in design
• Lower development
costs . . .
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What’s happening?
• 1st & 2nd generation
malls & big boxes are
struggling.
• Employers seek vibrant,
livable communities,
where employee health,
satisfaction, & retention
are high!
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So how to get there?
Opening Eyes with a Walk
A moist walkabout in New Bedford, MA
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Three benefits of walkabouts:
• Powerful educational tool; people actually
experience what works & what doesn’t.
• Can be critical inspiration for a community,
leading to a healthy vision & action.
• Excellent for public input & practical planning.
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How, when to
host walk
audits?
• Public comment; design
charrettes. Road, trail, park
projects; private
development; hearings.
• Better “events.” E.g. Walk
to School/Work week; open
streets; better blocks.
• Hosted walks: School,
church, senior center,
neighborhood association,
business district. Boone
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Who to include?
Everyone!
• Any & all concerned citizens(elderly, parents, children).
• Professionals: Public works, police, fire, health, planners, engineers, conservation, parks & recreation, schools, historical preservation.
• Elected officials and staff.
• Advocates: Environment, trails, safety, social justice.
• Businesses; chamber of commerce, economic development.
• Developers: Builders, land owners, realtors, lenders.
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Typical Active Community Workshop
elements:
• Vision/Intros. Your wish for 10 years from now.
• Learn. Language, tools, possibilities.
• Walk. Experience what’s working & what needs help.
• Work. Develop programs,projects, & policies.
• Plan. Concrete next steps.
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Include youth!
They’re not
constrained
by what
“can’t be
done!”
Nogales AZ
Active community environment
survey: www.michiganfitness.org
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During a Walk Audit:
• Plan teachable moments. Scout for
representative challenges & opportunities.
• Experience both good & bad.
• Get all to offer ideas. Use 0-10 scoring
system to start discussion.
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Human curb extension in Carlisle, PA.
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Finding “teachable” moments.
Neighbor informally maintaining an island at 5:30 am.
Discovering pedestrian demand w/ a goat trail.
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During the group work & discussion:
• Mix disciplines in the groups. Don’t let all engineers or advocates or developers sit together.
• Insist on ideas under all of Ps. It assures that everyone has a role in implementation.
• Make sure everyone contributes. Ideally have big maps & pens for all.
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Require ideas from all three P’s!
• Programs: Build awareness, plans, support, skills.
• Projects: Improve the infrastructure for physical activity.
• Policies: Rewrite the rules so it’s done “right.”
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E.g. Carlisle PA workshop feedback.
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Force
commitments:
What will
we/you do
tomorrow?
• Be a champion. Talk to
others, organize, lead.
• Collect data. Map routes,
measure traffic, speeds,
mode shares; research $.
• Have event. Open street,
Walk to School/Work.
• Fix stuff. Paint crosswalks,
replace lights, cut brush.
• Try new stuff. Signs,
bollards, planters, paint.